SUG596 - Field Scheme II (Engineering Survey)

SUG 596 - FIELD SCHEME II (ENGINEERING SURVEY) 2010
1.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, thanks to Allah for all His Gracious and Kindness in
guiding and helping me and my group to finishing this report. We
would like to express our sincere gratitude to the SUG596 lecturer, Dr.
Rosmadi bin Ghazali for his advice and guidance to us in the
preparation finishing our practical work and also give the guide line on
how to make and complete this report.
Besides that, I would like to thanks to my group, who cooperate

in finish up the survey in this practical. Without them, this practical
cannot perfectly finish. Furthermore, I would like to thank everyone
who has contributed to the completion of this practical. Special thanks
to all my friends for their help and support during finish this report.
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2.0 FIELDWORK DIARY

DATE/DAY EVENTS
20 NOVEMBER • Travel to UiTM Shah Alam to UiTM Pulau Pinang.

2010 • Arrived at UiTM Pulau Pinang
Saturday • Meeting at television’s room
– Dividing group members
21 NOVEMBER • Dr Rosmadi Ghazali gave explanation about our

2010 task 1, Deformation Survey and recce side
Sunday location. Our site in UiTM Pulau Pinang around the
dining hall in Kristal College.
• We did calibration instruments. The result was
0.002
22 NOVEMBER • Traversing around the dining hall at Kristal College,

2010 UiTM Pulau Pinang.
Monday
23 NOVEMBER • Stamp the sticker at the wall of the dining hall. The
2010 sticker was used as target point for observation for
Tuesday monitoring.
24 NOVEMBER • Reconnaissance site of surveying for Task 2, Road

2010 Design. At Taman Tungku, Seberang Jaya.
Wednesday • Dr Rosmadi explained our task.
• Our group had conducted Deformation survey
• We started at station 8. The angle 0, 90, 180 and
270 were set as RO. The observation was
conducted for 4 times reading at 4 target points on
the wall of dining hall.
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25 NOVEMBER • Continue deformation survey for station 9 and 10.

2010
Thursday
26 NOVEMBER • Deformation survey was done again by using

2010 different
Friday RO setting, 105, 110, 115,120.
27 NOVEMBER • Traversing at the route survey area at Taman

2010 Tunku.
Saturday
28 NOVEMBER • Start route survey.

2010 • We Conducted sub traverse in the main Traverse.
Sunday Each group need to conduct the traverse for
detailing and calculation of control point.
29 NOVEMBER • Discussion on route design

2010
Monday
30 NOVEMBER • Designing route

2010 • Calculate curve
Tuesday
1 DISEMBER • Designing route

2010
Wednesday
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2 DISEMBER • Our group conducts the setting out to peg the

2010 chainage, IP, TS, ST, CS and the relevant points for
Thursday curve design.
• We had detected some mistake in calculation and
autoCAD design for the curve.
• We canceled all of the surveying on that day.
• We decide to recalculate the curve and design the
curve by using the new calculation value.
3 DISEMBER • We conducted the surveying to peg the picket for

2010 our road design
Friday • All praise to ALLAH. We had completed our task 2
today.
ALHAMDULILLAH.
4 DISEMBER • We completed our Report.

2010
Saturday
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3.1 INTRODUCTION
Two peg test:
As in other survey work it is a compulsory to carry out checking towards

instrument used in field work. Hence in levelling work it is necessary to carry out
the two peg test. The purpose of this checking is to ensure the instrument in good
condition. Based on observation made, we will compute the difference reading
value and the result should be within 10mm. If the value is more than 10mm redo
the observation or hand the instrument to the lab assistance for them to do the
physical checking towards the instrument.
(s1-s2)-(s3-s4) = ±1mm
Differential field test:
Purpose of this test is also to determine the condition of the total station. Its
applied as the same concept in two peg test procedure. At the end of the test, we
will compute the different value between two readings to know the value. The value
limitation is in between ± 0.010mm. if the value is more than the limitation then,
we should not used the total station or else it will produce an accurate result of field
work.
3.2 OBJECTIVES
Two peg test and differential field test:

1. To determine the accuracy of the instrument
2. To know the condition of the instrument
3. To learn how to do the calibration of the instrument
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3.3 INSTRUMENTATION
Total station is the most important instrument in survey

works. It is used in traversing and collecting detail survey.
We can obtain bearings and distance and almost accurate
using this instrument. Most setting out work can be
readily and accurately accomplished by the method of
coordinates
Prism used as a target to measure distances. Prism is

placed on top of the tripod. As the reflector unit where it
will give the information about bearing and distance
during the observation
Tripod is used to place the total station and prism on top

of it. Tripod is placed at back sight and foresight together
with the prism. In this surveying work, instead of using
prism as target, we used arrow to mark the setting out
point.
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Tape will used to measure the distance from one station

to another.
Field Book is used for recording observation data during

the survey work using permanent black ink. Observation
data that must be recorded are bearing, distance,
stations, pre-computations, latitude, departure and
coordinate of stations. A freehand sketch of the lot
surveyed must be included in the field book.
Length of Nail is not less 55mm and centre with lines

8mm. Head of nail must be centre with lines 15mm and
have lid centre with lines 46mm with to possess evidence
for a drop of station. We used hammer to hit the spikes in
marking the stations
Staf is used to give height of the ground. It is used with

bubble. When we want to read the height, we must make
sure that the staf in a level condition. The accuracy of the
staf is 0.001m.
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Automatic Level is used to observe the height of the

ground from the staf.
3.4 PROCEDURAL
Two peg test:

1. Measure by tape 25m from point C to point A and B. Choose flat area for this
test and observe the staff A and B.
2. After that, the auto level move to point D where is about L/10 meter. L is total
length from point A to B. Jot down the Staff A and B reading.
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3. Do comparison between 2 set of readings and the collimating should within

1mm
4. Repeat the observation with another total distance value.
1. Stand the total station in between 2 prism.

2. Measured both prism and record the distance value
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B
C
A 2
1
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3. Next, stand prism on point B and move total station to point c

4. Again observe the distance value and record the reading
B
C 3
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5. Compare both reading to determine the difference value

6. Repeat the observation by using different total distance value.
3.5 RESULTS
Two peg test:
For 30m
S1 1.470m
S2 1.425m
S3 1.390m
S4 1.346m
(1.470m – 1.425m) – (1.390m -1.346m) = 0.001m
For 40m
S1 1.454m
S2 1.400m
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S3 1.407m
S4 1.355m
(1.131m – 1.130m) – (1.128m -1.129m) = 0.002m
For 50m
S1 14571m
S2 14550m
S3 1.387m
S4 1.386m
(1.447m – 1.455m) – (1.387m -1.386m) = 0.001m
For 30m
AB 30.000m
AC 16.164m
CB 13.838m
(AB)-((AC)+(CB))
(30.000m)-((16.164)+(13.838)) = 0.002m
For 40m
AB 40.000m
AC 19.423m
CB 20.577m
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(AB)-((AC)+(CB))
(40.000m)-((19.423)+(20.577)) = 0.000m
For 50m
AB 50.000m
AC 24.989m
CB 25.011m
(AB)-((AC)+(CB))
(50.000m)-((24.989)+(25.011)) = 0.000m
3.6 CONCLUSION
Two peg test:
Based on our observation it can be shown that our instrument is in a good

condition since the difference value between 2 set of reading are in acceptable limit
which is 0.001m and 0.002m less than 0.010m. Hence, we will get high accuracy in
observation and will produce an accurate work.
Based on the observation the difference value that we got is 0.003 hence the
total station we used is in a good condition. So, at the end of our field work can form
a result of high accuracy. The different value that we got is o.ooom and 0.001m
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4.1 INTRODUCTION
Deformation survey work is to determine the alteration in the shape or dimensions
of an object as a result of the application of stress to it. Deformation is primarily
related to the field of applied surveying, and also related to the civil engineering,
mechanical engineering, plant construction, soil and rock stability mechanics.
Instruments used in deformation monitoring based on application, chosen method
and regularity. The concepts are:
• Involved the multi-epoch observation.
• The network of survey that involved from the control point and target point.
• The observation by triangulation either 2D or 3D.
• The adjustment computations and network analyses are required.
• Involved the determination of the coordinates changing (shift) and
comparison with the magnitude of the error of observation (ellipse error).
Deformation monitoring can be required for the following applications:
• Roads and Tunnels
• Dams, Bridges and Viaducts
• Settlement areas, High-rise and historical buildings
• Foundations and Construction sites
• Mining
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• Landslide, Volcanoes Slopes and Earthquake area

• As proactive control of a hazard related to possible change or failure of a
structure.
4.2 OBJECTIVES
1. To determine any movements of building structure
2. To expose our group with deformation surveying and give experienced in
actual surveying environment and experience the actual work of deformation
monitoring survey theoretically and practically.
3. To improve the knowledge and skills in setting and operate the instruments,
technique of survey, network planning and post processing.
4. To access the student’s ability to design the survey project includes the pre
analyses, network design, selection of the target point, post processing etc.
5. To experienced the students with deformation computations using the
software especially Star*Net to prepare 3D resection.
4.3 LOCATIONAL AND DURATION
Location: Bangunan Dewan Makan dan Kemudahan Pelajar, Kolej Kristal UiTM
Pulau Pinang
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The Building
Duration of survey works:
Three (3) Days
– Reconnaissance Survey
– 3D Perimeter Survey
– 3D Building Deformation Survey
4.4 INSTRUMENTATION
• Topcon Total Station GTS-235N with tripod
• A set of prism with tripod
• Measuring tape
• Booking
4.5 PROCEDURAL
4.5.1 Reconnaissance Survey
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• To determine the suitable place to locate the deformation station and

after all, the flat surrounding area of the building is suitable to make the
deformation.
• The building has two (2) storeys and the deformation took at every side of
the building.
• Target points have been placed at every side of the building at every
floor.
• Ten (10) groups have been divided and each group has to take three (3)
stations and has to monitor four (4) target points.
4.5.2 3D Perimeter Survey

• It is a three dimensional perimeter survey because it took control of x, y, z
at every station where Height of Instrument, Height of Target, Vertical
Angle and Slope Distance is taken in every occupied station
• Traverse has been conducted all around the building and the station of
the traverse is been setup suitable for make a monitoring of the target
points.
• Traverse starts from the known GPS station of 2 (X = 7759.794, Y =
-4380.741, Z = 2.951) with the back sight is station 1 and the fore sight is
the station 3. And it continues until it close back to the line 1-2
• The station 11 is also a known GPS point. And the Linear Misclosure after
the C and the M Correction is 1: 47643. (M Correction is referring to the
bearing of baseline of GPS2-GPS11)
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4.5.3 3D Building Deformation Survey

• Same as perimeter survey this time it also took Height of Instrument,
Height of Target, Vertical Angle and Slope Distance of the target point (1,
2, 3, 4).
• On first station observed each observed point on building with different
initial bearing (RO) which is 0, 90, 180, and 270 on the both faces (face
left and face right).
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Diagram: The location of target points
Diagram: How the monitoring of the target points took place

4.6 DATA PROCESSING AND ADJUSTMENT
• Deformation data processing and adjustment is being done using least
square adjustment of Star*Net Software.
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• The adjustment firstly done to the whole traverse network based on a

fixed coordinate and elevation of GPS point 2 and 11.
• Then the second adjustment is being done to the each of target points
which is observed by every group.
• All the set of reading of 00°, 90°, 180°, 270° is being input into the
Star*Net. Then run the adjustment. If the run is unsuccessful do check the
related error.
The adjustment runs successfully
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The result of adjustment is produced and do check either it passed the 5% chi
square test or not.
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The adjusted network is plotted
Star*Net also allows to make an export to *.dxf format which later can be edited in
AutoCAD.
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4.7 DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS
4.7.1 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Main

Traverse)
Adjustment Statistical Summary

==============================
Iterations = 2
Number of Stations = 14
Number of Observations = 37
Number of Unknowns = 33
Number of Redundant Obs = 4
Observation Count Sum Squares Error

of StdRes Factor
Angles 13 0.068 0.220
Distances 12 0.443 0.584
Zeniths 12 0.057 0.209
Total 37 0.568 0.377
The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level Passed

Lower/Upper Bounds (0.348/1.669)
1. The 3D network consists of 14 stations. And 3 stations are held fixed (Station 2,
1, 11) with known coordinates and elevation using code “!” in the Input Data.
So the number of free stations is 11 stations.
2. So for each of these 11 stations we need to compute the (N, E, Z) components;
Number of Unknowns per station is =3
Number of Unknowns for 11 stations is 11 x 3 = 33 Unknowns (N, E,
Z)
3. This network is considered “over-determined” because the observations
exceed the unknowns.
4. The redundant observation or also known as degree of freedom is defined
from:
Number of Observations – Number of Unknowns = 37 – 33
Number of Redundant Observation =4
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5. The network cannot be solved if the redundant observations are less than zero
and generally, the more redundant observations the better.
6. The Sum Squares of “StdRes” means each Standardized Residual which is

squared and summed. So the values of below are the function of the number of
observations of that data type.
Sum Squares
of StdRes
Angles 0.068
Distances 0.443
Zeniths 0.057
Total 0.568
* Residual is the difference between the value of the observation in the
field, and the value that fits best into final adjusted network.
* Standardized Residual is the actual Residual divided by its Standard Error
value. Then the value is listed in the “StdRes” column for every observation in the
listing file.
7. The “Total Error Factor” is the square root of the Total Sum of the Squares of
the Standardized Residual divided by the Number of Redundant observation.
SQRT (∑ (Squares of StdRes) / Number of Redundancies)
Sum Squares of the StdRes = 0.568
Number of redundancies = 4
SQRT (0.568 / 4) = 0.377
Total Error Factor = 0.377
8. These Error Factors should be roughly equal and should be all approximately
be within a range of 0.348 to 1.669 depending on the Chi-Square Test 5%
Tolerance. Since the Error Factor is 0.377, so it falls within the level passed
range. So it passed the Chi – Square test.
9. The Chi Square test often called the “goodness-of-fit-test”, statistically tests
whether the residuals are due to normal random errors.
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4.7.2 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Building

Deformation)

==============================
Iterations = 3

of StdRes Factor
Angles 29 138.421 3.185
Distances 28 339.075 5.073
Zeniths 28 3448.308 16.177
Total 85 3925.803 9.907
Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level

Exceeded Upper Bound
1. The 3D network consists of 18 stations. And 3

stations are held fixed (Station 2, 1, 11) with
known coordinates and elevation using code “!” in the Input Data. So the
number of free stations is 15 stations.
2. So for each of these 15 stations we need to compute the (N, E, Z) components;
Number of Unknowns for 11 stations is 15 x 3 = 45 Unknowns (N, E,
Z)
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from:
Number of Redundant Observation = 40

Sum Squares
of StdRes
Angles 138.421
Distances 339.075
Zeniths 3448.308
Total 3925.803

listing file.
SQRT (3925.803 / 40) = 9.907
be within a range of (0.782/1.218) depending on the Chi-Square Test 5%
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Tolerance. Since the Error Factor is 9.907, which exceeding the Upper Bound,
so it did not pass the Chi – Square tests.
4.7.3 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Combination of All Groups)

==============================
Iterations = 4

of StdRes Factor
Angles 139 84234.661 29.970
Distances 138 72938.189 27.989
Zeniths 138 20848.043 14.964
Total 415 178020.894 25.215
Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00%

Level Exceeded Upper Bound
1. The 3D network consists of 48 stations.

And 3 stations are held fixed (Station 2,
1, 11) with known coordinates and
elevation using code “!” in the Input
Data. So the number of free stations is 45 stations.
2. Each of these 45 stations we need to compute the (N, E, Z) components;
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Number of Unknowns for 11 stations is 45 x 3 = 135 Unknowns (N,

E, Z)

from:
Number of Redundant Observation = 280

Observation Sum Squares
of StdRes
Angles 84234.661
Distances 72938.189
Zeniths 20848.043
Total 178020.894

listing file.
SQRT (178020.894 / 280) = 25.215
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be within a range of (0.917/1.083) depending on the Chi-Square Test 5%
Tolerance. Since the Error Factor is 25.215, which exceeding the Upper Bound,
so it did not pass the Chi – Square tests.
4.8 CONCLUSION
Deformation monitoring is one of survey work which the purpose is to determine the
condition of a building structure or dam or tunnel and etc whether there is any
movement occur since the structure is build. The detection of the movement is
based on the bearing reading taken on each point on the building on the different
time. As a result, if t here is any movement occurred then, the bearing reading
observed archived will de differ from time to time and the interval time depends on
the expected movement. If not, the bearing reading will be the same. Control point
is a must as a reference of the structure position. Movement can occurred due to
any movement in the earth, quality of composition of the structure, natural sources
and etc. Hence, if we managed to detect any movement occurred we can take any
precaution to prevent any negative things happen.
Any deformation survey must pay particular attention to errors in the survey
so that gross or systematic errors do not contaminate the detection of movements
and produce false results. Graphical representations of deformation analyses are
often shown as ellipses with vectors of movement. 3D and multi-epoch
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representations area are possible with CAD system. As the building newly build,
hence there are no movement occur towards the building. In order to form a 3D
visualization of the building, we need to combine each of group results where each
group observed on different point around the building. We also need to observed z
value in order to get the 3D design of building.
As a result when we combined all of each group result we managed to form it in 3D

monitoring form. Where each point on their own position shown the shape of the
building.
4.9 INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS
BY: NUR SHAFINAZ BT HASSAN BASERI (2008401502)
Based on our work, what do i understand is that deformation monitoring is

about movement detection on any construction structure such as building, bridge
and etc. There most important thing in this work is control point and bearing
reading. Control point used as reference of the true position of any structure mean
while the bearing reading is used as detection of mark point on the building from
time to time.
In full fill our task, we were asking to form a product in 3D. Hence the reading
of height and slope distance is needed. The true position of control point can be
obtains from GPS system. For true position of mark point on the building can be
archived trough transfer method. To determine and confirmation of our work
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product at the end of work, each group will combine the result and it will form the
dimension of the building in 3D form.
Most important thing in this work is in determination of control point. In

setting up the control point must undergo the traversing. The datum used can be
either assume datum or used the real value. Here, in our task we use from GPS
value.
Plus, we also undergo least square equation towards our result in order
remove all the error in our reading. Once the error had been eliminated then it will
produce an accurate result. We used star net software to process all the data were
we need to key in all the data capture in notepad format first.
BY: FAUZIAH BT ABDUL MALEK (2008401502)

Deformation survey is very precise surveys performed to detect and measure
movements of a variety of physical objects or land parcels. Deformation surveys
can detect relative or absolute movements for monitoring. The procedures of
deformation survey job are not as difficult and complicated as the other types of
survey. If only change in shape, then a minimal constraint or free network solution
can be used to avoid any influence from external constraints. If a block shift or
rotate, then connection must be made to survey stations which are sited in stable
areas to provide the required absolute datum. Survey for deformation is generally
repeated at certain time intervals that depend on the expected movement or
settlement of the structure.
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Our task is to detect any relative of absolute movement for the retaining wall.
We must compare our result from other group that have been used the same
control point by comparing the coordinates for all point at the wall of the building
but the wall of building that has been choose by our group was not same as all the
other groups. So, we cannot compare the coordinates of point at the wall with the
other groups. To find the coordinates at the retaining wall, it is possible to calculate
manually because it take a lots of calculation and quite difficult to solve it. So we
have used StarNet programming to find the coordinates points of the retaining wall.
By using the programmed, we could know all the coordinates and also be able to
know the standard deviation and residual for the retaining wall.
While monitoring the building, the slope distance must be read for design
three dimensional building. Before the measurements be made, we must make sure
that the sticker that used as a observed point on the building can reflect the signal
from the theodelite for slope distance measurement. This is because we found that
some of the sticker cannot reflect the signal from the theodelite. Furthermore, the
signal from theodelite also cannot be reflected if the station is far from the building.
Because of that, we decide to choose the station nearest to the building as long as
it can measure the slope distance.
BY: MOHD RIZALMAN BIN RASIDIN (2009201944)

For this deformation survey we were received the task to do the deformation
to monitoring the movement for the Student Facilities building of in UiTM Penang.
This movement can be detected by comparing the deformation result with history,
to get the best value for error by using statistical calculation from redundant
observation.
For the first day, we done reconnaissance at the building for target
identification and decide where the control point should be established. The control
point should be safe from disturbance so the observation does not contain too much
error. Moreover, the control point should not be established too close from the
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building. The shape of control point should be in good triangle. It means the inner
angle is between 60 degree and 120 degree.
Before we done the traversing, the datum for network control was taken from
GPS observation on station 11 and 2. After done traversing around the building, we
get the linear misclose of 1:9000 using bowditch method. But there are some
different when the misclose is calculate using starnet software which applying Least
Square Adjustment (LSA). The linear misclose when using starnet software is 1:400
000. This situation happen when starnet use LSA to calculate error for each station
from redundant observation. Meanwhile the bowditch method generally distributed
error equally for each station.
For the observation, we have observed 4 points from 3 control points which
are. We also determined the Z value for each station using GPS observation to get
reduce level for each control station. The purpose of the leveling survey is to design
3-dimension deformation in StarNet. It needs the Z value to design the 3-D
dimension.
For my comment, the location of target should be well spread around of the
building and not focus at one certain part only. Moreover, the target point should be
at stable place and should have clear line of sight. In my opinion, the observation
should avoid during afternoon because during afternoon, the refraction and sun
heat make the observation contain error. Moreover, the targets become blurry when
afternoon. In addition, the instrument should be done calibration first before it use
for observation. To obtain good observation, the control point should have good
geometry. By using StarNet software its can detect all of error in observation, this
software is good to make the analysis for the surveying work. From this software we
can define how well the field work, because its use more statistical calculation for
analysis. I suggest, all of student for survey studies need more knowledge about
StarNet software and must be expert to handle StarNet software. Because it’s good
for analysis survey data and define error.
BY: MOHD ZULKARNAIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN (208411092)
Deformation task required us to conduct the deformation survey at the
Student’s facilities building, nearby the crystal college, UiTM Penang. We are given
2 days to finish the task. The works involved in this survey work are reconnaissance,
traversing, GPS coordinate conversion and transferring, deformation and processing
the collection of data. The processing of data is used using StarNet software.
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Before starting a job, reconnaissance of the area is very important, to

investigate and to get familiar with the area. Reconnaissance are needed to
properly planed the works involve to ensure smooth flow and to avoid any obstacle
during the field work.
Deformation work mainly focused on detecting or to identify any movement

or deformation of a certain manmade structure, which in this case is a building. The
work given requires observation of the target points mounted on the sides of the
building, and should be done in time frame to monitor the movement of the
building. However, as we only has a few days to complete the job, the job was
conducted only for learning process of the procedure, methods and the main
objectives is to understand the whole process of conducting the job.
The control points located on the building are pre determined, as a group
required observing minimum 4 target points on the building, from 3 ground control
points. As the work requires us to observe the same points on the building, the
target points located on the building must be visible from all the ground control
points. The best locations for the ground control points are identified and the
processes of observing the building are then started, starting from the traversing
work.
The 1st task is to establish the ground control points. This is obtained by
traversing around the student facilities building. Then the coordinate of the control
points or stations are determined by transferring the coordinate from the GPS
observation made from 2 stations, located on the traverse network itself. The GPS
observation also gives the corrected bearing for the traverse, as the rotations of the
traverse are done. The data processing of the traverse are made in StarNet, using
3D parameter, to obtain the least square correction for the traverse. As the job
require all 10 groups to be located on the same building with minimum 3 stations
per group, the distances between the stations are quite small, thus affecting the
accuracy of the traverse work.
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Then the deformation work was carried out, by observing 4 sets of different
starting bearing for all 3 points on the building. During the deformation survey
process, we were required to obtained the slope distance from the ground control
points to the building CP. The method used was by using reflective stickers on the
building, to rebounce back the wave signal send from the Total Station. There were
issues of reflective capability of the sticker, but the problem is then solved by
selecting the right material.
Finally, I would to conclude that the work done was very successful, although
there were some problems arise at the site, such as the problem with the sticker
wave rebounces capability. Other than that, the process of data processing using
the StarNet software were very time consuming, as we are not so familiar with
using the software.
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BY: MUHAMMAD KHAIRI BIN IDRUS (2008401526)
I would like to say thank you to Allah s.w.t for giving His opportunity for
completing this deformation project. Also thanks to my lecturer, Dr Rosmadi Bin
Ghazali, and all my friends for the guidance and cooperation. The objective of this
practical is to train students how to detect the movement object from observation
with total station.
As we have learnt, deformation surveys are very presice survey in

engineering works. It is performed to detect and measure movements of a variety
of physical objects or land parcels. In this project, we are needed to monitor and
detect any movement at Student’s facilities building, nearby the crystal college,
UiTM Penang .
Firstly, we done reconnaissance at the building and we decide where the

control point should be established. The control point should be in suitable location.
The control point should not be established too close from the building because the
shape of control point should be in good triangle.
The datum for network control was taken from GPS observation on station 11
and 2 and we make the traverse around the building that we want monitoring. After
that, we have observed 4 target points from 3 control points which are. Then, we
also determined the Z value for each station using GPS observation to get reduce
level for each control station. It is to design 3-dimension deformation in StarNet. It
needs the Z value to design the 3-D dimension.
The error also came from the observation by the different obsever, the
different observer will gain the different observation value. The instrument for the
observation also brings important result, smaller error will comes out with the
accurate value for these accurately survey. If we can see the zenith error from the
result of the analysis above, the value was too high and absolutely not in the
acceptance range of the chi square. My comment it was we used the standard
Page 37 of 60
leveling, in my opinion we should come out with the precise leveling to get more
accurately result .The points on the wall also play an important result for this
accuracy survey. The unclear and invisibility crosshair of centering on the points will
produce an error during the observation.
BY: SITI NAIMAH BT NGISAH@NORMAN (2009687856)
Assalamualaikum. All praise to be ALLAH. Thanks to Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali for his
guidance in this fieldwork.
Deformation surveys are very precise survey performed to detect and
measure movement of a variety of physical objects or land parcels. Beside that
deformation surveys can detect relative or absolute movements for monitoring of
pump base or pipe connections, storage tanks, retaining walls, slope areas or
general ground subsidence but in this practical we just to monitoring the retaining
walls. The procedures of deformation survey job are not as difficult and complicated
as the other types of survey.
In this practical task we are needed to monitor and detect any movement of
the building of dining hall at Kolej Kristal, UiTM Pulau Pinang. There are 3 control
points on the ground at station 8, 9, 10 and 4 observe points.
At the first day, we had done reconnaissance of the area to identify the
suitable location for control points. There are 10 groups those co-operated to
conduct traverse around the building of dining hall. The traverse used to determine
the coordinate of ground control. The 3 control points were used in the monitoring.
The next day, we conduct the monitoring from the control point station to observe
the 4 target points on the wall of building of dining hall. We spend two day to
complete this job.
During do the practical, i noticed that weather condition also affect our sight
viewing to target that give the refraction because the hot weather. Rain also
delayed our fieldwork. Human error exists in our data reading because difference
observers have difference parallax. The observation also difficult to done because
the sticker at the wall unable to reflect. However, after the little adjustment that
had been done to the sticker, the observation able to read by using total station
finally.
Page 38 of 60
For the processing data, Starnet software was used. The observation data is
entering to calculate standard error, error factor, error propagation and residual.
Starnet give a plot and listing the coordinate at 4 targets and our observation data
is acceptable.
At the end I hope this practical helpful to me as a guideline in the real job. I
conclude that this task enable to identify the changing in construction monument. I
hope our lecturer satisfy with this practical. InsyaALLAH.
BY: MUHAMMAD RUZAINI BIN MOHAMMAD FADZIL (2009837016)
i. Alhamdulilah, for the completion of the task. Deformation Surveying is about a

precise surveying conducted to detect and monitor the movement of the
physical structure in the engineering field.
ii. In this task we have been assigned to monitor the structural of a three-storey
building which taking consider of observing four target points. Two target
points were placed at the first floor and the other two at the second floor.
iii. At the first thing, a three dimensional traverse control has been done around
the building purposely for setting up stations for deformation. And the traverse
has been controlled with two known (x, y, z) GPS points.
iv. We have to observe the height of instrument, height of target point, slope
distance between the instrument to target point instead the horizontal angles
and the vertical angles.
v. for the observation of the target points, we have observed with three different
horizontal angles (0°, 90°, 180°) for the both face of left and right.
vi. Once the observation finished, based on the yet two known GPS control, it
would be input into the Star*Net Least Square Adjustment software, to make
an adjustment for the traverse station and also the four target points.
vii. The traverse control network has passed the 5% Chi Square Test but
unfortunately the target points (1071, 1072, 1073, and 1074) were not.
viii.As a result of the adjustment, all the target points would be produced with the
coordinate of X and Y plus the elevation. This is what it called three
dimensional monitoring.
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ix. Many thankful for Assoc. Prof Dr. Rosmadi for helping in advance and also the
fellow group members for a good teamwork.
5.1 INTRODUCTION
Route surveying is comprised of all survey operations required for design and
construction of engineering works such as highways, pipelines, canals, or railroads.
A route surveying system usually contains four separate but interrelated processes:
• Reconnaissance and planning
• Works design
• Right of way acquisition
• Construction of works
Major Components of Route Surveying Systems

• Stationing
• Offset distance
• Profile grades (slope percentage)
• Curves (Horizontal and Vertical)
• Cross sections
• Slope staking
5.2 OBJECTIVES
The objective mainly is to give the student an exposure to conduct an actual route
survey on the given site. Secondly is to give the student an opportunity to practice
and apply their knowledge and theoretical wise on handling the whole process of
route surveying job. Thirdly to give the student an experience of using survey
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processing software and CAD packages for the survey data processing and
preparation of plan.
5.3 LOCATIONAL AND DURATION

Location : Taman Tunku Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang adjacent to Masjid
Seberang Jaya
Satellite image of the site area
Page 41 of 60
Location of the site
OUR SURVEY AREA
Page 42 of 60
The survey area has been proportioned into ten areas according to the ten groups
of survey.
The Duration of the survey works:

Four (4) Days
• reconnaisance survey
• perimeter survey
• details and topographical survey
• setting-out survey of the proposed road
5.2 INSTRUMENTATION
• Topcon Total Station GTS-235N with tripod
• A set of prism with tripod
• Mini prism and prism with pole
• Measuring tape
5.2 PROCEDURAL
5.5.1 Reconnaisance Survey
• It has been done on the first day of survey to determine the condition
and of the area and the details to be covered.
• Generally this area is a public area and better known for a recreational
park.
• The terrain of the ground is flat and undulating and the details
comprised with natural features such as waterways and river and some
structural permanent feature such as bridge, pondok, bench and etc.
• This reconnaissance also including the planning of the perimeter survey
to be conduct upon the area.
Page 43 of 60
5.5.2 Perimeter Survey

• A traverse for the whole area has been done to establish the control of x,
y and z for the area.
• However the control x, y, z of the area is only based on assumed value
at the Station 1 (x = 1000, y = 1000, z = 3.850).
• After the area of the area has been acquired, it later has been
proportioned into ten (10) portions for the ten (10) survey groups.
Page 44 of 60
STATION
The black line is the main traverse for the whole area 1:
N1000
E1000
Z = 3.850
The red line is our sub traverse upon the proportioned area
5.5.3 Details Survey

• The details survey has to be conducted upon an area of 10,000 meter
square with a coverage for the both side is 20 meter each.
• And generally the details covered in our proportioned area are a portion
of river and waterway, slope cutting and permanent features like
pondok, drainage, concrete wall and benchs.
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• The details taken are stored in the total station internal memory
• To start the details survey basically we make a sub traverse starting
from the known point Station 3 (916.833, 998.729, 3.862) with the
reference to the station 2 and make foresight to station 100, 101, 17,
103 and close back at the line of station 2 and 3. And the linear
misclosure after the C correction is 1 : 17251.
• Instead the station for traversing, the same station also used to pickup
details. And the method used is Radiation Method
5.5.4 Road Setting out

• After the details of the area has been covered and processed, then we
can determine which area suitable for designing a road.
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• Since the bottom side of the area is mostly a waterway and river so it is
better to design a road at the above side area which flat and undulating
area.
• Two curves have been designed with different specifications. And each
curve is to be set out by five (5) groups. And we are assigned to design
the curve no. 2.
Curve no.2
• The Specifications:
Page 47 of 60
1. The Design Speed = 80 km/h

2. Lateral Acceleration = 1.2 m/s3
3. Radius = 200 meters
4. Deflection Angle = 15° 14’ 16”
5. Chainage Interval = 5 meters
6. Incoming Tangent Bearing = 173° 23’ 50”
The proposed curve design

• The calculations of the coordinate of the chainage of the curve is at
Appendices 6.11
5.5 DATA PROCESSING AND PREPARATION OF PLAN
Page 48 of 60
5.5.1 Data Transfer

• Data is being transferred from the total station to computer
using the manufacturer software. So in this survey since we use
Topcon Total Station the suitable software is T-COM.
• The parameter for the transfer is like in the Diagram 1
• Once after transfer finished it would appear like in the Diagram 2
• Then set the file name with the extension “*.gt6”
Diagram 1: T-Com data Diagram 2: After the data transfer has been
transfer parameter finished
5.5.2 Data Processing

• The software used for processing survey data is Civil Design
and Survey (CDS).
• Then import the *.gt6 file into the CDS
and make it a stadia before it can be
stored in the data base. Then export
to a *.dxf or *.dwg format.
Diagram 3: Stadia
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Diagram 4: Details is been stored in the database
5.5.3 Plan Preparation

• The software used for data editing and coding joining for a
plan preparation is AutoCAD 2007.
• User have to open the saved *.dxf or *.dwg file into the
AutoCAD.
• And later the details are being joined appropriately according its coding.
It is important the person who produces the plan get an impression of
the site before joining the coding. And it also better for the surveyor to
assist with providing a brief diagram of the site and further explanation.
• It also better for the draftman to put a diagram of certain features in the
plan such as a diagram of concrete drain with the diameter.
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The detail and topographical plan is prepared.

• And the detail and topographical plan we prepared are in the scale of 1 :
500 in the A3 sized.
5.6 CONCLUSION
It can be said that route survey is a work that consist of several important
procedure to make sure it will form a high accuracy result in the end of the work. It
accomplishes the need of engineering field work according to the need of customer.
In other word, routes survey is defined as being the required service and product
that adequately locates the planned path of a linear project or right of way which
crosses a prescribed area of real estate, extending from at least one known point
and turning or terminating at another known point. Adequate location shall mean
Page 51 of 60
substantial compliance with the conditions and tolerances expressed in this

standard.
Based on our field work, now we able to visualise how the real world is for
route survey work, especially the condition of the ground, complication of detailing,
appearance of station invisibility, any natural problem and etc. In producing high
accuracy of work product depends on how close we carry out the traverse. In our
task, in order to check our work is correct or not, at the end of the work we must
compare our product with the others group which each of group must get an equal
and parallel distance between the curve designs. However the main problem is that
each group us a different datum. Hence the possibility in getting error is high.
As a result, in order to checking each of group work the combination of the
circular curve are parallel to each other. Even though each group use the different
datum supposed to be that the circular to be parallel since it use the value from big
traverse as a reference to their small traverse.
5.7 INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS
BY: NUR SHAFINAZ BT HASSAN BASERI (2008401504)
Based on our field work, i found that in finishing the route survey work,
planning is the major factor to complete and produce a good quality work. Without
planning wisely we might not produce a good work. The planning work must be
Page 52 of 60
based on the details, area parameter, ground level and all off sets on the area work.
In this work also involve the use of CDS software which is use as processing data
and AutoCAD which is use to design.
If error occurred in bearing determination and design calculation, later it will

effect during setting out process. Plus, during traverse work also is important where
it act as a horizontal control. If there is error in control, hence during setting out will
produce an absolute high error result. We used GPS in order to get coordinate
value.
During setting out procedure, must be based on a right bearing and distance
compute from the planning drawing that had been made. After open the bearing
based on calculation made, then the pegging must be done wisely and accurately.
The checking step based on the coordinate reading where the same point must the
same coordinate value.
At the end of our work, now I realise and able to visualize on how the real
world is in full fill the route survey work. All the possibility that I might face during
route survey and how to solve also I have learn. Including all the possibility of the
condition of the ground, complication of detailing, appearance of station invisibility,
any natural problem and etc
BY: MUHAMMAD KHAIRI BIN IDRUS (2008401526)
I would like to say thank you to Allah s.w.t for giving His opportunity for
completing this task. Also thanks to my lecturer, Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali and all my
friends for the guidance and cooperation.
Page 53 of 60
The objective of this practical is to train surveying students how to plan and
reconnaissance for route surveying, how to establish control points on ground, how
to conduct route alignment and how to conduct a cross section and longitudinal
surveys. details on the site were observed to identify the topography and layout of
the site. Besides, the observe details on the area are made to carry out detail
survey for the purpose of designing and planning for the road design and to produce
a detail drawing of the site.
Firstly, we make traverse. It is required to established the control network

frame on the site, and to obtained a roughly estimation of the site area. Then, we
get the coordinate of the station on the traverse by GPS observation on two stations
located on the traverse network.The traverse made by ourselves in this practical
and we just to peg chainages above traverse line. Then, we transfer the coordinates
by calculation.
When the field work were completed, we used CDS and AutoCAD to process
all data that taken, and produce cross section and detail plan. It was a good
experience for me to learn and practice this software and doing this practical so I
think this practical have gave me clearly overview of route surveying work.
BY: MOHD ZULKARNAIN BIN ZAINAL ABIDIN (2008411092)
Page 54 of 60
I wish to thank Dr Rosmadi bin Ghazali for providing me with the opportunity
to work alongside him, for all his patience and guidance in the way of conducting
the field work.
The field work for road design survey was conducted at the Taman Tunku,
Seberang Jaya, Penang. The objective for this practical are to establish control
points (horizontal and vertical) around or in the area and chainages (CH) using
pegs. Moreover, the details on the site were observed to identify the topography
and layout of the site. Besides, the observe details on the area are made to carry
out detail survey for the purpose of designing and planning for the road design and
to produce a detail drawing of the site.
All measurements in this practical are based on a network of horizontal and
vertical control points. These networks are used on site in the preparation of maps
and plans. Firstly, traversing is required to established the control network frame
on the site, and to obtained a roughly estimation of the site area. The coordinate of
the station on the traverse are obtained from GPS observation on two stations
located on the traverse network itself. Then, the coordinate are transferred to the
chainage using calculated value from the road design curve.
After all the detail survey and traversing work are done, all data we
downloaded from the total station using the T-Com software. Data processing are
done by using the CDS software, all data downloaded in CDS software where
graphic image from observation can be produced and editing by file checking on
screen. This software can produced data or information from measured points of
station. Each of those points has their level and coordinates. All complete data then
exported to AutoCAD R14 software in DWG format and graphic editing will be
plotted to the final plan.
Then, the curve or the road design took place. The design was made based
on the details drawing that were made earlier. From the design, the calculation for
the curve was made to obtain every chainage, IP, TS and ST coordinate. The final
coordinate are used to obtained the bearing and distance by calculating the
differences in coordinate from the traverse stations. Lastly, the chainage are pegs
according to the calculated values.
Finally, I would like to conclude that the survey and design work that has
been carried out was a success, with minimum obstacle, as the planning work was
conducted accordingly.
Page 55 of 60
BY: MOHD RIZALMAN BIN RASIDIN (2009201944)
AlhamdulillaH, a grateful thanks I wish to our Creator as He is the only who

can give us ideas and zest especially to complete this route surveying practical.
First of all, I would like to wish a big thankful to our lecturer Dr Rosmadi bin Ghazali
as his pleasant teaching in this subject and definitely we had completely finished
this practical route surveying and not forgotten to our group members in finishing
this practical work.
We have done the procedure work accordly. Starting with reconnaissance on

the first week, we identify the area before observations started. Every group is
assigned to a different area at Taman Tunku, Seberang Jaya, Penang. After that, we
carried out traversing works for establishing control points. The absolute values of
the corrected horizontal and vertical value were obtained using GPS observation.
These steps are very important for every surveying observation.
The second process of the practical works required for detailed survey at the
given area. The detail survey works were conducted by making observation from
stations on the traverse network frames, to the features on the site. The pickup
features on the site, are trees, drainage, river, building and others permanent
features and the ground level heighting.
After all the field work done, we downloaded and processed all the data in
total station to T-COM software. All the raw data were then imported to CDS
software and then transferred to Auto CAD. In Auto CAD, detail plan are made, by
based on the points extracted from the CDS software.
The details survey plans that were drawn are used to obtained the
topographic features on the site and then are used to design the curve. The curve
design were created using autocad based on the spec given. Then, then curve are
Page 56 of 60
calculated to obtained the final coordinate of every chainage and other required
features of the curve.
Finally, the curve is pegs on site, based on the coordinate calculated. The
differences of coordinate were transferred from the observed station to the
chainage.
BY: FAUZIAH BT ABDUL MALEK (2008401502)
Route survey includes the application of detailed survey, setting out and
circular curves. Details on the site were observed to identify the topography and
layout of the site. The observed details on the area are made to carry out detail
survey for the purpose of designing and planning for the road design and to produce
a detail drawing of the site. Setting out is the establishment of the marks and lines
to define the position and level of the elements for the construction work so that
works may proceed with reference to them. Setting out begins with the plan and
ends with the various elements of a particular engineering project correctly
positioned in the area. Mistakes in setting out can cause abortive work and delays
which leave personnel, machinery and plant idle, resulting in additional costs.
In this practical, we make traverse which required to established the control

network frame on the site and to obtained a roughly estimation of the site area.
After that, we use GPS observation on two stations on the traverse network to get
the coordinate of the station. Then, we peg chainages above traverse line and
transfer the coordinates by calculation. This operation should incorporate a
checking procedure. Work is not complete until it has been checked. We did the
coordinate checking between calculation and GPS observation and the checking
proved that our coordinate that we calculated are nearly accurate. The set back
bearing at back stations and open a long chord bearing with it distance for pegging
to make a spiral and circular curves. The circular that we peg should be align and
intersect with the other groups. We have checked the accuracy of IP point of our
group and others which are parallel with our circular, and the results is around 0.1
to 0.3.
Page 57 of 60
Finally after the field work were completed, we used CDS and AutoCAD to
process all data that taken, and produce cross section and detail plan.
BY: SITI NAIMAH BT NGISAH@NORMAN (2009687856 )

All praise to be ALLAH. Thanks to Dr Rosmadi Bin Ghazali for his guidance in this
fieldwork.
In this practical the main objective is to design a road based on horizontal
and vertical control point around the site area. Our site area is at Taman Tunku,
Seberang Jaya, Pulau Pinang.
At the first, traversing is done at the site area to get the horizontal control (x,
y) along route. The coordinate of the control point on the traverse are obtained from
GPS. Then, the detail at the site area are observed and recorded for the purpose of
designing the route and detail drawing. Besides that we are recorded all important
details think such as drain, tree, retaining wall, Culvert, Pipe line Ground Level.
Along traverse we are marked chainage every 5 meter intervals. The coordinate of
chainage (CH) can be obtained from the curve calculation.
Then, we used CDS software to process the data and plotting the plan using
AutoCAD. Besides, using CDS is easier to joint all details compared to AutoCAD
because we just need to key-in all the data and then process but in AutoCAD we
have to key-in the data one by one and joint the details which is much more
complicated. After all measurement, calculation and plotting are completed; we
marked the chainage(CH), TS,ST and IP according to calculated values.
Page 58 of 60
Finally, this task is very challenging but we all co-operated to complete it. I
conclude that this task had been conducted successfully and all group members
gave the good commitment. I hope our lecturer satisfy with our job. Thank you.
BY: MUHAMMAD RUZAINI BIN MOHAMMAD FADZIL (2009837016)
i. Alhamdulillah for the completion of the job. Route surveying is about a survey
which conducted to design and setting out a road alignment and some would
take consider curves.
ii. And this route surveying is mainly comprised of details survey and alignment
survey, which the later details plan produced, would give an idea which
terrain is suitable to design a road.
iii. Basically the site is mainly a flat and undulating area although some part of it
is waterway, river and permanent features.
iv. The control for the survey job is based on an assumed value of x, y and
assumed reduced level of z.
v. The details are observed using a radiation method using total station and
later would be processed and generated using CDS software. And the final
output is a detail and topographical plan which was edited using AutoCAD
2007.
vi. The area covered is about 10000 meter square with an offset for the both
side 20 meters.
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vii. Once finished the part of detailing and the proposed location for the road is
determined, we are required to design a road which concerned about a spiral
and circular curves.
viii.A calculation has been made according to the given specification and once
the coordinate of chainage is computed, the setting out for the chainage is
started.
ix. The setting out is being carried out from the nearby traverse station and as a
result is pegging mark on the ground according to the computed coordinate.
x. Lastly many thankful for Assoc. Prof Dr. Rosmadi Ghazali for supervising and
fellow group members for the helping hands to finish this task.
Page 60 of 60

SUG596 - Field Scheme II (Engineering Survey)

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SUG 596 - FIELD SCHEME II (ENGINEERING SURVEY) 2010

Besides that, I would like to thanks to my group, who cooperate

2.0 FIELDWORK DIARY

20 NOVEMBER • Travel to UiTM Shah Alam to UiTM Pulau Pinang.

21 NOVEMBER • Dr Rosmadi Ghazali gave explanation about our

22 NOVEMBER • Traversing around the dining hall at Kristal College,

24 NOVEMBER • Reconnaissance site of surveying for Task 2, Road

25 NOVEMBER • Continue deformation survey for station 9 and 10.

26 NOVEMBER • Deformation survey was done again by using

27 NOVEMBER • Traversing at the route survey area at Taman

28 NOVEMBER • Start route survey.

29 NOVEMBER • Discussion on route design

30 NOVEMBER • Designing route

1 DISEMBER • Designing route

2 DISEMBER • Our group conducts the setting out to peg the

3 DISEMBER • We conducted the surveying to peg the picket for

4 DISEMBER • We completed our Report.

Two peg test:

As in other survey work it is a compulsory to carry out checking towards

Differential field test:

Two peg test and differential field test:

Total station is the most important instrument in survey

Prism used as a target to measure distances. Prism is

Tripod is used to place the total station and prism on top

Tape will used to measure the distance from one station

Field Book is used for recording observation data during

Length of Nail is not less 55mm and centre with lines

Staf is used to give height of the ground. It is used with

Automatic Level is used to observe the height of the

Two peg test:

3. Do comparison between 2 set of readings and the collimating should within

Differential field test:

1. Stand the total station in between 2 prism.

3. Next, stand prism on point B and move total station to point c

5. Compare both reading to determine the difference value

Two peg test:

(1.470m – 1.425m) – (1.390m -1.346m) = 0.001m

(1.131m – 1.130m) – (1.128m -1.129m) = 0.002m

(1.447m – 1.455m) – (1.387m -1.386m) = 0.001m

Differential field test:

Two peg test:

Based on our observation it can be shown that our instrument is in a good

Differential field test:

• Landslide, Volcanoes Slopes and Earthquake area

• To determine the suitable place to locate the deformation station and

4.5.2 3D Perimeter Survey

4.5.3 3D Building Deformation Survey

Diagram: The location of target points

Diagram: How the monitoring of the target points took place

• The adjustment firstly done to the whole traverse network based on a

The adjustment runs successfully

The adjusted network is plotted

4.7 DISCUSSIONS AND ANALYSIS

4.7.1 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Main

Adjustment Statistical Summary

Observation Count Sum Squares Error

The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level Passed

6. The Sum Squares of “StdRes” means each Standardized Residual which is

4.7.2 Analysis of Adjustment Output (Building

Adjustment Statistical Summary

Observation Count Sum Squares Error

Warning: The Chi-Square Test at 5.00% Level

1. The 3D network consists of 18 stations. And 3

4. The redundant observation or also known as degree of freedom is defined