MCD4 EExercise Solns Part 3

Microelectronic Circuit Design
Fourth Edition - Part III

Solutions to Exercises
Updated - 09/25/10
CHAPTER 10
Page 534
( )
(a) AP = Av Ai = 4x104 2.75x108 = 1.10x1013
Vo 25.3V
( b) Vo = 2Po RL = 2(20W )(16Ω) = 25.3 V | Av = = = 5.06x103
Vi 0.005V
Vo 25.3V Vi 0.005V I 1.58 A
Io = = = 1.58 A | I i = = = 0.167µA | Ai = o = = 9.48x106
RL 16Ω RS + Rin 10kΩ + 20kΩ I i 0.167µA
Po 25.3V (1.58 A)
AP = =
PS 0.005V (0.167µA)
( )( )
= 4.79x1010 | Checking : Ap = 5.06x103 9.48x106 = 4.80x1010
−−−
( ) ( )
AvdB = 20 log(5060) = 74.1 dB | AidB = 20 log 9.48x106 = 140 dB | APdB = 10 log 4.80x1010 = 107 dB
−−−
( ) ( ) (
AvdB = 20 log 4x10 4 = 92.0 dB | AidB = 20 log 2.75x108 = 169 dB | APdB = 10 log 1.10x1013 = 130 dB )
Page 541
1
€ Gin = g11 = = 0.262 µS | A = g21 = 0.262µS (76)(50kΩ) = 0.995
20kΩ + 76(50kΩ)
−1
 1 1 75  g22 262Ω
Rout = g22 =  + +  = 262 Ω | g12 = − =− = −0.0131
 50kΩ 20kΩ 20kΩ (20kΩ) (20kΩ)
1 1
Rin = = 3.82 MΩ | A = g21 = 0.995 | Rout = = 262 Ω
g11 g22
€
1 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock
09/25/10
Page 547
(a ) The constant slope region spanning a maximum input range is between - 0.5 V ≤ vID ≤ 1.5 V ,
1.5 + (−0.5)
and the bias voltage VID should be centered in this range : VID = V = +0.5 V.
2
vID = VID + vid | - 0.5V ≤ 0.5V + vid → v id ≥ −1 V and 0.5V + vid ≤ 1.5 → v id ≤ +1 V
∴−1 V ≤ vid ≤ +1 V or vid ≤ 1 V and v o ≤ 10 V
(b) For VID = −1 V , the slope of the voltage transfer characteristics is zero, so A = 0.
−−−
vO = 10(vID − 0.5V ) = 10(−0.5 + 0.25 + 0.75sin1000πt ) = (−2.5 + 7.5sin1000πt ) V | VO = −2.5 V
Page 552
10V 10V
€ vid = = 0.100V = 100 mV | v id = 4 = 0.001 V = 1.00 mV
100 10
10V
vid = 6 = 1.00x10−5 V = 10.0 µV
10
Page 554
360kΩ
€ Av = − = −5.29 | vo = −5.29(0.5V ) = −2.65 V
68kΩ
0.5V
ii = = 7.35 µA | io = −i2 = −ii = −7.35 µA
68kΩ
Page 556
2V
€ II = = 426 µA | I2 = I I = 426 µA | IO = −I2 = −426 µA
4.7kΩ
24kΩ
Av = − = −5.11 | VO = −5.11(2V ) = −10.2 V
4.7kΩ
Page 558
5V
€ Atr = −R2 = − = −0.2 MΩ | R2 = 200 kΩ
25µA
( )
vo = −R2ii = −2x105 5x10−5 sin 2000πt = −10sin 2000πt V

09/25/10
Page 560
36kΩ −3.80V
Av = 1+ = +19.0 | vo = 19.0(−0.2V ) = − 3.80 V | io = = −100 µA
2kΩ 36kΩ + 2kΩ
−−−
39kΩ
Av = 1+ = +40.0 | AvdB = 20 log(40.0) = 32.0 dB | Rin = 100kΩ ∞ = 100kΩ
1kΩ
10.0V
vo = 40.0(0.25V ) = 10.0 V | io = = 0.250 mA
39kΩ + 1kΩ
−−−
54
R2 R2 vo 10
Av = 10 = 501
20
1+ = 501 = 500 io = ≤ 0.1 mA
R1 R1 R2 + R1 R2 + R1
R1 + R2 ≥ 100kΩ 501R1 ≥ 100kΩ → R1 ≥ 200 Ω There are many possibilities.
( R1 = 200 Ω, R2 = 100 kΩ), but ( R1 = 220 Ω, R2 = 110 kΩ) is a better solution since
resistor tolerances could cause io to exceed 0.1 mA in the first case.
Page 563
30kΩ
€ Inverting Amplifier : Av = − = −20.0 | Rin = R1 = 1.5 kΩ
1.5kΩ
v −3.00V
vo = −20.0(0.15V ) = −3.00 V | io = o = = −100 µA
R2 30kΩ
30kΩ v 0.15V
Non - Inverting Amplifier : Av = 1+ = +21.0 | Rin = i = =∞
1.5kΩ ii 0A
vo 3.15V
vo = 21.0(0.15V ) = 3.15 V | io = = = 100 µA
R2 + R1 30kΩ + 1.5kΩ
−−−
Add resistor R3 in parallel with the op amp input as in the schemeatic on page 560 with R3 = 2 kΩ.
Page 564
 3kΩ   3kΩ 
€ Vo1 = 2V  −  = −6V | Vo2 = 4V  −  = −6V | vo = (−6sin1000πt − 6sin 2000πt ) V
 1kΩ   2kΩ 
v v
The summing junction is a virtual ground : Rin1 = 1 = R1 = 1 kΩ | Rin2 = 2 = R2 = 2 kΩ
i1 i2
Vo1 −6V V −6V
I o1 = = = −2mA | I o2 = o2 = = −2mA | io = (−2sin1000πt − 2sin 2000πt ) mA
R3 3kΩ R3 3kΩ

09/25/10
Page 567
3V
Since i+ = 0, I2 = = 27.3 µA
10kΩ + 100kΩ
−−−
100kΩ V − V V − V+
Av = − = −10.0 | VO = −10(3V − 5V ) = +20.0 V | IO = O − = O
10kΩ 100kΩ 100kΩ
R4 100kΩ
V+ = V2 =5 = 4.545V
R3 + R4 10kΩ + 100kΩ
20.0 − 4.545 5V
IO = = +155 µA | I2 = = 45.5 µA
100kΩ 10kΩ + 100kΩ
Page 568
36kΩ V − V V − V+
€ Av = − = −18.0 | VO = −18(8V − 8.25V ) = 4.50 V | IO = O − = O
2kΩ 36kΩ 36kΩ
R2 36kΩ 4.50 − 7.816
V+ = V2 = 8.25 = 7.816 V | IO = = −92.1 µA
R1 + R2 2kΩ + 36kΩ 36kΩ
Page 570
2π x 106 −400 5000π
€ Av ( s) = − = → Amid = −400 | f H = = 2.50 kHz
s + 5000π s 2π
1+
5000π
BW = f H − f L = 2.50 kHz − 0 = 2.50 kHz | GBW = (400)(2.50kHz) = 1.00 MHz
Page 572
1 1
€ fH = = 804 kHz
2π 1kΩ 100kΩ (200 pF )
( )
Page 573
250 250π
€ Av ( s) = | Ao = 250 | f L = = 125 Hz | f H = ∞ | BW = ∞ −125 = ∞
250π 2π
1+
s
Page 575
1 1
€ fL = = 15.8 Hz
2π 1kΩ 100kΩ (0.1µF )
( )

09/25/10
Page 577
−1+ 4 150 150
Av ( j1) = 50 = | Av ( j1) = = 67.08
−1+ 2 + j2 1+ j2 2 2
(1) + (2)
 2
A vdB = 20 log(67.08) = 36.5 dB | ∠Av ( j1) = ∠(50) + ∠(3) − tan −1  = 0 + 0 − 63.4 o = −63.4 o
 1
−25 + 4 1050 1050
Av ( j5) = 50 = | Av ( j5) = = 41.87
−25 + 2 + j10 23 − j10 2 2
(−23) + (10)
 10 
AvdB = 20 log(41.87) = 32.4 dB | ∠Av ( j5) = ∠(1050) + − tan −1 o
 = 0 − −23.5 = +23.5
 −23
o
( )
−−−
20 20
A v ( jω ) = | Av ( j0.95) = = 14.3
0.1ω 2
1+ j
1− ω 2 12 +
(0.1) (0.95 ) 2
2
(1− 0.95 ) 2
0.1(0.95)
∠Av ( j0.95) = ∠20 − tan −1 2
 = 0 − 44.3o = −44.3o
 1− 0.95 
( )
20  0.1(1) 
Av ( j1) =
2 2
= 0 | ∠Av ( j1) = ∠20 − tan −1
2
 1−1 
 = 0 − 90 o = −90.0 o ( )
2
1 +
(0.1) 1( )
2
( )
1−12
20  0.1(1.1) 
Av ( j1.1) =
2
= 17.7 | ∠Av ( j1.1) = ∠20 − tan−1 2
 1−1.1 
(
 = 0 − −27.6 o = +27.6 o )
12 +
( )
(0.1) 1.12
2
(1−1.1 ) 2
−−−
−400
(i ) A (s) = 
v
100  s 
| Ao = 400 or 52 dB
1+ 1+ 
 s  50000 
100 50000
fL = = 15.9 Hz | f H = = 7.96 kHz | BW = 7960 −15.9 = 7.94 kHz
2π 2π

09/25/10
Page 577
2x10 7 s −400
Av ( s) = − =
(s + 100)(s + 50000) 1+ 100 1+ s 
 s  50000 
 ω   ω  
−1 100
  100 
∠Av ( jω ) = −180 + 90 o − tan −1  − tan 
−1 o
 = −90 − tan   − tan 
−1

100   50000   100   50000 
∠Av ( j0) = −90 − 0 − 0 = −90 o
 100   100 
∠Av ( j100) = −90 o − tan−1  − tan 
−1
 = −90 − 45 − 0.57 = −136
o
 100   50000 
 50000  
−1 50000

∠Av ( j50000) = −90 o − tan−1  − tan   = −90 − 89.9 − 45 = −225
o
 100   50000 
∠Av ( j∞) = −90 − 90 − 90 = −270 o
Page 581
26
R2
€ Av = − = −10 20 = −20.0 | R1 = Rin = 10 kΩ
R1
1
R2 = 20R1 = 200 kΩ | C = = 265 pF
2π (3kHz)(200kΩ)
Closest values : R1 = 10 kΩ | R2 = 200 kΩ | C = 270 pF
Page 582
20
R2
€ Av = − = −10 20 = −10.0 | R1 = Rin = 18 kΩ
R1
1 1
R2 = 10R1 = 180 kΩ | C = = = 1.77 nF = 1770 pF
ω L R1 2π (5kHz)(18kΩ)
Closest values : R1 = 10 kΩ | R2 = 180 kΩ | C = 1800 pF
Page 583
€ I (10V 2)  1  1ms = 0.05 µF
Rin = R1 = 10 kΩ | ΔV = − ΔT | C =  ( )
C 10kΩ  10V 
vO
2 4 6 8 t (msec)
-10V

09/25/10
Page 567
dv I
vO = −RC = −(20kΩ)(0.02µF )(2.50V )(2000π )(cos2000πt ) = −6.28cos2000πt V
dt

09/25/10
CHAPTER 11
Page 605
1 105 T 1000
AvIdeal = = 100 | T = Aβ = = 1000 | Av = AvIdeal = 100 = 99.90
β 100 1+ T 1001
v o 9.99V
vo = Av v i = 99.9(0.1V ) = 9.99 V | vid = = = 99.9 µV
A 105
−−−
R2 1 R R 105
AvIdeal = − | = 1+ 2 → 2 = 99 | AvIdeal = −99 | T = Aβ = = 1000
R1 β R1 R1 100
T 1000
Av = AvIdeal = −99 = −98.90
1+ T 1001
vo −9.89V
vo = Av v i = −98.9(0.1V ) = −9.89 V | v id = = = −98.9 µV
A 105
−−−
Values taken from OP - 27 specification sheet
(www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
−−−
Values taken from OP - 27 specification sheet
(www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
Page 606
1 R 39kΩ 10 4 T 250
€ AvIdeal = = 1+ 2 = 1+ = +40.0 | T = Aβ = = 250 | Av = AvIdeal = 40 = 39.8
β R1 1kΩ 40 1+ T 251
1 1
FGE = = 0.00398 or 0.398 % | FGE ≅ = 0.40 %
1+ T T
−−−
R2 39kΩ 1 1 10 4
AvIdeal = − =− = −39.0 | β= = | T = Aβ = = 250 |
R1 1kΩ R 40 40
1+ 2
R1
T 250 1 1
Av = AvIdeal = −39 = −38.8 | FGE = = 0.00398 or 0.398 % | FGE ≅ = 0.40 %
1+ T 251 1+ T T

09/25/10
Page 608
Values taken from OP - 77 specification sheet (www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
Page 609
R 50Ω 1
€ 1+ T = o → T = −1 = 499 | A = T   = 499( 40) = 2.00x10 4
Rout 0.1Ω β 
−−−
T R2 39kΩ
Av = AvIdeal | AvIdeal = 1+ = 1+ = +40.0
1+ T R1 1kΩ
1kΩ T 249.7
T = Aβ = 10 4 = 249.7 | Av = AvIdeal = 40 = 39.8
0.05kΩ + 39kΩ + 1kΩ 1+ T 250.7
---
39kΩ(1.05) 4.20
Avmax = 1+ = 44.1 | GE = 44.2 − 40.0 = 4.20 | FGE = = 10.5 %
1kΩ(0.95) 40
39kΩ(0.95) −3.70
Avmin = 1+ = 36.3 | GE = 36.3 − 40.0 = −3.70 FGE = = −9.3 %
1kΩ(1.05) 40
Page 610
R 200Ω 1
€ 1+ T = o → T = −1 = 1999 | A = T   = 1999(100) = 2.00x10 5 or 106 dB
Rout 0.1Ω β 
Page 612
Values taken from op - amp specification sheets (www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
€
Page 613
€

09/25/10
 10kΩ 1MΩ 
10 4
Rin = Rid (1+ T ) | T = Aβ = 10 4   40.39 = 248 | Rin = 1MΩ [1+ 248] = 249 MΩ
=
 10kΩ 1MΩ + 390kΩ 
vi 1V βv T 248
i− = − =− = −4.02 nA | i1 = o | vo = AvIdeal v i = 40 vi = 39.8v i
Rin 249 MΩ R1 1+ T 249
βv 39.8  1V 
i1 = o =   = 98.5 µA | Yes, i1 >> i−
R1 40.4  10kΩ 
 10kΩ  10 4
If we assume 1MΩ >> 10kΩ, T = Aβ = 10 4  = = 250 | Rin = 1MΩ [1+ 250] = 251 MΩ
10kΩ + 390kΩ  40
vi 1V βv T 250
i− = − =− = −3.98 nA | i1 = o | vo = AvIdeal v i = 40 vi = 39.8v i
Rin 251MΩ R1 1+ T 251
βv 39.8  1V 
i1 = o =   = 99.5 µA | Yes, i1 >> i−
R1 40  10kΩ 
Page 614
€ R2 100kΩ
Rin ≅ R1 + Rid = 1kΩ + 1MΩ = 1001 Ω | Rinideal = R1 = 1000 Ω | 1 Ω or 0.1 %
1+ A 1+ 10 5
Page 622
€

09/25/10
R2 91kΩ
AvIdeal = 1+ = 1+ = 10.1
R1 10kΩ
RinD = Rid + R1 ( R2 + Ro ) = 25kΩ + 10kΩ (91kΩ + 1kΩ) = 34.0 kΩ
D
Rout [ ] [
= Ro R2 + R1 Rid = 1kΩ 91kΩ + 10kΩ 25kΩ = 990 Ω ]
R1 Rid 10kΩ 25kΩ
T = Ao = 10 4 = 720
Ro + R2 + R1 Rid 1kΩ + 91kΩ + 10kΩ 25kΩ
T 720
Av = AvIdeal = 10.1 = 10.1
1+ T 1+ 720
Rin = RinD (1+ T ) = 34.0kΩ(1+ 720) = 24.5 MΩ
D
Rout 990Ω
Rout = = = 1.37 Ω
1+ T 1+ 720
−−−
R2 91kΩ
AvIdeal = 1+ = 1+ = 10.1
R1 10kΩ
( ) ( )
RinD = RI + Rid + R1 R2 + Ro RL = 2kΩ + 25kΩ + 10kΩ 91kΩ + 1kΩ 5kΩ = 36.0 kΩ
D
Rout = RL Ro [ R + R ( R + R )] = 5kΩ 1kΩ [91kΩ + 10kΩ (25kΩ + 2kΩ)] = 826 Ω
2 1 id I
 RL  R1 5kΩ 10kΩ
vth =  Ao vid  = 10 4 v id = 818v id
 Ro + RL  RL Ro + R2 + R1 1kΩ + 5kΩ 1kΩ 5kΩ + 91kΩ + 10kΩ
( ) (
Rth = R1 R2 + RL Ro = 10kΩ 91kΩ + 1kΩ 5kΩ = 9.02 kΩ )
v  Rid 25kΩ
T = − th  = −818 = −568
 v id  Rth + Rid + RI 9.02kΩ + 25kΩ + 2kΩ
T 568
Av = AvIdeal = 10.1 = 10.1
1+ T 1+ 568
Rin = RinD (1+ T ) = 36.0kΩ(1+ 568) = 20.5 MΩ
D
Rout 826Ω
Rout = = = 1.45 Ω
1+ T 1+ 568
−−−
Continued on next page.

