Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Page : 1 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
Contents
Page
A. Wind Loads as Computed in Accordance with ANSI A58.1. 3
D. Vibration Analysis. 16
1. Cantilever Vibration. 16
- Analyzing Technique. 17
- Static Deflection. 18
- Dynamic Deflection. 19
2. Ovaling Vibration. 20
- Design of Ovaling Ring : 22
- Critical Wind Velocity. 22
- Required Ring Section Modulus. 22
E. References. 24
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
According to ASME Code, Sec. VIII, Div. 1, Edition 95, Addenda 96. Page : 3 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
The procrdure for calculation of the minimum design wind load normal to the surface is as follows :
1. The geographical area of the job site (Gulf of Suez & Mostorod) is located on the wind pressure map,
see Table-1. The basic wind pressure p is selected.
2. The wind design pressure pz, corresponding to tha basic wind pressure p, for various height
zones above the ground are given in Table 1.
3. To calculate design wind forces from wind pressures, shape factor B shall be used.The shape
factor for round objects is equal to 0.6 and is applied to the design pressure pz.
4. If the windward surface area projected on the vertical plane normal to the direction of the wind
is A ft2, then the resultant of the wind pressure load over the area pw is assumed to act at the
area centroid and is given by :
pw = A B pz, lb
The wind pressure forces are applied simultaneously, normal to all exposed windward surfaces of the
structure. The minimum net pressure B*pz in the above formula for cylindrical vertical vessels is not
less than : for L/D <= 10 13 PSF
and for L/D >= 10 18 PSF
Where L is the overall tangent-to-tangent length of the vessel, and D is the vessel nominal diameter.
Table 1.
Design Wind Pressure of the Job Site, p.
Height zone Basic wind
above grade pressure, p
Ft M PSF Kg/m2
30 9 15.3612 75
32 to 46 10 to 14 20.4816 100
49 to 62 15 to 19 25.602 125
over 65 over 20 30.7224 150
1 Kg/M2 = 0.2048159 lb/Ft2
Computation of the Projected Area, A.
An approach to computing A which is often used and is recommended here is to increase the vessel
diameter D to the so called effective vessel diameter to approximate the combined design wind load :
The coefficient Kd is given in Table 2. The required projected area A will then be equal to :
A = De Ls
where Ls = length of the shell section in the zone of the uniform wind velocity.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
According to ASME Code, Sec. VIII, Div. 1, Edition 95, Addenda 96. Page : 4 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
Ls1-2 50 Ft 15240 MM
*Ls3-4 17 Ft 5181.6 MM
*Ls4-5 11 Ft 3352.8 MM
*Ls5-6 10 Ft 3048 MM
Ls6-7 10 Ft 3048 MM
Intially, some thicknesses at each section are assumed. Allowable compression stresses
at each level are determined from the following formula :
where ta = assumed corroded plate thickness at each level under consideration, in.
d = internal stack diameter at level under consideration, in.
Internal vessel dia. at each level, d 1-2 = OD1-2 - 2 ta1-2 19.66772 INCH 499.56 MM
d2-3 19.3937 INCH 492.6 MM
d 3-4 19.01575 INCH 483 MM
d 4-5 27.38583 INCH 695.6 MM
d 5-6 35.55118 INCH 903 MM
d 6-7 35.44882 INCH 900.4 MM
2 2
Wt1-2 = r (3.14) [OD1-2 -(d1-2 - 2C) ] Ls1-2 3067.04 lb
Wt2-3 = r (3.14) [OD2-3 -(d2-3 - 2C)2] Ls2-3
2
1504.943 lb
Wt3-4 = r (3.14) [OD3-42-(d3-4 - 2C)2] Ls3-4 2173.824 lb
2 2
Wt4-5 = r (3.14) [OD4-5 -(d4-5 - 2C) ] Ls4-5 1400.718 lb
Wt5-6 = r (3.14) [OD5-62-(d5-6 - 2C)2] Ls5-6 1331.634 lb
Wt6-7 = r (3.14) [OD6-72-(d6-7 - 2C)2] Ls6-7 1524.498 lb
By adding 15% of the calculated weight to compensate weight of piping, internals, platforms, ladders, etc., we get :
Wt1-2 3527.096 lb
Wt2-3 1730.685 lb
Wt3-4 2499.898 lb
Wt4-5 1610.826 lb
Wt5-6 1531.379 lb
Wt6-7 1753.173 lb
An approach to computing A which is often used and is recommended here is to increase the vessel
diameter D to the so-called effective stack diameter De to approximate the combined design wind load :
where Ls = Length of the shell section in the zone of the uniform wind velocity.
