Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Submitted by :
Pankaj yadav
Cisco’s Market Share
40%
CISCO 60%
D-Link
3 Com
Nortel
Cygnus
Etc..
Router is an internetworking component, that
connects networks which are at different
geographical locations.
Diagram of 2501 series Router
Telephone
modem
V.35 modem
PC
Interfaces on a Router
1. Ethernet It is a LAN interface. Some of the models have an
RJ45 port for 10baseT or 10/100. And some other have a 15 pin
female connector AUI (Attachment Unit Interface).
Modular Fixed
Modular Routers
These type of routers have up gradable slots, and the number
of ports can be increased just by adding cards in the slots.
Fixed Routers
These types of routers have fixed number of ports.
Cisco Router’s Series
Cisco 700, 800, 1600, 1700, 2500, 2600,
3600, 4000, 5000, 7000,10000, 12000.
Fixed Modular
700, 800,….2500 2600,….., 12000
Distribution Layer
2600, …, 5000
Core Layer
7000, …, 12000
Transceiver
Internal Components of a Router
Boot ROM : It stores the mini IOS (Internet work Operating
System) image (RX Boot) with extremely limited capabilities and
POST routines and core level OS for maintenance.
FLASH : It is an EPROM chip that holds most of the IOS
Image. It maintains everything when router is turned off.
RAM : RAM holds running IOS configurations and
provides caching. RAM is a volatile memory and looses its
information when router is turned off. The configuration present
in RAM is called Running configuration.
NVRAM : It is a re-write able memory area that holds router’s
configuration file. NVRAM retains the information when ever
router is rebooted. Once configuration is saved, it will be saved in
NVRAM and this configuration is called Startup Configuration.
Configuration of a Router
Router for the first time is configured through the CONSOLE
port.COM port of a PC is connected to the console port of router
with a console cable by using a transceiver. Router is accessible by a
tool. In windows, it is called HYPER TEMINAL. As soon as the
router is powered on and accessed, the following things happen,
POST
BOOT STRAP
Setup Mode
In Setup mode, there will be a message,
“Would You Like To Enter The Initial Configuration [Y/N]” :
If “Y” then, initial configuration starts.
If “N” would you like to terminate the auto installation?
Press “RETURN” to get started……You will land on the default prompt
of the Router “ ROUTER >”.
Router>_
Working Modes Of a Router
Router# Config t
Router (Config)#
The “Clock” Command
Router#Write Memory
To configure Hostname (or) Identification of
Router over the network.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Hostname R_2503
Router(config)#^Z
To configure Logging banner.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Banner Motd #
Enter text message………….#
Router(config)#^Z
Router Password Configuration
1. Previlege Password
2. Virtual Terminal Password
3. Console Password
4. Auxillary Password
Previlege PASSWORDS
sessions.
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Line vty 0 4
Router(config-line)#Login
Router(config-line)#password cisco
Router(config-line)#^Z
Console Password
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Line Console 0
Router(config-line)#Login
Router(config-line)#Password cisco
Router(config-line)#^Z
Auxillary Password
Router#conf t
Router(config)#Line Aux 0
Router(config-line)#Login
Router(config-line)#Password cisco
Router(config-line)#^Z
CONFIGURING INTERFACES
Backup of Configuration
Router#Copy Startup-config Tftp
Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp)
Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)
Upgrading IOS Image
Note: This process can only be done by Console Session.
Router#Copy tftp Flash:
Address or name of remote host []?
Source file name []?
Destination file name []?
Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]?
Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue?
[confirm]
Erasing device eeeeeeee……….eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee
Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…….!!!!…….!!!!!!
Leased line WAN Setup
Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km.
Requirements
A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.
Leased line Setup( > 5km)
Leased line
V.35 V.35
modem modem
V.35 Cable G.703 G.703
Csu/
Dsu
Mux/ Mux/
S0 Dmux Dmux
Csu – channel service unit
Dsu – data service unit S0
E0 E0
S0 – Serial port of router
E0 – Ethernet port of a router Router
Switch/hub Switch/hub
S0
E0 Telephone S0 E0
Exchange Router
Switch/hub Switch/hub
E 0 192.168.1.150/24 E 0 192.168.2.150/24
Switch/hub Switch/hub
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.2.0/24
Location A Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected
networks).
“ C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0”
“ C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ ‘ ‘ S0”
“ C “ indicates connected networks.
