Kianna Theus

CHAPTER 9
CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
HARVESTING CHEMICAL ENERGY
Continued…
7.Identify where substrate-level phosphorylation and the
reduction of NAD+ occur in glycolysis.
Substrate-level phosphorylation and the reduction of NAD+ occur in the
“Energy Payoff Phase” of glycolysis. Substrate-level phosphorylation
produces ATP, the second substrate-level phosphorylation occurs another
ATP is produced making two ATP. Reduction of NAD+  the sugar is
oxidized by the transfer of electrons and H+ to NAD+ forming NADH this
reaction is exergonic

8. Describe where pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA, what

molecules are produced, and how this process links glycolysis to
the citric acid cycle.

Upon entering the mitochondrion via active transport, pyruvate is first

converted to a compound called acetyle coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). This
step is releases CO2. After attaching to acetate (unstable bond making CoA
very reactive with loads of potential energy) the molecule is now ready to
feed its acetyl group into the Kreb’s Cycle.

9. List the products of the citric acid cycle. Explain why it is

called a cycle.

The Kreb’s Cycle produces ATP, NADH, and FADH2. The Kreb’s Cycle is
called a cycle because its regeneration of oxaloacetate which is combines
with CoA in the beginning of the cycle to form citrate

10.Distinguish between substrate level phosphorylation and

oxidative phosphorylation.

In substrate-level phosphorylation, ATP is produced by direct enzymatic

transfer of phosphate from an intermediate substrate in catabolism to
ADP, while oxidative phosphorylation is ATP production by direct
enzymatic transfer of a
phosphate from food to oxygen

11.In general terms, explain how the exergonic “slide” of

electrons down the electron transport chain is coupled to the
endergonic production of ATP by chemiosmosis.
The electron transport chain is an energy converter that uses the
exergonic flow of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to pump H+ across the
membrane space. The H+ has a tendency to move back across the
membrane, diffusing down its gradient. The ATP syntheses are the only

Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc. 1 of 3
 sites that provide a route through the membrane for H+. The energy
stored in an H+ gradient across a membrane couples the redox reactions
of the electrons transport chain to ATP synthesis, an example of
chemiosmosis.

12.Explain where and how the respiratory electron transport

chain creates a proton gradient. Explain why this gradient is
described as a proton motive force.

As complexes I, III, and IV accept and then donate electrons, they pump
protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. The
H+ gradient that results is referred to as a proton-motive force,
emphasizing the capacity of the gradient to perform work. The force
drives H+ back across the membrane through the H+ channel provided
by ATP syntheses.

13.Summarize the net ATP yield from the oxidation of a glucose

molecule by constructing an ATP ledger.
Respiration produces two ATP in glycolysis and Kreb’s Cycle using
substrate-level phosphorylation while oxidative phosphorylation: electron
transport and chemiosmosis produce about 32-34 ATP.

Related Metabolic Processes

14.Distinguish between fermentation and anaerobic respiration.

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t use oxygen but does use electron transport
chain. Fermentation is a way of harvesting chemical energy without using
either oxygen or any electron transport chain. (With out cellular
respiration)

15.Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and

lactic acid fermentation.

In alcohol fermentation pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethol alcohol) in

two steps. First step releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is
converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde. In the second step,
acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol. (this regenerates the supply
of NAD+ needed for the continuation). In lactic acid fermentation pyruvate
is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as and end product.

16.Compare the processes of fermentation and cellular

respiration.

Both pathways use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to
pyruvate, in both fermentation and respiration NAD+ is the oxidizing
agent that accepts electrons from food during glycolysis.

Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc. 2 of 3
 17.Describe how food molecules other than glucose can be
oxidized to make ATP.

Glycolysis can accept a wide range of carbohydrates for catabolism.

Glycogen, the polysaccharide that humans and many other animals store
in their liver and muscle cells, can be hydrolyzed to glucose between
meals as fuel for respiration. The digestion of disaccharides, including
sucrose, provides glucose and other monosaccharide as fuel for
respiration.

18.Explain how glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can contribute
to anabolic pathways.

Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle function as metabolic interchanges that
enable our cells to convert some kinds of molecules to others, as we need
them. If we eat more food than we need, we store fat even if our diet is
fat-free. Metabolism is remarkably versatile and adaptable.

19.Explain how ATP production is controlled by the cell. Describe

the role that the allosteric enzyme phosphofructokinase plays in
this feedback control.

The cell does not waste energy making more of a particular substance
than it needs. If the cell is working hard and its ATP concentration begins
to drop, respiration speeds up and vise versa. The ATP production
functions on a supply and demand bases. Phosphofructokinase is an
allosteric enzyme with receptor sites for specific inhibaitors and
activators. It is inhibited by ATP and stimulated by AMP which the cell
derives form ADP. As ATP accumulates, inhibition of the enzyme slows
down glycolysis. The enzyme becomes active again as cellular work
converts ATP to ADP faster than ATP is be regenerated.

Learning Objectives for Campbell/Reece Biology, 8th Edition, © Pearson Education, Inc. 3 of 3