Mneumonics

Edited by Foxit Reader
Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009

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Subtitle
By Author Name

Mnemonics in Dentistry
COPYRIGHT NOTICE
All rights reserved, no part of this book may be

published, duplicated, reproduced, stored in any
retrieval system or transmission in any form or any
means, photocopying, electronic, mechanical or
recording without the prior permission of the author.
DISCLAIMER
Whilst the author has ensured to provide

information in its most accurate form from reliable
sources, we accept no responsibility for loss,
damage or injury caused to any persons acting on
the information provided or refraining from it.
www.dentalmnemonics.com

C o n te n t s P a g e
Acknowledgments 3
Introduction 4
1 . Medicine and Surgery relevant to dentistry 11
2. Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 81
3. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiology 115
4. Therapeutics and Anaesthesia 139
5. Head and Neck Anatomy & Embryology 151
6. Syndromes of the Head & Neck 181
7. Orthodontics and Paediatric dentistry 195
8. Periodontics, Restorative dentistry &

Prosthodontics 212
9. Dental Materials 246
10. Dental Law 252

A c k now le d g e m e n t s
I would like to express my immense gratitude

to my dear mother who has been a source of
inspiration and continuous support during the
writing of this book.
I would also like to thank my other family

members who have also encouraged me to
produce this book and who patiently listened
to all the mnemonics produced and their
invaluable feedback.
My heartfelt thanks also goes out to all my

friends, colleagues and nurses who have given
me their feedback during the course of writing
this book.

Introdu c tion
Mnemonics in Dentistry was first conceptualized
as an undergraduate student but later progressed
and now has reached this phase and materialized
as a revision text book.
On looking for a revision text there are a number of

books in the market which are either encyclopedic
reference books or books which test the existing
knowledge by using questions in the form of
multiple choice questions (MCQ’s) or extended
matching questions (EMQ’s).
All of these books are valuable in terms of the

information provided as a reference book as well
as for the purpose of revision. Mnemonics in
Dentistry allows the individual student to

Systemize the information that they have learnt or

need to learn so that it eases the approach of recall
of information by using memory aids.
The use of mnemonics and chunking information

that is, arranging a long list in smaller units or
categories that are easier to remember. If you can
recall off your credit card number or your
telephone numbers without looking at it, that’s
probably because it’s arranged in groups of 2, 3
and 4 digits.
This book uses the concept of mnemonics, clusters

and grouping to help individuals memorise and
recall information in a clear and concise manner.
The overload of information can lead to

information being ‘jumbled’ and therefore
recall much more difficult. However, if the
information is stored in a systematic order, a

simple analogy is like a filing cabinet then

whenever you require a particular file it is easily
retrieved. Whereas, if everything is disorganized
then retrieving a file becomes much more difficult.
Recall of information learnt can also work in this

manner and the aim of this book is to make
learning and recall more effective and enjoyable. A
number of tools can be used on memory and
learning, and this book also utilizes these well
known concepts tailored to enhance learning in
the field of dentistry.
Occasionally, the studious and most hard working

candidates may perform poorly in examinations
due to a poor revision technique. The fact is they
may have known the subject material well but their
ability to recall information under pressure in a
systematic way usually fails them. The information

is probably all muddled up and the process of

recall becomes all that difficult.
Imagine learning mnemonics relevant in dentistry

and impressing your tutors with your level of recall
and surprising them by the factual information
retained. A simple example is: What would you
answer if your tutor asked you or were presented
with a question in a viva examination about the
complications of a blood transfusion?
You’re probably thinking that I have done that

particular module but cannot recall what I have
been taught. But if you remembered the
mnemonic INCOMPATIBLE then for each letter in
this mnemonic you will be able to relate to the
complications of a blood transfusion. So in this
example:
IN = Incompatibility reaction

C = Citrate Toxicity
O = Overload
M = Myocardial distress
P = Potassium levels
A = Abnormal clotting, Acidosis and Alkalosis
T = Temperature(fever)
I = Infection transmission
B = Bleeding tendency
L = Levels of Albumin drop
E = ECG changes because of massive transfusions
due to abnormal potassium levels
From the above example we can see the function

of the mnemonic as an initiator and hence once
the mnemonic is recalled you can easily list the
complications associated with a blood transfusion
and therefore you can further elaborate on each
point.