09/25/10
Page 622 cont.
R 91kΩ
AvIdeal = 1+ 2 = 1+ = 10.1
R1 10kΩ
RinD = Rid = 25kΩ | Rout
D
= Ro = 1 kΩ
R1 10kΩ
T = Ao = 10 4 = 990
R1 + R2 10kΩ + 91kΩ
T 990
Av = AvIdeal = 10.1 = 10.1
1+ T 1+ 990
Rin = RinD (1+ T ) = 25.0kΩ(1+ 990) = 24.8 MΩ
D
Rout 1kΩ
Rout = = = 1.01 Ω
1+ T 1+ 990
−−−
R2 91kΩ
AvIdeal = 1+ = 1+ = 10.1
R1 10kΩ
RinD = RI + Rid + R1 ( R2 + Ro ) = 5kΩ + 25kΩ + 10kΩ (91kΩ + 1kΩ) = 39.0 kΩ
D
Rout [ ] [
= Ro R2 + R1 ( Rid + RI ) = 1kΩ 91kΩ + 10kΩ (25kΩ + 5kΩ) = 990 Ω ]
R1 10kΩ
vth = Aov id = 10 4 v id = 980v id
Ro + R2 + R1 1kΩ + 91kΩ + 10kΩ
Rth = R1 ( R2 + Ro ) = 10kΩ (91kΩ + 1kΩ) = 9.02 kΩ
vth Rid 25kΩ
T= = 980 = 628
vid Rth + Rid + RI 9.02kΩ + 25kΩ + 5kΩ
T 628
Av = AvIdeal = 10.1 = 10.1
1+ T 1+ 628
Rin = RinD (1+ T ) = 39.0kΩ(1+ 628) = 24.5 MΩ
D
Rout 990Ω
Rout = = = 1.57 Ω
1+ T 1+ 628

09/25/10
Page 626
vi vo
RinD =
ii
= RI Rid ( RF + Ro ) | D
Rout =
io
(
= Ro RF + Rid RI )
Page 628
AtrIdeal = −RF = −91kΩ
€
RinD = RI ( RF + Ro ) = 10kΩ (91kΩ + 1kΩ) = 9.02 kΩ
D
Rout = Ro ( RF + RI ) = 1kΩ (91kΩ + 10kΩ) = 990 Ω
RI 10kΩ
T = Ao = 10 4 = 980
Ro + RF + RI 1kΩ + 91kΩ + 10kΩ
T 980
Atr = AtrIdeal = −91kΩ = −90.9 kΩ
1+ T 1+ 980
RinD 9.02kΩ D
Rout 990Ω
Rin = = = 9.19 Ω Rout = = = 1.01 Ω
1+ T 1+ 980 1+ T 1+ 980
−−−
AtrIdeal = −RF = −91kΩ
RinD = Rid ( RF + Ro ) = 25kΩ (91kΩ + 1kΩ) = 19.7 kΩ
D
Rout = Ro ( RF + Rid ) = 1kΩ (91kΩ + 25kΩ) = 991 Ω
Rid 25kΩ
T = Ao = 10 4 = 2137
Ro + RF + Rid 1kΩ + 91kΩ + 25kΩ
T 2137
Atr = AtrIdeal= −91kΩ = −91.0 kΩ
1+ T 1+ 2137
RD 19.7kΩ RD 991Ω
Rin = in = = 9.21 Ω Rout = out = = 0.464 Ω
1+ T 1+ 2137 1+ T 1+ 2317

09/25/10
Page 633
1 1
AtcIdeal = −=− = −10−4 S
R 10kΩ
D
Rin = Rid + R Ro = 25kΩ + 10kΩ 1kΩ = 25.9 kΩ
D
Rout = Ro + R Rid = 1kΩ + 10kΩ 25kΩ = 8.14 kΩ
v  R 25kΩ
T = − th  id
= 9090 = 8770
 v id  Rth + Rid 0.909kΩ + 25kΩ
1 T  1  8770 
Atc = −  =−   = −0.100 mS
R  1+ T  10kΩ  1+ 8770 
Rin = RinD (1+ T ) = 25.9kΩ(1+ 8770) = 227 MΩ
D
Rout = Rout (1+ T ) = 8.14kΩ(1+ 8770) = 71.4 MΩ
Page 637
R2 27kΩ
€ AiIdeal = 1+ = 1+ = +10
R1 3kΩ
( ) ( )
RinD = Rid R2 + R1 Ro = 25kΩ 27kΩ + 3kΩ 1kΩ = 13.2 kΩ
D
Rout = Ro + R1 ( R2 + Rid ) = 1kΩ + 3kΩ (27kΩ + 25kΩ) = 3.84 kΩ
T = Ao
[ R ( R + R )]
1 2 id  R

id


R1 ( R2 + Rid ) + Ro  R2 + Rid 
3kΩ (27kΩ + 25kΩ)
 25kΩ 
T = 10 4   = 3555
1kΩ + 3kΩ (27kΩ + 25kΩ)  27kΩ + 25kΩ 
 T   3555 
Ai = +10  = +10  = +10.0
1+ T   1+ 3555 
RinD 13.2kΩ
Rin = = = 3.71 Ω
(1+ T ) 1+ 3555
D
Rout = Rout (1+ T ) = 3.84kΩ(1+ 3555) = 13.7 MΩ

09/25/10
Page 638
Rid' = RI Rid = 10kΩ 25kΩ = 7.14 kΩ
R2 270kΩ
AiIdeal = 1+ = 1+ = +10
R1 30kΩ
( ) ( )
RinD = Rid' R2 + R1 Ro = 7.14kΩ 270kΩ + 30kΩ 1kΩ = 6.96 kΩ
D
Rout ( )
= Ro + R1 R2 + Rid' = 1kΩ + 30kΩ (270kΩ + 7.14kΩ) = 28.1 kΩ
T = Ao
[ R ( R + R )]
1 2
'
id  R' 
 id

'
(
R1 R2 + Rid' ) + Ro  2 Rid 
R +
30kΩ (270kΩ + 7.14kΩ)  7.14 kΩ 

T = 10 4   = 248.5
30kΩ (270kΩ + 7.14kΩ) + 1kΩ  270kΩ + 7.14kΩ 
 T   248.5 
Ai = +10  = +10  = +9.96
1+ T   1+ 248.5 
RinD 6.96kΩ
Rin = = = 27.9 Ω
(1+ T ) 1+ 248.5
D
Rout = Rout (1+ T ) = 28.1kΩ(1+ 248.5) = 7.01 MΩ
Page 644
€ Values taken from op - amp specification sheets (www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
−−−
VO ≤ 50(0.002V ) → −0.100 V ≤ VO ≤ +0.100 V
Page 647
€ Values taken from op - amp specification sheets (via www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
−−−
R = 39kΩ 1kΩ = 975 Ω
R = 1 kΩ is the closest 5% value, or one could use 39 kΩ and 1 kΩ resistors in parallel.
−−−
V I 1.5mV 100nA
v O (t ) = VOS + OS t + B 2 t | 1.5mV + t+ t = 15V → t = 6.00 ms
RC C 10kΩ(100 pF ) 100 pF
Page 648
€ Values taken from op - amp specification sheets (via www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
€ 15 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

09/25/10
Page 650
Values taken from op - amp specification sheets (via www.jaegerblalock.com or www.analog.com)
−−−
−1
20V  1 1 
REQ = RL ( R2 + R1 ) ≥ = 4kΩ R1 + R2 ≥  −  = 20kΩ
5mA  4kΩ 5kΩ 
Including 5% tolerances, R1 + R2 ≥ 21kΩ Av = 10 → R2 = 9R1
A few possibilities : 27 kΩ and 3 kΩ, 270 kΩ and 30 kΩ, 180 kΩ and 20 kΩ, etc.
Page 653
 v ic 
€ vo = A vid + 
 CMRR 
 v ic   5.000 
vomin = A vid +  = 25000.002 −  = 3.750 V
 CMRR   10 4 
 v ic   5.000 
vomax = A v id +  = 2500 0.002 +  = 6.250 V | 3.750 V ≤ v O ≤ 6.250 V
 CMRR   10 4 
Page 655
 1   1   1 
€ A1+  10 41+ 4
103 1+ 3
 2CMRR   2x10   2x10 
Av = = = 1.000 Av = = 1.000
 1  4
 1  3
 1 
1+ A1−  1+ 10 1− 4
1+ 10 1− 3
 2CMRR   2x10   2x10 
Page 656
1 1
€ GE = FGE ( Av ) ≤ 5x10−5 (1) = 5x10−5 Worst case occurs for negative CMRR : GE ≅ +
A CMRR
1
If both terms make equal contributions: A = CMRR = = 4 x10 4 or 92 dB
2.5x10−5
−1 −1
 1  1 
For other cases : CMRR =  5x10 − 
−5
or A =  5x10 −
−5

 A  CMRR 
−1
 1 
A = 100 dB CMRR = 5x10 − 5  = 2.5x10 4 or 88 dB
−5
 10 
−1
 1 
CMRR = 100 dB A = 5x10 − 5  = 2.5x10 4 or 88 dB
−5
 10 
Page 657
€

09/25/10
Page 661
Ao = 10
100
20
= 10 5
| ωB =
ωT 2π 5x10
=
6
=
(
10 7 π )
= 100π | f B =
100π
= 50 Hz
Ao 10 5
10 5
2π
ωT 10 7 π
A( s) = =
s + ω B s + 100π
−−−
ωT 2π x 10 6 2π x 10 6
Av ( s) = = =
ω 2π x 10 6 s + 10π
s+ T s+
Ao 2x10 5
Page 664
90
fT 5x10 6
€ Ao = 10 20
= 31600 | fB = = = 158 Hz | f H ≅ βfT = 0.01(5 MHz) = 50 kHz
Ao 31600
A( s) =
ωT
=
2π 5x10 6
=
(
10 7 π ) | Av ( s) =
(
2π 5x10 6 ) =
10 7 π
s + ω B s + 2π (158) s + 316π (
s + 2π 5x10 4 ) s + 10 5 π
−−−
ωT βωT 1
Aβ = β | For ω H >> ω B : Aβ ≅ = = − j1 since ω H = βωT
s + ωB jω H j
Page 666
90
fT 5x10 6 5 MHz
€ Ao = 10 20 = 31600 =| fB = = 158 Hz | f H ≅ βfT = = 15.8 kHz
Ao 31600 50
1+ 10 20
A( s) =
2π 5x10 6 ( =
10 7 π) | Av ( s) =
2π 5x10 6
=
(
10 7 π )
s + 2π (158) s + 316π s + 2π 15.8x10 3 (
s + 3.16x10 4 π )
−−−
1
f H ≅ βfT = 1(10 MHz) = 10 MHz | f H ≅ βfT = (10 MHz) = 5 MHz
2
Page 667
100
fT 10x10 6 10 MHz 10 MHz
€ Ao = 10 20
= 10 5 | fB =
= = 100 Hz | f H ≅ βfT = = = 10 kHz
Ao 10 5 60
20
1000
10
A( s) =
ωT
=
2π 10 7
=
( )
2πx10 7
| Av ( s) =
2π 10 7
=
2x10 7 π ( )
s + ω B s + 2π (100) s + 200π s + 2π 10 4 s + 2x10 4 π ( )

09/25/10
Page 669
SR 5x10 5V / s SR 5x10 5 V / s
VM ≤ = = 3.98 V | f M = = = 7.96 kHz
ω 2π (20kHz) 2πVFS 2π (10V )
Page 670
€
ωT 2π (8 MHz ) 1
Ao = 1.8x10 6 | f T = 8 MHz | ω B = = = 8.89π | RC = = s
Ao 1.8x10 6
ω B 8.89π
Page 677
 2
€ πζ   ln100  κ
0.01 = exp−  | Let κ =   | ζ= = 0.826
2  1+ κ
 1− ζ   π 
2ζ
φ M = tan−1 0.5
= 70.9 o
( 4ζ 4 + 1 − 2ζ 2 )

πζ 
( )
cos 45o = 4ζ 4 + 1 − 2ζ 2 → ζ = 0.420 | Overshoot = 100% exp −
2 
= 23.4 %
 1− ζ 
−−−
13
Settling within the 10% error bars requires ω nt ≥ 13. ∴ ω n ≥ = 1.3x106 rad / s
10 s
−5
ω n = ω Bω 2 (1+ Aoβ ) ≅ ω Bω 2 Aoβ = βω T ω 2 | f2 =

f n2
≥
(1.3x106 / 2π ) = 428 kHz
βfT ( )
0.1 10 6
Page 678
ω1
€ ∠T ( jω1 ) = −180 o → 3tan −1 = 180 → ω1 = 3
1
5 5 5 8
T ( jω180 ) = 3
= 3
= | GM = = 1.60 or 4.08 dB
8 5
( ω + 1) (
2
1
3+1 )

09/25/10
Page 682
From the upper graph, the final value of the first step is 5 mV, and the peak of the response is
 9.5mm  5.7mV − 5mV
approximately 4mV + 2mV   = 5.7 mV. Overshoot = 100% = 14 %
 11mm  5mV
 πζ   − ln 0.14  2 κ
0.14 = exp−  | Let κ =   = 0.3917 | ζ = = 0.5305
2  π 1+ κ
 1− ζ   
2ζ
φ M = tan−1 0.5
= 54.2 o
( )
4ζ 4 + 1 − 2ζ 2
−−−
From the lower graph, the final value of the first step is 5 mV, and the peak of the response is
 10mm  9.2mV − 5mV
approximately 5mV + 5mV   = 9.2 mV. Overshoot = 100% = 84 %
 12mm  5mV
 πζ   − ln 0.84  2 κ
0.84 = exp−  | Let κ =   = 0.3080 | ζ = = 0.05541
2  π 1+ κ
 1− ζ   
2ζ
φ M = tan−1 0.5
= 6.34 o
( )
4ζ 4 + 1 − 2ζ 2
−−−
The µA741 curves will be distorted by slew rate limiting.

09/25/10
CHAPTER 12
Page 700
R2 68kΩ
AvA = AvB = AvC = − =− = −25.2 | RinA = RinB = RinC = R1 = 2.7 kΩ
R1 2.7kΩ
The op - amps are ideal : RoutA = RoutB = RoutC = 0
−−−
3
Av = AvA AvB AvC = (−25.2) = −16,000 | Rin = RinA = 2.7 kΩ | Rout = RoutC = 0
−−−
2 2
 2.7kΩ 
3 3  2.7kΩ 
Av = (−25.2)   ≥ 0.99(25.2) |   ≥ 0.99
 Rout + 2.7kΩ   Rout + 2.7kΩ 
2.7kΩ
≥ 0.9950 → Rout ≥ 13.6 Ω
Rout + 2.7kΩ
Page 705
1250
€ Av (0) = 50(25) = 1250 | Av (ω H ) = = 884
2
  
1+ ω H2  1+ ω H2  = 2 → ω2 2
 2
  2
 H ( ) + 4.935x10 9ω H2 − 3.896x1018 = 0
 (10000π )   (20000π ) 
26.3x10 3
ω H2 = 6.925x10 8 → ω H = 26.3x10 3 → f H = = 4190 Hz
2π
−−−
−3.34 x10 5
Av (0) = −100(66.7)(50) = −3.33x10 5
Av (ω H ) = = −2.36x10 5
2
   
1+ ω H2  1+ ω H2  1+ ω H2 =2
2 2 2
     
 (10000π )   (15000π )   (20000π ) 
ω H6 + 7.156x10 9 ω H4 + 1.486x1010 ω H2 − 8.562x10 27 = 0
21.7x10 3
Using MATLAB, ω H = 21.7x10 3 → f H = = 3450 Hz
2π
−−−
1
3
Av (0) = (−30) = −2.70x10 4
| f H = ( 33.3kHz) 2 −1 = 17.0 kHz
3
€
09/25/10
Page 711
130kΩ 2
Av1 = 1+ = 6.909 | vO1 = 0.001(6.909) = 6.91 mV | vO 2 = 0.001V (6.909) = 47.7 mV
22kΩ
3 4
vO 3 = 0.001(6.909) = 330 mV | vO 4 = 0.001V (6.909) = 2.28 V
5
vO 5 = 0.001V (6.909) = 15.7 V > 15 V. ∴vO5 = VOmax = 15 V
vO 6 = 15V (6.909) = 104 V > 15 V. ∴vO6 = VOmax = 15 V
Page 714
VA − VB 5.001V − 4.999V
€ VA = V1 + IR2 | VB = V2 − IR2 | I= = = 1.00 µA
2R1 2kΩ
VA = V1 + IR2 = 5.001V + 1.00µA( 49kΩ) = 5.05 V
VB = V2 − IR2 = 4.999V −1.00µA( 49kΩ) = 4.95 V
 R   10kΩ 
VO = − 4 (VA − VB ) =  − (5.05 − 4.95) = −0.100 V
 R3   10kΩ 
Page 717
ω o2 ω o2
€ ALP ( s) = | ALP (0) = = 1 or 0 dB
ω ω o2
s 2 + s o + ω o2
Q
1 ω o2 2 ω o4  1 2
For Q = : ALP ( jω ) = | ALP ( jω H ) = 2
= 
2 −ω 2 + jω 2ω o + ω o2 (ω 2
o − ω H2 ) + 2ω o2ω H2  2 
2ω o4 = ω o4 + ω H4 → ω H = ω o
−−−
To increase the cutoff frequency from 5 kHz to 10 kHz while maintaining the resistances
10kHz
the same, we must decrease the capacitances by a factor of =2
5kHz
0.02µF 0.01µF
∴ C1 = = 0.01 µF | C2 = = 0.005 µF
2 2
−−−
ω o2 ω o2
ALP ( jω ) = | ALP ( jω o ) = = − jQ | ALP ( jω o ) = Q
ω ω o2
−ω 2 + jω o + ω o2 2
−ω o + j 2
+ ωo
Q Q