Static Routing
Syntax
Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask)
(next hop address)
Location A
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Note* if we don’t know the address of next hop, we can just
write the name of the hop.
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0
Location B
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
Router# sh ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ “ “ S0
S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2
•“S” represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the
administrative distance value and b has no significance in
static routing. For static and default routing b can be 0 or 1.
• lesser the administrative distance value, higher the
preference.
“Tracert”, “Trace Route” and “Route
print”.
C:\> tracert
C:\> route print
Router# trace route (gives the complete route)
Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses)
Default Routing
Router(config)# ip routing
Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop
address)
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1
Router# sh ip route
C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0
C 10.0.0.0/8 “ “ to S0
S* 0.0.0.0/0 “ “ to S0
Dynamic Routing
It is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and
IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and
maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router
can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad
casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The
routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.
Classification Of Routing Protocols
Distance Vector
Hybrid Routing
Link State
Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines the
direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork.
When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol
changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This
update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP
and IGRP.
Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire
network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is
situated). Eg . OSPF.
Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the
distance vector algorithm.
Router rip
Router rip
Network 172.16.0.0
Router rip
Network 10.0.0.0
Network 10.0.0.0
Network 192.168.1.0
Network 10.0.0.0
Autonomous Systems
An autonomous system is a collection of networks
under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within
an autonomous system where as EGP connects different
autonomous systems.
Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible
for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100.
We can use any number unless the organization plans
for an EGP.
Configuring IGRP
Syntaxes.
Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number
This defines IGRP as the routing protocol.
Router(config-router)#Network network-ip
Selects directly connected networks.
Router(config-router)#variance multiplier
Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference
between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric.
Router(config-router)#traffic-share (balanced/ min)
Autonomous System 100
172.16.1.0
10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 192.168.1.0
E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0
172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.3
192.168.1.1
OSPF(Open Short Path First) is of two types : 1) Single Area OSPF and
2) Multi Area OSPF.
Area0 S0
S0 Area2
IR
ABR
ABR
Internal Routers
IR
Area Border Router
Area1
OSPF under Single Area
S 0 192.168.1.194/252 192.168.1.193/252 S 0
Router A Router B
E 0 1.33 E 0 1.65
192.168.1.32/ 192.168.1.64/
255.255.255.224 255.255.255.224
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.32
255.255.255.224
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.192 0.0.0.3 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.192
255.255.255.224
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.32 0.0.0.31 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.64
255.255.255.224
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.195 0.0.0.3 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.195
255.255.255.252
OSPF under Different Areas
Area 0
Area 1 Area 2
Router A Router B
E0 E0
1.50 5.50
192.168.1.0 192.168.5.0
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
(Config-Router)# area 1 range 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# router OSPF 6573
(Config-Router)# network 192.168.5.0 0.0.0.255 area 2
(Config-Router)# area 2 range 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0
(Config-Router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
(Config-Router)# area 0 range 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Access Control List
It is also called Network Traffic Control
Management (NTCM). We can provide restrictions to
individual users, subnets and services etc.
ACL
S. A. L 1 – 99
Ex. A. L 100 - 199
Rules for creating and implementing
Access List
1. Access list must begin with the Deny Statements (If
exists) then Permit Statements must follow.
2. There must be at least one Permit Statement as an
Implicit “Deny All” always exists.
3. While Implementation of Access list, There must be
only one Access list per Interface, per direction and
per protocol.
Standard Access List
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Router B
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
5.4 5.1
1.4 1.1
5.3 5.2
1.3 1.2
Syntax
Router(config)# Access-list ALNO P/D Src Src-WCM
Router(config)# Int <name of interface>
Router(Config-if)#Ip Access-Group <Direction>
Configuration Standard Access-list For
Router A
Restricting particular user
(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.1.3 0.0.0.0
(Config)# Access-list 1 permit 0.0.0.0
255.255.255.255
or
Access-list 1 permit any
Restricting a Network
(Config)# Access-list 1 deny 192.168.3.0 0.0.0.255
(Config)# Access-list 1 permit any
Extended Access List
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Router B
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
1.20
Configuration of Router A
Implementation
(Config)#int E0
(config-if)# IP Access-group 101 Out
NAT(Network Address Translation)
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Router B
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
192.168.1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
Note : 192.168.1.3 is denied from entering the network of 5.0.So it will enter
with mask.
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip access-group 10 out
172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2
Routing
Switch
Natting
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.1.99
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
((Config-if)# exit
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip nat outside
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.1.1
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Router B
(ISDN) (Zoom)
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username zoom password cisco
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication PAP
(Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username ISP password cisco
PPP(Point-to-Point) using CHAP protocol
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Router B
(ISDN) (Zoom)
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco
Configuration of Router B
--------------------------------
# Config t
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip address 192.168.5.50 255.255.255.0
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.0.0
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000(for DCE)
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-Router)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.1
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp
(Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname ISP
(Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco
DDR(Dial on Demand Routing)
ISP
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Router A Router B
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
# Config t
(Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2
(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2
(Config)# ip name-server 202.54.2.30
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
ISP
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Bri 0
ISP CPE/DTE
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config)# ip routing
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0
(Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2
(Config)# int E 0
(Config-if)# ip nat inside
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0
(Config-if)# backup delay 30 60
Frame Relay
Point - to - Point
frame-relay Network
S 0 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.2 S 0
Dlci 101 Dlci 102 Router B
Router A PVC
Fr-Switch Fr-Switch
E 0 1.50 E 0 5.50
1.4 1.1 5.4 5.1
1.3 1.2 5.3 5.2
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
Point - to - Multi Point
4.0
10.0.0.1
104 102
A C
101
B 10.0.0.3
2.0
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3
(Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
(Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point
172.16.1.2 4.0
101
10.0.0.3
2.0
Configuration of Router A
--------------------------------
Config t
(Config)# int S 0
(Config-if)# no ip address
(Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
(Config-if)# no shut
(Config-if)# exit
(Config-if)# bandwidth 64
(Config-if)# clock rate 56000
(Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102
broadcast
(Config-if)# exit
(Config)# ip routing
(Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Iso
International organization for standardization
Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model
(open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that
Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers
1. Application layer
The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols
@ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc.
2. Presentation layer
Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present
In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @
This layer are
Compression – decompression
Coding – decoding
Encryption - decryption
3. Session layer
Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is done
By the session layer.
It 1. Establishes a session
2. maintains it &
3. Terminates it b/w the application
4. Transport layer
End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is done
By the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp
or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less.
Services:
Sequencing
Flow ctrl, error detection & correction
Transport layer info + data is called segment.
5. Netwrok layer
Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address &
destination address are attached to the data.
Protocols @network layer
Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them
Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to
carry the data
At this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.
Data link layer
MAC LLC
Media access control logical link control framing of
data
Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number.
Here layer2 switches are used.
Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc.
Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets
DLL info+ packets --> frames
7 physical layer
Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here
Frames are converted to bits (1’s & 0’s).
The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at
this layer.
I P Addressing
Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme.
32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each.
i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0s)-(1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0’s).
(binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0.
In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme.
Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.
Class A 0 - 127
Class B 128 - 191
Class C 192 - 223
Class D 224 - 239
Class E 240 - 255
8-8-8-8
M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO
Through out class A, the MSB ‘0’ is constant in class B the
Msbs are ‘101’ constant through out.
Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used for
Multicast network.
“ E “ “ “ research.
class A
0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice
127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback
127-0-0-1
127-0-0-”
127-0-0-” usually reserved for loopback
127-0-0-”
127-255-255-254
Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be
1 to 126.
All ip addresses are divided into two.
1.network I.d
2.host I.d
in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e
N-H-H-H..
Class A N-H-H-H
Class B N-N-H-H
Class C N-N-N-H
Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the
Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet.
Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses
Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia
Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC.
We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice
But it should not be connected to internet.
Range of addresses for private network
Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
Functions of switch
1. Adress learning
2. Filter & forwarding
3. Loop avoidance
1. Address learning
Booting 1.blocking state (15 secs)
2.Listening state (15 secs)
3.Learning stage (20 secs)
4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)
The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself
The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address
telco
vn3/vn4 ss7 basic net3
France India
E-series, I-series & Q-series
E-tells about telephone network & ISDN network
I-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDN
Q-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN
DDR
Dail on Demand Routing
The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request &
Discounects when no data transfer is taking place.
nat (network address translation
IP NAT inside
IP NAT out side
overload
IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATED
To public Ip address sending the request from internal network
To Bri interface is overloading.
When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table.
Nat table:
Sh isdn active
Sh isdn history
Sh ip network translaiton