ECE 222A - Antennas and Their System Applications Midterm Exam - Monday, November 13,2006 (Any 3 hours between

1 and 6pm)

Please answer all the questions clearly. Take time to write your answers in a readable, clear manner. In case you are using figures in your notes or from the book, state exactly which figure you are using (figure number in the book, or a description of its location in the notes, etc.). No grade will be given to any answer which is correct but it is not clear to me how you got it.

There are also several questions which require "estimation". The answer may be an estimation, but the method used should be clearly described. The problems below are all real-life problems, so use common sense when you solve them. If a result seems strange and you do not have time to check it, state this, and write what you believe the result to be and why it is so.

The honor code applies to this exam, and you should write and sign the honor code. I will not grade any exam without a signature.

In my opinion, Problem 1: 45 minutes +/- 10 minutes. Problem 2: 90 minutes +/- 10 minutes. Problem 3: 30 minutes +/- 10 minutes. The exam should be finished in 3 contiguous hours, but you can take up to 3.5 hours ifneeded. WRITE YOUR START AND END TIME.

WRITE THE HONOR CODE:

I -----(name)--- have neither received nor given aid on this exam, neither have I concealed a

violation of the trust and honor code given to me by Prof Rebeiz. Sign (name) and Date.

Problem 1 (25%):

The Goldstone 80 meter (Cassegrain) reflector IS a deep space antenna capable of communications up to Pluto and beyond.

1- Calculate the directivity of this antenna in dB at 5 GHz and 35 GHz, assuming an aperture efficiency of 80% at 5 GHz and 70% at 35 GHz. Estimate the 3-dB beamwidths at 5 GHz and 35 GHz.

2- If you are communicating with a satellite which is around Uranus, which frequency would you use (5 GHz or 35 GHz) - Assume that the satellite carries a reflector antenna with a diameter of 2 m? Explain your reasoning.

UlrGleu.p· .

3- The satellite transmits 4 W at ~Hz using a 2 meter reflector with an aperture efficiency of 75%. The receive. is 20K on earth. Calculate the SIN ratio on earth for a 1 Hz bandwidth and estimate the data transfer rate between the satellite and earth.

4- A satellite has a radar cross section of 10m2 and is located around the moon. Can you detect this satellite if the transmit power is 100 KW at 15 GHz, and what bandwidth will you need for detection? The receive )jf is 30K on earth. For radars, the required SIN

ratio is at least 6 dB. Muf: ~

Uranus is at 2900 Million kms from the Sun.; Earth is at 150 Million kms from the Sun. (assume a distance of 3000 Million kms between the Earth and Uranus)

The Moon is at 400,000 kms from the Earth.

Problem 2 (50%):

0.&''' ...._.,_,

A 7-element uniformly-fed linear array is built on the y-axis using double-dipole antennas oriented along the x-axis (each element is a double-dipole antenna). The linear array is centered on the z-axis. The dipole antennas are around 0.5A and can be safely assumed to have a "sin(theta)"-like pattern (the patterns are not sin(theta) since the dipoles are not oriented on the zaxis). You cannot change the coordinate system. Each dipole in the double-dipole element is fed in phase and the distance between them is 0.5A. The center-to-center spacing between the array elements is 1A. Finally, there is also a ground plane located at z=-A/4.

1- Write the total pattern in a clear manner. Show your derivation and steps.

2- Plot the pattern in the Y-Z plane (rectangular plot). Label the 3-dB beamwidth and the level and angular location of the first and second sidelobes. Estimate the directivity of the array. In your opinion, how many sidelobes do you have?

3- Plot the pattern in the X-Z plane (this should be easy). Label the 3-dB beamwidth.

4- The array is scanned to theta=30 degrees in the Y-Z plane. Calculate the phase for each element in the array. Plot the array factor only. To which practical angle can this linear array be scanned? Clearly state your reasons.

5- Plot the total pattern in the Y -Z plane for a scan to theta=30 degrees. Label the 3-dB beamwidth and the level and angular location of the first and second sidelobes (do not forget to take into account the effect of the element pattern). Estimate the directivity of the array.

6- This antenna needs to operate at 300 MHz. What is the far-field distance of this antenna (for pattern measurement purposes)?

7- A two dimensional array is now constructed using the double-dipole antenna. The centerto-center spacing is 1 lambda in both the X and Y directions. The array contains llxll elements. Estimate the directivity for: Uniform illumination; Uniform illumination but scanned to theta=30 degrees and phi=zero; (do not spend a lot of time on this question)

Problem 3 (25%):

Answer in short sentences with a clear explanation:

1) What are the essential differences between a small loop and a traveling-wave loop?

2) Which one has more bandwidth: A fat dipole, a bow-tie antenna (wide angle) or a foldeddipole? Which one has higher impedance: A fat dipole, a bow-tie antenna (wide angle) or a folded-dipole?

3) What is the resonant length and resistance of a dipole with a/A=O.005?

4) What are the essential differences between a Yagi-Uda and a log-periodic antenna?

5) Why does the helical antenna not require a large ground plane for good operation? {It needs a small one to set the input impedance but not a large ground plane for the pattern}

6) If you are stuck on an island and you end up with a radio and batteries (but you do not know its frequency of operation), which antenna would you build to communicate with the potential rescuers? (Remember, the crocodiles are ready to feast on you!)

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