09/25/10
Page 718
To decrease the cutoff frequency from 5 kHz to 2 kHz, we must increase the
5kHz
resistances by a factor of = 2.50 → R1 = R2 = 2.50(2.26kΩ) = 5.65 kΩ
2kHz
2C R 2 2 1
Q= = = | Q is unchanged.
C 2R 2 2
−−−
1 C R1 R2
= → R12 + 2R1 R2 + R22 = 2R1 R2 → R12 = −R22 - - can't be done!
2 C R1 + R2
R1 R2 dQ 1  R (R + R )  1
1 1 2
Q= =  − R1 2 = 0 → R2 = R1 → Qmax =
R 
R1 + R2 dR2 ( R + R )  2 R1 R2
2
 2
1 2
Page 719
−ω o2 K K
€ AHP ( jω o ) = K = | AHP ( jω o ) = ∠90 o
−ω o + j (3 − K )ω o + ω o 3 − K
2 2 2
3− K
−−−
1
fo = = 5.19 kHz
2π 10kΩ(20kΩ)(0.0047µF )(0.001µF )
−1
 
 10kΩ 4.7nF + 1.0nF 20kΩ(1.0nF ) 
Q= + (1− 2) = 0.829
 20kΩ 4.7nF 1.0nF
 ( ) 10kΩ( 4.7nF ) 

Page 720
K dQ 1 dQ −1 K dQ
€ SKQ = | Q= | = 2 (
−1) = Q 2 | SKQ = = KQ
Q dK 3− K dK (3 − K ) Q dK
1 3
Q= → KQ = 3Q −1 SKQ = 3Q −1 = −1 = 1.12
3− K 2
Page 721
1 1 82kΩ
€ Rth = 2kΩ 2kΩ = 1kΩ | f o = = 879 Hz | Q = = 4.53
2π 1kΩ(82kΩ)(0.02µF )(0.02µF ) 2 1kΩ

09/25/10
Page 726
The lower gain results in a larger gain error and center frequency shift.
−−−
R 294kΩ
ABP ( jω o ) = KQ = 2 | 10 = → R1 = 29.4 kΩ
R1 R1
−−−
1 1
R= = = 39.8 kΩ | R2 = QR = 10(39.8kΩ) = 398 kΩ
ω oC 2π (2000)(2000 pF )
R2 398kΩ
R1 = = = 19.9 kΩ | R3 can remain the same. |
ABP ( jω o ) 20
The nearest 1% values are R = 40.2 kΩ, R2 = 402 kΩ, R1 = 20.0 kΩ, R3 = 49.9 kΩ
1 1 1 1
fo = = = 1.98 kHz | BW = = = 198 Hz
2πRC 2π ( 40.2kΩ)(2nF ) 2πR2C 2π (402kΩ)(2nF )
R2 402kΩ
ABP ( jω o ) = − =− = −20.1
R1 20.0kΩ
−−−
Blindly using the equations at the top of page 580 yields
1 1
f omin = = = 1946 Hz
2πRC 2π (1.01)(29.4kΩ)(1.02)(2.7nF )
1 1
f omax = = = 2067 Hz
2πRC 2π (0.99)(29.4kΩ)(0.98)(2.7nF )
1 1
BW min = = = 195 Hz
2πR2C 2π (1.01)(294kΩ)(1.02)(2.7nF )
1 1
BW max = = = 207 Hz
2πR2C 2π (0.99)(294kΩ)(0.98)(2.7nF )
min R2 294kΩ(1.01) max R2 294kΩ(0.99)

ABP =− =− = −20.4 | ABP =− =− = −19.6
R1 14.7kΩ(0.99) R1 14.7kΩ(1.01)
1
The W/C results are similar if R and C are not the same for example where ωo = .
RA RB CACB

09/25/10
Page 727
C1 dQ C1  1 R1 R2  C1 Q
SCQ1 = =  = = 0.5
Q dC1 Q 2 C1C2 R1 + R2  Q 2C1
R2 dQ 1 C1
SRQ2 = | R1 = R2 → Q = → SRQ2 = 0
Q dR2 2 C2
−−−
R dω o R  −1  ω C dω o C  −1  ω
SRω o = =  2  = − o = −1 | SCω o = =  2
= − o = −1
ω o dR ω o  R C  ωo ω o dR ω o  RC  ωo
K dQ K (−1)(−1) K 2 K
SKQ = = = Q = KQ =
Q dK Q (3 − K ) 2
Q 3− K
−−−
R1 dω o R1  ω o  dRth R1  Rth2  1 R3
SRω1o = = −  = −  2=−
ω o dR1 ω o  2Rth  dR1 2Rth  R1  2 R1 + R3
R2 dω o R2  ω o  1
SRω2o = = − =−
ω o dR2 ω o  2R2  2
R dω o R3  ω o  dRth R3  Rth2  1 R1
SRω3o = 3 = −  = −  2=−
ω o dR1 ω o  2Rth  dR3 2Rth  R3  2 R1 + R3
C dω o C  ω o 
SCω o = = −  = −1
ω o dC ω o  C 
R1 dQ R1  Q  dRth R1  Rth2  1 R3
SRQ1 = = −  = −  2=−
Q dR1 Q  2Rth  dR1 2Rth  R1  2 R1 + R3
R2 dQ R2  Q  1
SRQ2 = =  =+
Q dR2 Q  2R2  2
R dQ R3  Q  dRth R3  Rth2  1 R1
SRQ1 = 3 = −  = −  2=−
Q dR3 Q  2Rth  dR3 2Rth  R3  2 R1 + R3
C dQ C C dBW C  BW 
SCQ = = (0) = 0 | SCBW = = −  = −1
Q dC Q BW dC BW  C 

09/25/10
Page 728
0.02µF 0.01µF
(a ) R1 = R2 = 5(2.26kΩ) = 11.3 kΩ | C1 =
5
= 0.004 µF | C2 =
5
= 0.002 µF
1
fo = = 4980 Hz
2π (11.3kΩ)(11.3kΩ)(0.004µF )(0.002µF )
11.3kΩ (0.004 µF )(0.002µF ) 2
Q= = = 0.471
11.3kΩ 0.004µF + 0.002µF 3
0.02µF 0.01µF
(b) R1 = R2 = 0.885(2.26kΩ) = 2.00 kΩ | C1 =
0.885
= 0.0226 µF | C2 =
0.885
= 0.0113 µF
1
fo = = 4980 Hz
2π (2.00kΩ)(2.00kΩ)(0.0226µF )(0.0113µF )
2.00kΩ (0.0226µF )(0.0113µF ) 2
Q= = = 0.471
2.00kΩ 0.0226µF + 0.0113µF 3
−−−
1 82kΩ (0.02µF )(0.02µF )

fo = = 879 Hz | Q = = 4.53
1kΩ 0.02µF + 0.02µF
2π (2kΩ 2kΩ)(82kΩ)(0.02µF )(0.02µF )
0.02µF
The values of the resistors are unchanged. C1 = C2 = = 0.005 µF
4
1 82kΩ (0.005µF )(0.005µF )
fo = = 3520 Hz | Q = = 4.53
2π (1kΩ)(82kΩ)(0.005µF )(0.005µF ) 1kΩ 0.005µF + 0.005µF
Page 728
C 2 pF
€ ΔvO = − 1 VI = − 0.1V = −0.4 V
C2 0.5 pF
vO (T ) = 0 + ΔvO = −0.4 V | vO (5T ) = 0 + 5ΔvO = −2.0 V | vO (9T ) = 0 + 9ΔvO = −3.6 V
Page 732
€ 1 C3C4 200kHz 4 pF (0.25 pF )
fo = fC = = 10.6 kHz
2π C1C2 2π 3 pF (3 pF )
C3 C1C2 4 pF 3 pF ( 3 pF ) f 10.6 kHz

Q= = = 2 | BW = o = = 5.30 kHz
C4 C1 + C2 0.25 pF 3 pF + 3 pF Q 2
R2 C 4 pF
ABP ( jω o ) = − =− 3 =− = −8.00
2R1 2C4 0.5 pF

09/25/10
€
Page 734
(
0.011000012 = 2−2 + 2−3 + 2−8 )
10
= 0.3798062510 (
| 0.10001000 2 = 2−1 + 2−5 )
10
= 0.5312510
−−−
5.12V 11
VO =
212 ( )
2 + 2 9 + 2 7 + 2 5 + 2 3 + 21 = 3.41250 V
5.12V 5.12V
VLSB = 12 = 1.25 mV | VMSB = = 2.56 V
2 2
Page 737
0.8VFS − 0.1VFS
€ VOS = VO (000) = 0.100 VFS | VLSB = = 0.1 VFS
7
−−−
2R = 1 kΩ | 4 R = 2 kΩ | 8R = 4 kΩ | 16R = 8 kΩ | 32R = 16 kΩ | 64 R = 32 kΩ
128R = 64 kΩ | 256R = 128 kΩ | R = 500 Ω
Page 738
RTotal = R + 2R + 2R + ( n −1)(2R + R) = ( 3n + 2) R | RTotal = ( 3x8 + 2)(1kΩ) = 26 kΩ
€
−−−
R = 1 kΩ | 2R = 2 kΩ | 4 R = 4 kΩ | 8R = 8 kΩ | 16R = 16 kΩ | 32R = 32 kΩ
64 R = 64 kΩ | 128R = 128 kΩ | 256R = 256 kΩ | RTotal = 511 kΩ
( ) ( ) ( )
In general : RTotal = R 2 0 + 21 + ... + 2 n−1 + 2 n = 2 n+1 −1 R | RTotal = 2 8+1 −1 1kΩ = 511 kΩ
Page 739
The general case requires 2 n resistors, and the number of switches is
€
(2 + 2
1 2
) ( ) ( )
+ ... + 2 n = 2 2 0 + 2 2 + ... + 2 n−1 = 2 2 n −1 = 2 n+1 − 2
210 = 1024 resistors | 210+1 − 2 = 2046 switches.
Page 740
€ ( ) ( ) (
(a ) In general : CTotal = R 20 + 21 + ... + 2n = 2n+1 −1 C | CTotal = 28+1 −1 1pF = 511 pF)
(b) In general : R Total = 2C + 2C + ( n −1)(2C + C ) = 2R + n ( 3R) | RTotal = 2R + 8( 3kΩ) = 26 kΩ
Page 741
5V 2 8 LSB
€ VLSB = 8 = 19.53 mV | 1.2V = 61.44 LSB | The closest code is 6110 = 001111012
2 5V

09/25/10
Page 743
6 log10
2 n ≥ 10 6 | n≥ = 19.93 → n ≥ 20 bits
log2
−−−
The minimum width is 0 corresponding to the missing code 110.
The maximum code width is 2.5 LSB corresponding to output code 101.
DNL = 2.5 −1 = 1.5 LSB
At code 110, the ADC transfer characteristic is 1 LSB off of the fitted line.
∴ INL = 1 LSB
Page 744
max 2n 212 1 1 conversions
€ TT = = = 2.048 ms | N max = max = = 488
fC 2x10 6
TT 2.048ms second
Page 745
n 12 1 1 conversions
€ TT = = = 6.00 µs | N max = = = 167,000
fC 2x10 6
TT 6µs second
Page 748
1 T
VR T VR VR 2 n 2.00V  2 8 
€ VFS =
RC
∫ VR (t )dt = RC | RC =
VFS
T= =   = 0.100 ms
VFS f C 5.12V 1MHz 
0
Page 749
2 n+1 217 1 1 conversions
€ TTmax = = 6 = 0.131 s | N max = max = = 7.63
f C 10 Hz TT 0.131s second
Page 750
€ ( )
In general, 2 n resistors and 2 n −1 comparators :
( )
210 = 1024 resistors and 210 −1 = 1023 comparators
Page 758
1 3(0.6V )
€ fo = = 15.9kHz | vo = = 3.00 V
2π (10kΩ)(1nF )  10kΩ  24kΩ  24kΩ
2 − 1+ −
 10kΩ  12kΩ  10kΩ
−−−
SPICE Results :15.90 kHz, 3.33 V
€
09/25/10
Page 760
For vI > 0, the diode will conduct and pull the output up to vO = v I = 1.0 V.
v1 = vO + vD = 1.0 + 0.6 = 1.6 V
For a negative input, there is no path for current through R, so vO = 0 V. The op - amp
sees a -1V input so the output will limit at the negative power supply : vO = −10 V.
(Note that the output voltage will actually be determined by the reverse saturation current
of the diode : vO = −I S R ≅ 0.)
The diode has a 10 - V reverse bias across it, so VZ > 10 V.
Page 762
vS = +2 V : Diode D2 conducts, and D1 is off. The negative input is a virtual ground.
€
v1 = −v D2 = −0.6 V. The current in R is 0, so vO = 0 V.
vI = −2 V : Diode D1 conducts, and D2 is off. The negative input is a virtual ground.
R2 68kΩ
vO = −
R1
vI = −
22kΩ
(−2V ) = +6.18 V | v1 = vO + vD1 = 6.78 V.
The maximum output voltage is vOmax = 15V − 0.6V = 14.4 V.
68kΩ 14.4V
Av = − = −3.09 | vI = = −4.66 V
22kΩ −3.09
When vO = 15 V , v D 2 = −15 V , so VZ = 15 V.
Page 763
20kΩ  10.2kΩ  2V
€ vO =   = 2.00 V
20kΩ  3.24kΩ  π
Page 765
R1 1kΩ
€ VI − = − VEE = − 10V = −0.990 V
R1 + R2 1kΩ + 9.1kΩ
R1 1kΩ
VI + = + VCC = 10V = +0.990 V
R1 + R2 1kΩ + 9.1kΩ
Vn = 0.990V − (−0.990V ) = 1.98 V
Page 766
1+ β R1 6.8kΩ 1
€ T = 2RC ln | β= = =
1− β R1 + R2 6.8kΩ + 6.8kΩ 2
 1+ 0.5  1
T = 2(10kΩ)(0.001µF ) ln  = 21.97µs | f = = 45.5 kHz
 1− 0.5  T
€
09/25/10
Page 770
 0.7 
 1+ 
R1 22kΩ 5  = 20.4 µs
β= = = 0.550 | T = (11kΩ)(0.002µF ) ln
R1 + R2 22kΩ + 18kΩ 1− 0.550 
 
  5V  
1+ 0.55  
 5V  
Tr = (11kΩ)(0.002µF ) ln = 13.0 µs | Tmin = 20.4µs + 13.0µs = 33.4 µs
 0.7 
 1− 5 
 

09/25/10
CHAPTER 13
Page 789
IC 1.5mA IC 1.5mA
(a) At the Q - point : β F = = = 100 (b) I S = = = 1.04 fA
I B 15µA  VBE   0.700V 
exp  exp 
 VT   0.025V 
vbe 8mV
(c) Rin = = = 1.6 kΩ (d ) Yes. With the given applied signal, the smallest value of vCE is
ib 5µA
min
v CE = 5V − 0.5mA( 3.3kΩ) = 3.35 V which exceeds v BE = 0.708 V. (e) AvdB = 20 log −206 = 46.3 dB
Page 790
(a) No : v min
DS ≅ 2.7V with vGS − VTN = 4 −1 = 3V , so the transistor has entered the triode region.
€
(b) Choose two points on the i - v characteristics. For example,
K 2 K 2
1.56mA = n ( 3.5 − VTN ) and 1.0mA = n ( 3.0 − VTN ) .
2 2
µA
Solving for Kn and VTN yields 500 2 and 1 V respectively.
V
(c) AvdB = 20 log −4.13 = 12.3 dB
Page 791
10kΩ
€ VEQ = 12V = 3.00 V | REQ = 10kΩ 30kΩ = 7.5 kΩ
10kΩ + 30kΩ
VEQ − VBE 3.0V − 0.7V
IC = β F I B = β F = 100 = 1.45 mA
REQ + (β F + 1) R4 7.5kΩ + (101)(1.5kΩ)
 101 
VCE = 12 − 4300IC −1500I E = 12 − 4300(1.45mA) −1500 (1.45mA) = 3.57 V
 100 
1.45mA
VB = VEQ − I B REQ = 3.00 −
100
(7.5kΩ) = 2.89 V

09/25/10
Page 792
 101 
vC (t ) = VC + vC = (5.8 −1.1sin 2000πt ) V | v E (t ) = VE + 0 = 1.45mA (1.5kΩ) = 2.20 V
 100 
1.1V
ic = = 0.256mA | ∠ic = 180 o | ic (t ) = −0.26sin 2000πt mA | vB (t ) = VB + vb (t )
4.3kΩ
1.45mA
VB = VEQ − I B REQ = 3.00 −
100
(7.5kΩ) = 2.89 V | vB (t ) = (2.89 + 0.005sin sin 2000π ) V
−−−
1 1
XC = = = 0.318 Ω | X C << Rin
ωC 2000π (500µF )
Page 795
RB = 20kΩ 62kΩ = 15.1 kΩ | RL = 8.2kΩ 100kΩ = 7.58 kΩ
€
Page 799
VT 0.025V 0.025V
€ rd = | rd = = 25.0 TΩ | rd = = 500 Ω
ID + IS 1 fA 50µA
0.025V 0.025V
rd = = 12.5 Ω | rd = = 8.33 mΩ
2mA 3A
−−−
0.025V kT  V 0.0322V
rd = = 16.7 Ω | = 8.62x10−5 (373K ) = 0.0322 V | rd = = 21.4 Ω
1.5mA q  K 1.5mA

09/25/10
Page 804
βo 75
g m = 40IC = 40(50µA) = 2.00 mS | rπ = = = 37.5 kΩ
g m 2mS
VA + VCE 60V + 5V
ro = = = 1.30 MΩ | µ f = g mro = 2mS (1.30 MΩ) = 2600
IC 50µA
−−−
βo 50
g m = 40IC = 40(250µA) = 10.0 mS | rπ = = = 5.00 kΩ
g m 10mS
VA + VCE 75V + 15V
ro = = = 360 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 10mS ( 360kΩ) = 3600
IC 250µA
---
The slope of the output characteristics is zero, so VA = ∞ and ro = ∞.
βF I 1.5mA Δi 0.5mA
β FO = = βF = C = = 100 | g m = C = = 62.5 mS
VCE I B 15µA ΔvBE 8mV
1+
VA
ΔiC 500µA βo 100 Δv BE 8mV
βo = = = 100 | rπ = = = 1.60 kΩ | rπ = = = 1.60 kΩ
ΔiB 5µA g m 62.5mS ΔiB 0.5mA 100

09/25/10
Page 814
Avt = −g m RL = −9.80mS (18kΩ) = −176 | Ten percent of the input signal is being lost
by voltage division between source resistance RI and the amplifier input resistance.
−−−
Assume the Q - point remains constant.
125  104kΩ 12.8kΩ 
(a) RiB = rπ = 9.80mS
= 12.8 kΩ | Av = −9.80mS (18kΩ)
1kΩ + 104kΩ 12.8kΩ
 = −162

 
max
( b) R L = 1.1(18kΩ) = 19.8 kΩ | RLmin = 0.9(18kΩ) = 16.2 kΩ
 104kΩ 10.2kΩ 
Avmin = −9.80mS (16.2kΩ)  = −143

 1kΩ + 104kΩ 10.2kΩ 
 19.8kΩ   19.8kΩ 
Avmax = Avmin   = −143  = −175
 16.2kΩ   16.2kΩ 
16.2kΩ  
nom 19.8kΩ

Checking : Avmin = Avnom  max
 = −159(0.9) = −143 | A v = Av   = −159(1.1) = −175
 18kΩ   18kΩ 
 101 
(c) VCE = 12V − 22kΩIC −13kΩI E = 12V − 0.275mA22kΩ + 100 13kΩ = 2.34 V
100
g m = 40(0.275mA) = 11.0 mS | RiB = rπ = = 9.09 kΩ
11.0mS
 104kΩ 9.09kΩ 
Av = −11.0mS (18kΩ)  = −177

 1kΩ + 104kΩ 9.09kΩ 
−−−
β 100
AvCE ≅ −10VCC = −10(20) = −200 | g m = 40IC = 40(100µA) = 4.00 mS | RiB = rπ = o = = 25 kΩ
g m 4mS
VA + VCE 50V + 10V
ro = = = 600 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 4mS (600kΩ) = 2400
IC 100µA
RB RiB  150kΩ 25kΩ 
(
Av = −g m RC ro )
RI + RB RiB
(
= −4.00mS 100kΩ 600kΩ  )  = −278

 5kΩ + 150kΩ 25kΩ 

09/25/10
Page 815
160kΩ
VEQ = 12V = 4.17 V | REQ = 160kΩ 300kΩ = 104 kΩ
160kΩ + 300kΩ
VEQ − VBE 4.17V − 0.7V
IC = β F I B = β F = 100 = 0.245 mA
REQ + (β F + 1) RE 104kΩ + (101)(13kΩ)
 101 
VCE = 12 − 22000IC −13000I E = 12 − 22000(0.245mA) −13000 (0.245mA) = 3.39 V
 100 
−−−
kT 1.38x10 ( 300)
−23
 V  V 
IC = I S exp BE 1+ CB  | VT = = = .025875 V
 VT  VA  q 1.6x10−19
0.245mA
IS = = 422 fA
 0.7  3.39 − 0.7 
exp 1+ 
 0.025875  75 
Page 817
€ (a ) ( ) [
g m = 2Kn I D (1+ λVDS ) = 2 1mA /V 2 (0.25mA) 1+ 0.02(5) = 0.742 mS ]
1
+ VDS
λ 50V + 5V
ro = = = 220 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 0.742mS (220kΩ) = 163
ID 250µA
( ) [
g m = 2Kn I D (1+ λVDS ) = 2 1mA/V 2 (5mA) 1+ 0.02(10) = 3.46 mS ]
1
+ VDS
λ 50V + 10V
ro = = = 12 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 3.46mS (12kΩ) = 41.5
ID 5mA
(b) The slope of the output characteristics is zero, so λ = 0 and ro = ∞.
2.1V
ΔiD
For the positive change in vgs , g m = ≅ 3.3kΩ = 1.3 mS
ΔvGS 0.5V
Page 818
€ 2I D 2(25mA)
v gs ≤ 0.2(VGS − VTN ) = 0.2 = 0.2 = 1.00 V | vbe ≤ 0.005 V
Kn 2.0mA/V 2
Page 819
γ 0.75 0.75
€ η= = = 0.48 | η= = 0.20
2 VSB + 2φ F 2 0 + 0.6 2 3 + 0.6

09/25/10
Page 821
gm = 2
I DSS I D (1+ λVDS )
=2
[
5mA(2mA) 1+ 0.02(5) ] = 3.32 mS
VP −2
1
+ VDS 50V + 5V
ro = λ = = 27.5 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 3.32mS (27.5kΩ) = 91.3
ID 2mA
 ID   2mA 
VGS = VP 1−  = −2V 1−  = −0.735 V
 I DSS   5mA 
v gs ≤ 0.2(VGS − VP ) = 0.2(−0.735 + 2) = 0.253 V
Page 829
1.5 MΩ
€ VEQ = 12V = 4.87 V | REQ = 1.5 MΩ 2.2 MΩ = 892 kΩ
1.5 MΩ + 2.2 MΩ
Neglect λ in hand calculations of the Q - point.
 5x10−4  2
4.87 = VGS + 12000I D | 4.87 = VGS + 12000 (VGS −1)
 2 
3VGS2 − 5VGS −1.87 = 0 → VGS = 1.981 V | I D = 241 µA
VDS = 12 − 22000I D −12000I D = 3.81 V | Q - point : (241 µA, 3.81 V )
−−−
The small - signal model appears in Fig. 13.27(c).
−−−
2(241µA) 12V Kn2 2x10−3
VGS − VTN ≅ = 0.491 V | AvCS ≅ − = −24.4 | M= = =4
2x10−3 0.491V Kn1 5x10−4
Page 831
β oVT 100(0.025V )
€ rπ = = = 3.45 kΩ | RinCE = RB rπ = 104kΩ 3.45kΩ = 3.34 kΩ
IC 0.725mA
Page 832
680kΩ
€ RinCS = 680kΩ 1.0 MΩ = 405 kΩ | VEQnew = VDD = 0.405VDD
680kΩ + 1MΩ
1.5 MΩ
VEQold = VDD = 0.405VDD | No change. The gate voltages are the same.
1.5 MkΩ + 2.2 MΩ

09/25/10
Page 837
From Ex. 13.6, µ f = 230 and Av = −20.3. Av << µ f
−−−
 ID   0.25mA 
VGS = VP 1−  = −1V 1−  = −0.500 V
 I DSS   1mA 
v gs ≤ 0.2(VGS − VP ) = 0.2(−0.5 + 1) = 0.100 V | v o ≤ 20.3(0.1) = 2.03 V
−−−
SPICE Results :
λ = 0 : Q - point = (250 µA, 4.75 V ) | λ = 0.02 V −1 : Q - point = (257 µA, 4.54 V )
Page 840
 66 
€ IC = 245 µA | VCE = 3.39 V | I E = 245µA  = 249 µA
 65 
245µA
PD = ICVCE + I BVBE = 245µA(3.39V ) + (0.7V ) = 0.833 mW
65
V − VB VCC − (VBE + I E RE ) 12 − 0.7 − 0.249mA(13kΩ)
PS = VCC ( IC + I2 ) | I2 = CC = = = 26.9 µA
R2 R2 300kΩ
PS = 12V (245µA + 26.9µA) = 3.26 mW
−−−
PD = I DVDS = 241µA(3.81V ) = 0.918 mW | PS = VDD ( I D + I2 )
VDD 12V
I2 = = = 3.24 µA | PS = 12V (241µA + 3.24µA) = 2.93 mW
R1 + R2 1.5MΩ + 2.2 MΩ
Page 842
€ [ ] [
(a) VM ≤ min IC RC , (VCE − VBE ) = min 245µA(22kΩ), (3.39 − 0.7)V = 2.69 V ]
VM is limited by the value of VCE .
( b) V M [ ] [ ]
≤ min I D RD , (VDS − VDSSAT ) = min 241µA(22kΩ), ( 3.81− 0.982)V = 2.83 V
Limited by the value of VDS .

09/25/10
CHAPTER 14
Page 860
160kΩ
VEQ = 12V = 4.17 V | REQ = 160kΩ 300kΩ = 104 kΩ
160kΩ + 300kΩ
VEQ − VBE 4.17V − 0.7V
IC = β F I B = β F = 100 = 0.245 mA
REQ + (β F + 1) RE 104kΩ + (101)(13kΩ)
 101 
VCE = 12 − 22000IC −13000I E = 12 − 22000(0.245mA) −13000 (0.245mA) = 3.39 V
 100 
βo 100
g m = 40IC = 40(0.245mA) = 9.80 mS | rπ = = = 10.2 kΩ
g m 9.80mS
VA + VCE 53.4V
ro = = = 218 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 2140
IC 0.245mA
−−−
1.5 MΩ
VEQ = 12V = 4.87 V | REQ = 1.5 MΩ 2.2 MΩ = 892 kΩ
1.5 MΩ + 2.2 MΩ
 5x10−4  2
4.87 = VGS + 12000I D | 4.87 = VGS + 12000 (VGS −1)
 2 
3VGS2 − 5VGS −1.87 = 0 → VGS = 1.981 V | I D = 241 µA
λ−1 + VCE 53.8V
( )( )
g m = 2Kn I D = 2 5x10−4 2.41x10−4 = 0.491 mS | ro =
IC
=
0.241mA
= 223 kΩ
µ f = g mro = 110
Page 861
RB = 160kΩ 300kΩ = 104 kΩ | RE = 3.00 kΩ | RL = 22kΩ 100kΩ = 18.0 kΩ
€
RG = 1.5 MΩ 2.2 MΩ = 892 kΩ | RS = 2.00 kΩ | RL = 22kΩ 100kΩ = 18.0 kΩ
−−−
RB = 160kΩ 300kΩ = 104 kΩ | RL = 13kΩ 100kΩ = 11.5 kΩ
RG = 1.5 MΩ 2.2 MΩ = 892 kΩ | RL = 12kΩ 100kΩ = 10.7 kΩ

09/25/10
Page 863
RI = 2 kΩ | R6 = 13 kΩ | RL = 22kΩ 100kΩ = 18.0 kΩ
RI = 2 kΩ | R6 = 12 kΩ | RL = 22kΩ 100kΩ = 18.0 kΩ

09/25/10
Page 875
V −V 1 13kΩ
(a) IC ≅ REQ + RBE or IC ∝ R + R | IC = 0.245mA
RE + R4
E 4 E 4
g m RL R RC R3
For large gm RE , AvtCE = − ≅− L =−
1+ g m RE RE RE
For AvtCE max make RC and R3 large and RE small. RL = 1.1(22kΩ) 1.1(100kΩ) = 19.8 kΩ
13kΩ
RE = 0.9( 3kΩ) = 2.7 kΩ | IC = 0.245mA = 0.251 mA | g m = 40(0.251 mA) = 10.0 mS
12.7kΩ
βo 100
rπ = = = 10.0 kΩ | RiB = 10.0kΩ + 101(2.7kΩ) = 283 kΩ
g m 10.0mS
10.0mS (19.8kΩ)  104kΩ 283kΩ 
AvCE max = −   = −6.98
1+ 10.0mS (2.7kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 283kΩ 
For AvtCE min make RC and R3 small and RE large. RL = 0.9(22kΩ) 0.9(100kΩ) = 16.2 kΩ
13kΩ
RE = 1.1( 3kΩ) = 3.3 kΩ | IC = 0.245mA = 0.239 mA | g m = 40(0.239 mA) = 9.56 mS
13.3kΩ
βo 100
rπ = = = 10.5 kΩ | RiB = 10.5kΩ + 101( 3.3kΩ) = 344 kΩ
g m 9.56mS
9.56mS (16.2kΩ)  104kΩ 344kΩ 
AvCE min = −   = −4.70
1+ 9.56mS ( 3.3kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 344kΩ 
(b) Assume the collector current does not change.

βo 125
rπ = = = 12.8 kΩ | RiB = 12.8kΩ + 126( 3.0kΩ) = 391 kΩ
g m 9.8mS
9.80mS (18kΩ)  104kΩ 391kΩ 
AvCE = −   = −5.73 The gain is essentially unchanged.
1+ 9.80mS ( 3kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 391kΩ 
 101 
(c) VCE = VCC − IC RC − I E ( RE + R4 ) = 12V − 0.275mA22kΩ + 100 13kΩ = 2.34 V
2.34 V > 0.7 V Therefore the transistor is still in the active region.
β 100
g m = 40(0.275mA) = 11.0 mS | rπ = o = = 9.09 kΩ | RiB = 9.09kΩ + 101( 3.0kΩ) = 312 kΩ
g m 11mS
CE
11.0mS (18kΩ)  104kΩ 312kΩ 
Av = −   = −5.75 The gain is essentially unchanged.
1+ 11.0mS ( 3kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 312kΩ 
Continued on the next page

€
09/25/10
Page 875 cont.
 100(2kΩ) 
RiC = 320kΩ 1+  = 5.17 MΩ | µ R = 3140(2kΩ) = 6.28 MΩ
f E

 1kΩ (
104kΩ + )
10.2kΩ + 2kΩ 

RiC < µ f RE | Rout = 5.17 MΩ 22kΩ = 21.9 kΩ | Rout << µ f RE
−−−
 β o RE   β R 
lim RiC = lim ro 1+  = ro1+ o E  = (β o + 1)ro
R E →∞ R E →∞
 Rth + rπ + RE   RE 
Page 877
RiB = 10.2kΩ + 101(1kΩ) = 111 kΩ
€
9.80mS (18kΩ)  104kΩ 111kΩ 
Av = −   = −16.0 | R4 = 13kΩ −1kΩ = 12 kΩ.
1+ 9.80mS (1kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 111kΩ 
−−−
kT 1.38x10 ( 300)
−23
 V  V 
BE CB
IC = I S exp 1+  | VT = = = .025875 V
 VT  VA  q 1.60x10−19
0.245mA
IS = = 425 fA
 0.7  3.39 − 0.7 
exp 1+ 
 0.025875  100 
−−−
β o 100
AvCE ≅ −10VCC = −10(20) = −200 | g m = 40IC = 40(100µA) = 4.00 mS | RiB = rπ = = = 25 kΩ
g m 4mS
VA + VCE 50V + 10V
ro = = = 600 kΩ | µ f = g mro = 4mS (600kΩ) = 2400
IC 100µA
RB RiB  150kΩ 25kΩ 
(
AvCE = −g m RC ro) RI + RB RiB
(
= −4.00mS 100kΩ 600kΩ  )
5kΩ + 150kΩ 25kΩ
 = −278

 

09/25/10
Page 884
1.5 MΩ
VEQ = 12V = 4.87 V | REQ = 1.5 MΩ 2.2 MΩ = 892 kΩ
1.5 MΩ + 2.2 MΩ
 5x10−4  2
4.87 = VGS + 12000I D | 4.87 = VGS + 12000 (VGS −1)
 2 
3VGS2 − 5VGS −1.87 = 0 → VGS = 1.981 V | I D = 241 µA
−−−
CS
AvdB = 20 log −4.50 = −13.1 dB
−−−
RiB = 10.2kΩ + 101(1kΩ) = 111kΩ
CE
9.80mS (18kΩ)  104kΩ 111kΩ 
A v =−   = −16.0 | R4 = 13kΩ −1kΩ = 12 kΩ
1+ 9.80mS (1kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 111kΩ 
0.503mS (18kΩ)  892kΩ 
AvCS = −   = −6.02 | R4 = 12kΩ −1kΩ = 11 kΩ
1+ 0.503mS (1kΩ)  1kΩ + 892kΩ 
(iii ) RiB = 10.2kΩ + 101(13kΩ) = 1.32 MΩ
9.80mS (18kΩ)  104kΩ 1.32 MΩ 
AvCE = −   = −1.36 | AvCE ≅ − RL = − 18kΩ = −1.38
1+ 9.80mS (13kΩ)  1kΩ + 104kΩ 1.32 MΩ  RE + R4 13kΩ
0.503mS (18kΩ)  892kΩ  RL 18kΩ
AvCS = − 
CS
 = −1.29 | Av ≅ − =− = −1.50
1+ 0.503mS (12kΩ)  1kΩ + 892kΩ  RS + R4 12kΩ
Page 885
 1.381x10−23 V  IC 245µA
€ VT =  (273K + 27K ) = 25.861 mV | I S = = = 0.430 fA
1.602x10 K   VBE   0.700V 
−19
exp  exp 
 VT   0.025861V 
−−−
18kΩ
g m RL = -9.80mS(18kΩ) = −176 | AvCE ≅ − = −6.00 | 5.72 < 6.00
3kΩ
18kΩ
g m RL = -0.503mS(18kΩ) = −9.05 | AvCS ≅ − = −9.00 | 4.50 < 9.00
2kΩ

09/25/10
Page 889
2.5V
RB = 160kΩ 300kΩ = 104kΩ | RiB ≅ rπ (1+ g m RL ) =
0.25mA
[
1+ 10mS (11.5kΩ) = 1.16 MΩ ]
RI + RB RiB
vi ≤ 0.005V (1+ g m RL )
RB RiB
[
= 0.005V 1+ 10mS (11.5kΩ) ] 2kΩ95.4kΩ
+ 95.4kΩ
= 0.592 V
RI + RG 2kΩ + 892kΩ
vi ≤ 0.2(VGS − VTN )(1+ g m RL )
RG
[
= 0.2(1V ) 1+ 0.5mS (10.7kΩ)
892kΩ
]
= 1.27 V
Page 894
€ Avt =
2kΩ + 892kΩ
0.971 = 0.973 |
(0.491ms) R L
= 0.973 → RL = 73.4kΩ
892kΩ 1+ (0.491ms ) R L
R6 100kΩ = 73.4kΩ → R6 = 276 kΩ | Note, however, that the 12 kΩ resistor

can't simply be replaced with a 276 kΩ resistor because of Q - point problems.
−−−
RiB = 10.2kΩ + 101(13kΩ) = 1.32 MΩ | RinCC = 104kΩ 1.32 MΩ = 96.4kΩ
9.80mS (13kΩ)  96.4kΩ 
AvCE = −   = +0.972
1+ 9.80mS (13kΩ)  2kΩ + 96.4kΩ 
0.491mS (12kΩ)  892kΩ 
AvCS = −   = +0.853
1+ 0.491mS (12kΩ)  2kΩ + 892kΩ 
−−−
BJT : g m RL = 9.80mS (11.5kΩ) = 113 | FET : g m RL = 0.491mS (10.7kΩ) = 5.25
Page 896
RI + R6  2kΩ + 13kΩ 
€ BJT : v i ≤ 0.005V (1+ g m RI )
R6
[
= 0.005V 1+ 9.8mS (2kΩ) 
 13kΩ 
] = 119 mV
[
Neglecting R6 , v i ≤ 0.005V (1+ g m RI ) = 0.005V 1+ 9.8mS (2kΩ) = 103 mV ]
RI + R6 2kΩ + 12kΩ
FET : v i ≤ 0.2(VGS − VTN )(1+ g m RI )
R6
[
= 0.2(0.982) 1+ 0.491mS (2kΩ)
12kΩ
]
= 454 mV
[
Neglecting R6 , v i ≤ 0.2(VGS − VTN )(1+ g m RI ) = 0.2(0.982) 1+ 0.491mS (2kΩ) = 389 mV ]

09/25/10
Page 898
 β R   100(1.73kΩ) 
RiC = ro 1+ o th  = 219kΩ 1+  = 3.40 MΩ
 Rth + rπ   1.73kΩ + 10.2kΩ
[
Or more approximately, RiC = ro [1+ g m Rth ] = 219kΩ 1+ 9.8mS (1.73kΩ) = 3.93 MΩ ]
[
RiD = ro [1+ g m Rth ] = 223kΩ 1+ 0.491(1.71kΩ) = 410 kΩ]
Page 902
 1
€ R6 
 gm  R6
1 1
R6 + R6 +
gm gm R6
AvCB = g m RL = g m RL = g m RL
 1 R6 R6 (1+ g m RI ) + RI
R6   g m RI +
 gm  1
RI + R6 +
1 gm
R6 +
gm
R6 1 g m RL  R6 
AvCB = g m RL =  
R6 + RI g R R 1+ g m Rth  R6 + RI 
1+ m I 6
R6 + RI
−−−
The voltage gains are proportional to the load resistance
 22kΩ   22kΩ 
AvCE = +8.48  CG
 = +10.4 | Av = +4.12   = +5.02
 18kΩ   18kΩ 
−−−
R RL 18kΩ
CB : AvCB ≤ g m RL = 176 | AvCB ≅ L = = = 10.4 | 8.48 < 10.4 << 176
Rth RI R6 1.73kΩ
RL RL 18kΩ
CG : AvCG ≤ g m RL = 8.84 | AvCB ≅ = = = 10.5 | 4.11 < 8.84 < 10.5
Rth RI R6 1.71kΩ
Page 909
€ AvCS =
1 (W L) 1
| 10 20 =
26
1 (W L) 1
=
2290
1+ η (W L) 2
1+ 0.2 4 1

09/25/10
Page 911
η = 0 | I D 2 = I D1 | Both transistors are in the active region since VDS = VGS .
10−4  2  2 10−4  8  2
Neglecting λ :  (5 − VO −1) =  (VO −1) → VO = 2.00 V
2  1 2  1
10−4  2  2 10−4  8  2
Keeping λ :
2  1
[ ]
 (5 − VO −1) 1+ 0.02(5 − VO ) =  (VO −1) (1+ 0.02VO ) →
2 1
VO = 2.0064 V , I D = 421.39 µA → Q − point : (2.01 V , 421 µA)
−−−
I D2 = I D1 | Both transistors are in the active region since VDS = VGS .
 20  A  50  A
Kn = 10−4   = 2x10−3 2 | K p = 4 x10−5   = 2x10−3 2 | The transistors are symmetrical.
1 V 1 V
V 3.3V 10−4  20  2
∴ VO = DD =
2 2
= 1.65 V | I D =
2 1
[ ]
 (1.65 − 0.7) 1+ 0.02(1.65) = 932 µA
Q − point : (1.65 V , 932 µA)
Page 914
Since we need high gain, the emitter should be bypassed, and RinCE = RB rπ = 250kΩ.
€
βo 100
If we choose RB ≅ rπ , IC = ≅ = 5 µA
40rπ 40(500kΩ)
−−−
1 1
RinCG ≅ | IC ≅ = 12.5 µA
gm 40(2kΩ)

09/25/10
Page 918
Common − Emitter :
1
C1 >> = 8.07nF | Choose C1 = 82 nF = 0.082 µF
2π (250Hz)(1kΩ + 77.9kΩ)
1
C2 >> = 6.13nF | Choose C2 = 68 nF = 0.068 µF
2π (250Hz)(21.9kΩ + 82kΩ)
1
C3 >> = 0.269µF | Choose C3 = 2.7 µF
  1 
2π (250Hz)10kΩ  3kΩ + 
  9.80mS 
Common − Source :
1
C1 >> = 713 pF | Choose C1 = 8200 pF
2π (250Hz)(1kΩ + 892kΩ)
1
C2 >> = 6.15nF | Choose C2 = 68 nF = 0.068 µF
2π (250Hz)(21.5kΩ + 82kΩ)
1
C3 >> = 0.221µF | Choose C3 = 2.2 µF
  1 
2π (250Hz)10kΩ  2kΩ + 
  0.491mS 
Page 921
€ Common − Collector :
1
C1 >> = 6.60nF | Choose C1 = 68 nF = 0.068 µF
2π (250Hz)(1kΩ + 95.5kΩ)
1
C2 >> = 7.75nF | Choose C2 = 82 nF = 0.082 µF
2π (250Hz)(120Ω + 82kΩ)
Common − Drain :
1
C1 >> = 713 pF | Choose C1 = 8200 pF
2π (250Hz)(1kΩ + 892kΩ)
1
C2 >> = 7.60nF | Choose C2 = 82 nF = 0.082 µF
2π (250Hz)(1.74kΩ + 82kΩ)

09/25/10
Page 924
Common − Base :
1
C1 >> = 0.579µF | Choose C1 = 6.8 µF
2π (250Hz)(1kΩ + 0.1kΩ)
1
C2 >> = 6.13nF | Choose C2 = 0.068 µF
2π (250Hz)(21.9kΩ + 82kΩ)
1
C3 >> = 12.2nF | Choose C3 = 0.12 µF
 
[ (
2π (250Hz)160kΩ 300kΩ 10.2kΩ + 101 13kΩ 1kΩ 
  )]
Common − Gate :
1
C1 >> = 0.232µF | Choose C1 = 2.2 µF
2π (250Hz)(1kΩ + 1.74kΩ)
1
C2 >> = 6.19nF | Choose C2 = 0.068 µF
2π (250Hz)(20.9kΩ + 82kΩ)
1
C3 >> = 714 pF | Choose C3 = 8200 pF
(
2π (250Hz) 1.5 MΩ 2.2 MΩ )
Page 925
€ (a ) Common − Source :
1
C3 = = 55.3nF | Choose C3 = 0.056 µF
  1 
2π (1000Hz)10kΩ  2kΩ + 
  0.491mS 
(b) Common − Collector :

1
C2 >> = 795 pF | Choose C2 = 820 pF
2π (2000Hz)(120Ω + 100kΩ)
(c) Common − Gate :

1
C1 >> = 42.6nF | Choose C1 = 0.042 µF
2π (1000Hz)(2kΩ + 1.74kΩ)

09/25/10
Page 929
0.020 2
20V = VGS + 3600I D | 20 = VGS + 3600
2
(VGS −1.5) → VGS = 2.203 V | I D = 4.94 mA
VDS = 5 − (−VGS ) = 7.20 V | Q - point : (4.94 mA, 7.20 V) | Rin = RG = 22 MΩ
g m RL 2( 4.94mA)
AvCD = | gm = = 14.2 mS | RL = 3600Ω 3000Ω = 1630 Ω | AvCD = 0.959
1+ g m RL (2.20 −1.50)V
−−−
1 1
CD
Rout = 3.6kΩ
gm
= 3.6kΩ
0.0142
[ ]
= 69.1 Ω | v gs ≤ 0.2(2.20 −1.50) 1+ 0.0142(1630) = 3.38 V
−−−
1 1
+ VDS + 5 + 2.21
ro = λ = 0.015 = 14.8 kΩ | RL = 3600Ω 3000Ω 14.8kΩ = 1470 Ω | AvCD = 0.954
ID 0.005
−−−
W Kn 2x10−2 400
= = =
L Kn′ 5x10−5 1
Page 930
g R 2( 4.94mA)
€ A= m S | gm = = 14.2 mS | RS = 3600 Ω | AvCD = 0.981 | Rin = RG = 22 MΩ
1+ g m RS (2.20 −1.50)V
CD 1 1 3000Ω
Rout = 3.6kΩ = 3.6kΩ = 69.1 Ω | AvCD = A = 0.959
gm 0.0142 69.1Ω + 3000Ω

09/25/10
Page 933
Reverse the direction of the arrow on the emitter of the transistor as well
as the values of VEE and VCC .
−−−
1 1 75.1Ω
RinCG = RE = 13kΩ = 75.1 Ω | AvCB = (13.2mS )(7.58kΩ) = 50.1
gm 40(331µA) 75Ω + 75.1Ω
−−−
For vCB ≥ 0, we require v C ≥ 0. VC = 5 − IC RC = 2.29 V ∴ v c ≤ 2.29 V
vo ≤ 5mV ( g m RL ) = 5mV (13.2mS )( 7580Ω) = 0.500 V
−−−
6.8V
[ ]
RE = 75Ω 1+ 40(7.5 − 0.7) = 20.5 kΩ (a standard 1% value) | IC ≅
20.5kΩ
= 332 µA
75
50 = 40( 332µA) RL → RL = 7.53kΩ → RC = 8.14 kΩ → 8.06 kΩ (a standard 1% value)
75 + 75
VEC = 0.7 + 7.5 − IC RC = 5.52 V
Page 934
VEEmax − 0.7V 5(1.05) − 0.7V
€ 5% tolerances ICmax ≅ = = 368µA
REmin 13kΩ(0.95)
VCmin = VCC
min
− ICmax RCmax = 5V (0.95) − 368µA(8.2kΩ)(1.05) = 1.58 V | 1.58 ≥ 0, so active region is ok.
VEEmax − 0.7V 5(1.1) − 0.7V

10% tolerances ICmax ≅ = = 410µA
REmin 13kΩ(0.9)
VCmin = VCC
min
− ICmax RCmax = 5V (0.90) − 410µA(8.2kΩ)(1.1) = 0.802 V | 0.802 ≥ 0, so active region is ok.
−−−
RinCB 75 CB
vth = v i
75Ω + Rin
g R = vi
CB m C
75Ω + 75
(13.2mS )(8200Ω) = 54.1vi | Rth = Rout = 8.2 kΩ
v o vth 100kΩ 100kΩ

AvCG = = = 54.1 = 50.0
v i vi Rth + 100kΩ 8.2kΩ + 100kΩ

09/25/10
Page 939
1 1
ro ≅ ro = = = 333 kΩ
λI D 0.015 2x10−4
( )
or more exactly VDS = 25 −10 5 I D − 9.1x10 3 I D = 25 −1.09x10 5 (0.2mA) = 3.18 V
1 1
+ VDS + 3.18
ro = λ = 0.015 = 349 kΩ | RL = 100kΩ 100kΩ 349kΩ = 43.7 kΩ
ID 2x10−4
Rin 2(0.2mA)  75Ω 
AvCS = −( g m RL ) =− ( 43.7kΩ)  = −43.7
RI + Rin 0.2V  75Ω + 75Ω 
−−−
0.01 2
ID =
2
(0.25) = 0.3125 mA | VGS − VTN = 0.25 V | VGS = 0.25 − 2 = −1.75 V
−V 1.75V A 50(0.25V )
RS = GS = = 5.60kΩ → 5.6 kΩ | RL = 2 v = = 40 kΩ | RD 100kΩ = 40 kΩ
ID 0.3125mA g m 0.3125mA
RD = 66.7kΩ → 68 kΩ | C1 remains unchanged.
1
C2 >> = 1.90 pF → Choose C2 = 20 pF
10 π (68kΩ + 100kΩ)
6
1
C3 >> = 0.853nF → Choose C3 = 8200 pF

6 1 
10 π  5.6kΩ 
 2.5mS 
−−−
RinCG 75Ω CG
vth = v i
75Ω + Rin
g R = vi
CG m D
75Ω + 75Ω
(2mS )(100kΩ) = 100vi | Rth = Rout = 100 kΩ
v o vth 100kΩ 100kΩ

AvCG = = = 100 = 50.0
v i vi Rth + 100kΩ 100kΩ + 100kΩ

09/25/10
Page 941
Kn 2 0.01 2
M1 : I D =
2
(VGS − VTN ) | VGS = −RS1 I D | I D =
2
( −200I D + 2) → I D = 5.00 mA
VDS = 15 − 5mA(820Ω) = 10.9 V
1+ λVDS 1+ 0.02(10.9)
g m = 2Kn I D = 2(0.01)(0.005) = 10.0 mS | ro = = = 12.2 kΩ
λI D 0.02(5mA)
22kΩ
Q2 : VEQ =
22kΩ + 78kΩ
(15V ) = 3.30 V | REQ = 22kΩ 78kΩ = 17.2 kΩ
3.30 − 0.7  151 
IC = 150 = 1.52 mA | VCE = 15 −1.52mA 4.7kΩ + 1.6kΩ = 5.41 V
17.2kΩ + 151(1.6kΩ)  150 
150 80 + 5.41
g m = 40(1.52mA) = 60.8 mS | rπ = = 2.47 kΩ | ro = = 56.2 kΩ
60.8mS 1.52mA
120kΩ
Q3 : VEQ =
120kΩ + 91kΩ
(15V ) = 8.53 V | REQ = 120kΩ 91kΩ = 51.8 kΩ
8.53 − 0.7  81 
IC = 80 = 1.96 mA | VCE = 15 −1.96mA 3.3kΩ = 8.45 V
51.8kΩ + 81( 3.3kΩ)  80 
80 60 + 8.45
g m = 40(1.96mA) = 78.4 mS | rπ = = 1.02 kΩ | ro = = 34.9 kΩ
78.4mS 1.96mA
−−−
A typical op - amp gain is at least 10,000 which exceeds the amplification factor
of a single transistor.
Page 943
RL1 = 478Ω 12.2kΩ = 460 Ω | RL2 = 3.53kΩ 54.2kΩ = 3.31 kΩ | RL3 = 232Ω 34.4kΩ = 230 Ω
€
 79.6mS (230Ω)  1MΩ 
Av = −10mS ( 460Ω)(−62.8mS )( 3.31kΩ)   = 898
1+ 79.6mS (230Ω) 10kΩ + 1MΩ 
20 log(898) = 59.1 dB
−−−
 VDD  15
Av ≅ − (−10VCC )(1) = − (−10)(15)(1) = 2250
 VGS − VTN  1
−−−
Av = −10mS (2.39kΩ)(−62.8mS )(19.8kΩ)(0.95)(0.99) = 28000

09/25/10
Page 948
 1 3990 
Rout = 3300  +  = 55.9 Ω
 0.0796S 90.1 
−−−
Note that the answers are obtained directly from SPICE.
−−−
( )
Av1 = −g m RL1 = − 2(0.01)(0.001) 3kΩ 17.2kΩ 2.39kΩ = 5.52
Av = −5.52(−222)( 3.31kΩ)(0.95)(0.99) = 1150

09/25/10
CHAPTER 15
Page 972
60  15 − 0.7 
IC = α F I E =   = 93.8 µA | VCE = 15 − 93.8µA( 75kΩ) − (−0.7V ) = 8.67 V
61 2 ( 75kΩ) 
−−−
60  15 − VBE   IC 
IC = α F I E =   and VBE = 0.025V ln  -15  → IC = 94.7 µA, VBE = 0.649 V
61 2 ( 75kΩ)   0.5x10 A 
Page 974
v1 + v 2 1.01+ 0.99
€ vid = v1 − v2 = 1.01− 0.990 = 0.020 V | v ic = = = 1.00 V
2 2
v +v 4.995 + 5.005
vid = v1 − v2 = 4.995 − 5.005 = −0.010 V | v ic = 1 2 = = 5.00 V
2 2
vod = Add v id + Acd v ic | v oc = Adcv id + Accvic
2.20  0.02 1.00

  = [ Add Acd ]   → [ Add Acd ] = [100 0.20]
 0  −0.01 5.00
1.002  0.02 1.00
  = [ Adc Acc ]   → [ Adc Acc ] = [0.100 1.00]
5.001 −0.01 5.00
Page 978
Differential output : Adm = Add = −20VCC = −300 | Acm = 0 | CMRR = ∞
€
Add 150
Single - ended output : Adm = = +10VCC = 150 | CMRR = 20VEE = 300 | Acm = − = −0.5
2 300
Page 982
 100  R  15 − 0.7 
€ 1−  C  
 101  2RC  15 
VIC = 15V = 5.30 V
 100  RC  
 1+   
 101  2RC  
Page 983
VO 15V
€ I DC = I SS − = 100µA − = 80 µA
RSS 750kΩ
€
09/25/10
Page 985
I
I D = SS = 100 µA | VDS = 12 − I D RD + VGS = 12 −100µA(62kΩ) + VGS = 5.8V + VGS
2
2I D
VGS = VTN +
Kn ( )
= VTN + 0.2V | VTN = 1+ 0.75 VSB + 0.6 − 0.6 | VSB = −VGS − (−12V )
VSB = 11.8 − VTN ( )

| VTN = 1+ 0.75 12.4 − VTN − 0.6 → VTN = 2.75V | VDS = 8.75 V
Q − point : (100 µA, 8.75 V )
Page 988
VA 60V
€ Rod = 2ro ≅ 2 =2 = 3.20 MΩ | Roc ≅ 2µ f REE = 2( 40)(60)(1MΩ) = 4.80 GΩ
IC 37.5µA
v cm v
idm = g mvdm = 40( 37.5µA)vdm = 1.5x10−3 vdm | icm ≅ = cm = 5.00x10−7 v cm
2REE 2 MΩ
Page 993
100  150µA  15V
€ IC1 = IC 2 =   = 74.3 µA | IC 3 = = 750 µA | VCE 3 = 15 − 0 = 15.0 V
101  2  20kΩ
VCE1 = 15 − 74.3µA(10kΩ) − (−0.7) = 15.0 V | VCE 2 = 15 − (74.3µA − 7.5µA)(10kΩ) − (−0.7) = 15.0 V
750µA
VEB 3 = ( 74.3µA − 7.5µA)(10kΩ) = 0.668 V | I S 3 = = 1.87x10−15 A
 0.668V 
exp 
 0.025 
Page 996
max 8400
€ Adm = 560 (15) = 8400 | IC1 ≤ 50(1µA) = 50 µA | Adm = = 2210
28  500µA 
1+  
100  50µA 
8400
IC1 ≤ 50(1µA) = 50 µA | Adm = = 290
28  5mA 
1+  
100  50µA 
−−−
50 15V
Rin = 2rπ = 2 = 50 kΩ | Rout ≅ = 30 kΩ
40(50µA) 0.5mA
50 15V
Rin = 2rπ = 2 = 50 kΩ | Rout ≅ = 3.0 kΩ
40(50µA) 5mA
−−−
max
Adm = 560 (1.5) = 840

09/25/10
€
09/25/10
Page 997
CMRR ≅ g m2 R1 = 40 (50µA)( 750kΩ) = 1500 | CMRRdB = 20 log(1500) = 63.5 dB
Page 998
g  Rr  40  I R r   0.7r  560VA 3
€ Adm = m2  C π 3 (g m3ro3 ) =  C 2 C π 3 ( 40IC 3ro3 ) ≅ 800 π3
(VA3 ) =
2  RC + rπ 3  2  RC + rπ 3   RC + rπ 3  R
1+ C
rπ 3
560VA 3 560VA 3 560VA 3 560VA 3
Adm = = = =
40IC 3 RC 
40IC 2 RC IC 3  40(0.7)  IC 3  28  IC 3 
1+ 1+   1+   1+  
β o3 β o3  IC 2  β o3  IC 2  β o3  IC 2 
−−−
max
Adm = 560 ( 75) = 42000 | IC1 ≤ 50(1µA) = 50 µA
42000 42000
Adm = = 11000 | Adm = = 1450
28  500µA  28  5mA 
1+   1+  
100  50µA  100  50µA 
−−−
50 75V + 15V
Rin = 2rπ = 2 = 50 kΩ | Rout ≅ ro3 = = 180 kΩ
40(50µA) 0.5mA
50 90V
Rin = 2rπ = 2 = 50 kΩ | Rout ≅ = 18.0 kΩ
40(50µA) 5mA

09/25/10
Page 1002
(
Avt1 = −3.50 | Avt 2 = −22mS 150kΩ 162kΩ 203kΩ = −1238 )
Avt 3 =
(
0.198S 2kΩ 18kΩ ) = 0.9971 | Adm = −3.50(−1238)(0.9971) = 4320
(
1+ 0.198S 2kΩ 18kΩ )
100 1 ro3 R2 1 162kΩ 150kΩ
Rin = 2rπ = 2 = 101 kΩ | Rout ≅ + = + = 776 Ω
40( 49.5µA) g m4 β o4 + 1 40( 4.95mA) 101
P ≅ ( I1 + I 2 + I 3 )(VCC + VEE ) = (100 + 500 + 5000)µA(30V ) = 168 mW
−−−
150  5mA 0.7V
IC = 50µA  = 49.7 µA | IC 3 = 500µA + = 533 µA | RC = = 15.2 kΩ
 151  151  533
 49.7 − µA
 150 
150
rπ 3 =
40(533µA)
(
= 7.04 kΩ | Avt 2 = −20( 49.7µA) 15.2kΩ 7.04kΩ = −4.68 )
150 150 75 + 14.3
IC 4 = 5mA = 4.97 mA | rπ 4 = = 755 Ω | ro3 = = 168 kΩ
151 40( 4.97mA) 533µA
[
Avt 2 = −40(533µA) 168kΩ 755 + 151(2kΩ) = −2304 ]
0.199S (2kΩ)
g m4 = 40(4.97mA) = 0.199 S | Avt 3 = = 0.998
1+ 0.199S (2kΩ)
Adm = −4.78(−2304 )(0.998) = 11000
150 1 ro3 R2 1 168kΩ

Rid = 2rπ 1 = 2 = 151 kΩ | Rout ≅ + = + = 1.12 kΩ
40( 49.7µA) g m4 β o4 + 1 40(4.95mA) 151
CMRR is set by the input stage and doesn't change since the bias current is the same.
−−−
50 + 14.3
ro3 =
550µA
( )
= 117 kΩ | Avt 2 = −22mS 117kΩ 203kΩ = −1630 | Adm = −3.50(−1630)(0.998) = 5700
100 1 ro3 R2 1 117kΩ

2 = 101 kΩ | Rout ≅ + = + = 1.16 kΩ
40( 49.5µA) g m4 β o4 + 1 40(4.95mA) 101
CMRR and input resistance are set by the input stage and don't change.
−−−
T 6920 R 1.62kΩ
Av = = = 0.99986 | TOC = T | TSC = 0 | Rout = o = = 0.234 Ω
1+ T 6921 1+ T 1+ 6920
Rin ≅ Rid (1+ TSC ) = 101kΩ(6921) = Rid (1+ T ) = 699 MΩ (Assuming TOC << 1)

€
09/25/10
Page 1004
2(500µA) 1.63V
VGS 3 = 1+ = 1.63 V | RD = = 16.3 kΩ
2.5mA 100µA
 
1 1
Avt1 = − 2(0.005)(100µA) (16.3kΩ) = −8.16 | Avt 2 = −g m3ro3 = − 2(0.0025)(0.0005)  = −316

2  0.01(0.5mA) 
7.07mS (2kΩ)
g m4 = 2(0.005mA)(0.005mA) = 7.07 mS | Avt 3 = = 0.934
1+ 7.07mS (2kΩ)
1 1
Adm = −8.16(−316)(0.934 ) = 2410 | Rid = ∞ | Ro = = = 141 Ω
g m4 7.07mS
CMRR = g m1 R1 = 1.00mS ( 375kΩ) = 375 or 51.5 dB
−−−
P ≅ ( I1 + I 2 + I 3 )(VDD + VSS ) = (5.7mA)(24V ) = 137 mW
Page 1005
€
Add1 = −
Kn′ (W L) 2
| 10 = 2.5
(W L) 2
→ (W L) 2 =
160
KP′ (W L) 4 1
L2
Page 1011
VGS1 + VSG 2 = 0.5mA( 4.4kΩ) = 2.2 V | Since the device parameters are the same,
€
0.025 2
VGS1 = VSG 2 = 1.1 V | I D =
2
(1.1−1) = 125 µA
−−−
0.5mA(2.4kΩ)
Since the device parameters are the same, VBE1 = VEB 2 = = 0.6 V
2
 0.6 
( )
IC = 10−14 A exp  = 265 µA
 0.025 
Page 1014
v 2
€ ( )
Av1 = d = −g m n 2 RL = − 50mA/V 2 (2V −1V )(10) (8Ω) = −40.0
vg
1 40.0
Avo = Av1 =− = −4.00 | v g ≤ 0.2(2 −1)V = 0.200 V | v d ≤ 0.2V ( 40) = 8.00 V
n 10
8V
vo ≤ = 0.800 V
10

09/25/10
Page 1022
 150(18.4kΩ) 
RB → 0 | Rout = 432kΩ 1+  = 32.5 MΩ
 18.8kΩ + 18.4kΩ
−−−
270kΩ
VEQ = −15V = −10.66 V | REQ = 110kΩ 270kΩ = 78.2 kΩ
110kΩ + 270kΩ
−10.66 − 0.7 − (−15) 195 µA
IC = 150
78.2kΩ + 151(18kΩ)
= 195 µA | VB = VEQ − I B REQ = −10.66 −
150
(78.2 kΩ) = −10.8 V
2 2
PR1 =
(−10.8 + 15) = 0.160 mW | PR 2 =
(−10.8) = 0.432 mW
110kΩ 270kΩ
2
PR E =
(−10.8 − 0.7 + 15) = 1.33 mW | ro =
(75 + 11.5)V = 446 kΩ | rπ =
150
= 19.3 kΩ
18kΩ 195µA 40(195µA)
 150(18kΩ) 
Rout 
= 446kΩ 1+  = 10.9 MΩ
 78.2kΩ + 19.3kΩ + 18kΩ
−−−
15V
R1 + R2 ≅ = 750kΩ | Using a spreadsheet with I o = 200 µA yields VBB = 9V.
20µA
 9V  150  9 − 0.7 −1.33µA(180kΩ) 
R1 = 750kΩ  = 450 kΩ | R1 = 300 kΩ | RE =   = 40.0 kΩ
 15V  151  200µA 
 75 + 15 − 8.3  150(40.0kΩ) 
Rout =  
 1+  = 10.7 MΩ
 2x10−4  180kΩ + 18.75kΩ + 40.0kΩ
Page 1026
€ 2(0.2mA)
VDS ≥ VGS − VTN = 1+ = 1.40 V | VD = VS + 1.40 = −15 + 0.2mA(18.2kΩ) + 1.40 = −9.96 V
2.49mA/V 2
−−−
W Kn 2.49mA /V 2 99.6
= = =
L Kn' 25µA/V 2 1

09/25/10
Page 1027
2 15V
PR S = (0.2mA) 18.2kΩ = 0.728 mW | I BIAS = = 20.1 µA
499kΩ + 249kΩ
2 2
PR 4 = (20.1µA) 499kΩ = 0.202 mW | PR 3 = (20.1µA) 249kΩ = 0.101 mW
510kΩ
VGG = −15V = −10.2 V | −10.2 − VGS −18000I D = −15 V
510kΩ + 240kΩ
2.49mA 2
4.8 − VGS −18000
2
(VGS −1) = 0 | VGS = 1.390 V | I D = 189 µA
1 ( )
2 2.49x10−3
Rout ≅ µ f RS ≅
0.01 189x10−6
[ ]
1+ 0.01(11.6) (18kΩ) = 10.3 MΩ

09/25/10
CHAPTER 16
Page 1049
Ravg = 10kΩ(1+ 0.2) = 12 kΩ | 12kΩ(1− 0.01) ≤ R ≤ 12kΩ(1+ 0.01) | 11.88 kΩ ≤ R ≤ 12.12 kΩ
Page 1051
€ 2I REF 2(150µA)
VDS1 = VTN + | VDS1 = 1+ → VDS1 = 2.08 V
Kn (1+ λVDS1 ) 250µA/V 2 [1+ 0.0133VDS1]
1+ 0.0133(10)
IO = 150µA = 165 µA
1+ 0.0133(2.08)
−−−
2I D 2(150µA)
VDS ≥ VGS − VTN | VD − (−10V ) ≥ | VD ≥ −10V + = −8.91 V
Kn 250µA /V 2
Page 1052
€ 25 /1 2(50µA) 1+ 0.02(15)
MR = = 8.33 | VDS1 = 1V + = 2.16 V | MR = 8.33 = 10.4
3/1 3 25µA/V 2( ) 1+ 0.02(2.16)
2 /1 2(50µA) 1+ 0.02(10)
MR = = 0.400 | VDS1 = 1V + = 1.89 V | MR = 8.33 = 0.463
5 /1 (
5 25µA/V 2
) 1+ 0.02(1.89)
Page 1054
 V  V 2   VBE1 2 
€ I REF = I S exp BE1 1+ BE1 +  | 100µA = (0.1 fA) exp( 40VBE1 )1+ +  → VBE1 = 0.690
 VT  VA1 β FO   50V 100 
VCE ≥ VBE → VC ≥ −VEE + 0.690 V
Page 1055
0.5 A 5A
€ (a) MR = A = 0.5 | MR = 2 A = 2.50
0.5 2.50
(b) MR = 1.5 = 0.490 | MR = 3.5 = 2.39
1+ 1+
75 75
15 15
1+ 1+
(c) MR = 0.5 0.7601.5 = 0.606 | MR = 2.5 0.7 60 3.5 = 2.95
1+ + 1+ +
60 75 60 75

09/25/10
Page 1056
 10 /1  20 /1
IO2 = 100µA  = 200 µA | IO3 = 100µA  = 400 µA
 5 /1   5 /1 
 40 /1  2.5 /1
IO4 = 100µA  = 800 µA | IO5 = 100µA  = 50 µA
 5 /1   5 /1 
−−−
1+ 0.02(10) 1+ 0.02(5)
IO2 = 200µA = 231 µA | IO3 = 400µA = 423 µA
1+ 0.02(2) 1+ 0.02(2)
1+ 0.02(12) 1+ 0.02(8)
IO4 = 800µA = 954 µA | IO5 = 50µA = 55.8 µA
1+ 0.02(2) 1+ 0.02(2)
−−−
1
IO2 = 10µA = 7.46 µA | IO 3 = 5( 7.46µA) = 37.3 µA | IO 4 = 10( 7.46µA) = 74.6 µA
17
1+
50
10 10
1+ 1+
IO2 = 10µA 50 = 8.86 µA | IO 3 = 50µA 50 = 44.3 µA
0.7 17 0.7 17
1+ + 1+ +
50 50 50 50
10
1+
IO4 = 100µA 50 = 88.6 µA
0.7 17
1+ +
50 50
Page 1057
10 10 − 9.957
€ MR = = 9.957 | FE = = 4.3x10−3 | VCE 2 = VBE1 + VBE 3 = 1.4 V
11 10
1+
50(51)

09/25/10
Page 1058
MOS
1+ 0.02(10) 50V + 10V
IO2 = 200µA = 231 µA | Rout 2 = = 260 kΩ
1+ 0.02(2) 231µA
1+ 0.02(5) 50V + 5V
IO3 = 400µA = 423 µA | Rout 3 = = 130 kΩ
1+ 0.02(2) 423µA
BJT
10
1+
50 50V + 10V
IO2 = 10µA = 10.1 µA | Rout 2 = = 5.94 MΩ
0.7 17 10.1µA
1+ +
50 100
10
1+
50 50V + 10V
IO3 = 50µA = 50.7 µA | Rout 3 = = 1.19 MΩ
0.7 17 50.7µA
1+ +
50 100
Page 1059
0.7V 10V
€ 1+ 1+
IC1 = 100µA 50V = 89.4 µA | IC 2 = 500µA 50V 529µA
0.7V 6 0.7V 6
1+ + 1+ +
50V 50V 50V 50V
1 1 529µA 50V + 10V
Rin ≅ = = 280 Ω | β = = 5.92 | Rout = = 113 kΩ
g m1 40(89.4 µA) 89.4 µA 529µA
Page 1060
10V
€ 2(100µA) 1+
VDS1 = VGS1 = 0.75V + = 1.20 V | I D 2 = 100µA 50V = 117 µA
1mA /V 2 1.2
1+
50V
1 1 117µA 50V + 10V
Rin ≅ = = 2.24 kΩ | β = = 1.17 | Rout = = 513 kΩ
g m1 100µA 117µA
( )( )
2 10−3 10−4

09/25/10
Page 1061
V I A  0.025V 100µA 
R = T ln REF E 2  = ln 5 = 3000 Ω
IO  IO AE1  25µA  25µA 
100µA   75V 
K = 1+ ln 5 = 4.00 | Rout = 4  = 12.0 MΩ
 25µA   25µA 
Page 1062
V I A  0.025V  1000µA 
€ IO = T ln REF E 2  | IO = ln  → IO = 300.54 µA
R  IO AE1  100Ω  IO 
 100µA   75V 
K = 1+ ln 10 = 2.202 | Rout = 2.202  = 550 kΩ
 300.54 µA   300.54µA 
Page 1063
 
€ 1 2I REF  IO (W/L)1  1 2(200µA)  IO 1 
IO = 1− | IO = 1− 
R Kn1  I REF (W/L)  2kΩ 25µA /V 2  200µA 10 
 2 
 IO 
IO = 2.00mA1−  → IO = 764 µA
 2.00mA 
50V + 10V  
Rout =
764µA 
( )(
1+ 2000 2 2.5x10−4 7.64 x10−4  = 176 kΩ
 )
Page 1066
β r 150  50V + 15V  50V + 15V
€ Rout ≅ o o =   = 97.5 MΩ | Rout = ro = = 1.30 MΩ
2 2  50µA  50µA
Page 1068
€
VDS 2 = VGS 2 = 0.8V +
(
2 5x10−5 ) = 1.43 V | VDS 4 = 15 −1.43 = 13.6 V
2.5x10−4
 1  1 
 V + 13.6V  V + 1.43V 
( )(
Rout ≅ µ f 4 ro2 = 2 2.5x10−4 5x10−5 1+ 0.015(13.6)  0.015
)[ ]  0.015  = 379 MΩ
 50 µ A  50µA 
  
66.7V + 15V
Rout = ro = = 1.63 MΩ
50µA
−−−
β oro 100  67V + 14.3V  67V + 15V
Rout ≅ =   = 81.3 MΩ | Rout = ro = = 1.64 MΩ
2 2  50µA  50µA

€ 09/25/10
Page 1072
10V − 20V
IO = 25.014µA + = 25.008 µA
1.66GΩ
−−−
VDS 4 ≥ VGS 4 − VTN = 0.2 V | VD 4 ≥ VS 4 + 0.2V | VD 4 ≥ 0.95 + 0.2 = 1.15 V
−−−
20V
IO = 50µA ± 0.1% | ΔIO ≤ 50 nA | Rout ≥ = 400 MΩ | Choose Rout = 1 GΩ.
50nA
2
50V 1 2Kn  0.01  50µA mA
ro ≅
50µA
= 1 MΩ → µ f = 1000 | µ f ≅
λ ID
| Kn = 
 V
(1000)
 2
= 2.5 2
V
2.5x10−3 50 1  50  25
(W / L)2 = (W / L)4 = 5x10−5 = 1 | (W / L)3 = (W / L)1 = 2  1  = 1
Page 1073
5V − 0.7V 7.5V − 0.7V
€ I REF = = 100 µA | I REF = = 158 µA
43kΩ 43kΩ
−−−
VDD − (−VSS )
Since the transistors have the same parameters, VGS1 =
3
4 x10
−4
2 4 x10−4 2
I D2 = I D1 =
2
(1.667 −1) = 89.0 µ A | I D2 = I D1 =
2
( 2.5 −1) = 450 µA
−−−
0.025V 5 −1.4 0.025V 7.5 −1.4
IO ≅ ln −16 = 101 µA | IO ≅ ln −16 = 103 µA
6.8kΩ 10 (39kΩ) 6.8kΩ 10 (39kΩ)
Page 1074
V I A  0.025V
€ IO = T ln C1 E 2  | IO =
R  IC 2 AE1  1000Ω
[ ]
ln 10(10) = 115 µA
−−−
VCC + VEE ≥ VBE1 + VBE 4 ≅ 1.4 V
Page 1076
2  5
€ R= 1−  = 8.65 kΩ
( )( )
5 25x10−6 10−4  50 

09/25/10
Page 1077
V  I A  0.025875V  25 
R = T ln C1 E 2  = ln  = 925 Ω
IO  IC 2 AE1  45µA 5
AE1 = A | AE 2 = 25 AE1 = 25 A | AE 3 = A | AE 4 = 5.58 AE 3 = 5.58 A
Page 1081
A  V 82.59mV
€ VPTAT = VT ln E 2  = (27.57mV ) ln (20) = 82.59 mV | R1 = PTAT = = 3.30 kΩ
 AE1  IE 25µA
I   25µA 
VBE1 = VT ln C1  = (27.57mV ) ln  = 0.6792 V
 I S1   0.5 fA 
R2 VGO + 3VT − VBE1 1.12 + 3(0.02757) − 0.6792
= = = 3.169 | R2 = 3.169R1 = 10.5 kΩ
R1 2VPTAT 2(0.08259)
R2
VBG = VBE1 + 2 VPTAT = 0.6792 + 2(3.169)(0.08259) = 1.203 V
R1
The other resistors remain the same.
Page 1084
€ 250µA 2(125µA)
I D3 = I D 4 = I D1 = I D 2 = = 125 µA | VGS1 = 0.75V + = 1.75 V
2 250µA /V 2
2(125µA)
VGS 3 = −0.75V − = −1.87 V
200µA/V 2
VDS1 = VD1 − VS1 = (5 −1.87) − (−1.75) = 4.88 V | VSD 3 = VSG 3 = 1.87 V
M1 and M 2 : (125 µA, 4.88 V ) | M 3 and M 4 : (125 µA, 1.87 V )
( )(
Gm = g m1 = 2 2.5x10−4 1.25x10−4 = 250 µS )
75.2V + 4.88V 75.2V + 1.87V
Ro = ro2 ro4 = = 314 kΩ | Av = Gm Ro = 78.5
125µA 125µA
Page 1085
 1 2K   1 2K 
€ CMRR ≅ µ f 3 g m2 RSS = 
 λ I
n3
D3 
( )
 2Kn2 I D 2 RSS = 
 λ I
n3
D3 
( )
 2Kn2 I D 2 RSS
1
Kn3 = Kn2 | I D 2 = I D 3 | CMRR = 2(0.005)10 7 = 5.99x10 6 or 136 dB
0.0167

09/25/10
Page 1089
2VA
For the buffered current mirror, VEC 4 = VEB 3 + VEB11 +
β FO 4 (β FO11 + 1)
2IC 4 2IC 4 IC 4  I 
IC11 ≅ = = | ΔVEB = 0.025 ln C 4  = 80.5 mV
β FO 4 50 25  IC 4 / 25 
2(60) 2(60V ) 47mV
VEC 4 = 0.7 + (0.7 − 0.081) + = 1.37 V | ΔVEC = = 47.1mV | VOS = = 0.47 mV
50(51) 50(51) 100
Page 1090
 I  150
€ Av1 ≅  β o5 C 2  = = 50
 IC 5  3
−−−
For the whole amplifier : Adm ≅ Av1 Av 2 Av3 | Av 2 ≅ µ f 5 ≅ 40(75) = 3000 | Av 3 ≅ 1
Adm ≅ 50( 3000)(1) = 150000 | Note that this assumes R L = ∞.
Page 1091
−1
 2  1 
−1   
€ 1  2  1 1
CMRR =   −  = −  = 5.45x10 6 →135 dB
β o3  β o2µ f 2 2g m2 REE  100  100( 40)(75) 2( 40) 10 10 
 
−4
( )( )
7

Page 1096
IC 2 I β 50 µ 40(60 + 14.7)
€ Adm ≅ Av1 Av 2 Av 3 | Av1 ≅ β o5 = REF o5 = = 5 | Av 2 ≅ f 5 ≅ ≅ 1500 | Av 3 ≅ 1
IC 5 2 5I REF 10 2 2
Adm ≅ 5(1500)(1) = 7500 assuming the input resistance of the emitter followers is much greater than
60V + 14.7V
ro5 and VA 8 = VA 5. Checking : ro5 ≅ = 149 kΩ | RiB 6 ≅ β o6 RL = 300 MΩ
500µA
150
IC 5 = 10IC 4 = 10IC 3 → AE 5 = 10 A | Rid = 2rπ 1 = 2 = 150 kΩ
40(50µA)

09/25/10
Page 1098
22 + 22 −1.4 0.025V  1.09mA 
I REF = = 1.09 mA | I1 = ln  → I1 = 20.0 µA
39kΩ 5kΩ  I1 
23.4V 21.3V
1+ 1+
I 2 = 0.75(1.09mA) 60V = 1.08 mA | I 2 = 0.25(1.09mA) 60V = 351 µA
0.7V 2 0.7V 2
1+ + 1+ +
60V 50 60V 50
−−−
 I A  60V + 13.5V   733µA 
Ro = ro211+ ln C 20 E 20  = 1+ ln 1 = 18.7 MΩ
 IC 21 AE 21  18.4 µA   18.4 µA 
Page 1102
2VA 6 2(60V )
€ VCE 6 = VCE 5 + = 0.7 + = 1.90 V
β FO6 100
Page 1105
 60 + 13   60 + 1.3
€ Rth = Rout 4 Rout 6 = 2ro4 1.3ro6 = 2  1.3  = 20.1MΩ 11.1MΩ = 7.15 MΩ
 7.25µA   7.16µA 
Page 1107
€ ( ) (
Av1 = −1.46x10−4 6.54 MΩ Rin11 = −1.46x10−4 6.54 MΩ 20.7kΩ = −3.01 )
Page 1109
50(0.025)
€ Req 2 = rπ 15 + (β o15 + 1) RL = + 51(2kΩ) = 103 kΩ
2mA
0.025V  0.025V 
Req1 = rd14 + (rd13 + R3 ) Req 2 = + + 344kΩ 103kΩ = 79.4 kΩ
0.216mA  0.216mA 
50(0.025V )
Rin12 = + 51( 79.4kΩ) = 4.06 MΩ
0.216mA
 r + y22 −1  
0.025V   0.025V 5.79kΩ + 89.1kΩ 
Req 3 = (rd13 + R3 )  rd14 + π 12  = + 344kΩ  +  = 1.97 kΩ
 β o12 + 1   0.216mA   0.216mA 51 
0.025 625 + 1970
rπ 16 = 50 = 625 Ω | Rout = + 27 = 78 Ω
2mA 51
−−−
0.7V 0.7V
I SC + ≅ = 25.9 mA | I SC − ≅ − = −31.8 mA
27Ω 22Ω

09/25/10
Page 1112
 R  vo 5 vo 1
vo =  v1v 2 = K M v1v 2 | K M = = 2 = 0.2 | K M = = 2 =1
 I EE R1 R3  v1v 2 5 v1v2 1

09/25/10
CHAPTER 17
Page 1131
1 2 2 1 2 2
fL ≅ 10 2 + 1000 2 − 2(50) − 2(0) = 159 Hz | f L ≅ 100 2 + 1000 2 − 2(500) − 2(0) = 114 Hz
2π 2π
Page 1132
€ 200s 200s( s + 100) ω 2 + 100 2 ω 2 + 10 2
≥ 0.9 | 1 ≥ 0.9 → 0.81 ≤ → ω ≥ 205 rad/s
(s + 1000) (s + 10)(s + 1000) ω 2 + 10 2 ω 2 + 100 2
Page 1133
10 6
€ fH ≅ = 159 kHz
2π
Page 1134
1 1
€ fH ≅ = 21.7 kHz
2π  
2
 
2
 
2
 
2
1 1 1 1
 5 + 5
− 2 5
− 2 
10   5x10   2x10  ∞
Page 1139
The value of C3 does not change A mid , ω P1, ω P2 , ω z1 , or ω Z2 .
€
1 1
ωP3 = − = −1000 rad/s | ω Z 3 = − = −385 rad/s
 1  2µF (1.3kΩ)
2µF 1.3kΩ 
 1.23mS 
1
fL =
2π
( )
41.0 2 + 95.9 2 + 1000 2 − 2 0 2 + 0 2 + 385 2 = 135 Hz
−−−
13.5
4.732
Amid = 10 20 = 4.732 | 4.3kΩ 100kΩ ro = → ro = 57.5 kΩ
1.23mS
Note that the SPICE value of gm probably differs from 1.23 mS as well.
−−−
1
ωP3 = − = −202 rad/s
 1 
10µF 1.3kΩ 57.5kΩ
 1.23mS 
1
fL =
2π
( )
41.0 2 + 95.9 2 + 202 2 − 2 0 2 + 0 2 + 76.9 2 = 31.8 Hz

€ 09/25/10
Page 1142
140(0.025V )
rπ =
175µA
( )
= 20.0 kΩ | R1S C1 = 1kΩ + 75kΩ 20.0kΩ 2µF = 33.6 ms | Rth = 75kΩ 1kΩ = 987 Ω
 20.0kΩ + 987Ω 
R2S C2 = ( 43kΩ + 100kΩ)0.1µF = 14.3 ms | R3S C3 = 13kΩ 10µF = 1.47 ms
 141 
1  1 1 1 
fL ≅  + +  = 124 Hz
2π  33.6ms 1.47ms 14.3ms 
Page 1144
Rin  β o   1260  100 
€ Av = −  RL  ≅ −  (
 4.3kΩ 100kΩ = −157
RI + Rin  rπ   2260 1.51kΩ 
)
Rin  β o   1260  100 
Av = −  RL  ≅ −  (
 4.3kΩ 100kΩ 46.8kΩ = −140
RI + Rin  rπ   2260 1.51kΩ 
)
ro is responsible for most of the discrepancy. rπ and βo will also be differ from our hand calculations.
Note that 45% of the gain is lost because of the amplifier's low input resistance.
−−−
2(1.5mA)
gm = = 6.00 mS | R1S C1 = (1kΩ + 243kΩ)0.1µF = 24.4 ms
0.5V
 1 
R2S C2 = ( 4.3kΩ + 100kΩ)0.1µF = 10.4 ms | R3S C3 = 1.3kΩ 10µF = 1.48 ms
 6.00mS 
1  1 1 1 
fL ≅  + +  = 129 Hz
2π  24.4ms 1.48ms 10.4ms 
Page 1146
 1 
€ g m = 40(0.1mA) = 4.00 mS | R1S C1 = 100Ω + 43kΩ  4.7µF = 1.64 ms
 4.00mS 
1  1 1 
R2S C2 = (22kΩ + 75kΩ)1µF = 97.0 ms | f L ≅  +  = 98.7 Hz
2π  1.64ms 97.0ms 
Page 1147
2(1.5mA)  1 
€ gm = = 6.00 mS | R1S C1 = 100Ω + 1.3kΩ 1µF = 0.248 ms
0.5V  6.00mS 
1  1 1 
R2S C2 = ( 4.3kΩ + 75kΩ)0.1µF = 7.93 ms | fL ≅  +  = 662 Hz
2π  0.248ms 7.93ms 
€
09/25/10
Page 1148
100
g m = 40(1mA) = 40.0 mS | rπ = = 2.50 kΩ
.04S
 
[ (
R1S C1 = 1kΩ + 100kΩ 2.5kΩ + 101 3kΩ 47kΩ 0.1µF = 7.52 ms
  )]
 2.5kΩ + 100kΩ 1kΩ 

R2S C2 = 47kΩ + 3kΩ
( )
100µF = 4.70 s | f ≅ 1  1 + 1  = 21.2 Hz
 
L
 101  2π  7.52ms 4.7s 
 
Amid ≅
(β o + 1) RL  RI 
 =
101 3kΩ 47kΩ ( )  100kΩ 
  = +0.978
Rth + rπ + (β o + 1) RL  RI + RB  990Ω + 2.5kΩ + 101 3kΩ 47kΩ ( )  1kΩ + 100kΩ 
−−−
 1 
R1S C1 = (1kΩ + 243kΩ)0.1µF = 24.4 ms | R2S C2 = 24kΩ + 1.3kΩ  47µF = 1.15 s
 1mS 
1  1 1 
fL ≅  +  = 6.66 Hz
2π  24.4ms 1.15s 
 RG  g m RL  243kΩ   1mS 1.3kΩ 24kΩ  ( )
Amid = +  = +   = +0.550
 IR + RG 1+ g R
m L  244kΩ  1+ 1mS 1.3kΩ 24kΩ 
 ( )
Page 1152
g Cµo
€ Cπ = m − Cµ Cµ =
ωT VCB
1+
ϕ jc
(100 µA, 8 V ) : Cµ =
2 pF
= 0.551 pF | Cπ =
( )
40 10−4
− 0.551x10−12 = 0.722 pF
7.3V 2π (500 MHz)
1+
0.6V
(2 mA, 5 V ) : Cµ =
2 pF
= 0.700 pF | Cπ =
(
40 2x10−3 ) − 0.700x10−12 = 24.8 pF
4.3V 2π (500 MHz)
1+
0.6V
(50 mA, 8 V ) : Cµ =
2 pF
= 0.551 pF | Cπ =
(
40 5x10−2 ) − 0.551x10−12 = 636 pF
7.3V 2π (500 MHz)
1+
0.6V

09/25/10
Page 1155
1
CGS = CGD = CISS = 0.5 pF
2
−−−
gm 2(0.01)(0.01)
CGS + CGD = | 5CGD + CGD = = 11.3 pF | CGD = 1.88 pF | CGS = 9.38 pF
ωT 2π (200 MHz)
−−−
Cµo 2 pF gm 40(20µA)
Cµ = = = 0.551 pF | Cπ = − Cµ = − 0.551pF = −0.296 pF
VCB 7.3V ωT 2π (500 MHz)
1+ 1+
ϕ jc 0.6V
Page 1158
Rin  β o 
€ Av = −  RL  | Rin = 7.5kΩ (1.51kΩ + 250Ω) = 1.43kΩ
RI + Rin  rx + rπ 
 1430  100 
≅ − 
 2430 1.76kΩ 
(
 4.3kΩ 100kΩ = −139)
Rin  β o   1260  100 
Av = −  RL  ≅ − 
RI + Rin  rπ   2260 1.51kΩ 
(
 4.3kΩ 100kΩ = −157 )
Page 1166
RL
€ The term CL is added to the value of CT .
rπo
R  4120  1
CL L = 3 pF   = 18.8 pF | f P1 = = 1.39 MHz
rπo  656  2π (656Ω)(156 + 18.8) pF
gm 0.064S
fP 2 = = = 445 MHz
2π (Cπ + CL ) 2π (19.9 + 3) pF
−−−
0.064
Cπ = −10−12 = 19.4 pF
2π (500 MHz)
 4120  1
CT = 19.4 + 11+ 0.064 ( 4120) +  = 290 pF | f P1 = = 837 kHz
 656  2π (656Ω)290 pF
gm 0.064S g 0.064S
fP 2 = = = 525 MHz | f Z = m = = 10.2 GHz
2πCπ 2π (19.4 pF ) 2πCµ 2π (1pF )
Amid = −135 is not affected by the value of f T .
€
09/25/10
Page 1167
 4120  1
CT = 10 + 2 1+ 1.23mS ( 4.12kΩ) +  = 30.4 pF | f P1 = = 5.26 MHz
 996  2π (996Ω) 30.4 pF
gm 1.23mS gm 1.23mS
fP 2 = = = 19.6 MHz | f Z = = = 97.9 MHz
2πCGS 2π (10 pF ) 2πCGD 2π (2 pF )
gm 1.23mS
fT = = = 16.3 MHz
2π (CGS + CD ) 2π (12 pF )
Page 1174
1+ g m RE = 1+ 0.064 (100) = 7.40 | RiB = 250 + 1560 + 101(100) = 11.9 kΩ
€
10kΩ 30kΩ 11.9kΩ
rπ 0 = 11.9kΩ (882 + 250) = 1030 Ω | Ai = = 0.821
1kΩ + 10kΩ 30kΩ 11.9kΩ
 264  1
Amid = −0.821  = −29.3 | f H = = 6.70 MHz
 7.4  19.9 pF  264 4120 
2π (1.03kΩ) + 0.5 pF 1+ + 
 7.4  7.4 1030 
GBW = 29.3(6.70 MHz) = 196 MHz
Page 1176
g m′ RL βo 100 3.96mS (17.0kΩ)
€ Amid ≅ | g m′ = = = 3.96 mS | Amid ≅ = +48.2
1+ g m′ RE rx + rπ 100 1+ 3.96mS (100Ω)
250 +
40(0.1mA)
1
fH ≅ = 18.7 MHz | GBW = 903 MHz
2π (17.0kΩ)(0.5 pF )
−−−
1 1
RiS = R4 = 1.3kΩ = 265 Ω
gm 3mS
1
Amid = 0.726( g m RL ) = 0.726( 3mS )(4.12kΩ) = 8.98 | fH ≅ = 9.66 MHz
2π ( 4.12kΩ)( 4 pF )
3mS
GBW = 86.7 MHz | f T ≅ = 43.4 MHz
2π (11pF )

09/25/10
Page 1179
3mS (1.23kΩ)
RL = 1.3kΩ 24kΩ = 1.23kΩ | Amid = 0.998 = 0.785
1+ 3mS (1.23kΩ)
1 1
fH ≅ = 50.9 MHz
2π  10 pF 
( 
)
1kΩ 430kΩ 1pF + 
1+ 3.69 
Page 1182
1 1
€ fZ = = 6.37 kHz | f P = = 6.33 MHz
2π (25 MΩ)1pF 2π (50.25kΩ)0.5 pF
Page 1184
Differential Pair : Adm = −g m RC = −40(99.0µA)(50kΩ) = −198
€
40(99.0µA) 100
Cπ = − 0.5 pF = 0.761 pF | rπ = = 25.3 kΩ
2π (500 MHz) 40(99.0µA)
1
fH = = 3.18 MHz
  50kΩ 
2π (250Ω)0.761pf + 0.5 pF 1+ 198 + 
  250Ω 
 1 
g m1 
 g m2  198
CC − CB Cascade : Av =
 1  ( g m RC ) = +
2
= +99.0
1+ g m1 
 g m2 
1
fH ≅ = 6.37 MHz
2π (50kΩ)(0.5 pF )
Page 1185
100 64.0mS
€ g m = 40(1.6mA) = 64.0 mS | rπ = = 1.56 kΩ | Cπ = − 0.5 pF = 19.9 pF
64mS 2π (500 MHz)
rπ 1.56 kΩ
Amid =
RI + rx + rπ
(−g m RL ) =
882Ω + 250Ω + 1.56 kΩ
(−64.0mS )(4.12kΩ) = −153
1 1
f P1 ≅ = = 11.6 MHz
2π rπ 0 (Cπ + 2Cµ ) 2π (656Ω)(19.9 + 1) pF
1 1
fP 2 ≅ = = 7.02 MHz
2π RL (Cµ + CL ) 2π (4120Ω)(0.5 + 5) pF
€
09/25/10
Page 1186
1 0.02(100µA) 1 0.02(25µA)
f P1 ≅ = = 159 kHz | f P1 ≅ = = 39.8 kHz
4 π CGGDro2 4 π (1pF) 4 π CGGDro2 4 π (1pF)
Page 1193
1
€ XC = = 7.69 MΩ >> 2.39 kΩ
2π (530Hz)39 pF
1
XC = = 300 MΩ | 51.8kΩ 19.8kΩ = 14.3 kΩ | 300 MΩ >> 14.3 kΩ
2π (530Hz)1pF
−−−
1 1
X1 = = 23.9 Ω << 1.01 MΩ | X 2 = = 5.08 mΩ << 66.7 Ω
2π (667kHz)0.01µF 2π (667kHz)47µF
1
X3 = = 239 mΩ << 2.69 kΩ
2π (667kHz)1µF
Page 1198
1
€ ZC = = − j3.18 Ω
2π j (5MHz)0.01µF
Page 1199
1 50V + 15V −1.6V
€ (i ) fo = = 4.59 MHz | ro =
3.2mA
= 19.8 kΩ
2π (10µH )(100 pF + 20 pF )
100kΩ 100kΩ ro 4.59 MHz
Q= = 49.2 | BW = = 93.3 kHz
2π (4.59 MHz)(10µH ) 49.2
( ) (
Amid = −g m 100kΩ 100kΩ ro = − 2(0.005)(0.0032) 100kΩ 100kΩ 19.8kΩ = −80.2 )
−−−
50V + 10V −1.6V 100kΩ 100kΩ ro
f o is unchanged | ro = = 18.3 kΩ | Q = = 46.4
3.2mA 2π (4.59 MHz)(10µH )
Page 1203
L gm  C   C 
€ REQ = g m S = LS 1+ GD  = ωT LS 1+ GD 
CGS CGS + CGD  CGS   CGS 
REQ ≅ ωT LS for CGS >> CGD
€
09/25/10
Page 1204
2
LS ≅
REQ
=
L2 REQ
=
(5x10 −5
)
cm 75Ω
= 1.88x10-9 H
ωT µn (VGS − VTN ) (400cm 2
)
V − s (0.25V )
Page 1207
1 A 1 1
€ ACG = = | 20log  = −9.94 dB
Aπ π π 
Page 1209
1 2A 2  2
€ ACG = = | 20log  = −3.92 dB
A π π π 
Page 1210
From Fig. 17.81(a), the amplitude of the output signal is approximately 70 mV, so the conversion
€ gain is approximately:
1  200mV  1.4 1.4 
ACG =
100mV
(0.7)
 π  π
= | 20log  = −7.02 dB
π 
From Fig. 17.81(b), the spectral components at 46 and 54 kHz have amplitudes of approximately
45 mV, so the conversion gain is:
€ 45mV 1.4
ACG = = 0.45 | 20log(0.45) = −6.93 dB | Note : = 0.446
100mV π
Page 1212
€ fC − f m = 20 − 0.01 = 19.99 MHz | f C + f m = 20 + 0.01 = 10.01 MHz
3 f C − f m = 60 − 0.01 = 59.99 MHz | 3 f C + f m = 60 + 0.01 = 60.01 MHz
5 f C − f m = 100 − 0.01 = 99.99 MHz | 5 f C + f m = 100 + 0.01 = 100.01 MHz
−−−
AfC + f m = AfC − f m = 3 V
Af C − f m
A3 f C + f m = A3 f C − f m = =1 V
3
Af C − f m
A5 f C + f m = A5 f C − f m = = 0.6 V
5

09/25/10
CHAPTER 18
Page 1231
I1
IC 4 = IC 3 = IC 2 = IC1 = = 1 mA | VCE 2 = 0.7 V | VEC3 = 0.7 V | VO = 0 V
2
VEC 4 = 5V − VO = 5 − 0 = 5.0 V | VEC1 = 5 − VC1 − VE1 = 5 − 0.7 − (−0.7) = 5.0 V
(1 mA, 5.0 V ), (1 mA, 0.7 V ), (1 mA, 0.7 V ), (1 mA, 5.0 V )
Page 1234
With the output shorted, current cannot make it around the loop, so TSC = 0.
€
−−−
TOC = 0 is zero only if ro1 is neglected since the votlage across rπ must be zero for ib = 0.
1
If we include ro1, and start at the base of Q2 assuming ro1 >> and a current mirror gain of 1:
g m3
v e1  g r  1 
vc4 ≅
ro1
( [ ]
1) ro4 RiB 2 RL ro4 (1+ g m2ro1 ) =  vb2 m2 o1   ro4 RiB 2 RL
 1+ g m2ro1  ro1 
[ ]
ro4 RiB 2 RL 55kΩ 5.1kΩ 10kΩ
T≅ = = 0.0579
ro1 55kΩ
−−−
( ) (
Evaluating Eq. 18.7 without RL , TOC = g m2 ro1 ro1 RiB 2 = 0.04 55kΩ 55kΩ 5.1kΩ = 172 )
Page 1239
 R R 
€
[ (
Tnew = g m1 R3 rπ 2 )][−g ([ R + R
m2 2 1 RiE1 ] )]
R5 RL 

R
1
R
iE1
+ R


 1 iE1 2
R3 rπ 2 1kΩ 2.5kΩ
Tnew = Told
R3 RiB 2
(1+ g m2 R4 ) = −2.01
970Ω
[
1+ 0.04S (300Ω) = −19.2 ]
19.2
Av = 10 = 9.50 | Now RiC2 = ro2 = ∞ | RinD ≅ 31.7 kΩ | Rout D
≅ 1.74 kΩ
1+ 19.2
1.86  1+ 17.8
Scaling using the previous result : TSC = −19.2  = 17.8 | Rin = 31.7kΩ = 596kΩ
 2.01 1+ 0
−1
1+ 0  1 1 
Rout = 1.74kΩ = 86.1 Ω | Removing RL : Rout
′ = −  = 86.8 Ω
1+ 19.2  86.1 10 4 
€
09/25/10
Page 1241
1+ TSC
Rx = RxD | RxD = R3 RiD1 RiG3 = R3 2ro1 RiG3 = 3kΩ ∞ ∞ = 3kΩ
1+ TOC
 1+ 0 
TSC = 0 | TOC = T = 61.1 | Rx = 3kΩ  = 48.3 Ω
 1+ 61.1
−−−
I1 1.63V − (−5V )
I D2 = I D1 = = 0.500 mA | I D4 = I2 = 2.00 mA | I D3 = = 0.510 mA
2 13kΩ
2(0.5mA)
VDS1 = 3.5 + VGS1 | VGS1 = 1+ = 1.32 V | VDS1 = 3.5 + 1.32 = 4.82 V
10mA
VDS2 = 5 + 1.32 = 6.32 V | VDS 3 = 5 −1.63 = 3.37 V | VDS 4 = 5 − VO = 5.00 V
(0.5 mA, 4.82 V ), (0.5 mA, 6.32 V ), (0.51 mA, 3.37 V ), (2 mA, 5.0 V )
Page 1245
Ri appears in parallel with rπ : rπ′ = rπ Ri = 4.69kΩ 10kΩ = 3.19 kΩ
€
 r′   3.19kΩ 
( ) (
T = −g m RC ( RF + rπ′ ) ro  π  = −0.032S 5kΩ (50kΩ + 3.19kΩ) 62.4kΩ 
 rπ′ + RF 
)  = −8.17
 3.19kΩ + 50kΩ 
T 8.17
Atr = AtrIdeal = −50kΩ = −44.5 kΩ
1+ T 1+ 8.17
( ) ( )
RinD = rπ′ RF + RC ro = 3.19kΩ 50kΩ + 5kΩ 62.4kΩ = 3.01 kΩ | TSC = 0 | TOC = T
1+ 0
Rin = 3.01kΩ = 328 Ω
1+ 8.17
D
Rout = RC ro ( RF + rπ′ ) = 5kΩ 62.4kΩ (50kΩ + 3.19kΩ) = 4.26 kΩ | TSC = 0 | TOC = T
1+ 0
Rout = 4.26kΩ = 463 Ω
1+ 8.17

09/25/10
Page 1246
 R  R   45.1kΩ  10kΩ 
F L
Av = −   = −   = −18.6
 Ri + Rin  Rout + RL   2kΩ + 340Ω  336Ω + 10kΩ 
 R  R   45.1kΩ  2kΩ 
F L
Av = −   = −   = −3.73
 Ri + Rin  Rout + RL  10kΩ + 340Ω  336Ω + 2kΩ 
−−−
− Atr 48.5kΩ 1  1  1  1 
T= = = 32.3 | g m3 =  =   = 2.50 mS
RF + Atr 50kΩ − 48.5kΩ Rout  1+ T  12Ω 1+ 32.3 
 1  1   1  1 
Rin =  RF +   =  50kΩ +   = 1.51 kΩ
 g m3  1+ T   2.5mS  1+ 32.3 
Page 1250
T  306 
€ T is the same : T = 306. | AvIdeal = 1 | Av = AtrIdeal = 1  = 0.997
1+ T 1+ 306 
D 1 1
Rout = RF = 10kΩ = 307 Ω | TSC = 0 | TOC = T
g m5 3.16mS
1+ 0
Rout = 307Ω = 1.00 Ω
1+ 306
Page 1251
T  306 
€ T is the same : T = 306. | AvIdeal = 1 | Av = AtrIdeal = 1  = 0.997
1+ T 1+ 306 
 2  1 1
RinD = ro11+ g m1  = 600kΩ = 500 Ω | TOC = 306
 g m2  g m3 2.00mS
Note : The impedance looking in the source of a transistor with a high resistance load of ro is
2/g m rather than 1/gm .
g m2 g m5 RF 3.16mS 3.16mS (10kΩ)
TSC = −
2
( )
2ro2 ro4
1+ g m5 RF
=−
2
(
400kΩ 200kΩ )
1+ 3.16mS (10kΩ)
= −204
1+ 204
Rout = 500Ω = 334 Ω
1+ 306

09/25/10
Page 1254
R2 T  152 
T is the same : T = 152. | AvIdeal = − = −1 | Av = AtrIdeal = −1  = −0.993
RI 1+ T  1+ 152 
D 1 1
Rout = ( R2 + RI ) R1 = 40kΩ 10kΩ = 304 Ω | TSC = 0 | TOC = T = 152
g m5 3.16mS
1+ 0
Rout = 304Ω = 1.99 Ω
1+ 152
Page 1255
15cycles
€ There are approximately 15 cycles in 0.8 µsec : f ≅ = 18.8 MHz
0.8us
Page 1256
€ 1 gm 1 2(0.01)(0.0005)
fT = | g m = 2Kn I D | f T 2 = fT1 = = 83.9 MHz
2π CGS + CGD 2π 5 pf + 1pF
1 2(0.004)(0.0005) 1 2(0.01)(0.002)
fT 3 = = 53.1 MHz | fT 4 = = 168 MHz
2π 5 pf + 1pF 2π 5 pf + 1pF
Page 1265
1 1
€ ( )( )
Gm = g m2 = 2 10−3 5x10−5 = 0.316 mS | Ro = ro4 ro2 ≅ =
2λI D 2(0.02)5x10−5
= 500 kΩ
1  Gm  1  0.316mS 
fT =  =   = 2.51 MHz
2π  CC  2π  20pF 
 
 
 
1  1  1  1  1
 1  = 158 Hz
fB =  =  ≅
2π  RoCC (1+ Av2 )  2π  RoCC (1+ µ f 2 )  2π  
2(0.001)

500kΩ(20pF)1+ 1 
  0.02 5x10−4 
  

09/25/10
Page 1266
1 g m5 1 2(0.001)5x10−4 1 1
fz ≅ = = 7.96 MHz | R = = = 1.00 kΩ
2π CC 2π 20x10−12
g m5 2(0.001)5x10−4
−−−
100V
( )
Gm = g m2 = 40 5x10−5 = 2.00 mS | Ro = rπ 5 ≅ = 4.54 kΩ
(
40 5.5x10−4 A )

fT =
1  Gm  1  2.00mS 
 =   = 10.6 MHz | f Z =
1  g m5  1  40 5x10
 =
−4
( ) = 106 MHz
2π  CC  2π  30pF  2π  CC  2π  3x10−11 
 
1  1  1  1

fB =  ≅   = 584 Hz
2π  rπ 5CC (1+ µ f 2 )  2π 4.54kΩ(30pF) 1+ 40(50)
[ ] 
 
Page 1269
100µA V V
€ SR = = 5.00x106 = 5.00
20 pF s µs
−−−
100µA V V
SR = = 5.00x106 = 5.00
20 pF s µs
Page 1273
1  Gm / 2  1  10.0mS 
€ ( )
Gm = g m2 = 40 2.5x10−4 = 10.0 mS | f T =  =   = 15.7 MHz
2π  CC + Cµ3  4π  50.8pF 
 15.7 MHz  
−1 15.7 MHz
 
−1 15.7 MHz
 
−1 15.7 MHz
 o
φ M = 90 − tan−1  + tan   + tan   + tan   = 69.5
 142 MHz   173MHz   192 MHz   206 MHz 
Page 1277
I1 1mA V V
€ SR ≅ = = 15.4x106 = 15.4
CC + CGD5 65 pF s µs
−−−
 fT   fT   fT 
30 o = tan−1  + tan 
−1
 + tan 
−1
 → f T = 16.6 MHz
 49.2 MHz   82.1MHz  100 MHz 
 8.5MHz 
CC = 65 pF   − 2 pF = 31.3 pF
 16.6 MHz 
€
09/25/10
Page 1283
When the circuit is drawn symmetrically, capacitor 2CGD is replaced with 2 capacitors of value
4CGD in series. The circuit can then be cut vertically down the middle to form a differential mode
half-circuit. The total capacitance at the drain end of inductor L is C+CGS+4CGD.
Page 1285
1 1
fP = = 5.016 MHz | f P = = 5.008 MHz
 31.8 fF (7 pF )  31.8 fF (25 pF ) 
2π 31.8mH   2π 31.8mH  
 7.0318 pF   25.0318 pF 

09/25/10

MCD4 EExercise Solns Part 3

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Microelectronic Circuit Design

Fourth Edition - Part III

2 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

3 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

4 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

5 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

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12 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

13 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

14 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

30kΩ (270kΩ + 7.14kΩ)  7.14 kΩ 

€ 15 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

€ 16 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

€ 17 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

ω n = ω Bω 2 (1+ Aoβ ) ≅ ω Bω 2 Aoβ = βω T ω 2 | f2 =

18 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

19 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

21 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

22 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

min R2 294kΩ(1.01) max R2 294kΩ(0.99)

23 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

24 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

1 82kΩ (0.02µF )(0.02µF )

C3 C1C2 4 pF 3 pF ( 3 pF ) f 10.6 kHz

25 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

26 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

29 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

30 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

31 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

32 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

33 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

€ 34 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

35 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

36 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

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(b) Assume the collector current does not change.

Continued on the next page

40 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

41 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

R6 100kΩ = 73.4kΩ → R6 = 276 kΩ | Note, however, that the 12 kΩ resistor

42 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

43 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

Q − point : (1.65 V , 932 µA)

44 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

45 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

(b) Common − Collector :

(c) Common − Gate :

46 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

VDS = 5 − (−VGS ) = 7.20 V | Q - point : (4.94 mA, 7.20 V) | Rin = RG = 22 MΩ

47 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

VEEmax − 0.7V 5(1.1) − 0.7V

v o vth 100kΩ 100kΩ

48 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock

v o vth 100kΩ 100kΩ

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VDS = 15 − 5mA(820Ω) = 10.9 V

50 ©R. C. Jaeger and T. N. Blalock