De = Kd [Stack OD + Fuel Gas Pipe OD + Steam Pipe OD]
N.B. In our case, the size of fuel gas and steam pipes can be neglected.
Stack OD
INCH MM
Coefficient Kd [fromTable 2] Kd1-2 [dia. < 36"] 1.5 20 508
Kd2-3 [dia. < 36"] 1.5 20 508
Kd3-4 [dia. < 36"] 1.5 20 508
Kd4-5 [dia. < 36"] 1.5 28 711.2
Kd5-6 [dia. = 36"] 1.4 36 914.4
Kd6-7 [dia. = 36"] 1.4 36 914.4
Pw = A * B * Pz
where
Pw = Wind pressure load over the projected area A, lb.
A = Windward surface area projected on the vertical plane normal to the direction of the wind, ft2.
B = Shape Factor, for round objects B = 0.6 0.6
Pz = Design wind pressure, psf, depends upon the geographical area of the job site (see Table 1).
B Pz = Min. net wind pressure, psf. For cylindrical vertical vessels :
- For L/D <= 10, BPz not less than 13 PSF
- For L/D >= 10, BPz not less than 18 PSF
where,
L is the overall tangent-to-tangent length of the vessel, 114.8 Ft 34991 MM
Davg. is the vessel average diameter.
=B451= (L1-2 D1-2 + L2-3 D2-3 + L3-4 D3-4 + L4-5 D4-5 + L5-6 D5-6 + L6-7 D6-7) / L 1.962834 Ft MM
Determining Design Wind Pressure B Pz for each Segment [based upon Table 1].
Table 3 From Table 1. Segment Design
Height zone Basic height, H wind
above wind above pessure,
grade pressure, P grade Pz
M PSF M PSF
Use the max. following wind pressure : B Pz1-2 = Max (NWP,18) 18.43343 PSF
B Pz2-3 18 PSF
B Pz3-4 18 PSF
B Pz4-5 18 PSF
B Pz5-6 18 PSF
B Pz6-7 18 PSF
Wind Load shall be as follows : Pw = A * B Pz
Pw1-2 = A1-2 B Pz1-2 2304.179 lb Kg
Pw2-3 756 lb Kg
Pw3-4 765 lb Kg
Pw4-5 693 lb Kg
Pw5-6 756 lb Kg
Pw6-7 756 lb Kg
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
Page : 11 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
Figure (2)
tr2-3 = (WT2-3 dr2-3 + 48 M3) / PI( ) dr2-32 Sc2-3 0.303282 INCH 7.70337 MM
N.B. The assumed thickness must be changed untill the calculated > the assumed thickness.
tr2-3 + C.A 0.428282 INCH 10.8784 MM
For construction, use (tr2-3 + C.A) 0.433071 INCH 11 MM
tr3-4 = (WT3-4 dr3-4 + 48 M4) / PI( ) dr3-42 Sc3-4 0.4945 INCH 12.5603 MM
N.B. The assumed thickness must be changed untill the calculated > the assumed thickness.
tr3-4 + C.A 0.6195 INCH 15.7353 MM
For construction, use (tr3-4 + C.A) 0.629921 INCH 16 MM
tr4-5 = (WT4-5 dr4-5 + 48 M5) / PI( ) dr4-52 Sc4-5 0.308321 INCH 7.83136 MM
N.B. The assumed thickness must be changed untill the calculated > the assumed thickness.
tr4-5 + C.A 0.433321 INCH 11.0064 MM
For construction, use (tr4-5 + C.A) 0.472441 INCH 12 MM
tr5-6 = (WT5-6 dr5-6 + 48 M6) / PI( ) dr5-62 Sc5-6 0.227475 INCH 5.77787 MM
N.B. The assumed thickness must be changed untill the calculated > the assumed thickness.
tr5-6 + C.A 0.352475 INCH 8.95287 MM
For construction, use (tr5-6 + C.A) 0.354331 INCH 9 MM
2
tr6-7 = (WT6-7 dr6-7 + 48 M7) / PI( ) dr6-7 Sc6-7 0.278855 INCH 7.08291 MM
N.B. The assumed thickness must be changed untill the calculated > the assumed thickness.
tr6-7 + C.A 0.403855 INCH 10.2579 MM
For construction, use (tr6-7 + C.A) 0.433071 INCH 11 MM
N.B. Since there is no appreciable change in calculated thicknesses, the weights
based on the required thicknesses are almost the same as previouslyestimated.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
Page : 13 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
The total tension in each anchor bolt is determined from the relationship:
W B = (48 M / N DBC) - Wt / N 20550.83 lb Kg
Thus, the anchor bolt area required at the root of the thread shall be:
2 2
AB = W B / SB 1.370055 INCH 883.905 MM
Diameter of the anchor bolt at the root of thread, D = (4 AB/3.14)0.5 1.320761 INCH 33.5473 MM
N.B. If the calculated Pb exceeds the above limit, the value of C is modified
so that Pb falls within the allowable limit.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
Page : 15 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
Figure (6)
D. VIBRATION ANALYSIS.
1. Cantilever vibration.
The following criteria is used to establish need for vibration analysis of stacks with Lc/L ratio not
exceeding 0.5 :
2
- W / L Dr <= 20 vibration analysis must be performed 9.443917 < 20 vibration analysisis required
- 20 < W / L Dr2 <= 25 vibration analysis should be performed
- 25 < W / L Dr2 vibration analysis need not be performed
Analyzing technique.
Period of vibration is determined as follows :
T = 1.648 (Le2) / Dr E0.5 1.515107 second
Since the critical wind velocity, Vc falls within max. gust velocity, the stack must be
checked further for K. In that case, corroded stack weight must be > 15 times the wind force
at critical velocity or expressed as a formula, the ratio K should be less than 1/15.
5 3
K = Pc Dr Le / W s = 0.0077 Dr E / Le Ws 0.002632 < l / 15 0.06666667
N.B. For lined stacks, W can be used in place of Ws in order to reduce vibration.
Design modifications are required, if K in the above equation exceeds 1/15.
Static deflection.
The computed dynamic loading is applied as a stagnant pressure to the stack. Assuming it to be a
cantilever beam, amplitude at the top is approximated by :
Dynamic deflection.
At a critical wind velocity, the structure vibrates at resonant frequency, and thus the amplitude of
vibration is magnified greatly. The dynamic coefficient, which is a ratio of dynamic amplitude to static
amplitude, is called the magnification factor. This is a function of the lining, stiffness of the soil and
several other factors. The amount of static deflection must be multiplied by the magnification factor
to determine dynamic deflection. Approximate value of magnification factors for different types of stacks
as suggested by DeGhetto and Long are listed in Table 3.
2. Ovaling vibration.
Natural frequency of the free ring is given by :
0.5 2
fr = (7.58 tr E ) / 60 D
Both these frequencies should be calculated at each level using the corresponding thicknesses and diameters.
At Section 1-2 : fr1-2 = (7.58 tr1-2 E0.5) / 60 D21-2 47.16253 cps cps = cycle per second
fv1-2 = 0.2 V / D1-2 8.073362 cps
2 fv1-2 16.14672 cps
Since fr > 2 fv , no ovaling rings are required, and the stack is free from ovaling vibration.
N.B. t calculated upon corroded thk. & V = 66 fps.
0.5 2
At Section 2-3 : fr2-3 = (7.58 tr2-3 E ) / 60 D 2-3 78.36194 cps
fv2-3 = 0.2 V / D2-3 8.171748 cps
2 fv2-3 16.3435 cps
Since fr > 2 fv , no ovaling rings are required, and the stack is free from ovaling vibration.
0.5 2
At Section 6-7 : fr6-7 = (7.58 tr6-7 E ) / 60 D 6-7 23.51664 cps
fv6-7 = 0.2 V / D6-7 4.476618 cps
2 fv6-7 8.953235 cps
Since fr > 2 fv , no ovaling rings are required, and the stack is free from ovaling vibration.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
Page : 22 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
Stiffeners having section modulus equal to or greater than Sm should be provided at spacing
Hr throughout the length of the section under consideration. If stiffeners are required for more
than one section, different size and spacing should be used for economy, if possible.
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
Page : 23 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
Notes
DESIGN CALCULATIONS OF ELEVATED CYLINDRICAL FLARE STACK
According to ASME Code, Sec. VIII, Div. 1, Edition 95, Addenda 96. Page : 24 of 24
Designed by : Eng. Abdel Halim Galala, Design General Manager (Assistant) REV. : 0
E. REFERENCES.
1. ANSI A58.1-1955.
2. ASCI 7-1988.
3. Pressure Vessel Design Handbook-2nd Edition, by Henry H. Bednar.
4. Flare stack paper research.
دא