Of course in a book of this nature it cannot

extensively provide you with a mnemonic for every
information and situation but within the book
there are over 300 mnemonics and clusters which
would assist you with your level of revision.
Furthermore, learning new information in a more

systemised and organised format can be used as a
stepping stone to create new mnemonics and
improve your own revision techniques.
This book is useful for anyone within the dental

profession who wishes to consolidate their existing
knowledge as well as for undergraduate dental
students, students wishing to undertake the MJDF,
MFDS and overseas registration
examinations(ORE).
We would welcome further mnemonics from our

readers that they may have created and find useful

and we will certainly consider including it in our

further editions.

Chapter 1
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DISORDERS OF COAGULATION AND HAEMOSTASIS
The disorder of haemostasis and coagulation for

simplicity can be divided into three categories:
9 VESSEL WALL DISORDER

VESSEL
V = Vasculitis
E = HEreditary Haemorrhagic Telengectasia
S = Scurvy
S = Steroids
E = Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome )DFWV
L = Long Age ( Senile Purpura)
The Prothrombin time(INR), Activated Partial

Thromboplastin time(APTT) and platelet count are all
usually normal in vessel wall disorders. Rarely causes
serious bleeding and may present as bleeding into
mucous membranes or skin starts immediately
following trauma but stops after 24-48 hours .

9 PLATELET DISORDER(Platelet count < 140*10 /l)

9
VIRALS
V = Viral Infections, Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency
I = Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura(ITP)
R= TRansfusion
A = Aspirin, Aplastic anaemia’s, Antihistamines
L = Leukaemia’s
S = Splenomegaly )DFWV
Deficiency of platelets is the most common

coagulation disorder and can be caused by many
disease and drugs. Thrombocytopenia exists when
the platelet count falls below < 140*109/l. It can
present as petechiae and haemorrhages into the skin.
The Prothrombin time(INR) and APTT are normal.

The bleeding time is usually abnormal.

9 COAGULATION PATHWAY DISORDERS

HAEMOSTASIS
H = Haemophilia A & B, Heparin
A = Alcoholism
E = Extensive tissue damage can lead to
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation(DIC)
M=Metastatic Cancers e.g. liver metastasis
O= VOn Willebrands Disease(lack of Von
Willebrand factor)
S = Systemic drugs e.g. Warfarin
T = Trauma/Surgery can cause DIC
A =Abnormal Liver Function Test(Liver disease)
S = Serum prothrombin conversion accelerator
(SPCA) deficiency – Factor VII deficiency
I = Inflammation and Inadequate diet(Vitamin K
deficiency) )DFWV
S = Seek Specialist advice

Disorders affecting the coagulation cascade of clotting
can be classified as acquired or congenital. From the
above list, all are acquired conditions except for
haemophilia A&B, Von Willebrand factor deficiency,
Factor IX and Factor VII deficiencies.

9 PROTHROMBIN TIME (INTERNATIONAL

NORMALISED RATIO) IS A TEST OF EXTRINSIC
PATHWAY
The INR is usually prolonged in the following

situations:
Remember! WE LOSE VOLUMES of DRUGS
W= Warfarin
L = Liver Disease
V = Vitamin K Deficiency
D = Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

7LSV
It is absolutely vital that you know what affects the

Extrinsic and Intrinsic pathways of the coagulation
cascade. These questions are key examination or viva
questions.

9 BLEEDING TIME )DFWV

The bleeding time is abnormal in platelet disorders
and vessel wall disorders

9 ACTIVATED PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME (APTT)
IS A TEST OF THE INTRINSIC PATHWAY
The APTT is usually prolonged in the following

situations:
Remember! HUNGRY HORSES DABBLING

LITTERING LAWNS
Heparin
Haemophilia
DIC

Lupus Erythematosis
Liver disease
MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
Medical Emergencies will occur and it is absolutely

crucial that you can elicit the signs and symptoms of a
emergency. This will allow you to take appropriate
actions to intervene and manage the emergency.
9 CAUSES OF SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
MEDICAL SYNCOPE
M =Metabolic complications e.g. Addison’s

disease
E =Epilepsy
D = Diabetics e.g. hypoglycaemia
I = Ischaemic Heart Disease
C =Cardiac Arrest
A =Anaphylaxis, Asthma Attack
L =Local Anaesthetics

