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AP Biology Name __________________________

Guided Reading Chapter 23

1. What is the smallest unit of evolution and why is this important to understand?
The smallest scale that evolution happens on is the population level. A population
is a group of one species in one place at one time.

2. Define the following terms:


a. Microevolution
a change in gene frequency within a population.[1] This change is due to four
different processes: mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow and
genetic drift.
b. Population
all the organisms that both belong to the same species and live in the same
geographical area.
c. Population genetics
the study of allele frequency distribution and change under the influence of the
four main evolutionary processes: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and
gene flow.
d. Gene pool
complete set of unique alleles in a species or population.

3. What is the Hardy-Weinberg Theorem and why does it appear to be an apparent


contradiction to evolution?
both allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant—that is,
they are in equilibrium—from generation to generation unless specific disturbing
influences are introduced. Hardy, Weinberg, and the population geneticists who
followed them came to understand that evolution will not occur in a population if
seven conditions are met.

4. What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?


A population shows no change.

(p+q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2

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5. Use the blank diagram below to relate the H-W equation to a Punnett square.

6. What are the five conditions for H-W equilibrium to maintained?


1. mutation is not occurring
2. natural selection is not occurring
3. the population is infinitely large
4. all members of the population breed
5. all mating is totally random
6. everyone produces the same number of offspring
7. there is no migration in or out of the population

7. How can the H-W equation be used to today in terms of human health?

8. What are the two broad processes that make evolution possible?
natural selection and genetic drift

9. What is the impact of the following:


a. Point mutation
type of mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with
another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA.
b. Gene duplication
is any duplication of a region of DNA that contains a gene; it may occur as an
error in homologous recombination, a retrotransposition event, or duplication of
an entire chromosome.

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c. Sexual recombination
The natural formation in offspring of genetic combinations not present in
parents, by the processes of crossing over or independent assortment.

10. What is the relationship between mutation rates and generation span?
both have in impact on the Mitochondrial DNA diversity patterns,unexpected
variation of mutation rate across species.

11. Define the following:


a. Genetic drift
change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to
random sampling.

b. Bottleneck effect
the reduction of a population’s gene pool and the accompanying changes in
gene frequency produced when a few members survive the widespread
elimination of a species.

c. Founder effect
the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established
by a very small number of individuals from a larger population.

d. Gene flow
the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another.

12. Why would we discuss adaptive evolution and what role does natural selection
play?

13. Give examples of phenotypical variation that is not inheritable.


A scar is a phenotypic variation that is not inheritable

14. Explain the terms phenotypic polymorphism and genetic polymorphism in


common terms giving an example from your own experience.

15. How do we measure genetic variation?


Observing the multiple phenotypes in a specific population for a trait

16. How can very small differences in nucleotide sequences lead to such diversity in
the human population?
diversity of human phenotypes, is mainly due to varying genetic make up, one
small nucleotides deletion or inversion, can cause little, no or drastic effects on the

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organism phenotype. but as they say, genetics is only the canvas and paint, the
enviroment of up bringing is what paints the picture. human phenotype can be
altered and varyied alot, by the enviroment it is put in.

17. What is geographic variation and how does the term cline relate?

18. What is different about the terms fitness and relative fitness?
The commonly adopted fitness which evaluates the performance of individuals in
co-evolutionary systems is the relative fitness. The relative fitness measure is a
dynamic assessment subject to co-evolving population.

19. Why is it said that evolution acts on phenotypes and not genotypes?
Selection acts on phenotypes because differential reproduction and survivorship
depend on phenotype. If the phenotype affecting reproduction or survivorship is
genetically based, then selection can winnow out genotypes indirectly by
winnowing out phenotypes.

20. Use the diagram below to differentiate between the modes of selection.

21. Why does diploidy preserve genetic variation?


It allows recessive alleles that may not be favored in the current environment to be
preserved in the gene pool by propagation in heterozygotes.

22. How does balancing natural selection relate to the term balanced polymorphism?

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23. Define and give an example of the following:
a. Heterozygote advantage
the case in which the heterozygote genotype has a higher relative fitness than
either the homozygote dominant or homozygote recessive genotype.
b. Frequency dependent selection
an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its
frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population.
c. Neutral variation
Variation in protein sequence that is not selectively important.
d. Sexual dimorphism
the systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the
same species.
e. Intrasexual selection
the selection of a mate where several individuals compete with each other
f. Intersexual selection
the selection of a mate where an individual looks for special traits in the
opposite sex
24. What are the limitations to Natural Selection
lack of necessary genetic variation, constraints due to history, and tradeoffs

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