S = Steroid insufficiency
Y = hYperventilation
N = Nervous patients(Vaso-Vagal)
C = Cerebrovascular accidents
O = Oral Airway obstruction
P = Postural Hypotension 7LSV
E = Etiology unknown
All members of the dental team must be well trained in

Basic life support and should be competent in the
management of a collapsed patient. Administration of
emergency drugs and their dosages should be
reinforced and consolidated. (See BNF and
Resuscitation council UK for updated advice)
9 6,*16$1'6<0372062)$1$3+</$;,6
Definition
A potentially life threatening immune reaction to
foreign material.
ALLERGIC

A = Ashen grey appearance, Abnormal breathing,

Angioedema
L = Loss of consciousness, Low Blood Pressure
L = Laryngeal swelling
E= Extensive rash
R = Respiratory depression
G = Generalised flushing
I = Itch, Inflammatory exudate
C = Cramps )DFWV
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9 FEATURES OF HYPOGLYCAEMIA
LOW SUGAR EPISODE
L = Low BM (<3.9mmol/l) This value is debatable

and varies from one patient to another
O = On insulin – Patients on insulin who have
missed a meal or breakfast are prone to
hypoglycaemia.
W = Warmth
S = Sweaty skin
U = Unconscious
G = Generalised seizures
A = Aggression
R = Rage
E = Epileptic fits
P = Paresthesia, Pallor
I = Irritability

S = Shakiness
O = Oral Hypoglycaemics
D = Death, Delirium
E = Emotional patient
)DFWV
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9 DIABETIC COMPLICATIONS
DIABETIC
D = Dental (Periodontal disease)

I= Infections e.g. Oral Candidiosis, periodontal
abscess
A = Abnormal sensation (Peripheral neuropathy)

B = Blood Sugar (Low blood sugar can lead to

coma)
E = Erectile dysfunction, Eyes (Retinopathy)
T = Traumatic ulcers (Diabetic foot due to
neuropathy and peripheral Vascular disease)
I = Increased chances of renal complications
(Nephropathy)
C = Cardiac complications(Ischaemic Heart
disease), CVA (Cerebrovascular accidents)
9 FEATURES OF EPILEPSY
CONVULSIONS
C = Clonic seizures (Jerky movement)
O = tOnic seizures (rigidity)
N = Nausea
V = Viral Infections (Febrile convulsions), Vomiting
U = Unprovoked emotion e.g. fear, pleasure,
Unconsciousness
L = Loss of memory

S = Spasms
I = Incontinence
O =Odours and Taste (Aura)
N= Noises e.g. hissing, buzzing (Aura)
S = Silent Fits (Petite mal), Sweating, Speech arrest
9 CAUSES OF SHOCK
HAVANA
H = Hypovolaemia
A = Adrenal crisis
V = Vascular stasis (Cardiogenic)
A = Acute respiratory obstruction
N = Neurogenic
A = Anaphylaxis
9 IV FLUID EXPANDERS
B & S CC
B = Blood

S = Saline
C = Crystalloid
C = Colloid
ANAEMIA
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9 CAUSES OF MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MCV<

80FL)
SITA
S = Sideroblastic anaemia
I = Iron Deficiency
T = Thalasasaemia

A = Anaemia of chronic inflammation
9 CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY
THE DIET
T = MalabsorpTion syndromes
H = Hookworm, Haemorrhoids
E = Excessive menstrual bleeding
D = Dietary deficiency
I = Increased requirement, Iron loss
E = UlcErs(Gastrointestinal)
T = Treatment medication(Suppress bone marrow)
9 CAUSES OF INCREASED IRON REQUIREMENTS
MALT P
M = Menstruation

A = Age
L = Lactation
T = Time of rapid growth
P = Pregnancy
9 CAUSES OF MACROCYTIC ANAEMIA
(MCV>96FL)
MC LARD
M =Megloblastic Anaemia
C = Cytotoxic Drugs
L = Liver Disease
A = Alcohol
R = Reticulocytosis
D= Deficiencies Vitamin B12 and Folate
9 CAUSES OF VITAMIN B12 AND FOLATE

DEFICIENCY
BIG DIP

B = Bacterial overgrowth in small intestines

I = Intrinsic factor deficiency
G = Gastrectomy
D = Dietary
I = Ileal Resection
P = Pernicious Anaemia
CAUSES OF NORMOCYTIC ANAEMIA ( MCV 80-

96FL)
SHARP
S = Some haemolytic anaemia’s
H = Hypothyroidism
A = Acute Blood loss
R = Renal failure
P = Pregnancy

9 CAUSES OF HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIAS
HAEMOLYTIC
H = Hereditary spherocytoiss
A = Autoimmune e.g. SLE
E = Elliptocytosis and enzyme deficiency(G6PD)
M =Malaria
O = Old age
L = Lymphoma, Leukaemia
Y = pYruvate Kinase deficiency
T= Thalassaemia
I = Infectious mononucleosis(EBV)
C =Common in black people( Sickle cell anaemia)

9 CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF ANAEMIAS
PAINSTAKING
P = Pharyngeal Web, Palpitations, Pale Mucous
membranes(including sclera)
A = Atrophic Glossitis
I = Infections ??, Impaired healing
N = Neuropathy
S = Sterility
T = Taste Disturbance
A = Apthous ulcerations
K = Koilonychias
I = Increased fatigue
N = Nail beds pale
G = Gastric Mucosal Atrophy

)DFWV
There a number of oral and systemic

manifestations of anaemia’s and these should
be known and recognised well!
There are numerous dental manifestations of

anaemias and these include the above as well
as the following:
Sore or Burning tongue

Atrophic Glossitis
Patterson Kelly Syndrome
Candidiosis
Angular Stomatitis
Aphthous ulcers


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Edited by Foxit Reader

Copyright(C) by Foxit Corporation,2005-2009

All rights reserved, no part of this book may be

Whilst the author has ensured to provide

1 . Medicine and Surgery relevant to dentistry 11

2. Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 81

3. Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiology 115

4. Therapeutics and Anaesthesia 139

5. Head and Neck Anatomy & Embryology 151

6. Syndromes of the Head & Neck 181

7. Orthodontics and Paediatric dentistry 195

8. Periodontics, Restorative dentistry &

9. Dental Materials 246

10. Dental Law 252

I would like to express my immense gratitude

I would also like to thank my other family

My heartfelt thanks also goes out to all my

On looking for a revision text there are a number of

All of these books are valuable in terms of the

Systemize the information that they have learnt or

The use of mnemonics and chunking information

This book uses the concept of mnemonics, clusters

The overload of information can lead to

simple analogy is like a filing cabinet then

Recall of information learnt can also work in this

Occasionally, the studious and most hard working

is probably all muddled up and the process of

Imagine learning mnemonics relevant in dentistry

You’re probably thinking that I have done that

From the above example we can see the function

Of course in a book of this nature it cannot

Furthermore, learning new information in a more

This book is useful for anyone within the dental

We would welcome further mnemonics from our

and we will certainly consider including it in our

The disorder of haemostasis and coagulation for

9 VESSEL WALL DISORDER

The Prothrombin time(INR), Activated Partial

9 PLATELET DISORDER(Platelet count < 140*10 /l)

Deficiency of platelets is the most common

The Prothrombin time(INR) and APTT are normal.

9 COAGULATION PATHWAY DISORDERS

S = Seek Specialist advice

9 PROTHROMBIN TIME (INTERNATIONAL

The INR is usually prolonged in the following

Remember! WE LOSE VOLUMES of DRUGS

D = Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

It is absolutely vital that you know what affects the

9 BLEEDING TIME )DFWV

The APTT is usually prolonged in the following

Remember! HUNGRY HORSES DABBLING

Medical Emergencies will occur and it is absolutely

9 CAUSES OF SUDDEN LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS

M =Metabolic complications e.g. Addison’s

All members of the dental team must be well trained in

A = Ashen grey appearance, Abnormal breathing,

LOW SUGAR EPISODE

L = Low BM (<3.9mmol/l) This value is debatable

D = Dental (Periodontal disease)

B = Blood Sugar (Low blood sugar can lead to

9 CAUSES OF MICROCYTIC ANAEMIA (MCV<

A = Anaemia of chronic inflammation

9 CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY