MI'RiAM CQRONEl

CIVIL SOCIETY MAKING CIVIL SOCIETY

FEAR ER,
,EDlioR

A Pl!~LICATIO·t.I OF

THE

THIRD

WORLD

STUDIES CENTER

iJN D~R TH E 10iNT

AUS·,lrc ES Q F

n!E SOCiAL
1\,Mo

$aENC~S AND

P!-IILOSOPI-IY RE~EARCH r-OUNDA"nON

THE li'NJTW STATES AG ENC'f FOr.: !t<JTERNAJIO'NAL [) i~V£LOPMENT

DEM:::JCAACY AC~NDJ'i VOL 3 CIVil $OClElY MAKINC CIVil SOCIETY

PHll.il'F'IINlE

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1997

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N'[iCH;!O R,EIlA1101HS IN CO'OPil!.RA:T1101f:·IBUdLO!N(I

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OF

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A CASf STUDY OF THE.IIIG05

MA., HRIESA RAMOS M'Et.Gllfl 149 ABANlrE. A"1f'l'iA5" ARAJi!lTIE:

PAr'fEIlNS

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fw 'II DL 'IIfMf~r

1NCONTOOmrwiY SOCIAL Issue;;

KARl. M. GA5~AR 171 p"~UPP!N[ IFEMI"'~ST iPOl..m.cs DJ5tmiTY IN Div£R:SfTt?

ANTOINElT( 1,111 1 RJl.QlJJ1A MAHuNe; O~ ClVDI. SOCI,En"

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205

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221

PROFIT

AND SOCIAL CONSCIOUSNESS

IN THE IBuS~NI'::SSSlfCTO'!'t
!SA{;II,NI, Dt. CI,$TRO, ;Z43 M'E[UA SHEILA 2'59

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RESPONSIBILITY

AND THE POlHICS AND

BUSINEsS Of MEOlA OWNERSHIP.

S.

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POUT,ICA( PAJl1'Y AND COMMUNITY GRI1lJP

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01' NA~ltS: A MON'C; Pc I.ITICAl B'LOCS I N THE Fo R.MATlO NOF A Po LIT' CAL PARTY CA1~MEL./\ AMO
AllST!l'ACTS
]NTER-ETItINIC RUATIONS IN f!!,

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RELATIONS' AND

T~IELA

EU,G,I.\L TR,IElAL AS:50CIATIO~,

RIC;;N~ l,iSUES IN COLOM81Q"

INC. ANO LANO SULTAN KUD)!i,iRAT

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DIRf;:cfORY

IINDEX

MIRIAM

II:OR'ONEl
--

fERRIER

The Ph II i pptnes Is ll5l..dally d,esocribed as a :suong c lvll SOCilHY Wpe, In COII'triHH ro otl,er countrles wh re i'110n s,tall! moblliza,tio,m and orqanlzarlo r1 S j e underdeveleped and/or' co rnro~~erJby nu stare, Thou~olfld5 of vel unrar y org'~I1~z~HJCJ ns adcJ ressi fig Vii rleu 5 co ncer ns dOl th C,olul'lrry's, oclo,poluical lands, tile. Ar;CQf ilil11.J to the Department of Inter~oj and L'CI(ad Gov~rnmenl, Phlllpplne r10n'90v rnment organ lzattc ns (NCOs) ~nd p'F!oplle's or,gal1lz,iuiOlU, 'flOs) nu rr~ber 114,398. I

Much of the credit for thil5 posl1'ive characteriz a no n 0 f Ph i 1,1 pprne 50C:i~[y ~Ioas 'to '[he polUJcal, ilnd soctal movement's that have been burlt and nurtured by the polltkiz.ed sectors of sccietv til rouqhout [he decades. Tnese "left-o f-cerHe r'; sectors have bsen .I nstrumental U'I, bundlng NGOs and !'lOs• .115 we.11as .;tt~emllt iVill polltlcal and social develepmem aqencies which.; re acnve Interlocutors of the stare <Inc! ge nerarors of social welfare. rrl additto n, nan-state
gio\Js tnstttuttcns

tnstttuttons s uch OIS [he media. IhE academe JrIU relthave rnanifested a capacity tQI rnalnrarn autonomy from the state.
with nine clal rn as.w~II" A mas48.1 I 2 school's, schools: 2. ~%, 10 percent wer~

Thera areal most 30 neWSp.lpl!f:S published 11'11 Metro M,iUlfla alone. Ti'1I9 a.tional circulatiun. Major C:oiI::iES have ~evetalloca.1 newspapers n sive srhool sY~'l'~mspre.ads our to allreqrons, ln 1996, there wera Of 'these t{)taL 73 percent were elernentarv schccls: T2%. secondary technlcal/voeattenal Instltutlons: and 2%. tertiary schocls. About prlvatelv owned, willie appmxlma.[e;iyS,4% were run by gavemmer~t

The majority reliqicn in the PhlUppine.5 is Ca;tMolic;sm (83%). The CaUlO lit Ch urcb has 8.2 diocese'S nationwIde, a.nd ;iii total of 11~ institutes of cons ec rated Ii're, picu s unions and lay associanorrs for men and !,·mmen_·PrOlestaol'S and members of other Christian denominations, indud]ng two rHipill'l!o indigenous churc hes, make IUp about 11%. TwerBty'pen::~llt of I(il~ populatton tn Mindanao, on tlfte other hand, are MU5] lims. Muslims make up 4.6% of he population nationwrde:

Although at tl rnes enru mhered by vested ernncrnk Interests and/or comervauve outlooks. lime and aQ'aiil; these non-state lnstitutiuns have demonstrated their potentlal as independent power centers and ag'ems 'of change.
Fi'Iipmos are scattered In I. ~40 mu mcipallues, 65 CItand., l.9S0 b<l'r'ii.l!'1gdY~': M05,~ 0" th,e:;e bar .... ngays .1f1!! fish 1,119 and farmh1g villages, the. latter found tl1 both Ilowiand and higtlliLl1d. Wi'th t heir ow n Meanwhile; 70 milhon

ies 77 provlnces
I

local hmguages.

customs, iradtuons.

dvje g(OU,PS,sactoral ofg<lfliuhoru,

religlOIJS

PHllIPP'IINE 'DEMOCII;A'CY ACE.NDA C vU So tc!i!1,Y "'"ik ifI'l Ci itoIl·1 )0(: I'et,v

:z
i nstltutlons,

!II

MliRI.A.M CORONEL

FERRIER

respectjve

spheres of b.elO"nginglles-s

bust ness firms, and neignborhood assoctauons, and lnteractlon.

they gellerat-@

the lr

The changed legal framework and deCeritefed political power of the post-Marcos period have provldsd the enhanced context for the strengthening of the d rfferent actors that make up civil soc iely. To their cred it, many of th~s.e actors respo nded N the challenqe serlousjv and have taken go'od advantage of the opened spaces, even creatlnq so me where there were none. Witness··the post-Marcos growth of social move me nt san d alternatt 'I/. e ce nte rs, til e. press, a rid ~he basi c 'fre~ (1'0 rns (1.0 ive I y ass.erfed by com rnu nlues, SdIOOJS, arid reliqicus i nstltutions.
In this sense, ..one CiJ,1l savthat Phinppiine cfvllsccletv forward the democratlzation project.
Dernocrattzatlon, however; has: notalways has cumulanvetv

Pl!shed

been smooth salllnq, Insidious at-

tempts by sections of the state tnstl utions who prefer to contain ths enlargement. of other power bases have time and ag~;ill u pset the project;
ill its own ranks.

The obstacies to" this forward movement are not only external. Fractic us ness arid fan ure to respond to eva Iving need 5 are Unfo rtu nate realltles
effarts with i n, and
in many

tlh-.alhave. weaketlecl.;Qr derarled civl I societv's democrattzatton vts-a-vis, the state. .

ways, as 'to:
•

To b,eg) n, the 9 rou ps that maka up civl I soctetvdnfer

fro-rr~ eachother

Nature of Organiztlti.on - function or role: may be :;ervice·-.ori~nted, for advocacy, re-}Glar<;.hor tra' ning: mav be Ideological or' .politicall, org.anh: (community~! or pl'ldtgeJ1ou S or tradlticnal (clan.. tFibe)~ or b~ based 011 nature of
CO~lP.QSi~tJion1 (e.{I., sectors. clas s es ,

ethnic;

gn:>tJp. gC!ldGlr)_

'. ,

"

Orga'l1iZatfol1:a1 leve! -:o~rga.llizati,ol1al rnembershfp may be. as ~l1Iclivlduais Qr groups; and scope of operatlon arid/or mcmbershlp may be at 'lh,e most baslc terrttorial l.Ini~ (e.g., neighborhood) or national and international.
Orgal'lizaHonal orig'rn - mav be: ini.tiated bV {lovernment, lntere.st groups, particular imtIWtidns"(lll.:lsib'i~SS, church .... cademe) or by lrrdtvldusls.

"

or

Perspectives/ldeologv - Cip~ratiof1al frarrH~\. orks may .r 0'1 gy,. phi,lo~oflhy, rl1!ligion, Of culture, 0

~C:

defined

by some. ide-

slons:

Diffe.rences, .suc h as. these do not c reate tens ions. or confl lets pe r se but thsv defi ne the frames mwh lch various civil ~ucie'ry 'a,CtQH operate ..IIn so dol ng, compternentat ion an din (ang ruenca, and irue rsecn ng., pa ral Ie lor op po site movernen ts o.CC!)~! lead i ng ~n kevln stances to sharp conflicts or breed j,ng low-level; but un settledten-

U neven developme ety ,agents.

tlI~

ani'lJi'19 at:l-d w~thqn sectors, d iff@:fing type's and slzes 'of

resou rces at rhel r dlsposal, competltlc nfor the·1ame. resources. and varvl ~g orqamzatlonal natures and capabilWes have ..llkewlse delimited the impact of civir! sociFor i nstance, NCO!; far outnumber PO's:.and miQSXNGOs areconcentratsd in urban centers. A.. survey of l02 peace orgal1iz.a:tiorls found that a huge chunk is based in MetrlO ManUa, and POs· number 300 percent than f.fGOs."Thiis trend shows 'that there is a dearth of ccnsolldated grass. roots orqanlzatto 11Sm} the whole, and both change-agents and .servlce-provlders ill the rural areas remain scant.

less

These types or unevenness are also m.wif@stedin tile tmernancnal NGO 'terrain. IfHl'1j i ring on perceptions of NCOs; the 199S, Benchrnark 5 urvev of NGOs feu nd respondents felt restricted by factors [Ike. the. presence of la.rger NGOs. the LlS@ of tih@ ,EnQ'ffsh lar)guage, Northern NGOs., accredited NGOs, wh ita-run NCOs, and maleFurl

NCOs. ~

Th@ explcrationof flew terrain and modes has also caused QrganJzationa.1' crises not pres@nt before when the old terms and ways were IIi place and unqnesHoned, The new situation has necessttated a review of 0 utlook, te:rm~ of 8.1t'lgage· ment vis-a-vis each other and the state, and even a remvenuon of goais and program:; as new Riches fg r active i nrerventlon are created and el1l·~rged. In s uch undertakmqs, old ldaas contend withthe new, Confuslon and uncarra] nty have made new undenakirlg.s seem to b€ more risky, and commitments have wavered. This, volume ~:HICivil Soclerv Maki'ng Civil Socie'W explores 'he Qvn0mkS withl n ssctjons of civi I 50de.~y. It examines the different areas that have caused re h 5 ions. or confttcrs: factors or developments, that have helpe,d resolve these tenslo ns: and mechams rns that are be.ing put ~ri plare or may be necessary to cOl1s,trw::t'ivety reo solve co nfltcts or free up areas of.tenslon among clvl I socletv 9 rou fJ5. It identifies the major tasks. ahead that requ~re consciou s actlon on the part of c lvtl society to ensure the dynamism, solidarity and integrity of its parts. by philippine civill society aJ'e well recognized. But hi process, it must constantlv examine nself, find ereatlve ways and means of handl ing differences, .andaddr@ss its weaknesses and strengths, By do.ing 50, it is bel leved that dyij socletv can realliy become-the foundatlon of and a'potenr force for demcc ratlzatlon, The big strides analned pursuing the democrattaatlon

TemiiQn Are,ost in Intra ..Civii Sodety Relutions

Cornmlssloned synoptic papers for the co nference on Civil SOCiety Making Civil Society definedthe elements of ciVil soctetv (l:n'i''1NA)'~ examlnsa the NCO sector, its range of acto rsand dvnarnlcs With other sectors (OAVID); and reviewed the Phil i Ppine experience 'in cornrnunitvorgarrial n-g and cu rrent rethlnkl ng (rRANGSCO), Two case, studies were also ccmmisstoned fore:.l:ch of the ~jglht wmh:;hops.o.rr PO:;, NGOs, rnedia, r~Hg lous 1nstltutlons and the academe, women/gender, eth nic cornmUinit~es,. p61tttcal parties, and busl ness. The 'cases loo~e'd at '~h@: dynamics withi tu the sector atlid tri relanon 'to othersvas manifestedl ns peetflc events orl ssues, Invlted partkjpants discussed these papers and contributed instqlrts based on thei r own experiences arid perspectives, The varying subcontexts
sity of identified

ever, stmllarlnes of conftkts and

~

and nature of panicipants would explain the diverareas of tensions and conflicts manifested in each sector Howthat cut across each sector allow us to id~ntify the general sources tenslo ns that arise in lntra-clvil society tnteractlon.
into the [o Ilowing;

Tension areas have been organized

Uflev.e/1 power relatiol1$ ~ malnstream \15. peri phery: eccncrn ell ltu!'al In e q uJ Hes ,: organ ita;tQonal hie rare hi e s:

lc, ge:Jilcle:r ,an.d

M!RIA'"

CQRONEl ,FERRER

II

Differences in perspectives, ~tla.ly$is and ,approaches - polltkal and ideological de;wag.ec~;f;onfllding ,9Qnder and class per~pec;lives; d~S(fplihal alflJ cultural : divergences: diff~fing oirgal1iz~,t~on 5U'ategiQs: and Conflkave org<1niitjjt.iorl prEH;tict;!s - sectarian h~:ndem;les;lack of fin;;:mclal trans' pare [iCY, acces s·an d HIst~'lllabi II t y; lack, of :!:alpabWty an d driffi ell !ty ln balant; i I' g concerns: and per50nalltv conflicts. .

Uneven Power R~illtions,

.arlsl n9 from di'ffererlt advantages in resources .. ·te<;;'ht'licalj¢now-ho\'II, in fluence, etc. These. uneven power relations can be fo unci wi1;h i n 01" l'.etween·gro ups 1n civil sectWithin civil ~oClety,'thete are 'hiera;JetiJiiisand uneven

0 i strtbutlon

of

PO'WEH

I'!W·

Mainstream

vs,

Periphery

FnrInstance, business, rei lqlcus lnstltutlons, the media: and academe have hug,e rescurces behind them. compared to NGOs1 POs and small cornrnunities. They have lie,giti mate" well-deflned roles in our 5oci@.ty- economic, spiritual. provide r of infQrmation,j3,nQ r;eprod ucer of k.l'kowh~dge.They have. influence and have wielded it actordii'lgllY. In contrast, N(;Os, POs.an.d local communities are still in {he process of establishiltg thetr teqltlrnacv and bu Iiding .thei r respectlve 'stren.91ns as power
centers. ill their own right. Constitutionatlv, there are no ob'uacl~> their growth - in fact, the constitution and laws like the Local Cevernment Code:' provide fo [' their empowerment, 13uttney are latecomers in the development of P:I, iIlpplne socletv, They are the counter-elite, 'So to speak, and remain at.the edqes pf the polttical and economlc rnarnstrearn. Bi~lSt!_~ and mutua' suspicion exist between the lWO ;gwup~. Thus, there are less interactions between (he .two than Within (Hie camp. For example. businessfunded foundations are eornfortable working with rei ig lous orgiln~zations but have yet to fe,el comfortable belnq partners with NGOs, especlallythe more radical ones', NGOs, 0011 th,~ other hand, complain how business lou ndatlons an~ dlveTttng support from ftHld i'ng ag,enc~es to lhei(coffers when th,ey alre~dy have the advantage of corporate barklnn, (D~ CASTRO) NGOs .and media also feel alienated from each ether; the. former tend'S to IJetceive media as pMt of the establls hment: and the latter se.@s the otiler as mouthpieces of ideological forces. ·(ClJiAI.,j,

to

Between NCOs, and POSt' the relationship. lsalso generaJly uneven, since: the NCOs, as lhe servke-providers to the paS. hold the resources. This beholden relatlcnshrp between the two hRSh1 mal1Y instancescreated a pO dependency on the NCO, andan NCQ tendency to dkrare II~s prog rams and models 0 n POs.
"Center-perlpberv" relarlons are also sources of confllcrs, usually marl ifes.ted between M~troQManila·hased partners or head offices and '{heir reg,i(lfi,al counterparts. Regional partners. or branches feel that their autonomy ils. unde rmlned by narlonal policies. set at the capital regia n, or thel r efforts overshadowsd by those the national pol lttcal center,

in

Reg,ions, prcvtnces-and

local communities

far from the Nalional

Capital Re-

gion have deep-seated, resentment

of the

I.J neven

eccnornlc deve loprnent that has

been perpetuated through·Qui the decad·e.s of natIon·bullding. It ts not ~urpd5.in9 tint thls perceived "Manila co·h).II1Ii!.II~~m·· engle.nd'ered regfonal lstk, eth no-nahas

nonahsuc or lccahsr responses.

Econ,om!~c,Gend'2.r
EHmic minority

IClll'ld

CY'U;,uf,af /n,e'C/f:litie.5

Economic advantaqes of O.rM: gmup over another is alsoa so urce 0 f c.orQfjk~, groups., fO'f instance. feel they cannot extricate themselves from eroncmlc dependency on malorlty Q,mup.s. ~'nthe same way, W~.d~ UnIQII,s < re nV(,r· nowered by tile more comolid.<li1ed find I'll hly iflflue.l1tial employers' federa'I'jons

and business clubs, are also Ulrle",en rel.ii,~~ons betw@, U1 50 xes, II, H~ I;! Ilgio U5 and specia:11 privileges ,enjoyed by male priests, pastors. and other re~jglou.!i I O'irdersare d ep~y' irlgraln,ed Iinstf utlcrral nracuces, So too in 1110stsectors, lnr l !.IcJr'l'9 I ndlglef10us CO'mrT'iI.H1UifS. Males .have tendedto dorm r'I,ue le.adllrship posi~~orl$and decision· aking. for I[nstane", r spe ted mal @I'ders omprise ~he tribal councils. In the CDrdill~fia. ,~) fII'lus. g.~nder cOl'1f1iiCts have ~mNg ed, esrecL lIy with more women ilHel1li'lg then IIIghu.
lIHHt;! i!'l51[W'liO,I'lS, 'I h! dominance

With tl'l sectors,

Oppression hit!' also ben felt in che matter of I. Inguage used, POs. for instance, have felt allel1i1u,edby dUto urse rn a f,oreign: language fE.r'lglish 0 r even 1:111· pine). The impos ltlen err ideologies, pGhde5. Ilaws. and practices alten to Indigenous group~ ba.ve also been cit@d as sourCe', of conlf1k:L The leM visibi!i'IY of ind~genous gr,oups. won~ell'1•.!ill1d (tie poor ill multi-sectoral fora also reflects '[he uneven powe,if' rela:Uons. When a slo~ is given to this sector ill rnanaqement or leadership DoSitk'lliIs. 111'[ uS!li.dl'y eonstrued as tekerusm, due to is the gross unevenness of lheu,r actual partie) pattc n In deculen-rnakmq,

Organ.izationGd Hie,m~l;hies
found and may eve ry he me organizaltional SUIJUUIFe. as jn the cases of the. relig,ioCJsand corporate. sectors, and the academe as weJl. Medi!Qj.o 'mer'S. eve n those who do not Irile rfere ill the d.,w·to~dayeditorial operations, bavethe final say in the end as to What ·goes. 'to

Wit,hln a sector. hle~<life ica:! re~a~won!iare aha h

norm tn rhe

prim or on air. Most NCOs and PUs rrvtc combine. their dernccratlr vislcn wlth more equ ltable practtces within 'the orgali1iu(io F1 but thrs has not alwavs been ~cl1ieved, 111 all cases, tensions naveartsen between leadershl p!rri<1nage rnent arid members,

Poliric(JIJ 0 nd i de ol:ogiced D.f~ergerlce$

Conflicts abound when there ils dlsagl,neement
over how to vtew ce rtam events.

or rhe s,'ual1d rake on OJ. cerr a rn policy question. But more [han j u st dis] L~I'1ICtLI res 011 to an lssua-to-lssue billsis.n the c:1~atvag,esalollg lideoilc>gk;al or political' lines. Th@ so' caUed lJolilie.a! blocs - the natiof1al democrats (Spill .. lso UUo seve ra~ 9 rou pings}, popular democrats, democfi:u:h: scctaluts, and sectallsts In the Phlllpplne setting have tfu'!ir respectlve ideolog~cil.j mOQlring!s.. pr,ogrOl.ms. prtenues, traditiorlS • .slll;cul

6 .~ M.IRIAM ..

COROIN.El. fERRER

UJ res, and orqantzauonal the Phillppine Left"

rretworks

eV121n

though colle<:tivelv .th@y form the ranks of

Two of the major q uestlons that have dtvided the Left are on the' terms o·f el1gagemel111 with the state: and the espousal of armed strug9 te as <llegitim.Jleand valid option under the present circumstances.
On

to a dornestlcatron of the power relations between tJH~ state and civil 50dety. It is feared that the culture pf reslstance and confrontation that characterized the relations with 'the marnal law r~gime has wa.ned. Critical collaboration with thestate has 'its advantaqes but some believe it has also PUI. NGQs, POs and other non-stale groups. on the brin k of Woo p.tatiO'll. Some. have also fel!l that they are wasting. the i F time in this type of effort. For example, the vario us national summits orga.nized by the. state were wid~;+1"attended by NG.Os and buslness gTou ps but concrete resu Its rernaln wanting . . On the ether hand the vi ntage 19 70s confrontational mode is no long,er felr effectlvs by others. "Expose atld oppose" mass actrons 'are. f~.!t too stereotypical and no 10rlgell able to ge nerare mass su ppcrt and lnterest,
I

the. one hand there ~s; ariness that the less co nfrontatlonal w
I

mode

has led

have drawn lmes :tmong the members of the PhHippil'1e le.ft. as rnanifestedin the. segregated ftlll Ies thar have-characterized post-Marcos mass rnoblllzatic ns. U nderneath the physical se<gr~gati(m are UtE!bigger d.iffererli:;es- in kl~ology laboratlon

These tnals ;;tnd errors

to

find '\. good balance between opposltlo n and co 1-

and swn·eg les,

The merits of pohncal neqotlatlons between rtie state and ~rmed in5(Jrg~nt gmups like the Communist Party of the Phlllnpines-New Peeples I~rmy, the ~Aoro.
Natinlial Ub~ratjOr'l From and other Ml.IsUm rebel 9 F'O!) PS.,and the military rebels

have a.150 divided the. ranks ofths left. Su ppo rt for or against thL! peace process and its mechanics have ralsedto the fore: the issue of espousal of non-violence OJ
armed strug9l1:e among NGOs and PO>;.The divlslveness
g~,e~Hredfrom U~e early break CO D E- NCO. (s~ e. DAVID)

'Of Some

of th i 5 matter (an also be NGOs· from the broad NCO .network, the

WhetfH~r clvl] s'ixiety groups should dlrectiY~i19.age in electoral politics by' fielding candidates is: abo a source of unresolved tension. The curremde-ernphasts on the state and 9 mater i rnporrance put 0.11 i riiHatives of non-state no F1-POhticad party movements seem to b~ a (0 urrter-th rust 'to the realrzancn, on the other nand,
I

of the partlamentarv
rnobtuzattcn-tvpe

arena as eq uallv crucial as theextra-parllamentarv,

street

of polltJc..;dinvolve rnenr i n the 1 9 70~.and fatly 1980s when elections. were boycoued or considered a minor arena of interventton.

the: years,

varlou s mcoes of coal itions and joi or projects over a min i mal basis of 'IJ nit.)" - for Instance o' anti-Marcos, agaJns:r [OUPS and ris"ing all prkas, etc. Swot d~ffererilCe5 in frameworks and plio rttles ~.tJIIgd
i.J

The L~ft has establtshed

sualtv

Ott

ih the' w~y everv nOW .and then, as Shewn by the recent experle nee in or-ganlzi ng the parall~1 NCO (orulm em the. 1996 Asia Ptlicific Ecnnom lc Cou neil (APEC) Summ it held in Mani~a, and the dfffitult.ie$el!cfH ..ntered i til forming.;J. Left pol ltlcal partv, i

Genderqnd Clan Perspectives

Fe:minists €!:s.pou.s! a stand 0 n reproducUve.nig hts unacceptable to the values held clear by the pro Iife groups bac ked by the offfci·aJ chu rches, Other issues on 5exu·aHty have aiso divided civi I '~CH;:iew, with d lvislons founded 0 n al I p~anesr@~lgio!Js moral r
i

po Ilttcal.xultural

Sex.~.smf,s prevalent en all fronts so much $0 thatfemit1i~n, and gays have to "always, be on guar() , w;!dch il19 civerthe press, to'rporate establ i-somems and .servlce 'institu'Uons as w'ld~!for such lra,c~s. . ' FiQsitioll ing based on class or sectoral Interestsalso draw corllernious q i"vi:ding Iiit1J~s.BuSil1less groups .Me uf..tlally 'opposed to wafk.:~r:s' demand sfo r wage in-

creases. Wi~hir! the ac·a:deme; teachers' tnteeests mav run counter to,a:clrl~in lstrarcrs,
d/I(jd

so orr.

Di;:iciplina.1 and Cultural

Diverg~nt politlsal erlentations are
not

D;vergence.1i

steeped hi service .ortentanonandsocj al consctousness o,rlen firld the profit· ertentedness of business ~~;rec~,)'nCi lable with theirs. Media's rf~'ws Qri~r-Ir<ltioli ~5 axasperatUigw grot.! Q& wa rkihg CHI! :Ia,ng"term processes. of seclal ,dn'i.nge arrdwhe, 'thus l1ard~yg'et'"to se.e their" work or id,eas: in the.popu I<;IF pres_\, The stress Q n tlre gi@lit;iflc methodor logical 'thinki ng .ef ;tcaq'eme can be' at 9'dds.·w~~ili ml igram: tile grQup~'tMoklg.k.;t1 C1rbublka~vi~w. Cultures and wbcult:ure:s whicJl affer.t hovy people act drld trILl nlk <ire another set of sources Oft~fLS.iOTI tn pers p~ctiV'~'5 and world vlews. Majority c ulrures haveImpcsedtherrtselves ~h,minorrtles tlh rouqh laws and (01'1cepts-al len to the 1.;l;U.er~ orld views, Hlstorlcal prej'l:Jdice amoog groupsi5 difficult w toerase -for lirn,sttlr:'ice, the biase's. held by M us I i ms and CI1rij;.Hans against each ether, Arne n9 trihcts and ethnic grou ps; there arealso biases. and nmfficting val ue svstems. Antl-Intellectualisrn tan <1~s·(J found, lnc luaingan'iDnlJ1 some of-the more b@ ra2Hcai aecrlons of civil £Ocitty." The academeis vue~veri<lS1pO ld~tadled from the rest of society.Q:n t~le other harrd, ,ivil $ocfety' grQU ps resentbei ng made objeC:B .of 'study by academe, and yie\v the acadern icapproach asl nappro prtate to' their mnre practical ~ctn~er(J~., ' Busirie.ss, NCOs, medla, etc" have the! r ownsubcu ltures wf iell rhe omers may not U nderstand, ~eZlding to mlsurrderstand ing ·and hostll ity. Mp.di.,,~pprQacl).e5 to news ccveraqe. for In stance. re main trad itlonal, They' focus 0.1'1 p~golila.lith1!'5 -and events, rather.than processes and pers pecnves of the more mar9~r;liaIJ?:edSen01'3. Others fee-I that th ios ~.pproa:ch is no 10 r1ger adequate W deal with the more com plex issues oif the ti mas, and the. mere qradual processes:ta:king shace U nder a: normalized pollit~cai s~Wat·ior'il.,· . .

the' 0. nIy sources of terrsion,

S'enOirs"

Organ ("otio-no!

Strategies

A review of Commu rrity orga;f'liz.ing (CO) fo r the I~S[ four decades hasnlso raAs-ed new issues ~n the' I iight of dOr'rles.ht and tnternatto na,l chan:g:e5. M'aJor q U_tStlons cot'ifrQlHingC;Os are: IlQW to ach ieve al)aJ-tlnc~d har'lCUil'lg of local <.!Ild natio r)<l~ iss-ues, arrd secto red and <;:.olll,n'l!u,n~ty·w~deissues: how to link, local. naticnal and globzlA movements; how to combine d iiferent CO approaches: the soundness of usrng economic projects as CO@:r:1try points; hewto sustain CO programs; ~10W
commu t'Iity organ lzers are-to phase out or pull our from the con~mJ:JI'1'ity: and ~he:

ii

MIR,I~MCO'RONEl FERRER

mosr viab'le scale of development, (FR1l..NCISf.O) Among cooperaitve workers, fJiver· gem strateqles being raised include forming cooperatives out of exi~ting POs, or form i rig cocperauvesasa consotldated, comprehensrve type of PO themselves, (VILlJINllEVA) Others have: i::u~.gl;J'hpi.&cil1g a. big weight an ensuring profitability and vlability of cooperatives as an econo mic li rlit,.al1d not merely 0 n the service aspect. These issues belnq raised nave created debates, Deh,lenrding 0 n how they are resolved or tested i n the Held·, they can cut at dH'!. id:eologi(<l1 premises and strategies that gUhded past CO and cooperative work.

Since' perspectives

these. typ~s of d:ifferenc~$ have been q uiteac rtmonious and persistent, revf'.aHng <I fragile unity amo n.gciVi I soc lerv actors on how tl{g~ abo ut the democratlzatio n precess, .or! the other hand" pi ural i$ rn 'i n pers pecttves
·and approaches :is.also.a hallmark ef a vibrant il.~d dynamic process,

perspectives

and methods,

and approaches defi

tu'~

structure's and structu res relnforce

Org em iZQ ti Dn a I Prdd ice's

Sectarian Tendencies
groups, not so much over programmatic (iiff@'reIKe's but over cornpetiuon for 'the same resources and promotion sectarian interests, has.damaged working relatlonshtps. Member5hip-ra"idihg; leadershtp squabbles, usurpation of projects and grants; and other underhanded actions have marred otherwise friendly relations. Pmtectionlstlt behavlor; underm~h'l.ir1g of other 9~'O'lJps, tU'rfi"ng, and bj~ling QlHi~S.tDO ns are other' irritants" lll-feellnqamonq

of

Branding of g.rol.1ps as p-art of an iaeolog,ical. bloc and stereotyping accordingly, has led to mis.understarldlngs and counterproductlve tmtlllV;'or.A problem also an So es w hen a g; ro up is. ide nt i.fi,!'! w irh r;Jon e bI 0 cev en 't Ivj.iLI hits rncm b en hi p Is d 9 l1on,-rdebiog teal. . Financial Transparency; Access CJnd Susfaifiabflity

tack (if transparency in fi nanLial matters and the abse nee gf establ ished financla] rnanaqement systems have c;reilh~d distrust within and betwee n 0 rgan lzatlo 11.5. Some POs, for instance, have relttney are bal ng used by NCO"> to. access funds. Cooperatives break apart because of all~ged ftnanttal misdemeanors of managems nt or plain mtsmanaqement, Corporate funds are r~lativeiv tmmu ne fro m ·the scrutrnv of rank-and-file, But if a wag~ issue orthe corporate futu re is (It stake, tack of'nnanciaJ trans paren cy becomes a co ntsrttiousissue. In sections of c!vilsod· etv that are ardentadvocates of democracy and aqC(iUnlability.! there i~ gre~ter
ej;:pect~tiQn from membership and partners for th~ leadershlp to practice what

they preach.
M@<lr!while:, the so-called Demow.I.Cy~Iustlceand
0r

Advocacy NCO's (.DJA,NGOs)

,,"'hJlaJ1t

are angered by the rise of fly-by-nig;hit.

pollticlan-backed

NCOs (MUNGO'S')

which they feel destroy the. name. o'f NCO!). (DAVIB) MUNCOs opesate 011 the basts of patronage re~eiiied from political vested lnterests, and are rnors money-making enterprises than servlcs-orlented acuvlsts .. III the. same way, fly-by·nig h~ scnools. rackets .ln the guise 0,' reliqlo LIS or charnable ventu res, h igh~V sensational tabloids and broadcast proqrarns .. "enveloprnental" jou mal ism, and corru P'~business prac-

tices destroy the iutegr.ity oftfu;:ir weli-meanil1g_:col'llEagues and create irritants within

and across secto rs.

I f1, another l~gMt; DJANC;Os resenrthe rreaito n of business-funded fo undations who turn 0 ut to be..com pHJtors in a(;CeSS i ng fundsfrornfu nding_ 'agenc ies ~ve n though thev are <[Iready w.eil-hmde-d· by thelrmother corpcrannn. (DAvrn, [lE (AS [Rd)

Asone rasestudv showed, agrarian reform b@neficf.arie~n~:k,irig av.era cornc rath:i n found they could get 110 5lJ pport from tile fermer owners and th.:aqh ev had to.led!frt the trade by themselves to retai n the b·~jsJne5fs vi21bfrily, {Rulz} Finally, new debates a.r~ bi;irlg engendered
susralnabtlitv

bvrhe

eratives, dabble in the stock III arket, se n sditiQ'r1alize the i r reports In order 1.0 increase sales, etc.r At 's'~ake in tM i S cie:b{lt,@ is their avowed non-profit reaso n 'for being 'and the. more prag rna tic concerns of s ustaf.ning 0 perarionsend il1cre<a.'}ing; the lncorne level 0 f their own members.

of nnn-prcfft sectors and lessen dependency on grants. Sho.uld they eng,~g~ in proflt-maki 1'19activities, ch(\rg.e rnarkertmerest rat!;':s·i n their ned it coop-

need to.

plot the 10ng"term

L6,ek of Capab.ility and Balancing Concerns

Other than fl rranclal manaqernent and sus'wJrrabi utv measures, tack of capab.iHtyin other aspects have also been sources of tensions withIn and between gml.lps. Among the prog ress lve NGOs, rhe need to be "red and exoert" has increasing Iy rJeen felt under the present situation of relative political stahl Iity. It is no 10 rltger enouahto know tile. structura' roots of-poverty and environmental degradation and to rage' agaili!j.l these: It ts now equally important to b~ equipped wrth engineefifl9 s,ki.ll~In bu~~din9 irrigation systems, f\Hifitial n~els,a~d othertechntcal and sctentirie knrow-how,. ft(ilqwirlg the ineptitude of tfl~ bureaucracy and local govern ment [·s one thiti9, bur one must also know th~ laws" the IntriCdte workings of the bureaucr'<leyand the civil service, a-nd the maze oHo1"mal and '[nformal practtce.s deterrntnin:g the qual ity off lora] gov~rnad1('.e'ifone: will ~LJ'r;ce.edn rrli~Y devolvi rig PQwe is. to i

local ee liters.

and evaluatlnq personnel, sktlls and-even academtc degrees have becpme asirnpcrnUH. tf not more i rnportant, 'than cornmltrne nt. Mecilani,g ms [ike 8; OO-IO-~:lW v..ork· · ing hours, SoUdy clocks, and ~ala,ry schemes based 0 n leng th .of se rvice and merit n
are becing irli-sHttned, aJong.side mandated benefits that used (0 be beyond the toncerns of cause-ortented groups wcrkl n.g surrepttttouslv ag<lin5t the di'qatof,

Crltlcal collaboratlon with the state req utres new skills and investment l rJ ti me and resources.tn new tvpes or activities, (e.g.1Iocalgo ..... ernment councils. tripartlte. sumrnlts, elections) that $0 me 9 rcups may hot yet have. rncreasingly, the non-proflr sector ls seeIng and wanti ng the advariracg@ of tile @fficiency and professionalis rn of the proflr sector: This realiz.atio n h as set new crlte rfa for staff refCfl1itnlP.llil .. In hirtng.

Wbile pr()fes.s.ional izatibn of development work'comribures to better irn pact, it has also run into the more ffee-flowing Ilfestvle o(~O(lalactlvi s In. Orh@f<; have
thus equated professiorrausrn with bureaucrattzstrcn .output was a.150 viewed as negatihg the importance 1iryir'lgw

ancl rareerlsm, The stresson of process,

'0

professionallsm and ssrvke nattonal and Ioca I focus - maygiv'\!! rlse to tens 10111;;': When these were not sorted out prop.erly \,ovithirl balance varied concerns between

rlentarton: between advocacy and basic organLzilTg; between

10

Iii

MUtlAM C01RONEL FERRER

the organization, problems arose" llsuaJly between gro;ups, 'these types of tensions have exacerbated
sectors for instance; relief and rehabilitation

sectartan tendencies.

staff and management,

Among

I,nadd ltlon .xurrent issues. tha;t I1t'!Ce.Ss it ate. actrve ,-e~poti5e

quake, volcaniceruption and lahar flow; typhoons and floods, as well, as economic issues 11 e peso de'Y'aluatlon and oil price Increase- tend to pull resou rces 0 ur of k the slow; 9 radlJal basic p-rganizing activities.

'Of

frorn ctvll .society d isaster areas fOllol;'IIingan earth-

The problem of balaru:;;in-g concerns is also present in the ranks of buslness (profit vs. servicel, media {event vs. process: p,ersonalJty vs. gro up), religiQusinsti· 'tutions (rnaurial vs. splrltua) concerns), academe Hnstitutiorial vs. societaJ j nterests),<lnd gender (distinctive women's gn)u p ~is. maln stre,an'ling of women in mixed groups).. For those ln the electoral fi@!ld, haW to balance the. alternative with the need t6 win within, the framework of the operative rules is, also a tension point. Personality COrflfti,Cts
In coal ition or joint undertaklnqs, other irritants due to dMfer~l'l,es in. styles of work arise and pe:rt~ived lack of ·qi mmitment 'Of the other 9 rou os. A patronlzt ng attitude, arreqance, s.exis,t remarks, lack of cred~bmtv, fOI'.ge·tfulness, or rneffidenc;y Gl.!1 ,s,eve-rely da'Fuage worki 1"1£1 relattons. Problems like these us ua.lly evolve into differences., say between readers and members Q r' amo rig leaders {!Ind members across 9 rol,1ps, Thev might not" be resolved even as-the: organ lzatlon tries, to address org ..!ulIiizatio!1<1.1handicaps, because they lnvo lve tll~ appreciation of one person by another,
personality

Fact,alrs Mitigot'ing Tendons within Civil Soe:ie'ty

New developments 21.'1$0 provide b~tter ccndlucnstor resolvfng these conmcts or avoid i 119 the lr occurrence. Be.low we dtscuss the facto rs that have helped mitiga.t.e tensions within civil soctetv and promote better workinq relations, points;

To the,il"credit. ,ivi l-soctetv.actors

have taken steps to add ress these tension

Changing Perspectives, More Openness

Across sectors, there irS today

as possible th rouQlh jo it1t ventures,

MQre indivlduals

.a greater 0 penness to wo rk with as m;MW gm ups or toat leJ,st cross pa'ths i t'I dlJ;l,og ues.

pnuanthropv and becoming

and 9 rou ps in business dr~le5 are moving away from me.f~ rnore seriously concerned with social and 'ecological croblems. Likewis,e;d'l@ less ;deo]o:gically purist and collaborative mode: 0 peratl rtg <l,!rllOl'ftg NGOs has madethem more open to working wlth buslness-supocrted NGOs 01' to Wi I'1g UD cooperative in itlatlves with business .groUiPS to enhance 1:he.irown capabilltv and market viabi Iity. Among media. pe-ople, thereis inc re'asil1g fami I iarity with 'the wo rki 095 and roles of NGOs and more ccnscic us attern pts to develo p.the

laner as SOI.H'c,e~ news .and info rmatlon, of

and of decentrallzatlon

The affirm'-'ltiotl a.fthe impoITanc.e of autcnornwrntemal

democratic

processes
poiitica.H;p·

Mavl'! h,elped.grQUps h~ndle naeional-reqicnal,

E~II'iliotil!ty Making

Civil Sode.ty

Ii

111

elal mass movement, and

fl'W

ltlsectoral-sectoral

virtues were aJI rec.ogrlti'ze,d previouslv

b~t not alw.;JiYspractlced .. aut pr@:cisely be·-

dynamics more effectivelv. These

cause of the IJitfalls experienced in the past as a resu It, NGOs and ideological forces, :SJe now mOirerorrsclous of ohservfrrq these values. It is. now widely recoqn ized that

the emphasis on big, s i nqle command centers among the res pecrive ideo logical!
pollttcal groups in the past discouraged i ndependent, alUto no mous acttonsand vented rhe flowering of independent centers of social and polltrcal activ.ity_ pre-

In thts manner; the devolunen process taking pla-.ce i n the state Is well co mplernented by the devotutio n taking place: in c;ivil society, and tile chang I ng pe rs peetives that s€@thts decenterl'r1g as a pref~m~d option rather than a dlsadvantaqe, Th is openness on many aspects may have been 'broug ht about by-a rethiil king pracE.ss and it natural outcome of past positive occasions of having worked togethe'r on sharedissues, espeejaJry i nvolvl n·g a cnsts situatto n. for instance! die mmllio,n 'front put up by i'l'ldlig~na"u~ qroups and the do mlrrant srsavan migrailt s.~t~lfl.r ommlJnftV. with the support ofthe tocal ch urch, aga:i nst d logging co rnpanv ( allowed them to transcend their lnter-ethn lc biases. (AC6AXA.-,oII) .

On the natlonai SC~r1e, tile dernocratized context has certainly e nge ndered a revf,ew Q'f perspectives .away from 'the trad~t1cmal statist, cQnfronratiol'lil,.1 strat~gy. Withfn sectors, there were: particular tnfluences that also hel peed bring about new perspectives. The changes introduced ill Vatica.n ,II, as affirmed bvthe Plenary Council of the PhHippi nes II, particularlvthe sh ift toward a be'tter appreclanon of other faith traditions amra pre-ferential option fo,r tile poe r; nave ~l@lp~ed rlnq about rno re b InteTrerig~crus dia.lo09 ues and ie.g lttmlzed the more radical i nvolvemeillt of religiiou$ people ill empow@filu9 the poor, Rea;dersh Ip feedback is also deemed an important lilirfl uence In open i ng Ulp r1ew~pap~rs to new approaches to news and broadercoveraqe 011 top of the.tradltlonal approaches and SO'U(c'€s of Flews, (COrtONa) Part of the open ness ro working tog.etl1er rs the reallzaaon that d lfferences will' remain and need trot be totallv erased before wo rki ng retationsh lps can be built, The recognltio n .of the reality of differe'nces has thu 5 m.:uj~ tr pos.slble to l'agree'W dlsagrse" and continue worl';,ing to,getner professtonallv.
At the same time, shared values are el'rlerg'ihg,'and pointing 'to high potential

areas Of cooperation. Environmental protection ~s one suctr eme rgin9 sheared value .amonq g_mu cs, It transcends class .and cultural dtvtstons slrrce it pertains to a co mmon ~err,itory; the planet earth. whose destruction affects ail, Re5 pect for pluralism 'shared values that enable peaceful coexistence
and tolerance (religiou$.., cultural, po Iltlcal, ideolop leal, sexual} are also eme-rgil1g

and cooperatrveendeavor,

These

shared values al'low areas for confluence even as disag reemenrs pe rsist and d lverge.lice.occurs I n other arenas. I El contrast, class-basad antaqon isms that defilleri social activism tn the pas"! are dr,mtL~~to reconcue by nature, .and l1av~ allcwed t fewer avenues for cocperatlon,

the actual crisscroSSing of rail ks of practitiorrers - fnjn"l NCO to bustness, NCO 'to academe, media to PO. academe to rnedla, and vice-versa - have allowed for qreater

Awareness ofthe significance

etthe othertn 'the democratization

prQC,eS5

and

rotes.

interfaces amcnq sectors, P·.ers,onaland hlst~tutiont'lli ll nlca'ges., trust and frjr,endshilP have also been built over tl me. among key individual s who could play raei litative

I 2:

Ii

M IRIA'M CORO'N ELF FR R ER

am rmed

MoreDver, actn at IIgains and SI,Jil.:LeS5,eS have c~a.ted fClnN3rd movementsand the we rlh; F1'I!SS of rile new endeavors. The :5'l1CC@SS of women 11"1 Kalinga in

puttlnq up Oil,Vcare CL!nters and addressing communltv Issues - even as they con'fin L.led'to fulfill the! r rrad ir ion ,I gleild~1'"role - was the best arg urnent to '[heir male partners thai women 'lndell!d c~n be effective movers 10 fhe communlry s@Uing. (iJ"MIO) Also, the successfallv coon:lini;lited campaign for laws on rape and sexual harassment prove ti1(l1l despife the absence of oil: romprehenslve political center anti lh~ presence of u:leoIQyh:al·'Poli'ti(al co:nfliic 5 a:mo,r~gwomenls groups. there I!) rne fit I rI Ii1U Ilhple and decsntered spheres Q·f en_gilge:ment. (Rt.nuI2A)

Re5ponsIveness to publlc op niOll'i!r 0 sern g:'lJv£:l'nment leadersand IIIstitrLJrlens IHIS kept rhe cri,ucal-(cllabar.uio·o trac open; even as llIegatlve outcomes In other tnstances confi,nue ro make non-state groups willry.

Fi 11 ally. comtnucus dIalogue' and re'illlcUtln wnhin and with other secto rs have atlowed 'the {' gn;ll,-IpS '10 s e 'things 'mote' ObJI'H::uveiy. MtlturJtio 11bro u.g~lt abo lJ,~ by the n~s!ling of nme ,and lien s, ,:;, (h~ church and acadern - workshop put It. h:il~ also helped bring aeout t 1 '1 IN .re,alizaUon!; ,.1I'id@Jflgemlered new ways of reading. Interpretl ng and n~5rpondingl '0 soci@1 p~oblems.
ij:,IlJ,iJdi/i19'
0111

Accumulated

Gains

Years of engagmg HII~:srere and bulld:lng civil society have allowed present actors 10 lHilJze and build nn ear~aelrracI-HeV@mf!lrU$.The existe nee of networks among NGOs <lnd POs buill throug h II series of communnv-based co nsultati,oJFl 5 f)IFOVfclres a venue fo dan 3(11011 and i111e racn a 0, and connnue to birnci 9 (OUPS fonl1 e long hau] despue differences Ii"!the 'lW1st$ .. nd turns of scctat and political work. TQ a certain extent, the intErloc:kin,g' lead@rshi'p-s amongi NGOs, u:l,ealogir::a~ forces and other sectors as well have been rrac:iliUltive in mElkingi roerdinannn possible' and smoother,
(DAvrID)

Also, the niches tnat differe~nt actors ha,ve c<lr1J€d out for themselves orthe i r groups have earned them respect and JUowed them to concede turfs and territories to each oths rand thus avoid confltrts ..Among \'IIOme_fiI'~, gfioll ps, for i nstance, ttl is appears to be a workable modus vlvendl. Rescurces an: ponied whenevershared issues beckon, (RA'Ql11ZAJ
On

the

whole

NCO:) are

now

rrrore ,CDiF1,SC:lous of (he

compternentarttv

of ro ies

olmong themselves

and in n~Ii!..'ion other sectors. to

Specific, cone rete projects also help mitigate the emeorg12nce of politlcal Of personal dlfferences. as the expenence ~n buHdmgi the NGOs for 1ntegrated Protected Areas Inc, (N IPA~ mall1;tg;em~rn board shows. (MW;;M) Co ncern forthe suecess of such pioneering WOrrk and common umty a,r'IIhe importance ofthe environt ment and Its primary stakeholders has kep[ [he wmk going despite dlfferlnq erganizariona.i trajecWries ofthlllse inv{llved

becomes-

New arenas forr imervenrtcn ~1'50 keep opel1ing UIJ. as 'society advances and Fl'1Or~ cornptex. The legial frarneworrk of the post-Marco~ Philippine state, to b~9in witl" censtderablv pr,o".flces. mOn! ,openings for civil societv parricipaliorL eMI soLiety ltself has 'noutished In ~he form of mer im! 'p@ndent NCOs, ctvtc un-

denaklngs, media and ecenormc inlUanves The current globaHlOlllon arid regiO f1aHu\ 10'1'1 processes have brtH.ight about new issu~s that call For new <111'9[1merus. Envlronmenr, pe;tC!~, fCfil'tlnll'sm and other gend~r CQrH:erns nave excltel.l new

·s~tHlrs that o.efore· were not Involved

i nactrvtst-tvpe

9 rou ps, Fu nd i"ilg oppo rtun i·

t.ies for these "f.ttddish" concerns have: also created unplan ned 0 pportunitles. All th'~$~ rnear'l"s·that f()r eM! society gro. ups, there ..~re arenas, opportunities and issues that will ~@.@P them busvand 'force them to put aside dtffenm·ces in order to keep
;Upwith demands nnposed on

thern by the exte mal: and mternal envi ronments

r ntell'vl.u'Itio

i1s

of Me d iCl to r s/ Fa c iIirt nto rs

I

ln key instances, certain lnstitutions played s.igniflcarkt roles of bridg-ing gaps. ~@twe,ef1u,nfrlellldly grou ps creatJllng vsn LIes for dialog ue: enco U!ra.g~h1g netwo rkl ng .a,ln~fl9' ~r(lUps.;.arid h@lpirig weak 9 rou.ps to 5tH! ngth~fl their capabtl ity; Usually. groups with considerable resources are able to play rhls role, For mstance, rel igious Ins,mi.u~on;Y wen i rnportant acto rsin bri nging together different ·[!thndf. :groups to figh(a common danger and bring gr,eater harrno nv to a OlIW rtiaetnrtic cornmu nity (AIiiB.;"Y,o!;.NI). NGOs have also played important facl I ltative rol@5 in co mmiJrlitv processes, Aside from tr.;rinillg and Qrgtlili.zil19 cornmunltv gll(~tJPs.'they (,.;1,11 brfng the. latt:ertolge:ther as the need arises. The academe, too. can be an active f",dlitgtor in ::::Qmmu niw and national amflkt5,a:!! can be gltianed from the Bblinao Cement Plant .c~s'es,t_y_oy. (F~Rltif. AND LUNA) Fi na.lly, respected i ivid uals tram all sectors forrn (J: f?,_o;ol pctentlal interrnediarles. of

no

M~'u!iurr,esand Mechonism~
Redrstribution of Power

being InstitUhad

The. unevenness in newer relations ening the weaker sectors,

ls bel rig· addressed

by;, first of all, ernpow-

aled

In the ca~e of ind Ig,e·nous co mmunlties, eco nomlc .dependence is being alleviand overcome by mtrocucl rlg liv.elihood projects that ran lnc rease their in" comes" enhance thel r confidence, and enable them to act n'_oreautonomouslv
To address PO-NGO dependency some NGO netwo rks have taken concrete

pla.ce.

steps such as forrnu latrng a clearer del i naatlc n of NCO-PO roles" more co nscfous balancing of power and patronage, and ~ more concrete definition of partnersh lp, Ry prov,iding such gw:idelilie~, lt Is hoped thattrueempowerment of P"Os,...... i11take

..

Some NGOnetwqrks h·ave also been pmv:idfng assistance to PO;;.and 5n~il,ller NGOs 1n .accesstng fiJ nds thmugh NGO-managed fu nels or by helpl rig them write p'rpJect proposals orca nnecjl tlg them 'to fuml ing co nracts, Th is way, the latter are a;blleto Implement projects on the i r QVI>'ll and develop thel r capability to raiseand rifal'h3;ge~th,eir own funds. Tb add ress tile do rni nance of po Ilttcal and business 9 roups i (I media; alrernaHve media olgencies have been formed and cooperative or pi urah stir ownership of media fllci litias are being ex piored, ala ng with pus hing fo r SlJpPO rtive pol'ides like tax breaks for ccoperatlvelv-owned media and antl-trust legi slanon res.tr~illiflg businesses from rnvestl ngi n rned ra for polrU~ai g(l.1 ns--

14

II

MIlHAM CORONEL

FERRER

Network.~ ars i,ncreaslngly being tocalized In order tc.democrattze and decen1(?,.lize.Ieadership and lessen the domlnarlon of Me.tro Manila-based centers Mon~. ' log i,.stic..al oporr is also being provided for .eg ronal. raprese matives to allow th~:fl1 su to jO"r!l actlvltles in 'the natlorral capital. To strenqthen I'agion.a! or local partners, there are alscccasclcus efforts that (he national pers pective must not erode: reo gio rial views or perceptions.
I n the case of the Philippi ne Leffs alternative electoral party, it was ·a.greed that the national center will not interfere in regional, patty org~nilingl but reg.iol1al reo Uti its will joifl and SI,I pport the. national parry's efforts ." (A.BAq~ The qlve-and-take assures f"e~gio partners: that they (ail kee p their Qrga,nizati9n\s, auronornv l1"a'l at '~he same time be part of narlonaleffort. Ilri turn, the national center 15 as-

~he

sured of reg.iol'lal afflliatee, the. orga!llizing for which it cart not undertake by it·self. "rb ensure women's decis.lon-makirl9 role i,n the electoral undertakrnq, It was also agreed rhar-the party wWI impose: CHI nself a 30% quota for women in all detisio nmaking bodies.
Bring i'ngi nforrnaticn and lnformatlan tec.hnology to the grass roots 1.$ also one way to equalize copcrturnries, Business; it ~sfelt; should thu s extend ·their reso u r<:(;!s to the poorersectlcns of civil soci,e.\y. Locatlzauon of news agend~s and cross' country rep,orUng carl ensure wider vi sibi.ti.ty of aU civil societv groups;

w@

om

Ca.pCJbili'~-Buil,d'in9
Tightly linked to redtstrlbution of power is the capability-build ifig ofse£tors to enhJnte the process of -setf-empcwerme nt. Indigenous peoples, for instance, have bee to strengthe.ned by ~s.slstance given to or:ganizihg themselves. provld ing them with training O,tl their rights and leadershtp. kccal medla's (,~pabili~~es have :lho been enhanced thro Li.ghworkshops on reporting dnd other ~s:pe-h~ of publicanon and broa.dcasting wo rk in.itiat,ed by Metro Manila-based jo urnansts vV-rl{) have more fo rmat tra] ning and experience. compared to their co unterparts,

o'n

Ca.pa.bH~ty"buHdlng through training and actual experience ha$ been institl.it~d 'to maximtza newarenas open~d up-in the post-Marcos situ.ltiorl-Iocal development (0 unells, for example, as well as' new -and varied fa rms of eeoperativtsm as alternative economk un its. 10 address the problem

f'lg schemes "Ire.bdng i nstituted such as cred it programs, consultancv lnvesrrnents, bust nes.s ventures 'encouragement of e ndowrnaru funds and local DIlHanthro.py. S.kHh 'for m~tlagihg or servicil1gtlH~:s'e endeavors are being.
ssctor, lncome-qenerati
r

of lack of fmarrcral -sustalnablllty

of the non-profit

honed, Jiang with skills for fund-raising,

parUcu.iarly tapping business 'and '9,ove"rrl-

rnent resources. O~le other area of current capablhtv-bu i.J.dingamong NCOsis ln the. electoral arena .. Eh~.ctlon-watch capabllltv i s n~lati\ie:ly deve'loped, but not all-around capabl 1ltv for dlract parnclpanor, ~n electoral

Cre:a:tiv'~. forms .ar'~ espectaliv

tor vls-a-vts the. financlal and

contests in the form of fiekUng candidates. l'1,ee(le.d co ns ideri 11.9the relative weakness of this secp,O\IV@f bases of

traditional polltlcs.
as wellas

the dlfferent sectors, have helped 'i,vi'l socletv redal mas hare ill and helped media ltself to perform such .;Ii, broader function in civllsocletv,

Conti rili'i I1gedul~atloll of journallsts on both skills a,nd perspectives developlnq new sources of news, for example, throuqn media liaison

officers for rned iii. exposure

·~ivil S·o.dety "'.lIking Civil Society.

1.5.

Trllst ond Cenfldence-Bu ilding Pe.opl:e build trust On th~ bas is of fate"to-'fci,ce encounters. D,ialog lies have 'thus ~·e,enan rmponam mechanism for bi-idg i rl·g gaps. Mus IIm-Chrl stlan 'and other ~... -. .. ty.pes of lrtter-fatth d iatogue.'5 0 n spl ritual, pol ltlcal and sec iJJ as pacts , d i<llog lies
':"

b.·~,\,;,fi'en leaders and mass me rnbersh i p, between civl l-societv groups and gOVtrnmel1~;officiaJls, and amonq ideologlcal forces have created venues fj:) rtrust and
~ndeav!) rto be SUM",i ned.
dialogues

,~onfid·en,e-building that an~ bask for anv cooperatlve

Lilralogu·es have-not always been formal. Informal. on-the-spot also b~eln fruitful. . Ahothe(confidMte·bu
rnV(lh/e~ lonqer-rerm interaction's. ThiS has been done throuqh

have

lldl ng measure used IS the cross-cu ltu ral exchanqe 'which

,imrnersioll of Mw;-

lifri$ and Ch rtstlans in each ctners ccm munltles (ABIJIYIMR) Jl1Idth roug.h conferences ~naspe.cts like.sustainable agriclJ ltura' practices among lndiqeno us comrn un ltles.
Al'ldtne( mechanism that provides more oppcrtuntttesfor workinq

toqether is

the forrnatlon of a ~J LJ ralist board of dlrectors whose members are drawn from diffef'enl.s@ctors and poHtical backgrounds. In th is manner, the success of tl,e instl~uHon becomes the responsibility of more 9 ro !.I ps who learn to share reso urces , nd e~e_iiise, and overcome sectarian practices and COl.) nterprcductlve co rnpetttlbn, Cemmunltv orga.llluzinig and -ellvironm@l"Ital projects have experimented on ~his for·
mat.
joint pilot communrtv projects are also venues wih~re trust and p;3rtne rs h rp littve b-e.en developed, The development of 'infQrmation/rn(!oii' components In all eN:!.1~·(i~ty gfO'-iPS has. ~.rlhanced .their respeerlve interaction with media, s ,

Revaluation and Reorientation

In rethinking

essarilv 'reordered or redsflned.

groupS;~.. e the e

paradtgrns and strat~g[e~, values and orlentatlons are: also neeFptii1lstail1ce;. many 9 roups working with eth nlc need fo-r holtsnc strategies thatare faithful to the' i ndig@flQus.. peo pie's

'!:~Itu ral be.lliers ami value. svste rns ..

·Gen.der.S ens it ivit y is one: other v~lue reorientatlon thati s be~l1g Infused i t1 all .sacrors throuqhrhe initiative of women's 9 roups, Th mug h semi nars and informal

(i!xthanges, males get to understand the women's perspective

0Vlin

and ()ve rcome thek

w,ays

biases. With better understandtnp ofthe routs '",rld nature. of mens biases, wQ'me.n.,Onthe.other hand, learn to deal with the opposite sex in It:!s5 contentious '
w.hll~ s.tJII getting their polmacrcss.

Cultu ral and ge nder sensitivity do not ne:g,ate. the. bringi I1g ill of new ldeas. such as women's equal participation in decislon-makinq, but are made to evolve aflQ hrandled i'n waY:,5·tnat M@ not too conHktive. o@:veloPfnent prcq rarris also 1ly to fuse the positive elements. lin both western and indfgE:! Ii.DI,.J5tee h no logle5;

Iolerancs arid relpett for differenc:e$ are values b~ing more widely Infused, NCO'snrav.elearned thata more e.ffe·ct'ive·way of deal i'ng with each erhe r and other se.cto·rs is to emrJh~size ccnsensus-bu iIdilng rather than to draw dividing' Hnes. Thl'O\J,gh consensual declstcrt-maklnq processes, NGOs and ideo log.ical forces hope to .;t:,voirl'the mistakes of past coalltlon efta rrs tharftopped due to what others felt was th~ tyranny of numbers.

fl.e"Co~:j!I1i'tiDn the cornplememarttv of of roles within and acrnas sectors is also an lrnpo muir perspective that ge.I'1~Gttes tolerance, respect, and a willingfles,s to wo rk togethe r 'fa r mutual gains. In tile seme way that the merits of enterprise and profltab: I ity are being, developed in the non-profu secto fl so isthe bu si i1~S~ sector bel ng lnfused witllSe.fVi'c'i!: orientati-on arid corporate responsrbi' it\". M~eting of milid:'.i. is [11 LfS made posslble,

involving thelack of democracy, unprofesstcnallsrn and, financial misHlilna.ge:mel1l that eastlvdestrov organizational unity and i,ntegrity. Taus, retnvention
I

The cu lw re of efflclencv, acco untabillhY'dnd democracy Is another set of values that are being i nfu sed 'in i nte mal organizational processes to add ress i ssues

is today

2lctivisrn, Jo!.Jrnahsrn business. relig ious i nstituncns.

well.

a: clarlon call that is eJrerg~zing sociai and pljlitka~ th~ acade me, andme state. as

Checks and Balances

TP gllard agai nst u nSUIJ!p-uIOlfS, practlcesthat (h~$troy the name of thelrsector or Insntuttons, civH·s(:)~iety groups Ili1Ve. orqanlzed ~~lf-regI,JJ<ltin9 mechanlsms. EN instance" codes of ethics 'have been developed by NCUs, media oracnttoners. the acade me, and buSiness .$ancti:olf1S have. also been put in pLace for violators. tt:\
medla, press watchdogs hav~ been tnsntutsd
to

sanction erri'b"ig journalists.

and

shame.lnf

ue nee-pede lers.

To address PO-NCO dependency, CQDE-NGO has devised S'chemes where the pnas.lng out of the NCO 1$ prog rammed so as not to lese Sig~H of lhe goal of 'empoweri
119

the PO 0 r community.

The Treaty of Coope ratio n is;anothe ~mechanism to

estahlish cemmlrmentand observance of professional ethtrs and procedures, and more ~ffe(tively synchrol1 lze andconscltdate projects and prog rams across grou ps,
Rota:ting ~e<l,de-rshl nosttionsamcnq p arrv sil1g.l~ group in a cooperanve project. member 9 ro!)!ps avo ids {domtnaticn .

by

Networking,
Networking works wonders in bringing together gr.o_ups to act concertedly. Task forces I for lnstance, have bee.n 0 ne such mechanlsrn especlallv effsctive fa r co mrnun ity- and issue-based campaigns that need the .support of a '...,.ld~ran.g~ of in stituttons, Netw'prkirrg may be wltnin or <lOOSS sectors, areas and region!;.. as well as inte matio nal, Usually, mobil i,arion is do ne thro,ug h partnerships with exi~iring NCOs

and PO:;., Division of tabor hasalsc helped 1.0 get more work done,
Mohlllzatlort an1d networki ng are. often undertaken on a per-I ssue or per-project basis. No netheless, there have: beenefforts at b.uIld~ng permane nt networks - for instance, NCO netwc rks like the (ODE-NCO, and the lea'g,ue of Co rporate Fou ndat~OI1S,

Networks also provide venues- for sharing experiences and deve:lopill9 I~<!r.der· For sectoral groups: networks allow them to oartlct pate In' broad movements with whom-they $l1are·,[he same polky objettiiVtH'f while at the same. time tndilruain
5 hip.

their local dscanrered 9 rc wid reve I.

bases'

which are more 'effective forms

of intervention

at the

Mediation

and Facilit-atliorl

in transfo rmi tUgconflict sltuattons,

The active asslsrance of mediators arrd/orfaclntators has al so beerreffecttve POlititi4.r1S, church leade rs, membe rs of the aca-

deme or acadernici nstttutions urernselves have plaved PQSltlve rne"d'i<1tlon roles. Effec,tive i nterventtoncan also be. done. by respected rnernbe rs with i n the prgar~ lzation.

Action Agenda
In cur Mrj~~r dlscussjon r W~ we-re able to ~d~ntify the te rrsion points that qe:~ stablllze Of harm ralations with I'ncivfr· s-ociety and weaken thei r pOV! ntia] as key <lg~nts of the democratization process. At the same time we were ~~ble. deftne the tG factors that 50 rnehow allow actors to deal constructtvetv with th eSI1:! SOIJF(:e.s- of confltct. The r·arlg~ of msas uras and rnec hall isms thatthev have a.ctuaJly instituted to bridge gaps and advance capabilities was also d tscussed, The pape rs .that have bee.n written, other ,Ilterature, workshop and plenary disc]J~S.~{Hl and the pro.iect S, !Haff's own research and knowledge served as th_e' mal f1I sources for th ts svnthesls.
In finalily defining the actton agenda: for civil socierv ill so faras lnrerrral rela-

ttonsh i P.S are conce rned, we are gll'id~d by the: reallzatlo tl that these areas need i rig actton are al r'eady beinq add ressed, albeit unevenly, A ~Qod number of actors have
beenapproach i i'l9 the iss IH:lS' mo re com pre hens.ve Iy. o~M ers less co nsciou sIV and on a plecameal OF" reactive basts.
Here,

the partofcjvll socletyto ensure the dYIlJimisrcn., sOlrd~rity and lnteqrtrv of lts parts. ,. Evolve n~w sttat@gie~ !.\nd contInuously developapp,r-opriat@ Plt!chanisQls in (I·rder to @ffl!.cdveiY add.rQs$ emerging contexts and link various concerm •• Emti'!r'grngco ntsxts that requlre further scruttnv as to impact, limits .md pate 1'1tia~ regard i i'l9 democrarlzation i ncl ude the Nit 9 rowth model r econo rmc irH'egratio n and global rzatio 11 in all other aspects, co nstrictlng natural resources .and ~nvl ronmental de:g radatlon, and polltlcal mach i nations at the stare Je:ve.1to. .derJ.t'11t he democratization process. Civil socletv must studv rl1e::;~developme ntS which' may limit adverselv affect, or provide opportu nlties to fu rther advance the process,
Civil sccletv actors must also cladfy arne n:g themselves hew they wo u I'd be able '[0 balance more effective:ly the VJ.r'i@~COIl'f~m5 that demand '(heir response and interventio n: reg tonal, .glob'll arid national movemerm and issues; the. u rbanru ral nexus.; sectoral-rnultlsectoral stakes; and soc 10,1,econo rnlc and pol itical CN1"

we define

tJ1(! major tasks. that we

beii@ve. requl re consclo

U'S action '~H1

cerns and dynarnic,.

,ments.

The challenge is 'for ·eivi I society actors to' be able to re-cog nlze one's location in these mu I'tiph~ spectru rns of 1nvolvernent, d@fine one's niche. and bu i lei 0 n it, and tit the same time be able to inteqrateor combine wtth other as pacts i rr key rno-

18

Ii

MIRIAMI

CORONEL.

fERR.ER

Also, civi,l SQ(j@ty must be able. to develop more creative mechanisms

for con-

'tin u,~rag dlscou rse and co ncerted actton, apprepriate to. theesituatlono 2.Addr@s.s trai"l t1 g.,
Clvll

n hand.

weak areas

,and under'take

capability-buildin.g

measures 'througlh

they could provide better service and alternative. pl'Ogram~, and be more effective ;3.geng. of change arid development. The' h ulman n;~iOI:Jce poo~ for the r trow
:';0

soctetv groups must build their techni-cal, sclenuftc and professional know-

short- and lo n,g-t~rm tl1!,.J5t co ntiwuously b.e developed.

Areas that have been rd~ntified fOr .capapilitY-buildin9 Include self-orqanlzation, [eadersh i p, techn leal skllls and ·know-how, effective lntervsntio n str;;l.teg les, management skills, and flnanclai sustainability, These capabilities are deemed neeessarv to respond to the c;:han'9 rig times, Tr'(l.·ililing prag rams must be appropriate i

and re 'Ievant to cu rre n t needs.

3. Strengthen checks and balanc@5 to' mai.litai-n till;! uniryand integrity

.' within and belween organi.zation.s in order of the t'Elspe,cUve s,@cIQr:s/in~tiilution5lnet·

works_ Exist! n9 measu res t'hat nef:d to be bu illt on and dew IQP~d further areselfregtl~.aflng mechanisms such as the prornotlonand e nforcernent of a code of ethics, treaties ,gu idillg cooperative conduct, and co ncrete chec ks that will guard ag ains;
abusive, undemocrauc
'at

or nicnopoltstlc

behavior.

G reups and members mustquard against the pro motion of, .seCtarl.ll1 ~nteren the expense of group qoals or the interest of societv as a whole. Patrcnape and corrupt practices must riot be tolerated.

and loss of i ntegmy, if notthe break-up of groups.

High standards for flnanclal transparencv.and acco untabtlttv J1i1l1 st be itlgrai n-ed ill .all gr<:rups. ifi nanctal manaqement systems must be in stltuted to prevent distrust .

4. COfiilinge to build on ;pains rhrough net.worlil)ing, c.onfiden(;·!il·bui.hUng and apprqpri.a;te conflid'f!1!solution Il'lechanisms, and lUaintaih op'enne:ssOJitld res p@d fo r ,Uffl!!l'@nces. Civi I society has alre·a.dy built <I. deep reserve i r of 0 rqari lzed gmup$ <l.r1dnetworks, friendship. leadersand technicians but this. strenqth 'has 'to beenhancsd thro~Jg h mo re ccoperatlve endeavors. Ins lmportant thatrelauons are keptharmcrtious even as differences remain, if this reservorr of strength is to be turned to adv';1f1tage.. Mecn-anlsms fo r forgi'ng llnks .and add ~s.si r'I~ dtffe rences, p,os-s~b·ly thro ugh 'the bel p of mediators 0 rfacilitato rs t must rna re consclouslv be developed ..

Openness. to wprk with as many group.s as pass ible thro !.I,gil joim ventures or dlaloques 1i'Il'U st be enhanced. Areas where there is alreadya co rwergence of values sue h as environmental protection provide a. good starting potnt. BU!l this convergenre must bebruadened
to- Include other

val ues such as social justice and res I)on-

sibility.

Clvi ~Society Maki n g Ci viI S odety

III

Resp~ctfor pluralism] tolerance of eac h other's differences, anL1 respectfor autonomv <Hildinternal dernocratlc processes must be internaltzed among gra'upi and i nd lvid uals, .

S. Un d il! ttilke ani rlllilad\!'41!";!u;:.tiQ1. .~a!ep .toaddll'e.s s "the uneVen d.s nib II ti 0 n of 11' s resources and pow-err within c:ivil s.odety.

Hierarchres and uneven 'dTstrioutron 6f power ·arisirlg fro 111 d:iffere 11,t advantages in tenus of resc urces, tech nlcal knew-how, influence. ,gender, location, etc are the given realitiesthat have constrained the fu II flowerlnpof many civil society sroup~.

Decentralization and other measu res that make econom ie 0 pportu nities: reo S"OUf'Ces, train i rlg,~xpertise and technology available to those who have the le;:tst <lCCIltSS must be consciously undertaken. Participation of women, rntnoritv groups, the poor and other dlsadvantaqed sectors in poJ!i.cy-m<lkh19and other opportun iti"es must b-e m.ad€!more meaning ful, rather than be mere toke nis rn. Assistance sho u rd not reinforce dependencvbut ellmm a it. H@
Moreover;

beyond

tlve civil society 9 rou ps S hou Id expand their

"C~vilsocie~y and ~ts, role' rn the' dernocratjzano n process, and lln kup these nltles ttl the lar:ge-r projectof de moe racy-build i t19,
6, Continue the R@@vaJu.:ltion
p.rOC@S5

the urban centers and i'l'l isolated ru ral areas, transfo rmapr~-S@llce, popularize the notlon of
(OIl1I11U'

eh,taUon for ·the unending

of reflection, Ir@mi;\walof the human spirit, and reorltask of bu Hding d~nU:lcraty witi'!jn and w.ithout. of work must

and reo rlentarlon

tlvelv respond to ne.w conditio n s and to learn fro m thH~·ne.garive and max'ini12e th e posWve fea:wre-s of past expe ri.ences, These r~q ulre constant dialog ue, reflection ami a deep source of the hurnar, 'wirit to k~:ep Oil wit" the work. pontic-al and
Jdeo logical d iv~ rge·ilc.es, ~:aFifHcthi91 gender and ..cllass perspectlves, and differences in d lsc lpilnal orlentatlo n andc ultures t1lU~t be grappJr:d Withe, hot put Up as perrna-

be dane

period icall~' to eff,l!!.c-

nent cbstactes.
Ir'I1~gni"ng the kind of civl I society that we want fa r the next mWe nniu m wa LJld i gufdecivi I soc Ie.W 9w ups today in C0l1S0 lldati ng their 9ai ns and sattlnq their dlrec-

rio,h. In dolnq so, tne analvtlcal

tools to be u sed must be s,ensitive to tfl-e cuuu rat, qender; class, re I ig io IJ·S, ecological and ;;III other pi ural dl menstons of society 'I:hat oftentl rnes are glivcn secondary trnpo rrancs to poJ itical!~d(tolo9tC@,1 or co mm,ercial aims, FIit"!allv, concrete Steps that wiLli inc ulcate pi uraltst valuesand democratic crtentation rnstiWhonali'y, and among members as a. collective and as individuals rnuSl be taken,

ENDNOTES
l;~da~Pu Y<'lm<lmu~a lad.], t"mflfging C,,-,U Sodf1y In rh{! Asi~ P,,'ltWr: ComtrJLmlrli (Slng<t.p~r~ &. TokYQ; 1!'I~UtUHi!HI" SOIJ~hL!~~! .6,siill1 SUHII!!s and J~pa" (nnH.'f rUt ImematiQI1<i,1 hchang\ll:, " 995"), pp. '5~6, Z M",ill')da Qtlll1to5·de [esus; "The 'Media High at! WiVe, LQW' oI"lSub~r;Jnt~'· 111 lOfTI" Ka~aw'Tlrol (~dj ! 9!JG, I.ooking 8,,11:11, [o(lkJl'l-g f:;rJftv;Jrd'IMill1l1" rOLlndaliofi fur WQr~dwide !"l:lOtll\! Power, Il'Ic. 1995}, p .

•Wo.
:l (DON PilfIfpplnlJs fiJ::Jtionai pror.le r 996. ~ t 51% C;jfhcllr Olr'l'Tti'lr)l ClI Ifl!:! Phl'jp~mH'$

5 I jl!J4 Pi II ilppll1 I> Ye<lrbook (N.ltlol1al Slalism~ Omcnl. G D~p~r~frlP.nl nf m'(':riar iant.1 lor~l GtlVl!tll1mi'nts Lllr.1I GlWernm~nI Ct!nlN. i Mlrl;!111 ( OWFi!!1 hrt'",r. f'!!:,cf' Molli"l '. , PJI,lrpp;,..' ".,...(p ({lmprmdJlItIfl (OU.~Z()II Oi y; i 'fllvur~lfY (lj 11li' r'I'iIlI"I~lnei~ Cl>llU!1 '1m If\t(lqr;J,H\I~ .Irld 0(1'11' :lllprmmt SUltlil!S ;In~ ~ni!Ur~I"'lJ'r~lt'l'f'ri'~), I "I'll}. II. 2~ .8 A~kr>tl If Uwy w~'ril Fo!'SH1Wtd by 1),0511 fa<lors., tb~ \'1:\ fe~r;lQn~,~ r..n~,mJ from 'Hl~ tu 7;~'I':,.is (ullu .... ,: l~u~,i:'I NC.O<;. ?fio\V,; Erll:jllih lilOlJlMfJ(', 75,.: artll I'll NGO~. ;i'JJoI, .I((rl!diu 'w Ncn11. 'i0'x,; whlw rim fooll J'., ~O~; • ntJ. mfl'~'rur'l NCO~. 'lrnl.. (Riv.l Krul. G/obJ/Jl'o10ml ,I ,JmJ CJ...O "'I;lI:-l~r~~ NrJC! /Ilfliwnr" III ior('rlHUluJMf D~[I.~t!M,tU.1hI1l1_Q tGel1!l·v·,l: lIn~u~d r-. .llIans, RI:'}lldrcl1 IJI'Hllutl! rot "'H~I~I Dev"lopllH'i,i,

Arrll 1f 971 ) ~ ~"lmMCYi:l of 11mb abw~. wah rofl~fmu~ Iho (,i1 01 5otl"u~m AFrt'~' rUlrcd th.i~ 1'1''Iolny N~'U~ I','mlp!.l to 11) be anti l'I'IIt'II~ct!J~1p;lrdy bm::aui'~ Qllh 1J~t((·lv~t1.lbSU"(1 ,'llmm (l" IlIt~"~~('iw.ll~ ,wd partY (.Ii.!!' Iu 1hulr OWl] IMk ~H"ill e~lc 1)llInnll'ltl and lmJllamHltf! Wi'li'! 'lh1."t'lM~('al .~Pr)fO~~tm~. MOH N( !I.J~, hu !'1~~~l'd, smgl~'I~~i.!.11! .lJ~ Ilt:lUJ~"iJ, ,Impltlment r,lItmnh;ll'l :lIih,IO(;ltll. W.I" [I;lW NCO'! d~~1wnh rtl' iOCl)I\tlmi[ policy :md mul, I ~('([{jl 0.11 u~roilUoni'll rel.... QIU H... ~l! .\ 111 need In bmlylnq tl1l~ tjup til m ' 'I1QIIr.y ~1f1~IY5H iind rDf (;t:ll'lto:rll'd POUlY ddll(lCacy b"'lwe~fI Ul@ NGOs i1,,~1 IrH~lI~ctllah. (ln l~olll'l·t ! l, WII~(}Il1 ;lI'ld Jl.~ld H. (" rilm~J ll!dllar~J. Inll!'fflillilOJl..11 ~rksllup on GO'll ·[rj.Jl"t', 7 hirc/ M!rlll.ll .rh~I"!'W }nq~ /Ttl!xiI.!i: rile IID.:!ra J;lj 1\eg'~nl~. '1JllhliHllly 01 1'11~<!\, 1997/.J

or

"fI~

I""~

K A 11._ I N A C 0 ~ S TAN

'Y I NO· D ". V I D

Intra-Civil Society Relations .An Overview

MQ:Stpeopleexperlence s,O-c.ie:iy me<ll1lingflil and sensible, .assumIng that, as. beyond their personal dornai ns.,~here are Instltutlo n S' that take (harg e of ve ry d rstinct fu ncucns - the stare TO r po Iltks, buts i ness for e ..onotnlcs, ~he, .cburc h for spiritual' salvation, schools for education and l'nedia for information. B'utthrQuqhout our history, a wide variety of other Qrganization's, within <H1d outside .hese lrrstiturlons, have arisen to expose societal ill's, to oppose poucies and t1rognrns, <I.l1dto propose sotutleas to issues. These Qr.ganiz.. tions have been varrouslv branded a as revolutionary or subversive ·movements. civic or prnfes,Sio n~~1rqanizatl 0 ns. prlo vate 'I/Olu I1t~ry associatlon ~~cause-one nted moveme nts, people's organ lzatlons or

nun-qeve rument o rqanizauon s.

if

Poverty and tlppr.e5:;.ia rl. ~~ggra.vated bV natural d,1ld' man- made dlsa .. rs, have ste way of exposing the madequactes of the state whlle at the s.. arne time encourag· ing a level of voluntartsrn from thecltize n ry, Varlo LIS In rtial:ives have: been launcned

that have

soupnt to. confront

state power by rars~.ng alternative parad i9ms and

cou rses of action to the I@vel of publ lc debate. ,As sue h ,.altho ugh the rna i n acto 1'5 nave be'en tUditi.onally limited to the nate and Its 'inStrumentalities, bustness. the church, academe and media - all of whicJ,haye some level of rn~e(locldl19' interes.. -ldeoj!ogkal ts forces, people's orgat1izatJQn.~ and, rrm.tll later; dE1.velopmen1 in· stitution 5 and dog enc res have also bee n constant and c riti('~1 'tom po n ents 1n shaping the public d isco vrse on me CO~ 11 s d ir~qj""O , try ns
I

the pOW~1fo-f the state and inS.lst 0 n a culture of i nvolvemertt, is ccmmon Iy referred to as c,vil soc~et y, But cjvil soc.i~ty ls a res urrected or "born ·agai rr' co nee pr that must be defined based on the present cOring uration of sccietv .. Civl I $OCi6ty i5 a conceptthat cannot b:@ .s~Pl:Hated from the issue of" power, Standard nerspertlves on power ass u me 'that it Is I'odged in particu Ia,f pus itiorls that are feu n d 'L"i ith i'n lnstitutlens, Viewed ln this manner. power becomes a funrtinn of individuals or 'gWLlP$ that possess per-so na.1 attrtbutes - c harlsrna b r we:;:)Jlh - wh rCh ale tram> I~t@dinto ncsitlons of pmltl€ r. But powe r Can a.llsu be viewed as a relatto nal ccnce pt. one that sttuares power not ,in ns~1f but as a result of the bct that those ... vho are presumed to have powe r exerc lse U 0 nlv because others aHmotJthem to do so. herefore, powe r I s u ln rnatelv lodged Ii.I1 the hand 5 of th Oj~ who give it rattle r than In the hands of those who wie ld Jr. His th rs view of PC)W~ r that co ntatns theessence elf
P ... I LIP PIN E D EM 0 C R. At C. Y AC END Civil .Society Mak,ing CI\lii Sodety
,'\

wow. mgall izatlo n~. that <I,reacco u r\labl e 'to a deHned constltue ncv, th at contest

Today, with che. gro.wil'l9 cO"rnpl~xjty of society, the totalttvof

these

!;plf.-,[( . .Hl"

21

22 • KARINA CONSTANTINO-DAVID

dernccracv,
around,

where the state is acco untable to its cihzen ry rathe-r 'than the- other way then the: withdrawal ot.co nsent

If power is. ba:$ed on conse notof the governed,

is the pri marv weapon to d i mtn ish the power of those who govern. In thearena of the state.electo red exercises should be the primol.IY Q;[:(~5,i0l15 'for the expresslc n ot people's power, But within the. context of a pol ltlcal svstsm where. po Iitic~j parties have u nd iffere.ntiated ptatfo rrns, access to candidacy 'is limited by wealth. and voters are un i Manned and faced with few-choices if any! the electoral arena ceases to funcno n as the venue fer the exercise of power by the pee ple. It is because or th 15 'that varlou s .orga.n i:t,1ttO ns, today I umpsd 'together as civil society, er:nerg~ to partlclpate in 'the arena of the-state. And vet a word of caution must be ral sed, While· civil so, lety may be 'a conventem labe I forall nen-state ennues, it does not pos.~ess a 5 ulffldent paradigm to explain relations of power. NGOs have uncrnkaltv accepted th e clvl l-scctetv label and are in fact amo ng the. main vehlcles forthe popu larlzatton €If the t€m:l1, ferred to as

i ntersectlons among com pcnent parts ofdvH socletv and the ro les they pilay In the democratlzatlon process, high lig hdng both the strat ns ln relado ns and the advances ·di1~t have been made, dna pOi,r~ting outcrttkal is,sues that nreed to be resolved for it more vibrant clvl I soc iety, The paper will be approached targ-eil\! from ehe· vantage p'oilit of development NCO!!. .

The pape r is an attempt to desc rl be. the present ccnflquratlon of what is r~· civil society - tracing its roots" rnapptnq the terrain, ide.ntifving the

Mopping

th~ Terraiin()f

CivU Sod.ety

Be.caus~ civil socletv emerge'S from people's voluntansm and not from ally mandated 0 rder, the co rl1figu ration is IH!u:ss.arily complex and somewhat confus[ng, Witna ut assuming that the components O'f civl I soctetvcan be 'Categorized into neat boxes, tile paper will ·attem ptto he urlstlcallv ctassify the ma~nacto rs for the 5 imple purpose ofard i tlg ill analysts. Fig U re ~ is. an attempt fa delineate the mai n 'cornponents part In

what Is referred to

if 5

civil

society todav,

All the orga;rlizatiofif!l~at intersect witb the. domain cfthe nate but are not o'f the state apparatusare dvil soc i~tv €:rrtities,. WhUe they operate with~t1 ths existl 119C'U ltu ral and ,I~CO no rnl c structures, their b.\asicth rust can, be fou nd ill the fact thatthey contest state power, individually or in concert, by attempting to transform uneq ual power re:latio)ls iii six inta rn~llate(j spheres: cou ntry and class, secto r and species, gen<!ration and g!ende r, Whd~e busines.:s gene ral Iy i nrt(':!r,sects with the .stata 0 n lssues that d~rectly concern th elr economic i nt~ rests, academe, the ch u rch and media, dUle to thel r d~s:treH~ and disparate conce rns, gener.::dly cover the whole range of lssues. NGOs. POs arid ideo I(lg~cal forces (I Fs), en the other 'hand, te nd to center thai r majc r thrusts on selected conce rns. The latter; being orgar~izatio n 5 'that are bou nd touether by.co rnrnon frameworks. and alternative societal vtsicns, ·CQncentrate largel1y en lssuesof power batweerr coumries andclasses: in the pun u it of their visions, rnuchernohasl s is also placed on 0 rgan lz il'ig rnarql nal ized sectors. POs, on 'the other hand, are mostly otgani?:rE'd around sectoral. and CQ rnrn U rlity j~sues althnugll a, str,el1gthening of women's org.aniz.ations has also resulted lrr rhe erl1ergence Q f concerns for genderi ssues. Finallv, NCOs are mostly cenre red (1 n sE'~doral! envl ron mental, gerrer,a'tforlalafld qerrder concerns',

Figure 1 CULTlIIIf cnllL SOCIETY N'GI

MGO "'!:'ildilm~ Chli,r~h :species

BerOTec i v ill sod etv was reintroduced as-a CJ'tdUIIl phrase to refer to a wfd.e variety of nonstare en tit i es, a Gad eme. the
as lnstltutio ns that: plaved very speciftc roles that Intersected with the state, The 5 lqn rfkp;nt ,P9~ tical rn eve me 1"1 t s i re also fal rfy well-del i neared even as rhev were geFlftrall'y'

dearlv seen

ch urch, media and busi ness. wt'.re

1'05 Idli!Olo.gic,~1 FlIu::es

we

vlewed, compared to the former, as being outs ide the bounds of trad it lo na,~Iy acce pred ,ins titunons, In a l,I@ry real sense, academe, the church, media and business were hle9itimate' rn publ k perceptlcn wh iI~ the polltlca] movements were "suovers lve" of the status quo. Sectoralorqarrizations like vade unions wtregeneral,ly assoclated witt, political movements and a.11 the rest d td not req utre any' labels because they ·were largely insigrl i'ficarllt .arlyw,ay.
ECONoDMY gentler
Th~ growthi 11 th~ number

of sectoral 6 rgan i zatto ns.a r1(j the m ush roornl rig 0 f

and age n ctes that provide servrces to po.o I' sectors and (0 rnrn LI n iw~s tOIJ pled 'Ni'th various types of tn()bi Iizati 0-115 an d ether interve ntro 11StU S vally 1 n [0 nsonance with ideo1lc'gical gro LI ps.• brouq ht these gTO U P$ i_nto t he (on~[ lo lj:5tf'lE:!'~5 of the state and the lar9~r publ lc. Takinq Or! the accepted i nternauonal Iabels, these w(m~ lumped together as rIO n-govp. rrunsntal org~~rlizattons.,{NGO$l The te rrn "nongov~ rn mertt" indica.ted ~I',H these I n PQWf! r needed 'to ac kllowledge t~{eexisten CE', ~ven if they could not 'It! ite d iscern tbe. .essence, oJ sue 11,gm ups .. S(fO~I enough. there 'was g.reater [0 nfustcn with every other 9Iro.~1p being ~Olb.eJe'd N.COe·sp~as claltv 51 n ce the. other [ivil sot! ety acto rs 'Sl~ ned to. develop their ow n <l,ge es that. nci
operated in aforrn y~rV similar

institutions

to that

of service ~.gerl(:i~$.

F~{;URE 2 further oelrn'@"Oltesthe components of t.ivil socletv that are found on the left side of Fig Lire I. CQrnparedto those 0 fl; the rlqht side, these actors are. in: t.he publlcmtnd, the-less tradltlcnallv accepted en1!fti·d that "fnt,eNel1,e Ii11·st~te func'lions H6W@w~r. is also these o[g<lniza;tiotls tbat acttvelv bring to the fore rssues it for public debars with both atte rnatlve visions as well as concrete experien L@'S atld expertmentatlons that challenge the standard ways of dol ng "things. Cornparsd to the more tradltlcnal [nstltutio rts on the fig ht side of flmR.E 1 , non-govern rnent ind i-' vlduals {NCb;), NGOs, pOs and .1 in tile shaded portion of Flc,ukE Z rna'y', for rack of Fs

a betterterm,

and Tra n sthat a distl ncuon b~ made between SATAOSand the rest cftheqroups tnar are ccnsidered to be part at" t iV9~ soc itty beq!Jse of the very nature of their f6 rms of im:erventiol'l, without denying the i mP9I1MC.e of the reat, Tf1i5, is, also the verv same reason that makes clvl I.. S'Dc1ety zm
formative Ac~Jon Organi,zat~ons),. It is i rnportant

be Co Ilecdvely labe led as SATAO {Strl~~tur:alAlternanves

unwieldvconcept because; iI~a very real se 11 se. an undlfferentlated concept of [Ivi I socie:ty' allows the-state to appear respo nslva even as tt plays one agaJnst the oth er

in the pu rs u it of its own ends.

FI(iugl:- is an attempt to categorize. the' r<ln1geof 9 roups 'that are, for jack OJ.l 2 better term; comrnonsensicallv lumped under the NCO headi 1119. The Securities and E~ch<:tngeCcrnmlssion €!stimatBs that there are about 58.,0.00 nonstcck, non-prof

2; 4 .. KA liUNA CO NSTANTI

N O'DA)l1D

O(9arll:zati,ons, even as rnarrv ether ~~mi'lar organizations remain wr1regi~t,ered. Internal, however; to this. Com rnun itv of organ lzattons. d i sthn:::.tiori s are obvious and four major cateqories can be dlstinguished as follows: INDI,VIDUALS. Acadamics, r-eligiou$ leaders. and various profes sionals. whose. work ime rsecrs with civi I socletv Issues but who partlcl pate 0 urslde an 0 rgOlnlzatlonal structure, are gNI\~ral,ly considered by govemmer'!t and media as, NCO ~pckespersons, Tod isti ngu i sh them I th,ey are U s'u1aUy referred to. by the NGO.commu nity, as NeG Is, S.lrictly ·.~p-e:akin9" since they are not organ lzatlons. they are nor

oart of civil societv, Howeve t~ they plilY an i rnportant ro~e because the state accords them much I,egitin'lacy and whe.n they link up with SATADs, they strengthen the hand of those whose interventions are generally marginaHzed by tlh€' state.

MEMBERSHIP-BAS ED o.RG.AN IZATIONS. Th,e majoritY of or9aniz~ltio M Ii sted in the Sec urltles and Exchange Co mrnlsstcn are volu ruarv mernbershlp 0 rg.ani zatlens wh kh can he fu nher subd lvided lnto PAtO (p'rofessi,ol'1a:l, ~cad~mit ~nd civic arg.:tntzattons) and PO (g rass roots people's organ izattons), POs can be further subdlvided into CRlPOs (gov@:rrunent-run!-init.laled POs) and GUAPOs-_(geriUit!i~. autono-

F.gure

2,
iJ;I

..... ~

Q:

~ ,e

q),

:iE lEI

= ~
!ll:
cc::: :;'il
L.i.I

~
UJ U'l

=Q
t.:!;

==

:E

o::r

§ 1.1.1 c:: :2: ,,_ ~ .Vi w ::: ~ .:(

V)

o·

i!l
uJ

5
-' u' c::J

...

.0 U'l W·

E!.

,Q
U!..

a:

I
Nl,il PAHI

I
TANGO

RJNJ1,ANGO Mil ~JGO

BASIC UNIT

E
.

'N'f'Q,

IIlGO

WME '4' G'tl

'MIM'T~Jm
IPll5:P .... """"

~,EC(l'NDAIl.f I LEva.

lERTl,ARY LEVEl

J S'S'u~t S~ifOR-, ~RE.A., ",.AS_ED eQ.IlIUTIIlNS

nDQUS people's organ lzatlo ns), Th.e CUAPQs: have organized themse lites beyo nd the . commuil ity and/or workplace th(oug h .secwl;"al: and geog raph lc all lances.

I NSTITUTIONSj At; ENCI ES. These are tormallv constituted grass roots SI!.4 ppo rt crqanlzailens that operate with full-time staff and provide a range of services from dlrect services in co mmunttles to 5 upport 3ervk~s m;::e legal. rnedlcal. and research work, It' is im portant to d.istir)9llis1'i betwee n different vpes of I nstltutio.n5/ageru::its, because 'tiL'rEd natu r:e determtnes the dife~'~Ions and tvpes of serr vices they offer.
DJANGOs (dE;ivelopmeli.t justlce and advocacv NGOs)_ MO'r[! commonly develbPtllell~ r'ljGb~, they pm-f9rm <l, mixture of .diren and support servtce

lions with and rOd' CUAPOs._ Whi la thetr prlmarv form of intervention nltv and se ctora] organiz,ing - gelleralily (:atC!9!o(i ;;:.~d as ellre ct sarvlces

cal!ed funcis comrn u-

dl!velolJmet'lrs. I11 racant years have spawned organ!:i:atiom that provide '5 upport services (legal, medical. research, etc) .. L"'r~jely dependant on granrs, both
foreiQlI'i and local, they'i nslst 011 {lmon~):myand m~ke no pre~!!nH) to po!:iUc<i1 neutralltv In response to the generailly micro ::md localist nature o'f th,elir work in cornrn ulllt:ie5, D,JANGOs have b~ncled lnto consortia, coalnlons and nctw~'rb that reflect a 'specific focus of work and/or 'a common development framework. From ~990, til€! C~_ums of DC~ielopme-nt NCO N~tworks ,(CODE.-NGO} has

sslon of a higher .I~vel of unity count: ilg over :3 ,000 lndividual jh~titutiom/agenLib III .its 'membership ~'III oyer the. country. Irlitjal~y formed by" 10 national networks, CQDt·NGOrs. 1f1the process (}ft;:rf!.ltin~ r·eglQm:lI structuees, the most signfftc:arrt of wilrdl are M'U-1COOE. in Mfndan2l.o and VISNET In the Vi£ayas, ~ide by side with CODE-NGO are ~(?,C:toraland Issue-based coalitions that cUlt acros s fretworks and focus Oi;J baste issue.s·likc. women's rights, environment. peace, and the "foreigl1 daht, In NQvembf!rof J 995, CODE·NGQ,
been thil expre Green Forum, the vVcnneili '5. Action Ne"t,War'r< for Develop~nem ('WM11)), and rhe National Peace C.ollfmenc·e (NPC), sLgrt~d Tre:aty of Cooper. ti;OIl aimed at furtiler .s.Yll!ch'fclrliz;lng and conso~idatlng Nco rlaHidp'~Hollin c.ivil so.ii~ty. Out-

mambershlps

side of CODE·NGoa:re other networks ,50m e of whlch have ove dappI ng' whh C:ODE-NC(;:r,IJke Convergence fQr COrl1 rnurilty-Centered AnM
(CONVERG EN'CEJ, Philippln.e

Developmem

$ ustalnable

A9Iri

cultural

L.oali tion
(PHIUNk),

(Pt-IILSAC), Pihillpp] ne I)~ve.~oprneilt

Agrarlat:1 f:l::eform ~d •

NCOs for 11l~E!rFIatl Qq~I.cf'}"nr£'rf'l~

S,tudie.s {PARR[)S).

NCO Co IJn0;;; fbr Coop.~!I'atilJe De.i/el,op'm~m iI Rur~1 D~'velo.rrnent

(NGO.~CCO}, and Partllen,hip

for

TANGOS {traditlcnal NGOs)_ CharHfilhle.

wdfa;r~. and reH~f orcanizatlorrs. they perform val uablft services for the poor, Whrl~ th~y Inten·ett with POs and DJANGOs ,~h~iI' primary focus remains 011 pro'lidln~ as ststartce to l1iarg'inalized lndlvlduals and ra.mi lues,

FUNDANGOs
galilizatiol1s

(fLlllding a~eiicy

NCO~)_ These fcundatlens

are IInked to' gra$5ro'O~!i or~arii ~<lth>l1~pl'iinar.llY

'fin<llld<llal1d other forms of S·U'PP.Q.rt.Over t.he last sevell .initi'afiVi=s of CODE-NCO" networrks and ccalitlons, <l number Fi..mdirlg me"ch;;lnf~ms h.9:ve bi;!~ri set up.

,;J;nd 'gr,ant-givlng pro thro:llgh pro\;idir,g years, thrOll19h the

of NGO·rnlanag(!d

MUNCQs (mutant NCO:». The! growlln.g recognition 01 ;he role of NCOs, the Ollval!lltltil e of f... ds 'from 'fore igild on Cine s.peciall y af~ (! r th e fa II of the M.;irc.Os m dictat'or~ hip,alld the g:overnrnl!mt's dec! Solon to engagE! NCO services in the impl'eml!ntoaIlon of progro1lms resulted tn the pmIJre.rahot'1. of N9<iIli'zatit)n~ wtl~~e

essence w~s reallva mU't:aUOrJ of thg;(}r;igl.ha~ spirit ef NGn~._The larg~~ numbQf' are GRINGOs (government nmllt;:i'tia~ed NCO) that are es~~ntially ·exten· s~(m5 of the ~t~te or p·en.ona,i Iinler,esh <\'? theyan= lUtu,ally set up by politicians and 9<wernment Tuncti 0 11a,ri es , Because of their nature, these tirga"i zarlcns perform $'~~if-s'ervlt'llJ ltm!;ti9ns and comer Bi::JveHilm-ent~Qntractsand pQrk batrei 'funds. AJ,tl'WlJ,gh there are ~USil1eH corporations that are, 1nvolved in gellUirle" s oclal deveioplfHHlIt a,ctivitleSi,BONGOs (b~i£in~sYQrg.anJzed NG,Q) mf~r to those that m:e created prlrnarl Iy .]I-S tax dodges" vehlcles for quellinq labor unrest, or means to project a. benevolent cornpany hnage, FQI1.<:!lly, COME N'G.Os the {NGO entrepreneurs) relate to fly·by-night ,organizations that package proposalsand pr(lmpt~y di,.s<l'ppeOir with the funds ~"_rld/or work the fl,lrtdillig g.ame.. by hi,ing themselves out 'to large donor orqanlzations. tlecause of the relatlvs e<l~~inseUing up ~nd r~~;;Mteril1.g I'wll~;(Q(k, nen-proftt ot,ganiz<l.li,ons and since there is no svsternatic m.onitorinfj by the Sec;mities all1dExchanqa Commlsslnn. ~h.er~ is .a grnwl.ng number of such organi7.a:tiollts, . ~.r '. IDEOlO,CleAt fORCES. Throl,.lgnput Philippine hlsto.ry, state tNW0F has' always bee ncha iIen g,ed bv argailll;:;ar tons th ara rtl cu I~te. .aherrl<H iw i d ~ol o'9.ical paradigm s - communism, national demm:;r:acy, pUflU'I:¥ (l.ernoa-ac~',SJDciali,sm', demo-

crane sociallsrn, scclal d'em~cracy, I slamk flationatlsrn and ~ib{ilr,,,~r:!er'rlocr<tey. Thf!ir id{\ologkal and or,g;mlzafional frameworks defihe not only thefr <lltem;;],rlve vlston but abo the.irnIsponse5 to is ~WH. A !>i,gcn~'fh~<lnt number of PO.s and DJANCOs are directly orlndire:etly infliuenced b}, the:;e'id~o'logic,a1 forces. The CUAPQ:s, the i(jeolog leal :forc:es and the DJIANGOs intersect [see the shaded arearn FIGURE1. not cnlv atthe I,evell of'are·a/sector/issl)e·tp5~d 2 ecalmons but aliso
in dav-to-dav
0 peratio

t1s..

Tracing the Roots of Civil Society

HaVing mapped out tlletHraln that is civil soctetv todav, there .:; a need to retrace the past in 0 rder tn understand the prase nt conflquratlon S'" Although lrrstltutlons and ll'ge!1cie~. those who have consistently referred to themselves as NGGs. are the latest actors in what is, cal,lled civil societv today, th is paper will fccu s on th~eir evclutlcn 'd,nd the dynamics that characterize. 'their reiarions witI-! the other

cornpo ne nrs 'of civl I society Md 'the 5cil.te~

The B.eg;innings
Althoug h today's develo pment NCO co rnmu nity to the decade of the 1960s., proto-NGOs existed Spanh; h cotontzarton.
Mi:lC~S

US direct' hlstorv

0 nlv

tnrouqnccoperanves. local reactions toxolcn lalism, and the trade u nion muvernent - du ring the period of
In the early 1900s the Amariran colo I1ta'govert.ul1~mintroIRdigiol,JlS and (ivli;: activities.

d uced a 'few welfare agencies.lhE'! devastation brcuqht about by World War ~Iintensified the rie~d for Felh~f,welfare and reconstruction Qrgani;,;:iil.ti(m~ pioneered tn these affo rts.

The main to ntender for state poW~r, however, was trre. cornmu ili.st movement led by the Partido KDmu n tsta ng PiI i plnas {PK~}. Rural and trade u nlo " organ I:;(irig

rnunlsr movement

before World War II, the. HU KBALAH.APan'ti-JOlpanese stru·ggle. and-the postwar co rnposed <I. forrnldabla challenge to the fJ'edgling Phillippine state, Apart from Americall·supp'ort~d govern me nt prQgrams that focused on rural developmenr in anefrort to u nee rmi rH~ tne 9 rowing po pulanrv of the PKP and its mass-based orqanlzano n 5, the pnvate sector and the Roman Catho Iic Ch urch were the most active in antl-Cnrnrnunist in itiatives. The jesuit-based Insti1;ute of 50cial ,Qrder{fSO), formed in ] 947, trued to counter rhe cornm Unist-l ns plrsd peasanr and labor movements thro ugh the Federatloa of Free Farmers (fFF) and the Feder,Hld n 0'( Free Workers (FFW). 10 1 9S 2; the PhUippine R.lJr'lJ ReCOnSLn.KtionMo v.eme nt (PRRM) lmplernsnted all i n.t€!gratedi packaqe of services that wa$ designed to fu rther undercut peasant support for the communist movement. By the' early 1950$, the PKP leadership had been arrested and the movement had almost tottliHy' dnsirHegr'ated, WhHe we lfare workcontlnued and th'e Roman Catholic Church expanded its .parish-based actlvntes, '~h.egovernment passed new laws and ·set up ~'t1!!!: Presldential Arm on Co rnrnu nlty Deve loprnent (P.4CD). The: rCl.llllyrng (ry was commu.n.ity deyelo:prriefltsanitation. livelihood, backyard gardens, beautlfkation - even as the structural roots that. anciro red popu lar sUPPO rt for the comrn LJ n lst rnoverne nt remal ned unaltered.

Questioning

DominQnt Paradigms

Fo,rabouta decade, the countrv was. "pactfled." But the i 9(;)05 brought on tind Va't·icanII rock~d the Roman Cathcllc.Church.
dependency

'4PSlJrg'e of.activitylfi al most Pill q uarters of the 9 lobe, As the theorogy 'Of ~~berJtion '~iv.esof another development challenaed trad ltlonal modemizanon p<1.fClldig ms, M anti-colon i·~1wars were waged and won; student acnvls m, cMI rig hts, and women's liberation movements fLlrt.her eroded traditio.hal paradigms.
had a dvnamls m of its own t'ha~ could rIO fonge r be contai ned witMn a rigid fra,meWQfk of the old partv, The ne:w Communist Party of the PhilLpclues (CPP)emerqed, cna:llenging theolder generation and ado-pting Maoism and .nartonal damocracv as a response to the more traditional Soviet mode. On another frtnit. '~he'FFF and FFW mentors also tried to strengthen a student wing. But like thetr more radical counterparts. a mew generaHor] had be-en born. Soctal demQ(r,,,~y was the j r fa lI,y~n9 cry. studentactlvlsm

an

theory and perspec-

The Ph il i pplnes was no exceptio rio Re mnants of ~h'f!. KP revived th~ pat1y, but P

Un IJ.ke rhe prevlous pe dod when the lines were' drawn Qu.ite. neatly betwee n tl1i~ state and the dornlnant ch urch on 0 ne hand" and the. commu nist movement on th'@ other; the altlances and the en mitieS were not as dear-cut. TI1~ .rulhig elile was tn d iSiinray. Allgro ups cllal..lenged state power and at the same trm~. bitterly fOl)9 ht each other. This rivalry man ifested itself, not ·only ill the student movement hut also in dwn:11 instjtunons. labor federations and the peasant movement. In the Muslim south" fv1mo natiorfalism, efl9.endered by vearsof negrect <lind dlscrimtnatlon, was also on the rise, Structu roll determl nartts of pove-rty we're no IOllger igllo:red, they we re the centerof th,@ debars. Afrelnzy of co mrnu nity. orga.nizlng (CO) ci1raIJeng@d the old COI1tCept of com munity rrevelepme nt. Sign ificant during th is perl-od was the o,rgJraizatlon of thf Philippin~ ECIJ,menical Councll for Community Organi;;riti,g (PECCO~,the establlshment of rhe.Zo ne One "rondo Organ tzatlon (ZqTO), and th erne rgenc€' of 'the urban poor as a vtnd sector.

----------------------------------------

28

• KARIN~

CONSTANTINO-O'IWIC

Academe, from whkh rhe student movemertt sprung, also responded with extensio 11. na,miJ1g and research lnstiturtons. A, revlval 0 f 1nteresr In (00 pe ratlves was also taking place. 'l1!sp~(iil.lly tn he VfsO'l.y~). <I,nd Mll'ldanao T"eSl'iol'ls. Within the rellqleus orgatHlauons. ;deol'ogwcill perspectlves were: a.15,0gaining 9 feu nd, ThE NOiI\'nonal Secre1.arlal for S'o'c~al Action (NASS.A)" the soc lalactlon centers. and the basic Chrtstian comm.Llnny (BCO approach were manlfestarlonsof this Fel me nt, The buslne ss sector abo n~J,'ponded th rOLJgln the tcrrnatlon of the PfliUppine. BU5 ness to. SOCial P.rogre:U (PBS) and I;ner, together with the n;OrJIall Catha~ic CI1urrh, the Bl~hor.s·B.uSi,if1es5.men's CCHif~~e ncE' nmC) fa r Total Hu man Deve:lopm nt was formed.

Th Marcos

Sepua rnber 197 i..

Punll,ing struggle

state bes leg d by all these deve loprnems, declareo maruauawin

I'

'CI1,ange Urn,d,er R.e,p:rossliDn

Martial law fo'reed many sectcral leaders and student actlvtsts ro pLI rsue th~ und(!rgro und, Other!) CiJI~'uioliJlsh' es 1.1 riled' open actlvlues under rhe au s· r plces of the church, academe. 011' cocperatlves. SUI! erhe rs attewed themselves to he
coopted

by the Marcos dictator~lhip.

The ideolog Gcaldlvi510ns and s,us.picions Q,r the pre-l 972 period wer~ del~ply ilmht!dded. PECCD expanded Iits r raj and urba» organi:z [1'19efforts, eMI hlflg its in ltia~ Saul A~~nskv fro1lm~work w~th snare hes of Pa~lo 'FrE!~re; theology of liberatlon, Marxrs m, an d structural OIl1alysls .. AlthO" gh id~olog leal diffe'rfl.rlCeS - recru ltrnent of people's org,arlizations, into ideologicat g'rOIJIPS, whetherto have II nks wft~l rhe undergroluod mevernent 0:1" ot, dlfferences in ~Ira.'£egie~ and tactlcs -soon n led ttl ~h~ spl it of PECCD if"! 1917, vaneus ,gmE.IP:> conrtn LIed to develo p Xh,!'! ccrrtrnunltv of9~"nrzJI"I9 concept Into wha it is toda . As rural and urban orgalll'liziiilllgco ntlnued, coope:rarivh expanded, and welfare
Institutions grew, he manlal Ia period binned new issues and concerns. MoSt slqniflcant amo ng these we~ the 01i"Q-flniz atto 111 that focused on h uman rigtns vlo5, lations like tile Task. Force Detail1leles ot: he Philippines (TFDP). In a drarnatlc rever'sal of the antl-Comrnunist [role of the chu:rlCi'H'!'$ in the 1950'S, rnariv of the. i r'Ii'ti~dive~. most sspecta Ily cornmumrv Ofgiiltnlzhlg. tha pushed the dictatorship to its Iiimit5 w~re i fi1i'fiall~d crsupported by [he Ro man Ca.droh,c 3111d ProteStant ch urches.

But the generation of the 1 96Us and' 970s that opted [0 rernal n 011 the Ilegal fro III did not stop at the relanvecemfcrt of church support. By th is tl me, the ge· nerlc label NCO was a:lready being IJs'ed ~n imern,aUonall clrcles. New NGOs: were se-t up by th~ i11 i d·' ~HOs. de:a1ing tth $o(i'a!1 deve lo pment iss ues on a largely community-based lavei, AUhol.lgh hil1: student mevsrnent was ln hibernatiort irnmeai<lrtt:lly after ] 972, lts Fev!,Y<lil was spurred by :)eve re tYphoolls and floods a Few vears later. lef work, as it did To the past, the de moli[io n of S'qU21Ue.r sharntes and g rowl ng labor unrest, paved 'h,~ way for exposure prog rams w hlch became tile hu mall resou ret! base for 1 he: g[,f(lW og NGO (OmmL.H1Hy,

Ft~'

Wh lie 'lheconditlOllS IJ n er martial law prodded NC:;Osto create new strat ~gl{!;~ Olrld to develo p a culture ,MrenHl'[ from Hun of i'LCUivist rganil';,atio ns, the ideologj· o cal dlvlstons ecnunued. lDe~pite thts, ~ (;Os opened UID new an::I1U~ of struggle. Apart fro rn h umatl rig,lhu, 'the Cordl,Uera peopte·s S'trug.gl~ ag3in Sf rlleCM i I) d am project,

MusHm~Chri5t

tan dialog ues, indlge eus P'I!Opi I!! '5, r1gllt5.

nvi ron mental ac-

tiviS.m;the women's movement, cons umer protectton, cultural WQ rk, children's- concsrns, and even oarnctpauon in the 1978 Batasan Elections made for a vibrant NGO "Community despite disunity, Compared to the present, the NCO cornmu r)ily WOI.5 f@llatively smalland althouqh there were pol ltlcallv Independent NCO.5 much of the actlon during this period was In ccn] unction witt, ideoloqlcal fa rces. As such, NCOs WE;fe huge~y labelad as, beionging to one force or an'oth~r! furlrdier creathig disu tliW·,
B~t ~he lad: of unltv and the relative isolation of cornmun rty-bJ5ed approaches 1\:1 Ied to t h~ need ftir n etwo rkl 11g ..Th e wei fa r~ 0 rgan tzat to n s a Ire adry had a rlet~ st) ~;;oVk froin the 'I9 50s. The cou neil of WeIfive FOUfldati.onsof the Philippines ,Inc, (~WAFPI)was the foreru nner of the N.1Honal! Council of Social [)evel,opment Fa undatlon (N'C5D). PBSiPi fa unded i·n the early 19705, was also a netwo rk of bus i ness corporations as well ascfthose NGOs it supported ..The Assoclatlo 11of ~Ol~ ndatlo ns

(A,11 was also establlshsd durl ng the.early 'I970S. These three

I'~NWo rks

represe'nted

tared some restrtctlons.

less ,pol!itrcaJNCOs. NA$SA, the Protestant National Council of Churches lin the: Phillppines (NCCP) and rhe EClJmen leal Center for Development (.EeD), which was .orgarliLed rn 197·8. were more. political (lrthough'therr insmu't~Or'Ial church base necesslTtl@

Natlorral Asscctatlon

tives (NATCCQ)_,he' prec urscr of the present NatrlCinal Ccnfederattcn of Coo perat tivM" was a;response to the atte.mpts of th@ Mar-cos dtctatorshlp to requlate cooperatlvss. While ·NATCCO was not overtly pollttcal, many oJ irs leaders w~re crucial partklpants i,nthe. setting Up the Pilipi no Democratic Pany (PDP}.bther sectoral. regional and naHorial networks were also. ·in tile Pil'OC~Ssof formation d L~r'i g rhts n pe:rtod. One of tne·se WaS the Phrltpptne Partnershlpfc rthe Devel:opme:rl[ of Hu man ReS01Hce.s in Rural Areas (PHILOlhIRRA) whicn was formally launched in 1983.

of raln. 11:9ce ntsrs of Coopera-

of

As the Marcos regime got and clvl I sccletv started to flex into- the country, Tile dlcrarorsh 'thr~a.t!i,raids, .arrests, salvaging Iqnger be abo rted,

more and mo re tsolared (jonthe i nternational frOnt lts muscles, greater lnrernattcnal sup-port flowed i pres ponded with various forms of represstorr - but the growth mthe NCO co mrnun ity could IlO

Openly ChaUenging the Didato~ship

The ~983 assassl nation M Ben"igno Aquino galvarti;;::<e_d nation wide prorest a. movement that was posslble ollly because of the painstaking work tfmt ideological forces, PO~ and NCO's had already undertaken. The pa·rticipaHo.rJ of the middle da.!):s,,out.rdi,ged by the assasstnarlo n and reeling fmm'the ecc nomic crists, fu rther enhanced the antt-dictatorsh tp stwg:gle., The "parJ lament of the streets" fa reed erstwh'ile e.irH~;m~ie.!S coalesce. There was a frenzy of a_ctivity., arid coal ltlon-bu i Iding to was the name of the. ga,me. Even NGOs and POs that had tried 'to shun cutrlqht pcllttcal lnvolveme nt were drawn into ttl@ mass mO,Vem!HH and llteraltv forced to mak¢ painful dects ions on whit h ideolog real force they would identify with. Duri ng tills period" the. ideological forces cou Id be broad Iy cateqo rlzed into the national democrats. soctal.demcc rats, I lberal de rnocrats, and the i ndependenr demot rats. In the midst of alrnost-dal Iy rallies and demonstrations,
.. rg<lnlzi ng work: ex0

At the same tl me, all ann-Marcos forces - ideo logical fo rces, NGOs., POs.. tradltlonal poli!tc<lll parries, bu.sJiles$ groups, churches, profssstonal orqarnaatlons -

parlded and more. NGOs and 1'05 were: fo rmed, The tern per of the: tlrrres provided fertjh~9 round for mobilization but tt also. she rt-ctrcutted the process of organizing_

needed to band toqerher

tions.

hlf'lW

what w'en' later called "cause-oriented"

organiza-

The Iusuce fo r Aq ulnc, JUi-S ice for AU UAJAl movement was the broadest a,ggrup( ticn, Including ~II dieo,11 ic.aIIforces as well as he tradittonal politi-cal parog tlas: But Jdeologl,cal differe:m:~s. SlcJS,pu:u:) ns 0 f Ihrdden agelul~., and a bas is of tmitY that defined what to nghta.gil.ins~ but nora concrete dlrectlcnto fighr for, all con-

tributed 'to' COI1S'liln1 mtrarnurals, JAJA spl:vt and all he succeedlnq attempts at anrl-drcratc rs hip coal luons - :KOMP~l1 COiR.D. SAYAN - were shon -I iv@d <lnd 'ht'ld,

Th' tradi~ionlll politici ns were the first '(0 drop 0 LI'l. A~though ecordmanon stall took Dltu:e. 't~lE~Y were no lo ng€:F OF9dn Iz~tltmally withbif11he fom:(~e:d.ng (oa.li' lons. ,By the tl me BAVAN spllt In 1985, Only the national d~ll'Iocrats and a rle\t! ind,vl~du lis remained. The IIbe.r I democrats wen Hi~ fl rst 'to W~'llu.lraw, a day before the GAVAN congress I' the 50( ~a~ democr7Lts bolted out dklli]rlig ehe COlilgre!.i, arHJ a w,eek or so ait, r. the Independent democrats ;)1$0

as members ... narrower range of OI"gOllnl:li'llians.

decided to leave.
Developm m NCOs nd new orks Glictlv,I'll particlpatee in the mass rnovem nt, 1<li'9e::ly ttl roug il mass aC:11,ons. 'Ti'u:ut' who were alr@ady ldentlfled witll spectftr ldeelog leal forces, and whose ~eoadrer5h~~ overla:pped, generally fo llowedthe sI',lhs and turns of the allti-dicla:tonfdp str'luggl@o. As (his struggle rock center tJge. a Spil'l! of voluruansrn filled theair; lin: :!inap elecuons called in late 1985 mobWzed ~II seefa rs, Except forthe naucnal d mocrats IN, 0 called for a bovcct the rest partietpared through vartous m'eans rangln,g from von~ r educatlcn, 'to a camp,aigll 'for
!

clean elections.

to cutrlqnt

support

f'or~IH~(;\'Im:Jdll.cy of Corazon Aqul no. I

Massive cheating and E!1t:tuon·r;eIil. ed violence led U) a cMI dl sobad lence earnpaign that m(!fg,e.ci with the AAM-Rj;1J!m:o,s'Em'He attempted co LIP to, create the EDSA revolt in F@oruary 1985 t"~11'[oppled th'e Maru)S dicrtlJ£orshlp. But tJ1E deep-seated srral ns and '[he lack of ,a coherent vi~ron produced a tenuous U niW ~11';U W[J uld

eventuallv

splinter in the pnsr-Marcos era. EuphQd'ILI" lR,'ed'E!!filnitiona;nd

Legi'tirnc'Hon

Short-Lived

The victorv or the ann-dictatorshtp stmggl@'(hmugh a d rarnatic display of collectiv€! nonvlolem action. the' seemmqlv pcpulist stance of a government that was U shered into power on the s'huul~d,en of a pOjJ!.1 tar moverne ru, and interaatlonal re·cQgnition and support iedfiw M hlite.ilI mood of eu phorta. But this was short-lived, Soon "enough, I: 1,eAquilnc qovernment 'leered sharply to tile rig ht, un-: able to effect crtrt lal r~fofms es.pe.clairy in the areas of agrarian rete rm and the

forelgn debt. Despite t'hese setbacks, NGQo~and POs conun LJ,edto expand, buoyed by their role 11'1 triumph, encouraqed by he:available democratic: space, and enhanced IIJY lnternatlonal suppcn and th~lr fOHn31 recognition by government. The 1987 consntutlo 1'\, varia LJ.S execunveorders and SU(c::es STU I legislative bills llke the l:oc1.i'1 govemment(od@. were all oven forms 0 legitlmatio'n of the role of NiCQs rid POs,
A

new terrain had been opened - access

to

the eorrldors of power.

NGOs prolifenued. incl dingl many MUNGOs, I.lfgely because of ( I'l avalanche of fore:ig n su ppert as well as [he ded~iilofl of gOVtYl1nUlfH to nk. up with NiCOl) ll~ The Irnplementaucn of proj,ects and program's. Altho,ugll1 numb red legi Irna'l~ NGOs, the: latter also mushroomed. [he. mutant vOlriety ourA wide variety, If con-

'i

cerns enriched till!': NCO cornrnunltv,

tldpanon enco u raged
IJ

and the need. to, rna xi mize the spaces fQ r par-

nil .

1J!'lllke the pn=violls period where un! V as (lJllfi([ally forged because of a crisis, NGOs and POs setlouslyfaced tl!,e rnatliefl9'es of coalftf,ol1·buf!dhI9. Two new NGO networks were formed, 1he C(l,tJncll for PI!DiJle's Deveiopm@rH (CPO) In 1985 and lh(! Partllers,hip gf Philippine: Support :Sl~rvh:e Ag,encles (P:HllSSA) I n t 988, IFI 1988, the Canadtan tnrernarlcn i Devel'olJi'r'I~nt Agel'1 y CClDA) Invited the rnajur NCO networks 10 a ccnsultatlon on in countrv program. The re:s.ut of this co ns ultaI 1:10'1 as the rhilipplnes·Can<lda w Human Resource Development Pwgr.Jl'tl rrC·HRD), 'firSl maler NCO'manag'edi undll'19 mechamsrn. In the fllrtlOs,t [WO Y ars that fol<lt>WliH1;uf'le1t) naucn a 1 NCO n~tworlks. 'COV"!:!fi the rll1tf r,~ spectrurn, cautloustv ng worked 011 confide-nce-blii'lding measures, learned [0 bu' Id a LH1,J V that was based on u.rtlcQ5jl1itlon 01 differences, d consclousl developed personal bond (rr hit'nd· ~hjp, exorcising LI1e glnO'litS a'r the pa!i~.

tn~

By 1990. tl1e Ciil.!.JICIJS of De,ve',I.bpment NCO N~~woriks ('CODE.·NCO) W<l5 for· mally I, unchad. JlHI15SA. PHI!LOHR,RA PBSP, NATCCO. NASSA, NCCP, NCSD, ECD, CPD and AF IliHJ accomplished ~'h 'I W ':5 deemed IlmlJo~slble In the formation of CDDE·NCO, rnurh emph~~I) w.n ptaced 'on COM:~H!I'lSiU5·bu~~dlng In order tclFor9~ • mlnlmum common vision based on (i 'ifl.a.ljza~h:mand respect for differences. Ii, series of con'fere:nces V,]!(e Ii ld, b~,gjnlfllng with the' theme peace based on justice, wh lch covered a wide ran'get of na:tJonal and lccal rssuesand provi,ded the onporruj

Ility to exchange views on frameworks.

of am~dy5is and alternatlve

orders.

A second conference foru sed on the role's 0 f developrnent NCOs rn ~'he electcrat process', five major Ie-vei's of pal1..iclpati!:u1 wen furmulated: efectof<.11 educatton, electoral reforms, buikHng a people',S, p~atform. 'j ~ PPOI of candidates and direct partlclparton tlwolJgh 'the actual fTeldirHl of candidates. ~t was :agreed rhat all development NCOs sl10uld gel involved in the nrs~ three levels and must respect

those that wished tc go beyond these,

A third ccnference fO(l.ls~d On formulating a qender-based frarnework for planning and evahratton which ~e.qulr'ed earh of the networks ro u ndertake alevel ing· Q·ff seminar on gender issues r n order to rnrne up witll a co mrnOn ~rarnework, Th is. conference wasart initial attempt to maiasrream the issue: of gefld-er inequality i·n the wQrk of deve,lopll1ent NCOs.
Flnal~y,
iii

ducted

which culmlnared

series of net we rk-based and f'e.gtol'l-bas,ed con fe.rences w~ire co F\in t.h€! firSl l1,ujonaJI cO!1g'res~ of NGOs 011 December 4,

1991 . Tile co tigress was Clttende.dIby abo t a thousand de:leg:a 1e5 from all over tile country to ratif\,the COv@riarnon Plhil~:~pme'Dev@lopmern whkh laid out consensually validated princlples and ifl!spo'nsibml:tes, g'oa~s and comrnttme n rs and co ntained as well a code of (i)l1dU'CI 11:0 govel1 d,@.velopment NCOs.
i

try,

tlcns, represents

COilS lite:Jthe development NCO C0I1H1!'!ILmny in re.gult.tf dia~09ue$ with 901,1' p.mmem bodies Ilk@ the steer) rig comrnrttee ef the Natlonal Econa mk and Develo pl

At present, CODE-~GO counts ~bo'l,n ],000 Individual NGOs allover I'f coordluHltes NCO parttetpatlon In vartous natllona.li and J nternatlertal

rhe coun-

ment AL!'tl1or~ty.and Hif! legllsja~ive·Exe,cuti'llf1. D,e\! lepment Advisory COl,!rICil. and ci.l.mpilugl1l!)es p,t!(I.aI'I'y rn retanon [.Q. various state pO~lic and 10 les official' development ass stance and other dono agent les, In tarnallv, CClDE.·NGOIs focused ,on capablJlty·buUdi'i1g eSfu:!tiall'y hll IUlle~ like to cd govern nee, prornotIrIg a ult-regI.lJolt~ng mschan run .mco,rdlng to the Code of Conrl'uct. asstsrl rig In th ~

takes on advocacy

formation and strenqthen i hg of re:gio nal and provtnctal aJIlances of development NGOs. bulldinq a successor 9'errera1;ion, and ensurinq the autonomy ofdevelcpmenr NCOs.

Arrmng the most s·ignifical1t" developments 'iin CODE-NCO w~s t~H~~de(islcn to move towards a reqlonallzec structure" 1=0 ur networks - M INCo.DE, ViISN.ET, Bieol Cauc us, Re-g 1011 II COD E now sit on the board preparatory 'to th'e (0 rnplete regiona.liza.tl~)ll of CODE"NGO. By the end of 1997, it is expected rfiat NCR· and 'the rest of Luzon wo L.l~d have formed ViQ.ble re:gicmaJ :SWJ.CU.J res', The main ratio nate 'for reglonal i zation is to further democratize and decentralize. t~he leaders hip of the developmenr NCO {'Qmmuni,t"y,rhe plan is-for the fl.lliol1a,1 networks 1:0 exlt from the org<.n1tzatlonal .structure of CODE-NCO. for each O:rHH~,ir- members d'S well-as non-network members tocoalescs at the f~gi.onal h::vel~.and for the reg iorral structuxes 'to compose the national CODE-NCO I'ead'e.rsnip. Tile n.aHonal networks, on the other hand, wi II continue tosarvlce the i r' res pecrlvs members, based on their criqtnalrnandates.
At the same time; recc:owrfizll1gth,e dependence of NGOs on the donor cornrnunlty, CODE-NCO has successfully taken the lead in setting up NGO'manag,@d h~nd;' ing mechanisms that service development NCOs.. Sign lflcant among these are the Ph il lpplnes-Canada Hu man keso urce Deve~oprnent PrQgram and the Philippine Develo pment Assistance program, the Foundation for P'1l'i'li ppine Environ ment w'ith the United States of America. arid the Fa undauo n f'o r a. Sustainable Society that was rece ntlv set u p throup h <l debt conversion scherr'lf! with :Swi,lz-eflarrd and the Phi lippine Conferentlal Body which is at p"~$'ent negoHatiflg with lh~ Canadian Interna·

tiona] Development

Agency for a fund centered on issues of gpvei:nance.

,

In the pursu it of a $elf-r~g u~ari ng mechanism that can ensu r~ that standards Me malntalncd With i n the development NGO cornmun iW, CODE-NGO has ~J~en its Cede of Conduct serlmJs-ly. The most rece nt set of actlvtnes relate ttie. j list co fleluded PC·HRD prog ram, CODE-NCO has now -tdil<e:nover the review and f6,110'1N-u p of all projects that have incomplete documentation (narrative reports, flnanclal H· abiHi:ies, etc.) and shall lm PQSe. sancttons, lncludlnq SU spenslon crsxpu ls Ion from CODE-NCO, for those who fail to comply with their act:o'umabilitiesl,vj thln a, stated

to

time frame.
The p recess has not 0.1 w-ays been smooth ,. In 1 9'94, CPD res ig ned -fmrn COm:-NGO due to "Irreconcl liable d ifferences w~lh thO~H~who S uJpported the proposed Strateg,i.c Plan ," E'eD resig ned in 199'5 because its. present "pril)r'lty i~ for it to reorient Its members' theolcqlcal pers pective 5; " .Sorne members of both CPD and ECD. however, continue to be.active at the CODE-NCO regioJ1l·alleveLs, In the: meantime .s

CODE-NCO, in 1994~ and NCOs:wl1icn are not members of any of the national networks have also j~ine.d at t~e regia rial lavel. At the sametlme . other coali-

the All lanes of

Pe rsons

with Dis-abi "ties of the. Phlll ppines (KAMP'l) joi nl;lo

that tODE·NGO·was

in '[he process of formation.

tio'J'lswere also being established. NGOs also saw the ru~eq formora ~ssue-/sector·/are<l-based alliances. Am.ong the POs, 'the peas-aries formed the.Conqress fora People's AgrariiJ,n Refo nil, (CPAR); th~ fis~'H~rfoIk. established the Nitiorlal Coalition for Fisheries and Aquattc Reform (INACFAR), labor 'forged the Labor Advisorv Con su [tative. Cou n!::n'1 (LACC), the urban poor founded the National tOfl.'litiorl of Urban Poo.rOrganiz.ations (NACUPQ) and later (11(>' Urban Poor Conrdlnatlnq COI,J nell (ljPCN). and the Urbat! land- Refo rm Task Force. Across POs and NCO-s, environrnentall sts set up C re.,en

Forum Phlllppl nes, women un itt!:d (Hider the WOl'llen'S Actiol1 Network for Devel'op" rnent (WAND) a rid the Croup. of T@rl (C·IO)" peace: advocates formed the Coalition
for P·etic~and later the National P@aceConference. and advocates on the foreigll

debt issue orqarnzed the freedom from Debt Coalition.

consortia of NGOs. w~re also.formed, tCD, PAR.RDSand PHILSAC.

At the same rime, other

amo.l1g them PHIUN K, CONVERGENCE" NCO.

Ma.I1Y of these formations have worked together on an i5S 1I~ basis, in con neetlon For instan-ce with the Anti-Poverty $1) rnmit, the-Social Ref;orm Age·nda arid the Philippine: Council forSustalnable Development, 01"1a high~r level of unity, [ODE· NGO. WAND, Green For:um, and the Nati·[llnaJ Peace Conference sig ned a "treaty of 'c\{oper,atlon"'irr November 1995 aimed at further synchronizing and consoitdatinq development NCO participation viewed as a monolith incivil.soc.iety;

Whlh~ it IS obvious that the various components of civil society C.iHIJ10t be lc force, th@:r"@ have been sign lftcantoccas ions of concerted action on issues like the 011price tncrease and the expanded value-added tax, Thera have also been mstances where ci\!JI societv entities have e.ngagl1!d the state but from disparate posltinns and even wath acr: mOon-iou'S debates, the rrrost recent of wh lch was ln relation to APiEC. The succeeding secttcn attempts to ide.ntiry the
sources of

tage polnt of development NGOs, .1 the hope that a d;lriificatio 11mavevsntuallv n contribute to some resolution that WOl..1ld· h)lrtherstFength~n what is one 'Of the
mesrcructal re:q,I,Jrernents of any democracy, i

renston

among civil society participants,

a.lt·hougtl targ@lyfromthev<lr1-

The Challenges That Mu sf Be Faced

As development NGOs €volv,@'dthrough the: vears, Inte mallY deJi nirlg and refJnin9 their objecttves whi:le respond I t'lIg 'to changes in theexternal etwiiI"OI1tl1ent; drarriatk shifts have taken place. jn the begin n ln g.• proto-NCOs functloned 'largeiy in conjunction with .Hat-e<i.rHtiative.s and directions, 'from pockets of voluntartsm that responded basic<l.lIy to welfare needs, to ve hlcles fa rthe delivery of serviens in

support of the anti-Co mmunist campaig n, Startinq in the' 19605" NGOs and POs cQmplet'r1ll;~ntedhe campaigns of political movements by rai:sing alternattve. parat .diqrns to the level of public debate. even as their i mervenuons w~re mostlly ~Hthe
community level, The 1970.5 Saw NGOs prtmartlv lnvolved
in legal, non-armed interventions that honed methods especiallv in cornmunitv organiz.ing and' tH~1 ped prepare for.the open antt-dlctatorshtp ~trU9g I:eIrI·the followJ ngd.e:cade. III the 1~go.S1

NGOs expanded way beyond the arenas of localtst work, bandinq together in rIet." works and in CODE-NCO, active~y interv~nin9' In naetonal adveracv lssues. and lntersecttnq more

actively, as a separate entity, w.ith the other cornponents

of

civil

sodew.

Int,er-NGO UnIty and Tensions,

While the level of coalition-build i og has reached a stag'l! th,;;It CQ-U ld not .have been pred lcted two decades ago, lr'wou Idlbe idealistiC: to assu me. that inter-NCO

tensions

ated by their relative tsolatlon

longer exlst, In rh-~ same way that tenstons between NGOs were ge'ner" 'from each other in rfl€ past, gr·eater fa.rnlliarity and moreinteraction rodavalso result in confltcts brouqht on es pecral IV by rumpeutlon
F1~

fo r scarce reSCIIJ'FCeSoverlapsIn wrfs, mterpersonal difflcu ltles, and va ri 0 us' sectari<ln tendencies. The major differ'e:flce, h'owe.v,~r. i.5 thaI C(lnCIFE:£e rnexhartisms have a.lready bun developed to miOlmr;ze sud} c():nflicts and must NGOs now recogfHze that It 1s,imperativl:l for NCOs, too lak:e acnen a.'S a d is'Hflct sector ~fl civil soC lew.
T

Th rough nei works, and later C.ODE-N!GO"~he development NCO commlJnl,'~y has breil.che.d many of [he walls, th,u serv@d as dlvrd.ers, in [he pa5t. Common actlvlties - training p,rograms, sharif)",,;, of exp'er1ienc OInd expertise, area/sec[f)r/ Issue-based con so rtta - have bull kl-oth personal and tnsrltutlenal bridges. COrllIJe' tiUon fodu.u,ds has been mlf1hli~Z'll!d bV assistance 1:11'1 access: ng funds and 'the break· t'hroughs achteved through NGO-m nagred·rurilding mechanisms, Common dvoC(icy campa gns, from the' IOCdil \0 the Intc"HltlUonal hil!v(il,. have convinced OJANGa~ of 1h~ need fa r concerted acne Ji1 underptnned bv comHl!'l~UaUy v 011 at ·d 5!oab. IMJ

Bel'W',een D'J:ANGOs an,d Other NGO.s

rogerher inro networks and lat~r the real12:iuioll ofa commonality of interests as cornparedto TANGO:5., FUN DAN COs and MUNGOs. Ap,arf from the larter, DJANGOS have llmlrad {thoug h generally positive), re'latiOI'l,$ wfth rh~ others, Til 1:1 made pass rblll! because is ohwo main reasonstthe recogn ,t,lon then the CO,I'I<I:;@rns of iANGOs are important 11'1 One of the major reascns for HH:!bandltlg
\.V3S

tnto COD -NiCO,

their own right a.nd that FUN'DANCOs prevldea suppertlve servtce to both NGOs and POS. It Wil:1> the proIiUlera~ici1 o.f MUNCOs, t'HcIWVf:I', thou helped to propel (he formation of CODE-NCO. UnllUce the respect for the leqltlmate rolesthat ali' accorded to T,i!I,NC;O~ and FUNll;ll"NGOs. MUNGOs posed a.'threat to, [he develcpmeru

NCO community because t.he." devatue and debase th!@work of develeprnen t NCOs. As sucn, although DJANCOs and MUNGO.) oft'@l'llimersect-ba,th in ths flekl as well
as in state and donor agency relattons w!itl1 susplclon.

r,elitUons are generally cold and 'fr.aught

Wlth'in CODE-NGO
A.pa.rt from some of the strains identified above which have: been fully or par;' resolved throLlgl1 th~ vears [$, !he: issue of the dlfferences in structure and operatton of the networks tnQ'u form CODE·NCO, Some nerworksare locselv cirg.a· nized whil·e others are more tiglhtly ro'lf!1, some are more secretartat-drlven while others are mernhershlp-drlven, some are more distinctly organized around priority sectors 'or tssues whil~ others cover <I. much wider range of concerns, Sue h differences fle:cessalily result In varying levets of rapresentatlcn, parttclpatlon and drssemtnattcn of lnfcrmstten. Wilt in a coalition that prldes itself 0 n co nsensual declslon-rrraktnq, such differences have: necessarily cH:aled tensio ns. The trajectory towards; re:glonaltaation, however; is e)ll:pec.ed UJ. make this iss'IJ~ moot 31 rid acadernlc, ' although newer challenges alse need so be faced. tlallv

The creation of CODFNGO by natlcnal netwcrks also led to the surrfacillg of interr~giQnal contrach:tloli'ls. 1,1f'I an:h~pe.~agic ccuntrv where state powell ls (enan tra~ized In Meffo Manila, til ~ leiJIdeahip of natio'l1,jJi networks and conseque nl:I,y of CODE-NCO invariably re.in'forred the ,asc'fn:d.al'll:Y of NGOs based in ~hmo ManHa.

Conslstent wlth the vah.le oJ democracv and d!ece.nua1Iiutlofi, the CODE-NCO national lude~!ih~p COIl'l'r,FOr'l'led the tssu e by deciding '0 n a co nc rete process ()t regionalb:aflon th~~ \Mill, 'Wnhiri a. nve·v,ear period, sHengU1~fl regional structures so thin the leadership of the NCO community wH~ indeed raflect 11. decentrallzad

svstem of operattons.

Hut aTU'lOugh re.gllonal structures

have been effectrve

fol' re-

gional corrcerns. the lJigges1 hurdle relates to the mariner in which CODE-NCO can

respond effectively, espe.cially fn advo·c;liCV a<ctivities w~th the state. 5pecific~lly" <1 dec:enuill'lz-edstructure wfi'l requin! a rhanqe i I derfsien-rrrakinq crocesses, much mom logistical 5,UPPO 11 for reglona.l' leaders to come LO Metro Manila, new rnechanlsnu [hat are adapted to the reaHw that the ~t<lU.~ lrsel] IS :;(111 larg lidy Mal1llabased, and th@ developmentef a national perspectrve that does, 1'10[ e rode tile nf'~enltV for a Jfiigional view.

and was Suppo ned unarmtl0ljS!Y bV a!~ the ether networks. WI',Ile [here has b~!ilr1no
d~bat{! on ns rattonale, ItS eper 'I.ioflalization is s IH beirl9 c uticn 1'1det rrrnlnsrl. Wl,ikalll'l'Nworks. regj() nallilnd nauonal, hav a~1.eft~'d the lrn po rtance o f ~~ dec 11tral,lted srruciura that creates lhlZ nanc nillf perspecnve from (lea r r'~g101'<11 pialn~; tl1 foA, nrc Manila. NGO~ and n 'lwcuk ~ creranars ~lilVe .1)1'50 f:llsed thl:! llll(;;I·ni.Lble Issue that MeTre ManUii! bas bet'fII ~111 able to or~Flnu.ze as .1L disttnct rlilg Ion prec Is~ly be~illJse it has h ad 'to lalt.e 0 n all n,uiorlaJ advocacy. envtrles

The proposal

0 reglrmallzQ lh~ CODE·NCO

srru Clute i'l'Clally c. me: from I'I-IILSSA

The most' slgmfiC2Irn strains within CODE-NCO, howsver, came ItLrClely lro m [he Ideolog leal d iffl!rerlc'!!S between networks, Altho ~Igh tlll'S was a I"~cog n ii:ed .LI1(J even value.d r alnv, ~vhal was crucia' WJS that 'he leadership had dave loped su ffj· clent lnterperse nal relations [ha'l afforde~ iI. W rdl! IfaUlude for t! LIS r, The .fim 'Ih r~c ye~1JSof CODE-NCO's exl srence \1ere rn rk,~rJ.bV intense debat ~ tbfll I nvart ably ended up in consensu S. As the representauves to the board chang eel Jnj,.! jj1~ ~o me of l he T(hwiog leal forces expedenced rherr 0 ,_ n S phts and U: nstons, tile eas Y CQIlsensus-building process was repeatedly erndad.
The 1994 n!':slQ1n,nion of CPD was in fau the ( ulmtnation of an Inc reasrnq I y difficult process. The 1mmed Iil!te and ,pUblicly ac.knowled.geo reason 'for [he re~lgna· tiOrl was the proposed S[r,ne.gic Plan, Before the 1994 nauo rl a~assembly, whrci'l Is tomposed of flve representatives from each 'r'H~l'f.l'Jmk lett least one each from LUZOIl, YIS.lJ,Y11S: MindanaQ), the Strareqlc IPla_1!. question went tl1 roug h a [enqth V ei ghlf' and rn month process. This started with <It '~wo·dav dis,(ussmn by the national board that lau:lout the basic parametersof l'1e plan. The draft wa.s then circulated for each of the networks to lntenslvelv commeru and iUgge~t revisions. The same d~ft was also reviewed attha regional level. Another draft was re-disxussed by rhe nattonal board before tile national assembly, This somewhat tedious process was actually what dlaractertze:d CODE-NeD's success in being able fa pound 0 LIt a rn uch more comprehensive basts of lH1ity in th~ Covenant 00 Philipp[ne Development. But, with the adoption of the regj(Jni3liz~tjon plan. CODE·NCO decided [11,3t It I'1ft:ededto elevate the common basts of d.HHly hom lil~ level of co mrnon pn nc I pies to one at

cemmcn stratenies.
As the national .1Ls1)embJ,y tackled the '~maliz,iilUon of the strategic plan, manv of Ihe issues were: resolved by consensus, The impasse came Ir1I the secue n on threats tn the anvijm n mental scan, s-pecmN:ally Un! secont::! sen renee Df the paragraph that dealt with peace, The d.r.aJ' saYli "Tile eftort it ,<tetlle.vi ng peace IS laud able al'though the process J5 5-1'"11 qui[e precarious. If the peace precess breaks Ch.1WI1, ~~~ wesurge:nce or !!rrned confidU m::Jl' agai 1'1 th reate n developrnen t we rk I tI I he 1"11 ral areas," The CPD represen auves pOIf'll·~edout that it W(l~ necessary to qll;;llify the cQii1cern of pnCi2. The assembly [11el1 <I_greed tha~ ttne Folluwtrl9 Sl.\':lTtem:e be in serted "The absence or peace Is due to 1il~ non-r 'sohrtlon Qf ~Ile b:'IC 5<OC!Q-eco' nomic: caw ses c,f tl1e problema lhal1 plaque Php~pppme ~O( le~y. ~ SlU it WtlS 0 n ! he

36

.. KARINA CQNSTANIT~NO·DAVID

Iss ue of armed to nfllctand the deve lopment precess that was tmpcssmle tU' compromise. Some CPD representatives in Slstedthat tiT@- esurqence 'Of armed conflict r

did not threaten development work) in fact, the decision to take up arms rnav also be viewed as illl Indicator of development. A!ttl0Ugh many of the representatives.

especially of the less pol ltlcally-o rlsnred networks, were al readv 'le rrtblv ul'le.J(sy about what they Were heari ng, some of the (ODE-NCO leaders called fa r the formation of a smaller committee that would tTy to resolve the issue. One hour of open dtscusston and another hour (If negotiation's

in the comrnlt-

lee ended up with various reformulatlo FlS,The' CPD representative. did not want any mention of '[he peace talks and lnststed that the absence M peace would only have an effect nnthe security of development workers, The fi.hal forrnu latlon tltat was an
<liCCO mmodatlon ofthe demands w'h iIe be'i ng acceptable "to the. rest of thenerwo rks was as foli!ow5 ~'If these p roblernsare not reso lved, we cannot hope for peace: ths absence of peace Willi affect rhe secu fit};' of development workers and' tA@:irwork." But CPD would sn II not agree arid in a. caucus, their representatlvss declded to, ras ign from CQDE~NGO subject to the confirmation bv thel r board at alater date, lronicalllly,ll1e rea'i bone of contention lay in a statement in Part IV of the Covenant 0 f1r Ph iii ppi ne Dev,elopmenl (Rlighrs, Responsibi Iitles dna Obliqatlons of
Develo pment NGOs) that was hotly debated

cro

and cortse

t1S uallv val

tdated in 1,991:

"I n u,ndena.ki,ng these r,espOrls~bmUesarl{J ob~!lgaticms r we commit ou rselves to (0ordl nate wlth other sectors i nou r WQrktoward structu ral chanqe th rcwg h .:!ctive
n~}f1violem <Ind democratic proteH"es.'; (emphasis supplted) -

BetvYe,en CODE~NGO and Non-member Networks

A!t'hol.!gh CODE-NCO is, by far the l<lrge:st coaluro n of develo prnant NGOs cov@ring at least 80% of QIANGOs, the re are othe r sign lflcant orqanizatlons outside its structure. M<lny' of these are base NCOS that operate: largely at the Iocal level and do not be!iong to" any network, Th~ regia nalizatro n process hopes to brl ng most of

~hese9rou P$ i ntc lne coafitlon. in add tti(1111 there are other networks that focus Oi1 specl flc bask concerns whose membersh I-p I<lrge.ly ave rlaps with that of COD'ENCO, The Tr@aty (If coeperanon s·igned between CODE-NCO, C reen FOIl; m, WAND
r

and the NaHomtl

Pe,~~e .C.onf\lr~ilt;@: is

<l

further d:ee:pening

DJANCOs. IHa othe rformatlo ns rernam

wally

urs ide

.of

of f;he' uniry ;;!mantl

these.

for whatevenbecame COPE-NCO, the ph i Itpplne R'U Recon$truclio n Moyem:et1t (PRRM} ral was stl II a rnembe r of CPD. DUG to a variety of reas OM. PRRM resJgn.ed fro m CPD 'and late r spearheaded the: formation of about 25 NCO-s i rue the. ~t)rwe rgence for Comrnun ltv-Centered Area De.velapi1l~nt (CONVERGE.NCE.), In the interestof NCO unity, a. series of foemal and inforrnllil cHalogues were held betw@!en the le<I,d~rs~iip of CODE.-NCOoaJid CONVERGENCE. Afte r the decls lon to regilondliz'~ was made. CONVERCENCE and other networks Iike KAMPI were invited to join CODE-NCO, The. former declined tile inviratron a:lthough some of its member'S, who belong to other networks, .are alsewirh CODE·NCO.
Mth"ou,gh there have beenjoint actlvities between CODE-NCO! 'CONVERC ENCE and ether NCO formatlons, five sources of ten sion pars ist 'Up Hi the prese nt. Film, cOl1s,ide~rhH;Jr breadth of the mernh~r$hip of CODE-NCO and the far:t that it isa 'the tertiary fo rmaticn being a network of networks, it has been awkward to enter i tHO joint activities. with smaller seconda;ry' level formatlons, This is flat a simple prcbI

ln 1''98$, when the 10 nattonal networks I)egan the spadework

liitri.·'Civil Slld@>ty Re••u:ions: A,II Overview.

3"

lem Ofllblll'i I'Ig" but ope rartonallvlt means that one formation that represents. at le'ast'gO%of the whole negotiates on an equal fo.otiOg wnh much snl<,dle r 0 rganiza· lions. In the li~i:ht' of .the Tre'aty of Ccope ration between C:ODE-N(~O. WAN 0. Green Forum and th~ National Pea.te Conference, the j mbalance ,is eve n rno re stark, A corollarv issue relates ro the accepted dectslon-makl ng process that 1'5 nor depen'dentorrvotinp buton consensus-buudmq. A'thQugh CODE-NCO continues to upholdthis prlnclple, there are i nstances wherein the vast rnajority of paruc i pants who are pan of Hlt. Treaty of Cooperation fee'l that 5:0 muc h more time and effort have to be expended in order to accommodate a small minority's views. '
Second, there are irritants thatanse from personality cliffereflc.e~ and stvles of work. Apart from the usual sklrrnlshes that cannot be avotded because tnd ivlduals will ah...-ayshave differences, a.major .So.U rce of tens ion spring,s frorn the perception that whWf the leanershtp of CODE-NCD consciously strives to project the orqanlzaratherthan the com rnun ity as a whq I~. In addltlo n, the re ,is,a perception that has been bolstered by some sigl1ificant lnstances that one or more of 'tl'le other networks consclouslv try W lj ndermlne 'COOE·N'CO as by farthe broadest unih' arncnq development N'GOs. Style:5 of work, both of leaders and staff, also differ. Through rho@: ears, the ,CODE-NCO y has tried to e ns ure that represe mauves are the p_(i1Cip;ds t of the networks who have the mandate to make fi rm declslc ns, I)nfot1ullately, some of the other forrnatlons tend tosend representatives cf thelr prmclpals resu ltl ng, Itl either the i nabiiily to come dectstons or worse, .th~ refusal to abide bva consensusatreadv arrived at. Consider] ng that the leaders, (If netwo rks are equally busy people and schedules are extremely dtfftcu It to syndi rontze, 5 uch oCCaSIOI1S create un necessary stral ns. Amo ng those in charge, pf staff work, tensjo ns .artse because of' perceived mantpulatlons, varying levels of commltmenr 'to tasks, and the tendien,cyofsome to attend only to the needs, ofthelr networks ieaving the cencernsof 'th,e~ntJre ccantion to others, 111 coalltlo ns that are 'specific and short-te rm, such centrad icti 0 1'l:5 are manageable but not iin lonqer-term and more co rnplex actlcns. As such, joint actions ~dke t'Me. Anti-Poverty Su rnmit have bee n relatively S uccessful al'though atternpts at unity as in the National COQrdina.ting Cou nell for t.ccal Governance (NCC-LG) have been short-llved,

uonand nor its leaders, there are others who seem to project sfngl~ indlvlduals

to

Third, the stra: ns within a Idr'geercontext.

cited above' may seem

One of the dilemmas

balance the fle:xibjJjry and democracy that comes with "small nesa" wfth the need for national tmpaci. ln response to this" two main models, have emerqed - BINGOS
(big NeOs) <!f::1i-d networks. Both mode Is have thel

of development
r ,pm!>. and

to be'

pelty if rhev are 110t vtewed

NCOs has beento

cons wh lch also

of hierarchv and bureaucracy and netwcrktnq is l1e~e5sarilv more partkipatlvs. On the. ether hand, IBINGOsare. or1NI.I1izatiollaily mo-re centralized even as they are rna re- @a.sily projected in media and have the potential to create an impact with gre:a;te'r ease. Amcn'lg th~ DJANCOs cutside CODE-NGO, the most notable BINGO Is PRRM, althcuqh 'its size (3DQo-500)i5 nowhere near to that of BINGOs in other co untrtes, es pee i<llly iri South Asi~. On the 0 ne hand; the. ethos WI{h i FI CODE..·NCOhas been to treateach base orga.llliza,tlon Of network as coequal r,egMuless of size. On the cthe r hand " in muchthe 'same, way that the imbalance inn l~ mbers referred to above creates strains when tryIng to achieve unity, PRRMas a base for 11 mlnlmurn orqanlzattcn also, fthds Itself ,in: the awkward po,sition of"de<lling as a.coequal with DJAN,GOst:h at are even Smailer than tts provincial or F'egi'onal structures. The

part of their natu reo CODE7NGO, be i n'9 a. network of networks, is composed largely of small (20 or less} and medium-s lzed base un its (less [haJ150). Their size artow,5

di'nare

sa •

KARIINA, CONS. TANTI N O-DA \l11[l

reg lonallzatlorr process of CODE-NCO COU Id be a partial solution wherern regional cperatlo ns can partlcl pate at that level in the same way that the members' of nanorral networks do while their secretariats sit as, members ofthe regional formations in whtch they are primarily based, Bunhe~umsiot'ls that are tnherentro the natu re (If organization 5 will alwavs remain.

Fo,urrh, although' the re are. CODE·NCO members that are i ndivid uallv identified with alrPwu'g!h not orqanlzatlonallv part of particular ideol().g>ical forces; th-e' majority are not. On the other hand, mostformatlons outside of C.o.DE;·NGO ara ~argely ide.ntified with pol itica~ blocs. Su s plcions carried over fromthe pan, of htdden aqendas arid ma.,~pulatioll, cm~sti;ll:pZlr~ of the present, Til i:5: ttuatlon, dltsPit~ s the: value placed on pi uralls m, is f:urther aggravated by the fifth source of strains, discussed below: the var-ious issues 'that confrontthese actors.
CODE"NGO, desptte the fact that its members covered almost the entire rang€: of perspectives, invested much tlme and effort i'n de.v-eh)ping trust and creating rnee hanlsrns to resolve differences. both at the lntsrpersonal and organizJtio!lail levels.

1I n~f,t:lrtunate.ly, thi s has nor been th~ case I'n its relations with other forma-

tions. AI.tl'loLJg·h there have been a number of attempts

to do 59·; cotlsidering thar

Itlyore reactive than

the leaders <Ire not stranqersto earh other, these have been pro-active: and have remained, therefc re, at superficial 'level S'.

issues that Continue.to Impinge on DJA.NGOs

DjANGOs do not operate in a vacuum. And although this paper is' focused 011 thE': rslattonsbetween civid sc(>c.ietyactors, there-are Issues that-need to· be addressed. M,ost'of these issues pose d llernmas that s urface dlfferences in tne perspectives of
DJANGOs and therefore also constitute altt1ou9h with different manlfestaticns. pecially POs·and :idi~ological forcessou rces 0'1' straln. MaI1Y' of these I.$S:ub, aliso confront othar civil·$oc.h~ty actors es-

• Ptofessiomdizillion

of [)lilvelopmeM

Work

mu nity 'came a pu S~1 toward 5, profess ionallzatlon whir: ~~11 been wide Iy but as uncritically accepted by most NGOs·; Fe r better Or' wo rse, professlonal lz atlon has become or90a~ th".;It was lntemallv initiated] as well 3S externally imposed, Up to the
1980.s, [lJANGOs operated as; alternative career optlons basad largely 0 n co mmltmern, The. "pioneers" of NGO work were largely drawn from the activist protest movement 'of the past 'EWO decades.
The underlyi ng motlvatrcn for NCO work, the ccmmitmenr to. change,_ il!i'!(€!S-

With- public leqltlmatlon,

externalsupporr,

and the growth of the NCO com-

sari IV

lted inan informal wo rk style, a cclleqial atmospherethat ~mph<\~iz(!d oartlctpatlon, and a ml nlrnum of systems and FLJI~H,hat all worked very well at the
H!'SU

outset. But as NCO operairons

expanded

and

demands

ernerqed.

more external

:,wPPO!1 po I_J red in, n,~\~' has JISo

been eroded by the view that development wo rk is a career. NO'amount of se lflessness can sustain development workers ihhey have to subsld lze their OWn co rnmltrnent. As DJAINGO.s i ncrease in size and scope and become more i nstitutlonallzed,
higher salaries, more comfortable

Today, whil~. commltrnern

remains

hi:gh, the spirit of voluntarism

archlcal order

beCQil'1i'lt'l

surro undlrtqs, and a bu reauc racy with 'So me hler natural o utcemes. There is a valid fear that these 'trends <ll':e

~tar'tingto deernphaslze'cornmltinent, attrat(i n'g people who vfew NCO work rrierely as another job, and undermi !'ling the very essence of development WO rk. The cont~i1tiol1js netthat NCO work mu st co ntin ue to be a sacnfice, but that there lis .<l

11i1!~~ to ccncretslv address theco ntradictions based on. This trend has munity, The prcjecr basts of measurable. Ij.e~a.useone o'f the

b.etween the hu marl needs of.develnpmenr workers and the culture of service and voluntaris m that NCO.work must be

be-en further aggr'av?-ted by {h~yeJopm,er'1t.s in the dW·lOr comonentatlon ofmost doncrs, wt1k h assesses proposals on the target outputs and impact, has had s !gnificant effects 0 n NGO:s. .biggest Ii mharlons of NGOs is theli r dependence' on do nors; NGOs· ave-less flexibLlity and they' efren short-clrcutt processes in order to ach reve h O:U.ti~lUts wlthln a speclfled time frame, This has, also led to a bras for n u merF(a.~~y trtl:nslatable .. .::tivitie·s rather than more processual intervention 5, H
Prci,fess,ion<\lizatiQf) has

aha meant better manaqerne rtt and flnanclal svstems.

i;)jANGOs, after the in ltial romanticism of a (0 mmitment-prope lled work system, realized the need for more lnstltutional lzed mechan j,sms. Donors· have also demanded better fiseal and adminlstrarive systems. It is dlsturbinq, howevsr, that .effective mal1agem!?:nt i~ automatlcallv eq uated with the i nstallatlon of svste ms that conform to ,general loyaccepted bus lriess fi_nd/or govern me m procedures. But th@·underlying assumpttens of-these practices - h lerarchv, profit ..:susptic lnn - ru n against the gritiri of volu ntarlsrrr. This has reo to a bureaucratizatlo Ii NCO prac.tid~.. Creater perce n1::a.g~.s 9f Ii mih~d blJd.geH are allocated to finanelel and ad mtnlstratlve support staff even as direct service personnel areswamped with bureaut"ratic n~quirements that take up prectous. time. TtHW~ i,s, I~O quesrlon that NGOs mustensure effective manaqsment. Bunhe ch.a~~~ngf i~ fcwNCO.s to devis:e. S.YS-

of

tems that are ccnststent

uces of the

with thetr

estabt ish ment,

Vf!. ry

flaw

reo

and res lstthe

i mp(lo5 ltlon of prac-

'

One of the central concerns of OJANCOs today, a res ponse to both donor 'fati9l!J'e and the. in.stabHity of donor dependence, lstnelssue of NCO susta,inability. Whih~tile various NGO-manageq fund~ng mechan isms pr-ovide a breathirilg spell, e)pe(i'~llly for s malt, N'GOs,;more and mote age nctes are experl rn'@J1ting wlth i:I wide r,<J,ngeoflnccme-qene raling schemes - credit proprams, 'COrt5U ltancles, buslaess ·erit'€!r'pni~esr tnvestments, endowme t'JIt funds, etc. At the 'S"[[I'1H!!· tlrne, efforr rs also being exerted in the area of ;Iocally generated Sl,J pport th rouqhthe develcpme nt of fu n,d·ta.is·ing ski Ills·, lapping business and government reso urce:<';,and developt n 9 local phllanthropv
is a crucial concern, there are pitfalls that mU5~ workers are not entrepreneurs.] n skill and in orie ritatlun. Many attempts have been dismal faiLur'@seven a. few have: the premise of success. Censultanctesand f'e-SOU rc~ lin k"ageswith bus rnsss and .govern rnent also have a way of eroding autonomy because of ths cornpro mlses that have to bs entered into, In tlh~ fir1al analys+s, NGOs Med tc make difficullt chokes between sustalnabll ity and compromlse. But tn ad.dItion, iDJANGOs have to beaware of the contradtcnons between development work elsa non-profit undertakl ng and income 9:e.n~ra.tkm as I.lltimatel1y ge~l:"edtowards profit. Bu~while NCO. sustalnability

be amlctpatsd. Development

as

40

• "Ai!.i~4 CONSTANTI'NO·DAVIO

• The Balance Between AdVDcacyand Ba.sk Organiz.ing' Th~ roles of DJANGO:5 have shaoed and bee nshaped by .successive co njuncWires, Wh'at 'is i mportantts 'to constantlv take stock of real ity so t}iat NGDs are not Uff1lWlttil1gly swept lnto r'o'i.es that undermine thetr ve ry essence. Pe rhaps the rnost crucial d] lemma at present ~s determln i ng the Correct balance between advocacy and basic orqaniz ing.
Profess lonallzatlo n and legiti'fnat~o n have propelled NGOs lnto traditlonal arenas of power from the Iocal to the regional, from the national to the international

scen"L:!,But the entry of NGOs into ~he interstices of power h.IS resulted in iii s.ignificant shirt pf priorities. Even as Q rqan iZlng and 9 rassroots work contl nue, more and more time is b,e.in{!'sp!l!tn·i n netwo rkl 11-9, co nsultation.a, ne'90tiations'a,nd lobbying, es peciallv by the leade rs of the NGO corn rnun ltv .. /\'pa:rl from tssues ,jJiready r<lis,eci above, the unintended consequences d,( tnegrowinge:mphiisis on advocacy' have been that mente riJi'g of the successor g_e neratron :o'f NGOs and the. fu rthe r han'i ng o.f expertise developed throuq h decades of-practice have suff€: reel, Byr NGOs can 'nei· ther return ,lo the loc.a,list natu re of past actlviti@s nor leave gr.a~$roots we rk and center 0111 negotiations with 'the state and mternattonal bodies. The reemergence of the concept of civil society has, in fact. trapped many Nebs., By fowsil1g and spendiflg more time and effo'ft 0 n negotfatlons with the stale, NCOs and p.o,S may unconsciQ'l.Isly unde rm i ne the primary bas is fo r their co llecnve stre ngth; the contl nuous strengthetli ng of people's or.ganiz,a.t.ions.

Another cnncern that ~~COs must face. is that wh i le the prese rn con] uncture opens spaces for advocacy, the ,agenda. 1:5 still totally in the hands of rhestate. As such, NGOs, i:riJtervenir)g, lh rough mandated venues of particl patlon mav OI"Ily lead to to ke n ism as, il.gainst PO's, Ideo IQgical forces and NC.os'ta.!<.lng th~ lead in defin iilg the parameters of pub: ie dlscou rse .. For as long 95 ths state is aJlowed to set the age nda, NGOs will always be at a dis,advanta,gfi!. Because an entire bu reaucracy is at the disposal ofthe state" NGOs, and. pcbs can not hope to create 5 Irn] lar I nfrastrucru res that will permit them to fLllI'y 'e.ng<lge the state. if they do, this Will only further erode graSSI"oPts wo rk because: more time and effort will be placed rn acccmpl ishi t19 t.i!;ks. thatshou ld b@the. res p,onsibBity ohl1e gt:J:~e
In response to these. dllsm mas, NCO:s must define the Ilmlts of advccacv work, They .s:hotJ Id not attempt. to d upl reate the work. of gbv{~rnment; they, must acttv-ely' pus h the state to respond to demands from the peopte. And because advocacy work tends ro consume the ene~gies of NCO ahd 'PO: leaders, a diVision off labor rn ust be In.~uwtf:d whe rebv a si.gn lftcartt nu mberof leaders contl nueto undertake the ras ks of grass,roots Involvement whtleothers take on th~' primary' ro le for advocacy work.Coat lrlon-bu i ldinq and networklnq have now set 'the stage; the serlcusness wlth which NGOs. res pc rid to the$e(hallen9t~ wi II shape the future: • D'ea'iing with a. PubEicly
For DJANGOs. whose NGO"Friendly lmmedlate State

history evolved in opposition

to th-e state and

who contin ue to believe in the necessttv of confro nHng the. structuraldererrntnants 'of pcvertv arid powerlessness, an accornmodatinq state poses bask di lemmas. Both
the Aqui no and Ramos qovern ments opened thetr doors to NCOs 'thereby prqvidlng spaces in the co rrldors of power, no matter how narrow. InRial Iyj becdus~ of their pani(;ipation In the EDSA revolt and the lltusicn that the Aquino government was serious about reforms, DJANCOs and PO~ attempted to 1:1 flue-lice {llovernmern through

andexecutive and ,Ie:gisiative iliitiatives thtJ,tl1ighlfghtedthe roles of NGOs and PD&, th:estate ~la~ s·uccesshJj~y pai nlJ~d a pea ple-frte ho Iy image, Th is bas beer) 'Further e:fl hanced by the appo i ntrnent of NCO leaders to slqniflcant positio ns h~ government and the. enucement for YOlHlg~f development workers to view goverrmwnt (erv.fce: as a logical career path. Butthe line hstwee n gefl uine participation and cooptatlon re:mai ns h.<ii.zy,It is difficU'l~to turn aWay from opportu nltles to partlclpate d i rectlvl rl9'Ov~rnaFl{e. Sut it is also danqerous to believe that fh@n~ is eno 1,.19 roo t11 if] the present social order to h sccommodate the bask demands or NGOs and PUs. ~tore imp"Orta,mly, the amount ... of time and effort that DJANGOs havs placed' tn advocacv we rk with gove.f.n me nt may have unwlttinqlv coopted them, providing governrne.m a verteer of pastlclpatory democracy. In additiof1, ~ still! unr.es.olvfi!d problem mtares to the expected roles. ,of·NGOs in advocacy where i n govemt'neru, and even NGD:s themselves s'e~Jrl, to as-5um~that advocacy can nnlv take place when NCO.) have il parallel or9al'1 izattenal system that can un dertake all 'the studies rsqul red lin th e sa me wily that .WJovemmem does. The dilemma 110w tacitl.g Q@vel'optnent'NGOs is how to balance '~(Jv6caty work with the baste stre·ngth Dr NGOs, wh i ~.h lies ,i11 a wide rarlge of .?Ervk'es'th<'it are d i fec:ted {awards <lssi:sti ng POs in empoweri ngtllemse lvas and d@t~rmining thelrown future as well ana determine the Ilml'ts (l'f NCOs in pursuing (ldV0C~( Y VlO r k.
r

cournless con sultatlons and negotiations, T.I'l€ Rarno s govemr:iITent TUrthsr iFlC(e~LSed such occaslons andwent one step further by creating councils and other forma' bodies with srl pld.aled NCO and PO representattcn. In fact, betwee fl publ i(.: pronouncernents about the tmportance or rsfo rm, e mpowerment, arid particlpatio n

WhHe drreCtOfgd.nizh~g has not yet t<lke.n a l:tack .sea~:; rno re and more NCOs seem to be focusing 01'1 other related concerns. NCOs. must constantly affirm that thebackbone of d~velopr'l'HHlt work 'arid the 'possibility of-change is. an orqanized r;itlzen:ry; that, in the fi nal analys ls, govern rnentwl II respond mo re 'W the demands rad5ed through varicusforms of collective actio tl 'than to slJggestiotrs an{j recornmendarloris that are made within structures mandated and controlled by those 111 p'o~'er wtth an entl re bureaucracv at thd r d i sposal.
r

rreatlve tactics that NCOs utilized in pus hing for chan ge heined the m g.<J;in recog nrtlon, Many ofthese tactics dave loped 'from a currflict-confrontatl all model of cern-

A wrQUary.· issue relates .. to the [Y.rd'aUicing be~weei1 c:ntic<llcoHa;b~ciration and the porentlal hesitance' to ,engage ln mo te ccnfrontatlonal Forms: of w'ugg le. The

munitv organ i.zing, But the re lativflly r,::Q nge:r'lial re !atio.,n5 that are enccuraqsd by a "118Jti-cipation by consultaticn" process has a "'Va.,!! of creating the- i IIus-ion that gov· .ernmentis Hsten i 1'19 wh lteat the same tim!! retard i rig mare confrentauo na,l metho.qs for fear Of a.11I1ag'O1"'1 iZ~i1g rrre nds in govern rnent. Frn.al~.y. e lectoral process, longs hu nned by NCOs, POs, and ideo,lo{:lic:al the 'force5 because of the Marcos dlctatorshlp, has become <Ill attractlve arena for lntervsntlon. Whrle electo ral partlctpatlo n can no lange r be: d is regarded r the landsc;;lpe is,,Undefliably dornlnated by traditlonal el tte perlitic.ar parties. O)ANGOs have parttcipated In a rar1!9@of activities from voter ed ucaticn, poll-watching, elen6r.~~reforms, and direct partlctpatlon 'throLl9 h 0 Ulf.ig ht support fo r cand idate s , an d PO; NCO and ideologkal-force leaders stand"ing 'For ellectr,oil. Wh i Ie there ~s s.tiII no wi de.spre-ad consensus, the 'experlmentatlons tnelectoral partlcipatton from I 9 8,6 wi II determlne the. manner in which NG'Os, POs, arid ideologici.lIIOr(~S will operate,

DJANGOs and NGls

The label NG I

emNged

ss

C1"term

of endearment"

fa r

rnanv indlvtdual s -

academics,

who: af,e fellow travelers even as they do I1Ql represent <lny particular ]tlistitutiQn or agency. N·els intersect tlo~.ely with DJANGOs as .resource personsl n a wide variety of actlvlnes as wen as ] n advoc;aty carnpalqns, Rew'gniztng that the state responds more qUickly to stands that are people articu lated by pro minerlt hg ures: NGOs have C u l,tivJted relations witl, Ilke-rnl Tided i ndivld uals who are readv to take on certal n iSsLJe..$ s pan ofthelr a oe rsanal co fYIm it me: nts.

religious ormedla

The most race nt example of this is the open letter published in 8 natlonaldal IV whlch called on the Prasidentto respond to the spate of demolttlorss in iJ rban poor communities. $i,grred by more than 30 individuals, ~ricludin9 some DJANGO urban poor advncaras. the president responded 0.1 most imrned iat@'lv by a·rderilrg the 'PCUP to sit. down with the. group. If DJANGOs had taken the uSlIaJ route of l'1Iegoi:,]ating with Ir;nver-lie'vel'P.ffiti.<,I~S! the I$.5Lie.would not have received the urgency it deserves, A~tho~g h courses of actron 5UC h as this <J.re.gener~lly effective iii ope rdng doors fat advocacy, 'they do no t 9 uararttee a resolution.

Reia.tio'ns with PACOs

Like. NGls with whom DJANGO$ hardly expe rlence any major tension potnts,
'N-GOsand PACOs have .st:r:<l.in-fre-erela,tionS but 'for a d lfferentreason, There are very few mrersecncns between them because PACOs often shy a\<!,';w from controversia' civil society Issues, choosl 119to de.al rna: Illy witl1' professional pr welfare concerns, Througl1 med rcal rnl ssto 115and other ~nter~i,tt~fll i tWolv~m~rlt5:, the civic 0 rgrMiz,3,' tions [0 mplement the wo rk of NCOs buttbts 1,Smere of an excepnon rather than the rule_ Perhaps- becau se of the »1U Iti pi it Ity of concern 5 of D:JA:NGOs, they have not been able to rnaximize w hat could be a pro mrs I ng interface.
.'

Rela-tion$ with POs

Most DJAN CO actlvities revo lvearou nd the creation, strengthe 11 i tl g, and coalition-blJild 1119 of autonomous POs. whi le much of the i rapetus for organ izinQ1ill the past came from external sources -NGOs and ldeo,logfc.d fQ'rces~ the poor 1101:0 I1Jg~@.~ nee{l to be co tTvi need. of the i mportance of organ i z.atlon. 'N umero lIS self-organ izing. tn itlanves take place rodav A5 POs gain mota 5 kill'S, 'ki10Wledgg, and confide nee, tell Slons emerg@: i n tlHli1ing·th.e bcu ndarles of PO and 'NGO ~litt:r-

vantlons.

POs run the qamut Ire m atmostrotal

tlve that views

NCOs as simply

SOUrC€5

of financial

W'hJle the vast majority fall somewhere _')'i{rn lficarrt t@ nsrons nonetheless,

depe"nd.en(~ qn NCO~ 'to a persnecand' other forms of support. between these twoextremes, there: are

DJANCOs have alway's, f1t:c-ognized the aUlOnorl1,¥ of CLJAPCis, ZJ.,r1dtheir 1J1ti" mate goal is 'to asstst POs to fu Ily stand on the! r own. But development workers, mostly middle-class in nri(l i 11,have always had a ro mantlcl st streak that rum side by ~ide with a messiamc complex, The former leads, too salf-deprecatlo n, even a fals~ sense of humil:lty ~'11d timldity. NGOs have projected. 11. self-effacing image, pubHcly .articuJating their subservience to the declsicns ofthe people, Ana yet, at

the same time, develo pment worke rs fend to fu IIV identify with the ccrnm (Hlity! sector they service and many tbne.s il<l:Ve taken 'the- read eve rr in PO processes. spe.akiilg and decld i rig 0 n behalf of POs. Ttl ls srtuation mot en I'y muddles ro les bur leads to confusion espec i~lIy amonq PO leaders, ·B,ecauS-f! DJANGO~, as servlce tnstltunons, <can only survive through 9raJUS, 2,11d varicus types Of self-qenerated inca me.-and 5 lnce GUAPO ·a.ctivitles also require resources, fund s play an Important role! n the stral ns between NCOs. and POs. The usualtehston points, from the PO perspective, are Iack of transparency" trl~ use of . POs to access 9 rants, the btl i It-in advantaqe of NGOs. i n rals i 11.9 resou rces, :an.d tilt:: dornlnance of N.COs rn declslon-rnaklnq espactaltv on program thrusts because ttiey hold the purse strinqs. From the perspective of DjANGOs, stral n 5 e merqe out of tl\€: percepnon 'that there Is a growing dependence of POs on the avaibbiHty of "re'sources (refusirH;J or At least forgettin-g that thev have the capac iW to !:renerare funds). a stance that eXI}eC'~5 NCO personnel ttl shoulder much of the Work (because tnevare pai!d to do i(a,l1yway),ar'ld the fear (based :(m expenencei.that many POs have CoO I'lapsed' du~ toaccusations of fu rid rn lsmanaqement,
The effexts are either rese ntments that percolate u nder the surface of partne rShi'IP or some outright conflicts between NGOs and POs that lead to unnecsssarv

frustration

and demo raj lzatlon, Over ttre past few vears, DJANCO~ have placed
011 defining

more attention

these intersections

and resolving

the sources of $1U~h

tensions throuqh a cleare r detrnMtio n of NCO and .PO roles and a rnore cerise lous bala.ndng o'f power and patro,nag~, .Ie.ading to the beginniflgs of a more. concrete deflnltlo n ofpartnershl p.. "
to $ay, tbere are mi nlrnal re latiofls between DJANCOs .and G R.I.POs except when ·th"ey tnterfaee i II bod les, especiallvsovernmemal. In such i rrstances. ·CllAPQs" :DJANGOs and ideological forces consciously bandtoqethe r. However; when .the. contradrctrcns arnon9 the rnare un I'@~olved, there ah"~occaslo ns wl'H~rein one bloc or another wo uld choose to create a tactical alliance with some CRIPOs. While such' lnstances. lead to pyrrhic vlctorles, they fu rther ·aggr<lNa,e the stral ns that
should be mtnlrnlzed

Needless

llke-rnlnded.

among those who are, to a large extent,

more strate~9iC<llly

..

Stfa.;ns .Between DJANGO.s ~fid Ideological

Forc,e.s

iDJANcm are retauve newcomers

in 'the

<Lr€:TIa.

of

~iVd~

soc ielY, whHeah·e rnative

Ideploglic~1 fortes have been constant actors, Traditional welfare mstltutlons operated 'Onthe mar~~ns of pclltlcal l lfe and the NGOs of tt1 e ~9 50s tunctio ned in-co t1~Onancs with the slate. l1Iutthe. ferment of the I 960s,i:md the demccratlzatton struqqle gave: rlse to NG·Os. '[tun made no pretense to polltical neutrality. Many OJANGOs were: born from the womb of ideQJ:ogleal forces - student activists from varlcus i,deologica~ forces who pursued thei r vlsrons til mug h. NCO wo rk:- wh i le others buUt up alliances, in the process ofthe antt-dictatorshrp strLlgg le, Sig mftcant tensions among NGOs, in filet, are traceable. to -thelr tdennftcatterr with Ideo logit?!1 farces. B~utthere i~ an internal logic to develo pment work"and the raptdexpan slon andlsqltl matron of the NCO comrnun ity transformed what was viewed as a. mere appenda'g'e. into. a d tsttnct sector; Strains. that ha.d earl ier be~ n mas ked by the antidlcratorshlp ~H1,.Jg'gle the central goal are now apparent. at various. levels. Inter;3;5 I,otki·n-g and QVeriapping leadershlps of NCOs arrdldeolcqical forCES in tile 19805

had reduced these tenslo ns. Becau!>e sig nlflcant NCO leaders wereal so In the leadersh i p of tdeotoqlcal gro LJPS" coordination was possible especlallv 5 lnce NGOs, up to HH~middle ofthe decade, were not un lted as a distinct co rnmu nity. With greal~ rernphasts on ccalltion-bu

i Iding, the. dramatic

and 'furu:Ho n 5. of NCOs r ,.3ndtheir growing I~gilinracy in civil socletv, develo pment
workeve lved trno anew phase, self-consoouslv defining in speclflc r61~ and interven ing in issues that went beyond the concerns of i ndlvidual cornmu nities, AItholl9 h some NCO$, remained subord i nate to pol itlcal fo rces, most DJANCOs zeal, ouslv asserted their autonomy, in the same way that thev insisted on the autonomy

9 rewth

in nu rnber

of POs. Initial strains related to methods and s.tyh~s of work later resulted in tellslons ~hat revolved around the r-elatively better flnanclal status of NGOs; the issue of autcnornv due to the rapidly growing separate identity of NG05'., and the confl let b~twee:n the shorter-term gO;;l"5 of NCc:is as af;jaJns.t longer-term conce ms of ideolog i~a.1fa rces to rsoclstal transfo rmatlon. The roots of lhe:-~e ten sions I.l iti rnate:ly rest on varyh1l9 premfi:S~Hegdrding the intersectlons of actors. in civi lsoc i{!:i!y art NGOs and polittcal forces coequal components, or s hou ld there bea ehai nof S:ornmana fromldeoloqtcal qrnups to NGQ:s7 The fact that NGOs cnmparsd to rdeological forces. had relatively stable sources €! mploved full-tlme perso nnel, d lrectlv related with POs" and had to 0 p~tC ate on a more formallstlc level because of the demands of projects and donors; reS1J lted i A sklrmis has between NCOs and ideolcqkal forees. '/,\t the same time, NGOS"lhat were not direct'ly liaked to 'any ldeoloqlcal 9 roup also questioned those that were, because an NCO coalltlen or network could only opsrate if the principals who were buiWin~ 'the alliances to I} Id in fact make autonomous declsio n5.
r

of funds,

As DJANGOs banded tog-elheri rna a d lstlner commun ltv ,,:;tri:d wok advocacy functions in ,rel~tion to government" ideoiogical"forces,,'which

ally operated onan sxpose-and-opccse stance, slowly started to tread unchartec routes thmligh advocacy ca.mp~igfls, negotiations with govermr1~nt,and the parliarnentarv str:u:ggIe. The s~i icity .of allies and enemies under' the d lctato rs hip has mpl been replaced by a shifting terrain where new roles, tacttcs, and strateqtes are

tradtnon

on more

co nstantlv being forged.

More reosnrdevelcpmenrs, however, especially the spl its in the. natlonal democratic forces, have had sijg.n~ncarJt i mpl i(Qi.lions on NCO~. Ald10Ug h NGO:swhich are ldentlfted wt!h 'the national democrattc l1l'lovemeti,t are not In~'te.ssati.ly members of the Commu niSI P:arty the Phlllppl nes-New People's Armv-Natlcnal Dernocratit Front (CPP-NPA-N OF), the spikE resulted i nodi~sensl0n wlthln and among a signifi.

or

cant number of networks/coalltlons

and base NGOs.

later to be known as the popular democrats, formed 'a separate movement, the Movement for Popular Democracv (MPD). Of those who J"e m.ained , differences in analysis, strateqy, and! tactics. resulted in two main 9 roups -lho~e who reaffirmed and those who rejected the basic formulations of the CPp·N:PA·NDF. On the 'Ieg:al front, those who are ldentltled as supportive of the "reaffirm'; line are coalesced in the Bagong Alyansang Makabavan (BAYAN). The latter fu rt:her spilt into two main groupS: SIGLAYA and 5ANLAKAS. Ndt~o(l<ll-demotratic NCO coal ltiorrs and PO fedrati Q ns; as W@~ i as IIrid iv~jd ual MGO:s an d POs, we fe:, nQt sp ared . Seetc ra I agg nma:~ ns io - peasants, urban poor" workers, students - e v wornerrs .nrqan lzatlons and speclflc ge.ogro3!p,h areas were spl it alo ng ideo logical Ilnes, NCOs 0.1 s pi it not lc so only because of differences among their members but ,(1.1,50 becau se many had to make a choree between the competing group~ in the sectors they servlced,

Pr~ono this split, on€: grou~p',

en

There have also been changes in the other political forces. The social democrars, now c.anying a democratlc.soclallst line, organized into Pan.~ayai1 para sa Sosyalis.tang Pi! iPi·11l as ·(PANDAYAN) and the Pa.rtido Demokratiko Su.s'Yali$ta rig Prlipirlias (PDSP), t;he bulk of lindependent democrats evolved tnto a.socialtst orqanlaauon through the By klu ran sa IkaliU nlad fig Sosyalis.tang lslp at Cawa (BISIG), while most of the liber,a.!idernocrarle ,groups have either disbanded or remai n in scattered

are

orqantaancns

that participate. in civil socletv depending

UP,()l1

the Issues at hand ..

Althollgh most DJANGOs are not ldentlfled whh "ulY poliucal group, there are significant: NGOs.that are lidei11ifh~d with and even formed by varlous ·i'deo.logical forces, Among the. blocs, however, the. Islamic rnoverne 1'115, the RAM mi I itary and reb~ls are the ones with the leastfntersecticns with NIGOs. But with the cu Imi natton of the peace talks between government and the MNLF, th~ subsequent formation of the Southern Phi I i ~'pj nes uncll for P@a()~ and Oev·elo.:pnlforlt (SPCP'D) and Nur Misuar'is vicrorv as gov'ra-rnor of Autonomous. R@gion of MlI~lim Mindanao (ARMM).

Co

greater interaction

can be ex.j::H~ued in addttton.to the probable lim NCO!; whii(:hf at present, are wry small in number.

formatlo n of Mus-

Am'ong the other ideological: forces; strains differ dependinq

upon the natu re

of thelr relatiofilS- with NCOs.. A variety of constderatlons deterrnrne rhe lntertsrtv (J'f such tensions, each one falling within a conttnuurn - autonomy to d ktatlon ill de(is~on·maki,n9. partnership to subservtence i n eperatlons, and i ndependence to intervention, in resources. The strains do not Q.n~y appear between NCOsand the political bloc t~H~Yare ldentlfled with" The perception of other NCO-s wnh reg<lrd to th€! natureof these relancn S ~Jso determines tenslons acrcss INCOs,
Since ideoJogiCtll~ movernentsand CiJANGOs both operate at the. sectoral level, ~ther tensurn S Invariably appear, There is an obvious conceptual and operational divergen'ce between them j n the] rvtew of POs. Wh i le beth theo-retical ty uphold the

autonomy of POs. most. DJANC{)s. :insist on a st(~(t organizational

d~vide

between

them and thee POs.·they service. Mos,t ideo1ogical forces, on the other hand, by the' very nature of thel r objectives, relate to leaders and/Or PUs as pan of an o (9al1 iZ;3," tion,td Structure. As a result, processes are also marked!v diffe.r~nn:n;!atil1g mo rl! tensions whn4ill~av.ing many POs c<tugh'! in the middle. Rut coalition work has .gone em even-as both Ideo~Dg teal forces .and 'the. NCe) ,r;;o.mtrwn~ry still have to COncsptually and pragmatically confront the strains that have not yet been re~:o'ved,
Finally" although th'ere have been 1nstances of cc rrcerted action in the past, the ~xistifig dis.Ulllty among ideological movements as well.as NCOs.and PO$ identified with them Is obvious e~q)~:cially du ring traditio nallv red-letter days for mass actlcns - Labor Day, the Pres id~nt's Stale of the Natio n Adrkes5, National Heroes D<ly,etc In addition, wliille there are convergences of stands amo'ng a wide r.u'!ge of IdeolQ9icaJ groups, DJANGOs a,nd PDs ('e.gardfng various state pcllcles, there are also 1t1stances of clear dive-rg!ifi!!nces, many of wh lch can be seen in sectoral iss ues
.e

AiPIT Leaders' Summit, BAVAN and 5ANLAKAS, from the outset took the stance of total ~j~ctiol1 of APEC. SI:CLAYA, the popular democrats arid 815IG, on the other hand, spe nsored th,e MOirlija P~Ople'5 f'omm (MPIF). During the in lttal stages, the Trea:ty of Cooperation fonnauo ns, with Creen f.o.(lJm taklnq 0'1'1 the lead role, par'ticip'ared. But two main so urcss of t~J1 slens 500n ernerqed. First, stncethe prime movers were b.asicclJily ldeoleqlcal forces, the NGOs started to feelthat 'they were

The most

r~cet'll

controversy

carne with the hostlnq in the Phiii ppi nes Of the

Simply

on the pertpherv,

limited to sustainable

development

issues while decls.o ns

liar'greiya:.mo ng the pol'it~c,al blocs. C,elltraJ to ,11is was the Clf the MPF '~vell a.~ th@we WdS basic agl'~emerit O~ the' Cr'~l!que of APIECT"'H~: NGO~ belteved that the conceptand goal of sustalnabts developm!ll:if1t should bean enWfn;pa50.~-in'g pri nclple and net justoneof

were being arrived il1abillty to debate

en'l the prilil1'i:lirryfocus

in

<11

th~ ccmpc nerns cf the crtttque APEC had releg~t~d ,It.

the same way thartha

'niU~1 draftdocuments

of

Se,t:;on:d,and more ~rnpc n;ant~y., there was no bas !'e agreemern 'Oil the stance that the MP'F would ui<.@:vts-a-vrs ~he ~t.(II.U~, nis was Formulated lin rerrm 0 f an en9age-ot-di.u:ngnge: appreazh, A. ~e\/i,!months. ea.rlief, tile Tre.aly of Coo peratlen m!twork:s had spall'! HHed a rnilitiorilal eonsutrancn orr s ustatnabte developme nt and APEC and rhe cgns,'i!'rirUIS hOld be'en for9'ed [hOlE It W;U necessarv to ll!!1gmg"ethe gov· ~rn me nt, Howeve r, the co n ~e Fe n ee a lso s t Ipu 'a~ed the (Q Iieli ~t lon 5 w 11r c h! i 'f not mel, n1e~tin9s a:[ui'lough connadu::to:ry s.lg:nab the MPF.
Recognizing

would result I Fl i! cli:s;e~g~g'el'l1ernflrom the p,rocl!Ss. Th~ MPF.on tha ether hand, wa~ not on Iy open to eng.agemenl. ~,i'H!Y ,actually did engage govtrnme nt Ii F! ~In umbel' ef
l,W'llre'

be[ng unr by varia us 9 roups w~thin

nattcnal co nsensus,
(Q{)~Tef3·

'that the NGOs. Ilm~,tlldby the mandare ofthe

w~r~ not in

,11. ,)o~moo
were

to iIilJHue~,'e
outslde
Ithe

t.~Hl'

MPF precess and that some ot me other

already set, the Treaty of

!S~ues b~lng ra~sed

parameters

lion networks decided fO pursue the'sunailji'labl~·d~v,~.lopmemth rust, withdrawing from l::Jut aeknow ledg ilo'gthal! fu was wiEh the MPF thOl!the greiUest ~imi l<l.rlty exhued. Instead, lhey decJded to, pursue .In lnternancnal co nfe.reoce 0 n sustalnable
APECas an ~r'litiatfv>@ 'lhiM coukl hopefully> complement the MPF, I1':n0~ging govern mem in the debate but ready to disengage the moment It was appare nt tl1ail the efferts wel'1e h.u'Ue developmef1t~fid The declsion to try to il'lnuer1l.c.·~ '~helndlvldual actton plan of tl1e Ph lllpplnes in particular and APEC in Qenera.l was bas~~ on ,1111 assess rnertt of prevlous actions, esp~cjanyt11e ami·GATI c,O!Impac~gfll ~1II~tl the: pNcep~ton ~htl't there seemed to as as be so rne o pe n in 9 s both at the Ph~~I~IP e g!overn me n t f,ave I as. well as the m i nlsterlal pi n l~vel.lf'I [he processe" ]nt1eNerltior~,signifi'c:alr1t g.<lil1ls,rf on~y still on paper, wer-e ach leved, !!T'IO'S[ lrrrpcrtant Q!Hlnng whk'h was th~ei~\I'aH()1J of sustainable developrne III as 'the overriding bameworkthat would Igov~rn the. Ph.ilipPIIle: ActioF'l. PIa,I1. The Asia·Pa.c·i.flc Sustalnable De'velo-pme.m Initlia.tive. (AP'SUD)"a twa-day i ntem:;itiorril!:i
L

co nferen r@ h~ghi fg hted th e a,crhdUe

r

s,

. @afJ15, jl;PSUD reccqnlzedthe

en

ncessiorrs o:f go,vernmentwer,E not !i;!,!Tllyattrtbutable ttl theIr effo rts, I n a wry real se!1se.th~state was some~'I(I1.dl~for(.ed 10 be more re;;sporas.iv€! because of all: tine other lnitiatlves that @"Ienfld pressure on 'the iSiue. What was unfortunate wer-e 'the innuendoes. the narne-calllnq and the retorts, especlallv through the media, [hat served no useful purpose. Ralh.e!.w,lhe~,einm'!:mural:5. ate up precious time and effort

WI lie ob\l"iotls,~y pleased

WWl

the

ract thaithe

and further [l~'gr<tva.'(ed dH~d~visi,(ln:$ rn an <llredidyFracHIl red ccrnmu rlhy.

A~tl'O!'!9h [here have ·atways. be~n aradernlcs who have p~ay~d and cornunue to
play !>igntftca nt roles ~n ,hr~1 so,ci,ety. iI:caderl'u! as an Instltutlon has not dlr!!:cHy ~a rrlc iP2l[fH~~n dvU s at ie! tyac t ion S excep t perhaps d url n9 the EDSA rev 0' It. Them are, howl!ver, paden whh!n iII.c,tldemeUHu h ave corrslsreru Iy in ~erf~ce~ with DjAi'>JGOs elthelr [tHough lnstltutlons ~hilt prov~de both thea retical w'Id praC'tlCil'l
r

In!lights or as extension arms, tha.t operate la.rgE!ly as NCOs. This. is. an u nfo rtunate s,itWnion beciiluse NCO wor,!, can grn,at!y 'bel'le'fi~,fromthe expe rtlse that is, lodged in academe.

DJANGOs, up to recenlly, did have an ~al'1~~:·I,ntf!llIe(t;u<ll,I'· treak, dismissing acas dLllme as IVOrv tower ~~,eordi·dams who ~acked' practlca! eX~'[I'.svr@ ana sh unned lrrvolveltu~nt in the realities they studied. But ~allzrng the need for resaarch and com:eph.lilJizatioil'l. more: and moOI1! NGOs hav,e.trred to take on functions tradlrlonally assumed to be with]n the. dom~ln of academe, On the ether hand, academe has, up to rEcC'Fldy, vJ@wed NGOs and POs as ObjEct'~ of SU.ldy whose aC'tiorls lack the lrigo r and ce nee ptu ill I c ~ar Itv [ha,t academe prrdu I~ f CD , sel n But 5ignolficilf'l1 I: hange~ 3ro.sII:aning [0' occur, As, NCo.s glo bevond the micro lEVel! a greilter apPri,'lcT.Hlo'fll 'for academic skills has become apparent. At [he sa me ume, especltlHy ill I rite rsecuo ns wl'th the' stare, ic,lIdemk~ possess jl[ r,p-v·e~ of, credIbllrty whit!; NCOs" PO~"a.Ild' ide:ologrnll forces do not, Acad@mics have aliSO slowlv begun to appreda1'e rhe need (or ,il compllememamy of rotes, rather rhan for each to rehweru. uh~ other within their secroe The' experie nces sIFTlila.rto that of the stn.lggl~ agairlSt tt"te cement plam In Bol\lln,ao.P.anQ'd1Sinal'l., the upland censer ium In UNAC, ilnd moore recentlv the 'Urban [Poor Rese~rch COI'150n:h..rm" are experilwces that can be bu lit upon for the fl.itLire.

D:JANGOs ,and t,he tChll!.tK,f1iU Compared to academe, thech~r'd'lu~s ha.ve with DJANCOs, not lonly wiIh sp'ec.Jfic:Indiv{duiI;ls had
;]I long h~5[OfY of (onvergerW!! but even on an instltutinnal level.

Esp,e:cial'ly after Vatican II, Chrinian chuJr(hes ,got more rnvoived in social lssues. With the: growth of MOfiO conscsousness a.nd (i\FI,e' of Islamic states, Mus lim rellfl,se ·grol,ls leaders abo became aUive pa.rt'ICi,pann In civil society lssues ..
movement,

The perspective of a 'prefen~nHal optton for the. poor. tt~@. rise of the. student and the crises lila! pla.glue:d socierv trcm the 1960s thrc ugh the parted of dktato rslijp created the bases upon 'o'v:nic'h churrhes pi wed a more active role in civil society. The: lnvclvernent of church :p~Q.ph~.ang@d from pansh-based social r
action to the formationOl Basic Chri.slian Communities and BasIc Ecde5ial Cornmu-

ni,ties, from tnsmutes

~@!t

up ,by reJlgi.ou5 Qroe'tS to cOQrd:ii'\at~v~ structures like NA55A

a,no NCCP. from support to, NCOSEO instihlr{ioflally-mandate.d NGOs like TFDP and ECTF,from pa,rUcipattng in mass actions to joining ideological' forces.

Such actlvttles pmdw:;ed 01Ii f~iiment In the. churches which also led t.o ideo log.i" cal factions andsplits, The b~gllrHllngs of communlrv orga,nizing are traceable to church support and for nliany a'Ctivi~rs and INCOs the churches served as legl\timizer,

partner and donor. And ye~ even as DjANCO:s,and churches,

j

by

the very nature of

tension points

their common (o'mmln",~rnto are undeniable,

tOUI_[ human rlev@'llopme'nt converqe,

The· mOM SigniFicant amO.tlg ~l1e'Se relate rcthe wemens movement and the struggle for gender equiilUty, The Chr srian churches and Islam are at their cure
acc'f!:pUlnce amol1g :I'JJANGOs of the nnwith t 1"1 th<!ir hierarchillS 11il.S 11tHgone ul'lno'Ii!::'ed. In t'il,e ~amle wa,i( tlun patriarchy. 'from the Family to the stare, results In peliclesand dech,rglilS lila.tlll,f"l biased agahll~I women, 50 it is
Wiln the growing patrlarchal instltlJUcms_

penance

of QMdereq,l.Iilllty,

'he In.gii<lined gen·dCf lnequalitv

48-

!(AruNA

CON5TANTINO·DA\lU:l

also in the churches. The most al ltv and reproductive dghts.

gla.ring controversy

rslates to women's health, sexu-

DJANGO.s and Media

Th e m ed ia p I~ va p lvotal ro lei nth e effect iv ilty clv i I s;G.c.n b-ecau se t h e:y ety have thacapacltv 'to mold public: oprn ion, pressure t.h€ state rtnd decide enthe prtorltv messages to send to the clttzenry, Although obvlouslv most media outlets are owned by the power el ite. the prcfesstonats that tatke charge of the day·to·day operations e-xercise a wide latitude of dlscretlon, Unfo!rtullately, this is often cornpromised by ccmpetitlon and commerclal considerations. As such, the media hav@ ~mphdsized sensational stories which are mostly ne_gatiiveandcentered on persoralitles from among the power elite, arid become captive to "press release journalism." The:ea.sy ratlcnallzation that media are the way they are because this is what ttsteners/vtewers/readers want is sj rnp!ly a. retreat fromthe resportsibtltttes of media to sO'(:il?;ty.
gras$-roots work is "nonsensatlonal," and centered on ordinary peopls who cannot employ publlc-relatlons spectaltsts, As such, much of the painstaking work of dVil socistv is:· never s hared with the publk:. Very often, civil society land s in the flews only When there. are mass actions, unusual or creative tactics are employed, Or

of

Witl'1 tnthts context,

mO$1:civ:i':l-s:\,J·cietYctors are at a dr.sadvantage_ Much of a

dramatk attacks are made on the state.

ThEr@ ls also a dash between media. and DjANGO (uhures, When ilt cernes to the issue of proJ€!<::ting personal it~e50.Wh i le the media de"ma]"ld to see "the h Uman f.ace:"of issues, 'DJANGOs emphasize the' ccllectlve nature oftheir work, While medra walt for stones to be brought to thel r attention, DJANOOs do hot consciously cultivate media CQntacts. and many leaders are in fact reticent i rl seeking out: medla The result has been that medla remain :Ianjely u ncensclous of the vj~ws of DjANCOs. unable to tdike these into account. in their stories . .A corollarv lssue relates to the complexltv of civil SOCiety and lts lntrarnurals such that media outlets have been crrtlclzedfor h'ighlighting some groups and not others. Although both media and DjlANCOs are today more consclous of their complementary roles and have made enc:otlragln:g steps to. r~ctify the sttuatlon, the relationship is far from Ideal.

DJANGOs an.d .Business

Through uhe Years, the bus i n@sscornmun ltv has rrlterv~rned as a civil s:o,c..iety parth:i pant only when their tnrerests werethreataned by state policies. But varrous crises In Philip'pine SOCiety have led to a greater mvolvs mentof business In sccial iSSt.H~:S. Wh~reas involvement th& past Was Ilimited to we"ifare asslstance, corporate philanthropy and lntarverrtlons directed at their employees 0 r 5U fro u nding comrmmltles, the business sector today has found rnore arenas for rnvo lvernent.

in

The. Philippine Business for Soclal Progress (PBSf') which was set up in 197o. was a plone@ring effort, The formation of the As~o"ciation of Fou ndations a few years law broug<ht corporate and other foundations toqether,
BUSlirl€LSS has also b"lnded H)gether

Network for DisasterResponse

((NDR), the lea.g lie of Corporate found.<tti.o ns, and

around specific issues ~nke the Corp.or,u~

the Ph,Uppi'ne Business for the E.nvironment. The parttc i patron of PBSP and AF in 'forming and sustatntng CODE-NGO has created bridges towards. ITnkages between

DjANGOs,and
NCOs.

bus.i ness, And yet the lrnertace has

there have been instances

rernalned :laJ'ge~yat the ~evell of on national isslJes

BUitalthough

of joint activities

llke electoral reform, suspicions and contradictions borne out of dlverqent interests make collaboratlon difficu lit, Busine~s ls attu nedto profit wh len ts.often on a colllston (OUfS@ with the interests of the basic secto rsand the erwfron meru, .At the: same time NGO;s dedicated to We empowerment 'of marg:iMlized sectors have al\~ay.sccnstdered busmess and polltlcal elite interests be complernerrtarvAs me corporate sector moves towards a gJeater sense of soctal respo ns,jbijjty, the i me r-

to

ssrtlons are bou nd

to

increase.

One other source otsrraln

must also be mentioned.

social issues has I@dto the formation

startl ng to explore the corporate sector as d. source of additional resources, contradictions have already arisen. On the one: hand the clash of cu ltures - bus i ness expectl n'g tang Ible and 'Immediate results whil'e DJANGOS ernpbaslze prQCUS and iong·'rerm objecnves ~ has led to mi.sundersliuldings. Oil 'the other hand, bustnesscleated NCOs1 with more access to both the state and forei9rl'dol'iors~ have beco me fav(!fed competitors in the' arena of access to resources. for developrrrent.
r

Business' i nvolve mertt in of their own NGOs. At a time when NCOs· are

CMI Society Making Civil $o.:;iety

tievelopmem NGOs. in partners hi p with POS'f~ ideol6gtcal forces-and other c ivi I society actors, have, the potential to b@the bearers ,of an alternative future. that smphaslzes peoples empowerment, that I;;, the.ab~~hy cfcommun lttes arid secto rs to ddl ne tileir own prcblerrts, dectds on their opttons, a.M determine their own future. DJANGQ.s 'Ire In the best posttlon to help create, strengthen and sustain autonomous Qrga,hi.lations that call "relate to and debate With each other; advocate and lobby for po Ilevchanges; .assess the optlons presented by polttical parties and fOrces; experl msnt with alternatlve prod ucnon relattorrs; ~o.ncreli'Ze the vlston for an alternative ponncaloreer: and, .crsate partlclpatlve structu res that wi II no ,longer allow th~ ,~Iit@. nd self-anointed a parties and personalltles to speak in the name of

the people.
fact that over the vears, DJANGOs have de.ve!Qped a vast tl~ with peQP~e's problems. The' creatlvltv and dYl1a~ rnlsm of develcpment NCO:; ~ave been repEated iy proven and grudg.ing Iy accepted ~V~1I1 by those who. as targets, have felt. the dlscomfort of :being the objects of grassro,ots actlon. Even as the Mate conttn ues to speak ef ampowermentand popular partrdpation, DJANCOs have effectively employed collectlve and self-reliant m~Hlod~ with beth urgency', ~m~gina'tio,n and passion. It is an undeniable

reservoir of expertise iin deall

But development
autonomous

NCOs do no'! ccnstltute the whQle of civil society. All ether

roles. The' determl nant force, ln f<lJ.cl~ shou Id be the
i

actors play equal IV sig niflcant

and DJANCOs must the refo re strengthen thei rranks wh lie reflectl ng on and resolv1f1:9th~ tensjons that create d is!..Jnity. in Q rder to effe.ctively illite rfac e.with other c iYfl

peoples 0 rgafllzaUons. At the present con] uncture however, with in ~hecontext of a develepi rig economy, an elite-de minaH~d -state and a class-d lvided and patrtarchal.soctety, a vibrant .civil society is; nnperattve. POs ideol,og leal forces
r,

society parttclnants.

____

_:5:..0:.. .• _iiI._:K.A.RI NA CON :iTA NTI N Q. DAVI bI

It is an unde 11 lable fact th at ove r the vears DJ,1l.NCOshave d eve loped a vast reserve j r of expe rtise i n de.al i n,g with peo P~E!'sp roblsms. The creativuv and dynarnis m of development NGOs have been repNledl~' proven and 9 rude i nyjy accepted even by~hose who, .as t<lJge'ts 11ve f.ellt the d lscomfo rt of bei Ilg ttle. a bjecrs of a gn_ssmmsi,tction. Evell as the state contlnues to. 5peak of er'r'lpowerrnenl and ocnular partie lpatlon, DJANCO.S have effect"h,iedy ernploye:cl cotlective an d self-re llant method::>with berth !Hge n.cy, i,magi nation and pass fO.I'.
i
r-

BUlt develo prnent NCOs do not co I1stitute he, whole of clvll.soclerv, All other actors pi ay sq uallv 5 i9 n iftcant roles. The determl nan"! fo rce, i 1'1' fact, .shuuld he the ClIHOFWn'lOUS people's orqantzatlons. At Hte present conjuncture, nowever, WI hln til e context

of a develop! ng

economv, an eIite-dom tnared state and a [1<15 s-dlvlded

and pamarc hal ~O(.re.t'r',<1 vtbrarit (Ivjl 50( iet)! ;1:;; i mps rative. POs! id eo I 09 leal fo rces and OJANG05 rn u stthere fore strenqthe nth err ran ks while re:n~c.tjng On and resclvIng til e.'t'ension's that create disunity, In order to eff~ctiv~'lv i rite rface with either
~iv~j !'o-tiHy paruc ipants,

REFERENCeS

s"\,d;\p",

p,:n)anjiJ T, "[ODE'N~Cr. U11ilyinQ lr,e D~vf!lt1prn~t"r NCO Lt):wnunflY·, Itt D{~v<2lilpmt,'lr NCO'/Q1JI'I;.JJ, Vol: I~Q, I (rhird l!!..!;irl'~r i 9!,1 ~), ~i·~l!r.~·, ;,11] (ttl.). n'~'I'!;t/ s-an d i'J';)(;IH.it>fl s. C /);Ii Ilengt'5 .1rod Choice»: '4 S~~~(e '7,'" 5 1'lI'd~' (~rI)h.lj!ppi/)~ N";Ck Q u(~;~ ~\I ~ Ury: Aten~o Certrer tor Soci,d Voll.ty ~_I1p. flub-lit M[,+u~. 1991S. ., C()Il~I?iIHi!lt)·I);~'_'U. K~r.ln<l, 'CbCll1tTHJ'nilY OrgMl>i'>li1g 111 the Philil,(;iFH'::5:The Cxlm'~~I~\,J? {j.~D~'/fl·7r"ne.Tt N('~", Ir Ci"il't Ci'cdg .11'1(;1 M,\I:i(1ri~ MaV(l (i.!cb.1. Lomrtl'-l1l1ity E(I'.Ipow,~rrl)~m; A !l(!",'/€'r ,'.'~P.li t/c'P'l'UOJ'l,l:r,-j De·\le0,~'m·e"~, I c'l1do!l~ IFIJ kllOb, 19~~.;. , . ____ , , 'TIH~ 1'IlIII!Jpir.E! I:.xtl"!rlil!h~~ III SCahl'1.g UI}"_ It) Mal.:i,')~ ~ Ofi'ie(eil'c~~ j,'CO:; al~,",' D':!ieJ{lOlI1e"1~ '" ~ rI;,iI"qJlif) ~lkH.ld. MILh<.loti [d' ..... <1rds ~Hl't GiiVid Hulme (e.tq L{TI~dnll: F.~r\hH'7'\n I'l!b!ic~tiono. I G'~l;~, "Tile; lill'iil ~ ,'inti I'c~sihdiltll . M Pntltt:>pin~ NCO:; 111 [:~\'.eloprl'<~m '. ,"pi,SIr. ,Iohw(;f.ll'<.pl:, I €;90. _____ " ''} rum the Pn;:;;l.!llt L(I(,Klfl';;.l3:ru:k: A H!<;ton,.. 0 PhilipPine N(;Qs' In [- Sldh;y Siliirn.il11 a.... l F.lr_ d L, - Ioblc ~ed"i,), ~1{Jil-Cf.)V.f-!ni(}ItJ.l1ti:li' OJ1,ld.u.r.at.·01"il" .1.'1 th~ P,'H,'IPPI!lCS: Cl'tlo',1 Sor-·ic£V iVh.,"f t~~ :5r:)re. UI11'~:·ersit'~· .eof H~w;dl rrE!5!;, ,q~);; ,:ror[h(,Qmin~j) !.L'P.I, Mar'J,1fi't" "'I,, (€o.) "IoC::";0'if F/;".,~dml' SO!lq; K~r,(!.::rI{}!'I~.of fll.to C"i',C.!·'H.'Ot15 ot r\!CQ Wt/l'.k;L',"S ill ti~ ~f:I·I.'I~
(.lilies, A!\lGOC ~'!~.;l l'H!U"l-lilHA, L 'H)S

V~I'I()USjlHr~r~,

J'~C'Jlt\(!-rit~ ;;Iml publif

atto-is

'ilf

CO[1~ ..Nf,t) and II ~ m.i!lI',b~r rial \-\.'~ri~~ ..

Ii. A
--

I N II ERR.
-

A.
-

IB A

til

-- -

tl,
-

Isang Me Ilc,wa kong fla no now sa Teorya at Pegpc potu pad n91 Cii\fi~ S,'Olic:j:,ety '01 Kol ipuna, n ng

Kc r'C niWIQ ng 'Ko':pw'ol-Tao (KKK) ngDe me krcflscsvon S'O Pillipino s

mlga

S'C]

Proses 0

$ Usub lJka 'n

S,! pagsls I k~p na maunawaan aug larangan ng Clvll society ~~ PIllpl nus. n tit I n 9 9 a mil in (I n 911b a "t j b.Tln gi iente ~lg ring.ti t eo rya rig nab U Q 11il IJ kGJ s ~
U!(H Y~!!9

clvll ~ocl~ty. Urneasa rave n~ fflolpahhtaw, sa ~flnlil.milglU!Jl fig mga kll!lg anQ (.Lng. p~,pe' 119 ~iv~11 sm::h~'tv u pm~e~o ng dernekratlsasvcn

ito.

Magsl sImul a tavo sa pag s iUil.lll~VS(l.v sa kOi:\!iC p to m Is""10 1'1 lit 0, I i~ rnga, H:le.Y<I, h~ng9;:1~g s~ tnaka.r.a:ling sa mgOll kOn~@pH) ng n<lgsi!irk.~p 11 naw<lin ang dlnarnlsmo 1'19('~vll sm:r@<ty Sat Pihpma.s sa kasalukuyang panahon

su PLJ,lpil1as. sa ru 1'011 r~g kas it ysay a II"l 9

B.agarnan nakau~Hn

ria!

an.g diw,a I"Ig c~vd soc [etV saiJMg

-araw-araw

n iI

parnurnu hay, hind I rnalkakalla na nagrnu]a ~.~ Kanluran <1.119 pag'ka:kahabi ng mg,~ kOV1septo ukol alt'D. Sa pagl.a.lahad ng kasays~'llan ng konseptc, makikl~a rln narln a.!'Jgmga h~k:.a'~ n ito :sa in~ll1g k~.siliu.lI;uY!3ing pagkaunaw;;I. nEO,

Sinaummg Pcmahon
Ayon ktna Arata at Cohen, mabJJb~kas,an am;! 1I! 03 1'1 g' pananaw 5(1clvl I socletv kay Arislpt<eles at sa kOll:5epto nly.aolg ~poUUke .koiflonl..§l.~ ",og kah uluqan av na
~mga m<lm~mayarlg maJa.ya at pa[IJtaY'pi3int,ay ang parnurnu hay sa I lallrn ng lsartq rnalmaw na ,parnallltay.ang ~Ie<g;tl.l · Pan. kay ,o."ri~totell.e.'5, nakatava anq n1 i srno ng •." p:agkat~o 11§ tao .sa kakay>3.nan nHong maklpamuhav sa kapwa, "lsanq rnasamariq lao 0 i sang. d iya 8 an;g indi ilia m u mu hay ka~,anla 09 kapwa, ,,.,i<as,;E!,9 kat sa ~Je:fin IS yo n n rig clvn society ang pa:gka·"sibilis~)do~ ng p.ddk.twnguhan sa. rsa'r lsa,

Mahala.gang bigY'lng pansla ,ling, ganitong paqkau nawa dahl I ~pi nakiki ta rite aflgl-!i,a.~QP arha!'lgganan ng{:II,I'JI ~ode'ty. Nas,a lah,ilS n~w al1g makahavop at maladIY0'S na:pagturi ng sa lba, ru~ad ng pacguning ng ikanibal sa. kalUl n r ng tao at r~g pagtufi ng 119aHpin sa l1d!r~ n.g hillri~a alipjilii. Ipinolldila,gay n9 ~ibih:sadong paqru n n ~ 5.21kapwa, 0 mii3:g~n9 noang :iinollll1lang panahcn .•ria malil~ ~l magkakapar'!'t<l;Y <lrlg rnga nasasakop 1'19civil society. HI ndl Itlnuwrilrlg 'l'1,am~latva ilt k.apantilY ilIng nakata kdilrlg k.:Li in r1-g n kantbal at ang mga alip,1 n.

P ~111lI f' P ~ NilE DE MO'I:RACYA

Ch.-U S(}d~W

G!EN DA

1M khlgl C~I~~111 ~'Illlt'h!ty

B~gaman may pagkaari·srokraliko·a.ng ganiton~ pananaw dahll may mga t..ong ·ipin.apalagay na mababa an·g antas kavsa iba, mavroon pa rin-g matututunan dito ang ati.r'~gpagshiikap na gawill19 makatao ang parmrmuhav ng mga nasa labas rig panlipullang laranqan ng buhav, Kava lamang naman naltutulad so. (l,liipit1 atlg I'nga nasa gil id .~;g lip~unan ay dahi I wala sila.n-gl!::a,pangya.rihart, kabuhavan at boses, Is.ang maha!<l9ang tu ngku Iln rig, kasalukuvang civl I sccletv anq rnatu Iblngafl !)ilan'g maqkaroon ng mga ito, at nang maging ba.ha.gi ng lipunan,
M<lt'lalaga, kung gayon, aug pag~oorganisa ng mgd. karantwanqtao up<lng· mapkarcon 1'191 kapanqverthan ..Mahalag;t, rin Bi.ngmga provektonq pangkabuhayan na s:jnusu pertahan rig clvtlsccietv LA pa,ng maiang.tU aF!g kabuhavan ng maral ita. At

rnahalaqa ang mga proprarnanq panq-edukasvon na 'naqpapalakas n'g loeb nllanq rnakisang kot sa mqa pagpapasyang may kinalarnan sa ~".r'llling buhav.

GitnOing

Pananon

Noo 119 9 i tn arlg pa na hen unan 9 nakira anq .salu ng atan 5 a: paq i ta n rHJ makarnundcnq p'4mumu ha,y at rig l.sat'lg makalanqlt na pamantavan n·g civil SOCil€:IY.. Matatagpu:an s~iakdanq City' of-Cod I'll San Agustir"r" hajl mbawa,;3.n'9 pa:gtam;;;oo sa makamundonq pamahaiaan upanq p:a.glingkuran ang Kalipunan iig m9~ Santo sa p:ingan9all<lJJg~r19 Diyos 501, Ia_.rtgit Na·gka.roon ng daJ<lJWM9 lavu nln a,n,.g buhav ng tao nang avon sa lipu nang kanyang glnagalaW'<in1: ang lipunan rig Diy.os· at ang llpunan ng tao. Gayu nparnan, naniwala si San .Agustin na m.agJng sa kasalu ktJyang u pu nan n 9 .tao rnaaa rl ng matag puan ang mg a kasap u sa.ilp I!.I nan rig DiYQ? Cavu ndin ,. .rna.ging vacnq mga kasapt sa:kasalukLlY<lrl9 slmbahan sa dai.gdig ~y lr1'laaari"l1gk.as.api ta.l<l.gasa I i"plHlan·g rnakamundo. Naaa'yon sa. lIri ng pamumuhay, kung gayor1l. a.ri9 pagi.9 i n9 rnamarnavan sa:tinag urlan nllanq "societas cfviJis" o-clvll socistv,
i

ng civil socletv bi lang iS311g p<:Ing kalcoban an:!tikal na atltud. ltlnatakda ng kenseptonq ganito ·ang mqa karapatdapatna pagWrin9 sa kapwa: bag:<:uha.n nraaarlnq 'Sa tun·a.y na buhav av di madalas natutupad ~Flg g.anitcmg pakikipa9~u9nayan. Nagigin9 tuntunqan ng pagl~<lto~ sa rnqa baras fig '1punan anq puntc-de-bista i rig <Ciyil soctetv, Ka.ya oga nagkasundo sina San Agustiin at Sarlt~)·Toma!i sa pagtlltol, sa mga baras ria hindi wrnuwrin,g sa. paqkatao 919 tao. Avon sa kanlla: "Hindi tunav na b,n~:s (1119 mga hindi w<lstong batas :,.l Kapunapul'~ <Lng paqsibol ng civil society sa kandunqan n9 slrncahan 113

pam urn u hay sa Ii punan, masl s llavan ang normatlhonq

Sa ~m~~rhlwalav it"!

ng ko nsepto

ng civil society

elemento

mu la xa

rna karnu no 011'9

ilia:9s~is~lb~nglternatjbo a sa pampul ltlka't pan9-,ek0t1omjiko~19 sistema n.g pamuml,Jlnray. Ang simbahan marahll ang maitUu,Hing ria plnakamalakl at pinakarnatandanq ahensva ng dvi·l.s.ociety. Karamth~U1sa rnga. rkillJsang rnasanqtu lad ng Federation of Free Wo rkers at Fed e rarlcn of Free. Farmers av nag 5 irnu la sa ins pi rasvon neg panlrpunanq dokuina ~g slmbahanq Katoliko. Maging noong panahon ng batas miUta:r, nagi ng kanhJ:n·gatll·ang.simbahan ng mga tlags~sik.a.pbumuo H9 Q.rg~,h i.sadong pamava nan, ~Kasalu~uyan9 flagpapatIJloYiln9 rnqa samal1~.ng ka'sal1gkot sa sirnbahanq nagtatag uvod ng katarunqan, sa pamamaqltan ng &asic Eccle-slasttcal
Communities. Bagamall hindi rellhlvoso I'amang ang monbo 119 mga naklklsanqkot

mahalaga.ngr bigyang-p.ansln ang yuto:pyanong parnarreavan kan i larr9 llagpl1na sa lip unan, !Dahill anq umiiral na panllpunanq kaavusan sa dti.igdig ay di tug1ma sa mga ideval ng civil SC(ijety, oags,isi lbinq ugapLirla i.H?mghull sa rnqa soriatv,

ng

sa <;ivnl

k~tiwalian sa lipunan, Hind 1 ma;g.iging,mattbav ang puna kung wal'ang rnairnumungRaning hig it na rnaburrt magaling na !,.J vi og paq-u !:.I'gna-yanng m.gili tao. lsanq mabalagang sandall sa ka-s:aysay~n ng eMI sOciety, h!119 gol.yOtil, anfl pa9ka.kabak~d!s n'9 k,o!1septong ito mula sa makamundonq pamumuhav sa lipunan at paqranawsa 'isa.ng vuto pyang hili dl pa natut U pad, M,akabagong P:(Jl'lan'on
I urn [taw aflg panqan g<lUangan rig kontrata sa

Sa makabag ong panahon,

pa.gita.nng mga tndlbldwal lila 'tao. A.yQIl kay Hobbes, ang kontrara a.ng bumlblqkts sa mga kasap] sa estado ihaban9 ang rnga kasa,pi rig :Civil society ay anq "kalat na masa' (unformed mass) na hil'ldi nasasakop ng kontrara. Pmatibavan ni l.nckeanq ug-flayal1g baotay sa: kontrata nang ipa,hayag niyang maaarl ring rnawasak ang [sang pamahalaan na katulad ng pagkawasak ng ltpunan. Suballt si Monte'sqlJleU ~ng nagllnaw ria maqkalba a:ng ugnayang pampulltlka sa pagital') ng mamarnavan at

esrado, sa isang banda, at ang uonayan'g panhpunan

mamamavan,

0,

sibil

'sa, p:ag,itarl ng mga

Sa ltinutu ring na dl-porrnal 1\1\ ekonQmiva (informal e.COI10illy) 119 tnga bansanq katulad rig Piliprnas ay masasaks ..han -din itong ideya'rii Hobbes tungkoJ sa "kalat i na masa," Sa ek6r\Omiyal1lg ganito, nagkakafoon ng produktibQI1Q transaksvon ang,mg:<I rnamamavan: bagaman hindi nalrerehistm sa mqa kontrata (J~J pambansang Sistema an.g kantlanq gawafng pang-ekoltlromiya.ltinatayang aangat 50. SO po.rsyento arig ekonomlya n~; bansa kung' rnablbllam; lamang ;lI1g dl-pcrmal na ekonorniva.

na may sadlillg mga tradlsvon ng p<l.gmanlay-arl at paguygnayan na lba sa ruga tltulo't batas na plnaiiral'rlg pamahalaan ..Kaya n9ais~mg mahalagang tunqkulin rig mga ki Ilusang ~as'alJ;i sa x:h/iJ sccletv na mapanqalacaan ang ruga tribunq ganiw laban sa ruga betas na maaaring gamirtin bdaflg
lPagsasamalr'ltala sa kan 11a. kasanqkot sa civil societv kung thahamnlnq

slstsmanq parrjpulltika,

Maisasali rln sa "kalat na masa" ang orthlnal na mga Uibung nasa giHd F~g

na a,ng pagkaka~Hlawa 119 kasalukuvanq mga sa lumilipas rra makabaqonq panahorr, m'aha~agang Mg may kalat na p,ag,kakmmawa sa clvi I society, Inaakala n i lan9 kailangan pang iorganisa' aug masa: gayong madalas na orqanlsadn ria ang pamsyan an bagQ pa man dum ali ng .ang mga. taga labas n a rlo;l,gltan aJS 5i Ia. ng i(;H{:JI.LHl tsa .. higit na Cit

Bagaman

malalim

Hegel

Mqrx
rrg kanluran i:og parnlmlloseplva, kata.ngHanrgi sind. Hegel at

Sa kasaysavan

Marx.sa kc!.nilang malattm na lrnpluwensva sa modernonq pag-unawa sa c~vil scclety.iplnal,dgay Iii He'gel ria higit na mauunawaan lamang ang clvll.socletv sa konteksto fig estado, habang i!::J~niitnaman n i Marx na is,ang salamin II<l!man'g 119kaJagayang pt'ling-ekorwmiko ('lng anumanq kalagayan ng civil sotlety.

Ayon kay Heg@l,mahalaga ang' astado upang' panga.lagaan arlg panqkalahatanq ng' mga rnarnama Van na maaari 119 magkawat:aJ~-watak dah il 5 a paglalabanan n~i iiba't Ibang mqa lnteres sa lipunan. Kung walanges.tad-o, wala ring magbubuklod at maglalagay ng hang9~Hl:an sa maaari'ng gawlil Fig mga samahan sa lipunan na sariHng j:rneres :Jamang angl il'Hmnaguyod. Pard sa ikabubuti nq lanat, Ra,il'an:g;.:1.11 isa.ngestado rra magpapasya at ma.gbubl,iiD nq lba't ibang lnteres rig, ng mamamavan,

kabutthan

54 • RAIN'IlFt, JR. A .ISAi.lA

Ang lakas ,0 kahinaan fig estado ang. tsa sa kasal Uikuya-l1grnahahal:ag.tlng usapln sa laran'9an n.g civil society. May na,g.sasabi na kailangang pal,aka-shl ang estado upanq marJ"a·rH~&lagaannito··.,ilng mahlh rnang sektor n'9 Hpunan. At)'g lakas daw fig civil society ay si mamas liang n9 kah inaan ng estadokuriq kavasa eras na It! makas ricaang estadc at nakakava iltll1gJ aJag~all' ang mah ihma, rnaaarl na ri ng hu mina an'g civil society. Sa kabilang banda, may rnqa natatakor sa labls f1J lakas 119 estado nl maaarmq ipam..Jpil sa nlga karapatanq pan tao. Tagapag_l;!alai1s,e', k.url9 9olyon, ang
civf! secletvsa posibilidad ria tr:iang-abuso an~l estadc, Sa.katunavan, madalas nil nagturu Iul1gan ang civil society ·at ang estado sa pa,gl iJ,ingkod sa parnavanan, sa

paraanq naqpununuan sa kah i naan ngj~it tsa,

Turnutol si Marx sa pagbibigay-diil1 sa papel n9 estado. Ayon sa kanva, kung .SIJStHlQ.a.11 ang hantunqan "9 pagmumuilimun i 110 Hege~, ang ekonornlva ang ralagaflg naqpapatakbo ng l1agl~l,abat:rarrg mga. lnteres sa li:p·unan. H'ii di maaarlnq hi mli n talaban ang estado 111"9 panq-ekoncmrkonq irn~r~s. Maklkita natil1l1gayon s-apanahon ng rnqa negos.yallteng rnulttnasvonal, bilang hallmbawa rna vu m.uyukod ralag.<I! :n.g. a parnahalaan sa lnteres nq ekcnomiva kah it pa malpaqbill ang: ltkas at pat:"ltao~g kavarnan an n 9 bavan. Hi ndl kayang saku pi n ng an ~ manq e stado ang mga ~ompa:nyang mu ltinasvonal dahil hindi naman stla nananahan 5<1 alln mang estado, Angtal.agang nagpapatakbo sa mga kompanyang i:to av ang dikta ng tube ng puhunan na ma:tuuun to 1'1 r bandanq h'~,III,sa Olga stock market n9 tba'tlbanq bansa Si nusu ndan larnanq ntta anq uta 5 n9 P(!g papatubn sa puhu nan nan 9 walang

kirnikilalang

pamahalaan

estado.

Pa hi I sa ka h ln aan
karanlwariq kavamanan panib.agong

11 9 est ado napa n 9 dJ I, g aan an 9 pan 9 an 9 a:lla n gar! n g a rnarnamavanq rnadalas naisasatsantabl ng mga. ma.V-hawak ng 'atl11g kapan g.yari han. hu (nih i ngi ,;ling kas;alukuvang' panaho n fig'

marnamavan
sa kanilang

pananaw sa p+U1lipui1ang kalaqavan ng tao. Namumulat ang mgtl. na hi ndi kaya rtg estado lamang 0 019ekonornlva lamanq ifng t'L.Jm~gQn
mga panqanqallanqan.

KaslolukuYClng

PanQhon

S.1t kasalu kUY<1ug panahorinq post-rnoderno, .sl n ~.sk,ap dingo la,tl)pasar'l ,<ling i pananaw sa civil societv nang allns unod kl na .Hegel at Marx upanq rnatup unan ['Irig: tunav na mga pallgan.gailangan 119mqa karantwanq tao . .Aymi riga kay vactav Havel, pangulo 119 Chectw,slovaki:a, na nanguna sa p.a.gtat~.g_uyo.d li9 c'MI society $01 Europa:
Nadarama 1<;0Ihll.ang' pag'liklu, n,!;! dvl:1 s.Q-clety.anq pangunahllng hamon n.9 ,a~ti pan ahon. Arm ba arlg civ~ seel ety? Sa:akh~ g pa~ tlgi. I agay, ,ito ay isang II pl..Jnang may malaki 119 sukatan <:'I.ng sari ling parnamahala, ku ng saan ti nutup.ad I1gmanlamayan 411g, san!i ng pllpe~ sa pampub!lik;ong antas ng . ~ buhav, Mata,ming. lplnahlh iwa,tig ang m.g;:t paiFlglHlgusap na ~lQ ni Havel, S·~ngayon, rnahalagang pagtuunan ang tlnaqurlan nlyang "parnpublikonq antas 119buhav," lsa sa mqa rnahalaqanq dlskurso l1'g. kasalukuvanq mga ptloscpo, an'g "lar<J.ngang pampubllko' (publtc sphere) ay hind i, ffiorwpqlyc ng, burukrasva ~amai19 at hi t'\dt rin paralamang sa 1:Ja.mpalengkeug interes I'1g mga r1egosyante, Iniugat nina JlJ"rgel1 Haberrnas at Hannah Arendt ang pagll'itaw ngl larangang tto sa pagbijbigaY-diin SQ. panltpunanq larangan "'9 buhav na hindi rnaiuuwi sa pampamahalaan a sa.pribadong interes lamanq," -

Kay a nga 15.<l.l1g kalanglan ngcivll society a1'lg higH na m<l!lawa.kang panllpunanq kcnteksto ng namumuhav, Tlnutukov ng salitarrq "society" sa civil socletv ang fsangespa.s.:yQ 0 I'ugar na maaariJlg mamuhav tang Olga grupo 119tao na.nghindi pinang hihtmasukan ng pamu mulWl<a 0 pamamal~n,gke, Ayon kay John lliall, pamuqot

mga eksperto
luqar

S,[I_

n9 isang kallpunan fig mga sularinq Ibin unqa rig pagpupu long (19 paksatlg civil soctetv sa.Cambridge, Ingl<lte.ra: .

Nakitaaf19
kung

dvil society bilang kabaHMarat1 ng. despctlsrno,

is,<l.n9

saan rnaaartnq urniral at gun1alaw .ang rtIga, gruPQng panltpunan - isang nagpapanmay at nagpa,patibaY,..sa 'isang hig,it na malumanav, at m?\tataglalang', ku r1idisyo~ ng pag-iral.

Sa pananaw na Ito, mlliing rnaslstlayan kung bakit tlnawag nil "slbil' ang lipu-nang tlnutukoy rite, Hindi iliO pinamamahalaan ng dahas at ilirbitraryong kapritso kUng' ~irlOrlg Ponda PiI'ato. Maymon itong paggalang sa pagk.,kapw,a·"tli.o, .

ng

P.C!lg'b Q DO Iik~hJ now

MyJa sa pahapvaw na pagsllsud sa kasavsavan n9.civil society sa Kanluran, mapapansln na iJang mga pami'h/M na elemento ng civll society an£! tu rnataqos oa rln sa kasahrkuyan, Mula pg stnaunanq panahcn, nd:~!ahadarrg sekop: at hangg';iflan n9 ~ivi'l society r'mng avon sa kung sino an~ ltun uturlnq na kapwa-sibll lsado sa. iipuruin, Dahl,1maqkalsa noon ang estadc a:l alig lipunaf1., naka.bukod ang- mqa \N'alan£) karapatang makibahagi sa estado. lsanq rnai1al.agang tunqkulln 1:I,g civil socil~ty, :kung gayon, ang palawaktn ang sake p nltc, lato na sa pagdaloy ng panaho n. Unang nabaklas anq kahul uqan ng civil ~ocie:ty' mula sa esrado nang rnagkaroQn I1g nrHmatibqng kahulug:an ito sa Halim n9 onjal1~$adon9 sunbahan dah II lplnakilala ng hull ang i'sang larnpas-sa-mundong kahartan rig' tHyo's. li3agamal'l hindi ,1.amarl9 r.elihiyoso <ing ideyal ng civilsodety, ang e,femel1to og pagl<lmpas Sa panq-arawaraw na karanasan ng estado anq n.;;t9pasuloIi9: sa·'sang panibagong pananaw sa' Ilpunan.

lri,ihanda ng makabagong nanahcn 'a119lsanq civil society na lstnasakarawan ng mga konrrata sa pagitan rig mga il1di'bidwaj na matnamavan. Nagkaro.on ng mga porrnal na uqnavan ,al1g mga tao na bukod pa s-aori hinal ria tuwiranq pakildpagugnayan sa estado. Sa puntonq ito lumitaw ang rnahalaqanq {l~losopiY<1 nina Hegel at Marx na ~pfl1akita ang astado at ekcnomiva bi larig rnagkdkl,lmpiH~flsyang kalaJaba,n o conttapelo og civl I society, Sa pagsisi kap n Ina Hegal at Ma.rx na ruwi sa estado at sa ekonomlva rt,ng larang,iln ng civil sectetv, higit na luminaw rtn na may 5<1JI n ng

lamatlg.

laranpan 119a a,ng c~vil socjetv na hIndi pasta

Sa

m,asasak9P'flg @stado Q 119 ekonornlva

kasalukuvanp panahon,

na.gg.igiit 21ng civil

society

na Ina:gkaroon

I1g

lenitimong lugar sa hpunan na nailba, ekonomlva. Sa I.arangang lto lurnuluqar 'taong n,a~smarnuhav sa ijsang ideyar na kapwa-tao, pagkalinga sa kapa.li.gi:ran ,at

bagaman hindi hiwt'daYi sa estado't

ang rnqa killJsan t19 mga kara.liiwang lipunang tumutuqon sa. karapatan ng kapayapaan,

Kayat rnababakasan &.1 kasalukuvan a.ng mgtl. @iernento ng eMI society mula sa nakaraan: paqkllala sa kapwa-tao, a,t aog rmrmatlb,olig prcvektc para S{I 15~Hl.g
Ideyal FIll. lipunan na iba, bagaman dl hlwalav, mula sa larangan

e ko 1'10 m iya.

ng estado

at ng

'56

!!!

RAIINII'.R A. IBANA '11..

Arlg Civil Society

&0

pmpiruJs

May nila.nabang kas.aysaya.n dili'11~ng clivi! society sa Piliplnas na n.akaugat sa kclonval na karanasan ng eseado, K'ilY~ nga ma.y tradlsvon n9 pa.g-a;t!klas laban sa mga: d.ayuhaliQ surnakop a.t Ibumuo ng ekonomiya a 119 sstadc.
nala-dan ng militameng ciV'illiodely ~ng tradl,syong ito hanggang sa. I1gOlYO!'l, Noong Ilakaraa.ng puloMig I'Igl A.PEC. b~hHII\iI haltmbawa, J'i1aH naw na may t~UQng PQsIsyon9 panllpunan ukol sa.mg.a uU'pingr t. l'IalakilY rtto, ~Htsa Soil pin.ttka,malinaw at pifl<Jkarnatiodlng, po,sisyon iJ,flg ~la9ml.lrnl.il;llasa civll society. Kahurny lFl'g POSI5Yl'.Hl rig rl'1~ltl kll usanq IlL..ili'tikal na n.ag~.al~y{ll!l~mahu Ii ding estado at fHl91 pcslsvon ng estado misrno, lpin~llnwag 'og' IlrmpluwensYi fig' civil societY sa ccrmulasvon ng 1119i:1pr~n~ipyo,l'I,g parg-ulJs.:!!pan sa A.PEC, bagama.fI hi nd] stla rite pa.ng IJfi21hIng

kabahaqi.
HI ibilng

Malln.llw al19 'aka's nglr p'luwel1sya og clivill sode v sa PilipifUIS k'l,wg ihallilmol·1!9 mga bansa na !lonlilgda:UJsari rig' M'EC. Hallmbawa, nakulavan rlg cbAl1secle'[y ang mgtl pang L1ngus3p ng P.alflgli~ong Ramc;)$~ laJo, nil sa usanl rig uke I sa II kaskayiUlg p:tg papilunl.1d (I susra.nable development. Kakiii(Wa a.rlg Impluwemyan9 ito kung lha.hamb~ng sa !lansing Hapon kung saan ldlnacs aflg rHU!fHU19 APEC. Napwera raw deen .<1 11 g mg~ NGO d.ahil ... ala 'r'<!w k.ff'!lkHajang NCO ijng APEC. "Pang· ekonomikcng usapln lama..n9 di:liw arlO hun. M hind i parnpuilt: ka." Ipl naklkha 119 civil !iocleIy so.Pillp1,rUis illf19 h!Iic..1IsI1g Imp'uwe~l1sya rig mga karanlwang tao, fJayoflg hindi narnan sila o'pI5ya~ og pamdiha,lllaJ,illillnum~.ralaklng tao sa ekonorruva. , Sukop at La:yunill1 "91 'Civill SOllc-ie'ty sa lPi[ipinas
Mula rin sa pangyayi,ri sekror S~ llpunan sa ma.ldtid ng APEC -'SaIP'ilip[,oas Il.Imitaw angpagtutol ng liang

na paglinQlin naanq (Nil society ay pang-NGOiamang,

Ito.<trig n<:!l [Ilia bat mavrocn slla m'ong rnonepelvo - 0

Sa opinyon

111 Amado [)ofOli1i1a., h.OIlimba~·~a,.

5inarlll na ng mg.a NG-O ang 'matl!.lnng no! s.alirrang ~ciVil socletv,"

h.nilang

bukamblbig,

kararpahllrt![:plpL S1i;lungln .kJ)·,sif1lil~k.op ng ·civU sl[lciety <ling napakalawak larang,an ng. mqa instltusvcm at .g·!iUI·]lJ, na: nakil.:;ipag-talaban sa Isa'tIsaat

rut
fliil!l~

aamba.g sa pr,ose:S·Qng demok;[;;IUsa.syo," ng ~punan_ KlJlng kaya ang slrrrbaharr,

ang burukrasva, ang !,e:l'lIs!iI.'turd. mqa pllHUkO'l NCO. si!lrfiahang slblko, at maglng mga sernahan 'Sa nll:~l'Osyo <ty mg:iil.ka'bahag:ing lahar ·sa civil sotiety_IQ

Medyo nap-akalawak na ng s,~nako<lp def-imsYQn ni 'DoronUa, kung kava wala nil l'1I:g tayong rnaltutu ringl na nasa labas ng clvilll sodety. at kunq gla:yon ay wala nrang 1pinil.gkaiba anq civilsocie,w S;;I ibangr bahagi ng lipunan, pero may rnasasabi pa rill ang k.ll'!yang pananaw uknl sa nmgdk.lJ lin Iiltg civil socierv sa Piliplnas, Ayo 11 rln sa pa kanva, a.rag c.lvU S.O[l~ly .ay

paldklpahil.gl

...tunqkal sa i!ijlrlg l ka at bomg 'l.u.t!tLllr.a ng mabwak at plurallstlkon~I' sa lsang di!ml;lkratlkong prcsese Kabaliktaraf1 nlre ~lig I~<lI1~1 Upunarl9 L1rbltrarYCiBrf 'midcaaWlof1ld,,·d, filii :ang mga d~sl5yCl1 OJ.y nakaba.tay sa mga instl'lL.lsyongr ki'ltulad ng m'!llhu ·0 mga pwcrsang P<lfls¢9IJrldad II hindi pa rill sap;u <!.Ilg 9aljo09 p·amuilaw" n1I baboil.I1il.<\gan mula sa panaiitaM9

Bilgarnan

ito ang kasalukuyang

ko<n[eksu) 1119v lsodety d

sa P~IlJinas. t

leol'Ya. at Pag,pap,atllpilid

:>a Pape.1 n1ll Civil Society

!II

57

Na'gkaroon ng pampulikanrg pagtangkilik ang mg'a k1.l L.I.~ang nakauqat sa civil ~o.d~W sa mismong Sali9'ang-balds ng Pilipi nas 111(10 11 9 1987 na rlagbligay.d iin sa papel at ruga karapat<l.n n'9 organisadong mamamavan, k.asabay t1g pagtalatag 119 Kemisvcn sa mga Karapa,tiir1>g Pantao (Art. XIII. Sek, 15-19). Matatagpua,n ang 5IJmUSUI1~d na defm tsvo n: "Ang tnga 0 rganlsasvun nq sambavanan ay mga asosasYQllg bona fide ng ~l'lgamamamavan na may subok ria kakayah,a_ng ilaguyod ang kapakanang pambavan at t11aV mapag ki ktlal an 9 pamu m uno, kasaplan at lstrukrura." (Sek. l5) Muda sa.definlsvong ito rnakikita ang leqal na saksp ng defhliwon ng civii

sodety, Ayon daw sa Secu r'iti~ and Exdran'ge Commtssion, may' 18,000 NCO .a.ng
r-ehistrardo hDong1986. Malamang na higit pa rile angl hi lang ng.ayo n, paq kani) as FIg sampung tao n, lalo na ku ng lsasarna rlto ang rnga hindi reb rsrrado, So.pag>itan n9 malawak ria ,definis.yon n~ Doronila at sa rnakltld na defirlisyo:ng leg.a.I,may gi,tnang panukat na irnin mig kah i si Fr. john Carrell ng;1nstrtute on Chu rch OIfilCi SQ>c:i<llls:su~s"Ito ang civjfs-oci~ty "bHang ,orgarHs<idnng pamavanan ,. na rdtn id lln ang sari I i upan.g ,ituiak an,g reporrna sa lupa, kalusuqan, pangangatag,a, sa:kapaUgimn «t ang solu:won sa fba pang mga SlJlir'aning may mabiqat ria timbang sa buhav ng

rnqa tao.

lin

Marami nQi sumuncd sa defln lsvonq

"kabutlhanq komun" at pamp~!blikon9

~a.ri:mga:n.l~

tto n! Carroll

d ahi I sa.' pag.d id i~(1

5a

MadaHng matangg.ap ang deri,nisyon Sa konteksto ng j~HU19estado ng nablbitaq ng pansarilfng mga lnteres nq ekonomiva.at rig iilang Jlagtd,tamasa5a pampulltlka't panq-ekonornlkeng kalaqavan, Dahil na rln sa kahlnaan rl"g estado na tugu.na.rr anq pa ng a ngaH a rrg am n9 mamam a:y lin p 1"1 <.tg:tala yo r'lg sa riling sarnah a n a rig h [J I i u pan Q rnapan 9 alagaCln an 9 kan i~ kapakan an. Mag i119 an 9 sle'g I,J rldad 11 9 art-art an at bu ha v, a:119 rn.allmbawa, <ty hindi na nakakavananq p;al'la'~H.Jta.r1 e'stOld9. ialo nil. mmg mins,a.ng ng manawagan tI.fI9 Panquln mlsmn lila dapat rnaproteksvunan 119 mamarnavan <ling kanllanq sartlt. Hindi kataka-taka kunq g~yo n ~l.Ing baklt nagli pana an..g mga prlbadonq gwardya sa mga btlngko, tlndahan, at Inagirl9 tahanan rig mga maykava, sukod pa sa. kahlnaan fly estado na turnupad sa mg'') 'saligang pananaquran sa naging mahlna rin jlto .sa harap ng p~ndaigdigang ekonomlya na nagbaba ntan 9 sum akop sa rna iii iit rra 11@9usyo lTi<lg sasaka sa ka nay un do n. Halos' at IUl~pagbibi II ria (li1g likas na ~ayaman,a.,tl tLlgbansa.sa m.ga Ga.yUlhang rnaykapttal. [}abll makaasa sa estado. kai langang Iurnakas ding civil society lJPOlFrg harapln arlg pafldaigdigang galaw rig 9 lobahsasvcn na rilagbabamang pat,a.gil1l ang bukcd-tanql ng kultura n9 bansa kapallt n9 kc;imersya,ljsmo·.

mamarnavan,

l.lpunen crt Pulitika

sa Tretld5 and Traditions; Challenges and ChOices iginiit 1'19 mga. mayakda anq parnpulittkanq konteksto nq cividl society. uahtl na rln sa pagkakaug~t rig m9~ panqunah ~ngllder ng dvf~ society sa.mga katlpunanq Dampu lltika Inanaglayo'ng hawakan ang estado upa.ng mabago'an'g lipunan, hindl rnaiiwdisang rnaqkarcon ng pampulitfkang kulav ang gaJaw mig civil SOCiety, tsa ito sa idi nidiin ng' mqa NCO, dahll may tuksonq mawala usapan anq tunqkol sa esrado.
H

mco,

sa

ety lalo na sa. ka.salukuyang

Cayu npaman. la'lag<Hlg may kakaioarlg I,a.ra.ngang bl tlubuk,sar{atlg clvi I socipanahon, Hin-dl ria g~anong m.aigting anq .usap'fng

[ayun ln ng civil sccterv, may dalaw~r19 mag kalba, baqarnan magka5a.ng kot na rnga deJi ntsvo n 'ang ,civil soctetv na kau,g nay "9 malawak at rnakitld na pananaw sa

idevotohlkal at nanqhlhlna ang estado mls mo sa harap ng globalisasyong pl r1ar'lglJ nqunahan ng mqa korporasvong rnultlnasvonal. Kava riga kailangan nq isang masu'sil1g pagpolJHlin sa rtIalawakang pananaw sa pulitrka sa pagitan 119 mga pahay'a:grn~ tllga NGO ukc] sa civill society;, At katulad 1'1.9 naklta nattn S·o3. sakop 3t

kapanqvarthan,
Silang 'wlollg sa pagslJIsuri, 'ibinanagi ng /POPoJiticaJ Briefang i$an'9 pagillinaw: "Marahll, isang paraan upanqmapalinaw ~A~ usapln ay <:'trigpagd ldiin na nakatuon ang demokratikor~g agenda n'g dVi l soclety sa de rnokrarlsasvo n n9 lipu!~at1 mlsmo, sa m.ga panhpunanq KI.lI1,9. [ dahll
$<1

tnstltusvon

at kaugrnayang pangkapa,l1gyarihJn,"

I,

mga ki.lu5.al1g pampuutlka.

katapusan
r

sa llpunan nakatuon ang civil socletv, sa estado naman nakaruon Clng May lmpllkasvon pa rin angmgagawa-ifl nquna sa ikalawa
naqkakaroon ng kapaf19yari han at awtoflomiya",1ng rnqa taonq.
5 ila

rlakaugnay sa (:iv.j'Js-o_ciety, Mu 1.31 kapan9yarihangr ito, na.g kakaroon sa na bagl) hin ang mg.a relasyo 119pampulltlkaat panq-ekono miva.

rig lakas

Mula rtn sa Pil'9_-aMal ng IPD sa galp,w ng mga k;:lraniwa,rrgr tao .~a eleksvon nconq '1992, Iurnitaw ,ang dalawang konseptonq pulltikal na t1iay 'kaugnaY(.Iri sapagkakalb.a rig llpunan at ng pulitlka ..Sa UM, 'birnibigyang-diin ahg laM'-:; ng palJlkipagllgn<lyan nq mamarnayan sa pu-liti ko upang matupad <1119kanj'lang mga: pangangaJlangali, Sa i kalawa, nahlbigvanq-dlln ang kapanqvarihanq IIp,atupad. ~hg

rnga ,un.gk!! li.n ng mgQl,pu Iltlko sa pamavanan,

Ang takas na ito, Ikllngr -g~V(lt1. ang

<I.ng-_tLHrnUtu_ko~'

naqlalarawan

sa relasyong panlipunan

,haban'9 ang kapanqvarlnan

sa relasvoriq pulitlkal. Mahalag~l.I'lg pareho, at hlndl magkahhva1lay, suballt sa pagtanaw sa kanit!ng pag:kakdi_ibaay lu rntlmaw al1g pag-su5u'ri sa kalaqavan ng civil
sodety' sa Pilipirras.lminungkahi

araw-araw

rtn na nakaugat ang ugnayang panlipunan sa pangng buhav 119ka,r.af'1iwang tao, habanq ang ugnayal19 pulittkal naman ay
f'Ig, eleksvo n ~t plvesta.
n

sa mal ig'Ung na sarrdali sa ll punan, katulad

i"sa marahll ito sa mga. ma_gpa.patangi

Malal i m na naka' UJbog sa kulturang

sa ctvi] socletv sa Pilipjnas.

Plllpl no ang. pag kakaib.:lllg

~~O k~ ngr kava

Ang Civil Society b; long .Alternati b'Dng Bolangkos

ng Pu1itika at Ek::Qfu:nniyg
P.;Igkataoos btl maqsak lig serl'trali~_a.dQl1g mga pamahalaan noong nakaraanq dekada, high na tu mind, ,al1g usapi ng ukol sa civil socletv bilan:9 pagp.una sa. kasalu kuyang padron 119 -pag-u nlad. (vi ula sa. pun anq ito, natural na Iurn i lltaw rin ang civil society bulang us.3n9-_aJtema'tibpng teo rva at g-awain sa. pag papau nlad.

Mga Puna sa linyadong, Te'orya ng Po'g--unlad

1'5<1;.-:sa panqunah i ng puna Sa kasal ukuyang padron ng pagpapau nlad '-IVang pa,gtul1Itof1lg nito sa ~il'lyad.o,n9 teorva na 'tin3lallgga-p F\arJg wal<lr!9 pasubal! ill1:g teorva rig industr-iyalisasvon, Ayon ria rtn kay Benjamin Tolosa, sa kanyanq pagsusuri

sa mg<l teorva ng paqpapaunlad, paretlO'ng ttnranggap rlgr Marxisrno

at 119 llberausmc

ang

,pafilanaW na aflg l:eboh'lsyong.

ind ustrtval av LS.1rl9 paqsulo n'9 sa kasavsava n 1'19

tao, Kaya ng.a.lamanq, mararnmq suliran ing ibi nu nga. anq teorvanq ito. Bd,9aman 'pi nuna ntl 119 Marxismo ar19 alyellasyol~g idin ud ulot n.g industnval isasvon sa kundisvcn ng pagga,w.a n9 tao, hindi kayang lpal iwanag sa mqa bal1angkas lamang rig Marxis rno' ,tll'lg kasalu kuyang pagtutol $,:;1, lndustrtyal lsasvon. atnabatewata nito .di laman9 arlg karapatanq panq-ekonomiko ng rnqa manggag2twa, kundi pati anq h:igrit na malallrrr na kat1uluqan ng parnu mut-Jay. Nas.a kasalu kuyang kaun laran sa Kanluran ang s<linhi 119 mga s.uliraning kaugnay flg kawalanq kabuluhan sa buhay."

Ang Pagturing
Knturnbes

so IndustriyalisCi!syon 1'i19MoclernisClsyon

bUong

Tu.mmn natin sandali ang proseso ng lndustrlvalisasvon.sa hlqitna malawakanq pags~l-Jllorlg g modemlsasvon. Nagsimuhmg mamulatan",lto ngtao nan~ rnatuklasan n niyang nanggagaling larnanq sa kanyang s;;_riling karnalavan ang rnqa balarlgk,d5 ng p.ag·ur.la.wa. Dahll sa pagkamLJlat na ito, na n<l:gkall ug.is kilusan ng kall wa,t'Ia..g<J:rI (die Aufkr<,uw?g 0 EnIighumment) $<1 Europa, naqkalakas-loob ang tao na tlJmay'ong bar!' ng kanyang kapaliqiran upanq lsaavos at gatnrtitl ang' mqa bagay-bagay sa d;ligdig alinsuncd sa ikanY<ll'lg sari Ii n"g dlsenvo.

'sa

ay k~ i Ian gang pum u ha rln

Kaya nga ang. anurnanq paqpuna sa kasal ukuya.ng· m.g'ateorva 1119 pag pap-aunlad

mahahalagan9 punto-de-bista sa kasalukuvan ay iWg paninlwalanq Iumalarnpas nil tavo sa da.igdi:g ng moderno, at pumapasck na sa dai.gd rg rig lampas-mcdemo. lto'y Ihind~ na sinosolo ng i'isang teorva na maaa.riing.ga~ifllg sukatan ng kaun laran,

sa

rnis m o rig 9 alaw 1"19 rn odernl sasvcn,

'sa sa

Mga Usaping
Inlhahaln

Post-moderr!o

punto-de-btsra kung saan walan9 ~i'san9 pananaw anq maaarl ng lu mutas sa mga suliranfn ng tao. Luniillitaw an9' panibagong ruga punto-de-btstanq katulad ng L1Sapillg p·ang~ap.;l.li 9 iran, pan 9 kas ar] an, pang kapavapaan, at karapatan 9 parrtao, Magkakau g na,y ang mga bagon.g pananaw na ito dah i I pi natatarnpok ang hlga blktfma't lplnepwera ng modsrnonq padrnn ng pa9papa:~Jnlad, . Idinidiin nfl' kasalu kuvanq paqpuna sa i ndustrlval lsasvon na kairanga.ng sundln a,ng slklo n9 kalikasan sa parnarnaqltan ng mullnq paggamit sa llkas na kayamamJdi alanq-a latT~ sa $U sunod na henerasvon. Ang kas alu kuyang rnga 5 ul i ranJ;ng PMgk~paligiraH ay bUt'I'9ci lamanq :ng pa:gkakabalak so. mga slklo nq kalikasan allnsunod.sa I lnvadcnq teorva ng kaunlararr na pumapallallm sa i ndustnvaltsasyon. Ang resulta ntro ay ang ~ak[Jlangatl ng I i kp~ na san9kap sa S'imU~Q rig produksycn at al1g ka.labisan ng casu ra sa katapusan fig prod uksvon, Kasangkot rif n ng pluralismo ng mga punto-de-blsta sa panahonq post-rnoderno ang. pagl1taw ng kilLisan n9 m.ga kababalhan. lhlnahaln n9' kilusanq no ria rnav

ng

pO$t·m.odet~wng pananaw sa mundo aog plu ralismo og rnqa

b.ukod-UJigj silang kontrtousvon sa. ulsapil!g pa!lgkaunlaran dah II Sea milla9al na rin niilang pa.gpasan sa dQbl·enQlbigat ng respenstbtlldad sa loob a,t labas '119 tahanan, Plnalltaw ...i.~ p<int.. ina ntla an 9 p-agbabalewala sa gawail'l'[l pantahanan oi lang kontribusvon Sa prod UkSYO~l at ang pagU!ring: sa kanlla bilal1g mga katu lon.g I<lmallg li'ilg kalalakihan sa pagsulong fig industriyalis<I.syo 11. Ang dati'y iti huty ring na mga

60 •

RAINIER

R. A.. 'liA'''''''

usaplnq pantahanan av nag'iging lJ&ap!og pulrtikal ria rln, Ang modernong pagkakahati ng pribado at pampubl;kong usapln ~y birwbuwag I1g mga kababalhan, tulad hg pagkakabuwag ngl Pader sa Berlin fila nagsilb1ng panghati sa 'pan9unahing mga; ~deyolohiya og

modernlsasvon.

tumthtaw dirt an!;];u.sa.ping pangkapaYii'lpaan;lalo na nang burnaqsak an9 Pader sa Berlin no·ong·l989.'S,a pagbabago ng balansa ng panda:igdiglang pulitika, hig,it 1'1 a tumlndt ang pagtala:gisan "9 mga bansanq magkakaiha 119 kultutil, at kauqaltan, kalo nang narlgaf1lg:ailansan ngaYQn 119pan!ibagQng mga pamsmaraan at paaanaw na magtataguyod sa mapay<ltpang pakikipamul1ay n,9 rnga tao sa tsa't tsa. Ang II'lWi! su] i ranln sa STlangang tu ropa, sa Arabia at maging sa.Mindarrao, av haumbawa n'g pat'lfja.ng,ailangan pard sa bagong padron 09 pag-uug.naya.n.
ang panga.l1gaUang<ln l1.g isang mags·isilbi;i1g batavan fig rhga kaJapat~m t'lg tao bi,iang tao. Ang karapatanq magr>ahayag. bwnuo'ng mga sarnahan at m.aklbahag i sa mga u:s<;Iping pulltlkal, av humaharnon sa umllral pa!1lg mga balanqkas pan~~pundin9 pl!mi pigil sa pagkakapantay-pantay at k.Qljayaan !1g; tao. Sens:itlbdng usapin sa lndonesia, Slngapore at Tslne; haltmbawa, anq ukol sa unlbersandad ng 'mg:r kahapatang pantac. 9ayoo9 matagai na ito·t1g kinilala sa Kanluran slmula pa [wong unanq idirrek~ara ng mga rebolusvonarvcnq Pranses da'lawang daa(),g '[·aon F1a .ang DahU 'iba-Iba a.ng mga kultl,) fa, Iumtlltaw

unibersal na pamantaya-ng

nakararaan.

Da.nil sa parnibag.on.g mga 1J$,apln.g ito, sirrabi ni, Konen sa kanyal'lg. :a.kd;'HI9 Into the 21.st Cenwry'9 na may lsa t1:;J, I1gayo'l1g panlbagol1g;·henerasyo,n ng mqa NGO ria pinatatakbo ng rnqa m·a,kaba:gQl1.g ideya at hindi ]~man9. 09 salap) at fig kapanqvarihan, Mul.a sa dating P~9tulonglamatlg sa mg'a nasalanta ng pangka,likasang sakuna, hangg,al'lg sa. pakikisangko't sa m9a kom;tl!1id.a:dat pag,punJ
~a mg,a, di makatarun.gang balan9kas ng Ii punan , naklklta

p.anibagong mga kilusan na a:ng lavon ay hubuqtn at hlndi la-rnang punahin arng kili.salukuya.ng kalagayang panlipunan.lr.ilnakita.niya na may pagb.1baliktad 1Ig. pW1tade-blsta sa ,galaw na ito og kaunlaran: nagi9in9 higit rna aktlbo ang pagbaha.gi ngl iT1ga mamamayan Seakala9,ayarng panupunan at hindi na sUa 'mga pasi;bol'lg tagat<l.ng,gap Ilamaf'lg ng kaunlar.an.

r1 korten

na

may

Ang Tatluhang, Modielo 09 Lipunan

Bagaman

h i nd~ m;a.iiwa:):;;I.ng Tla,gay ang kanil.ang pagkilos. s.a .kolltl~ksto rig umii ra.! na mga balangkas ng ekonumlva at pulltlka, Kaya nga lamang, Iba ang lohikd tlg dlskurs« ng lumiUtaw na alt('!rnatibong mga balalilgkas. Kung naksbatavsa salapi ailg sukatan n9 m~kaba.ga ng € konomiya haban9\,kapangyarlhan naman ang batayan ng tr,adisyonai na pulitika. i'tinatakdal19 umuusbonq oa Kllusan ng mqa ~,ara.t1iW<lng Kapwa~tao na anq sukatan ng kaunlaran ,tty ang malayaHt pantav-pantav rI<:l pa ki klbah ag j Q pa "is ipasvo n, Sinas al ami n <tng 1011,kan9 ito S a ba Ia ng kas.ng d j 5 ktir.so i ng 'mga, karanlwanq ka,pw~,Ha;o ukol sa kalagayan "9 bni1lang pan9"arl;lw-araw n~·
j

may inill.llunsad

na

pan~bagon9 mode.lo ng itpunan

ilIll1g m.ga NGO,

buhay.

K(JUdad Pamumuhay, Koyamanan at Kapangyadhan ng

l~aF.T9hali mbawa og pa,nibagarrg sukatan rig kau nlaran ahlg kalldad ng ,~mlul'l;uha;y at hindi lamang ahg kantldad 119GNP. Mada~as. hindi narnan nasasakop 'I'lltorig! hu Iling panukat a!lg fUga dl-po rrnal na ,Iarang<!:,nng ekonomlya ku ng saan nabubuhay ang "kalat na masa." talQrl9 hindi rnatatapatan ng rnataas na kanttdad rjg GNP<lrngpaqkaikl i ng buhav ng tao dahill sa polusvon, traplko at nerbvos sa btlls ng pagnahabol sa kwartaat kapangya.r,i han.
,ang mga aJtematibo'y narututo anq civll at makipa,gmJaban sa kasal ukuyanq rnqa ~.a!ahgkasng ekono rnlva at pu i"tika. Maibabaiang kas ang pakikiipagf<l.labalilg ito sa '5umus,\mo:d na paglalarawan. Subaut hahaaq hindi pa natutupad

society na Duong ir,gat na rnakiuqnav

KO LONYALI'SASYO

N
-

KAIPANOYARIHANG

PULITIKAL

'Ba:9i:lman pavak, nakakatulonq aog modelong lito na linawi,n arlg hafl9gafl:irl . at sakop nQ' civi I socletv Mig p,1:I.kik;tbahag~ sakal ldad ng pag,k""kapwq·taQ a.ng b,inibigyaflg-diil1 sa civil socletv habanq <ll1Ig pagkalap sa salapl angtHI:9paparakbo sa eknnornlvaat ang pag hawak sa kapanqyarlhan atlg lohl ka ng parnahataan. . Sjrff:~lfkap ng' clvl ~s.oc iew na m~i mpluwe nsvahan ang uri tl,g pamarnalakad sa pamB,llalia3)l lUlbang .sinisikapiLlwi sa maavos na narian <'trig bunqaor surplus ng ~ek~nori1liY'(1:· Totoong may elernento rill ng eko norntva at pulitlka sa' civi I societ~t; Hindi ffiiljJwas,anmnuman at~g salapl .at aog kapangvarthan sa.tunay na buhay.Atl-g punto tlIgganitong paqbabalanqkas ay upang malpakita FI'a. may lehJtimong I!-!~ian,t panel atlg civil society Sa llpu nan na maaarlnq g~w:ing tLi ntunqan sa pakikipaqtu lul'iigan at jJagptJtla Sea mga patakaranq ,fM,mpulitika at ~ang·e:k.c non-'~iy.a,. ung w.alarrg bukodK t<lJiging lug3f sa lipunan ang civil soctetv, madalt itong h1akakain n9 mga. darnouhaI'p,ng sistema I'1g u mllral na pUll it.ika at eko ncmlva,

PagkopcllMlg .... nahin

ng Gvil

Sodety

Batay ria rln sa kasavsavan, fnahal.<l.gang ldiin ria umusbonq Iamanq ang kas.alukuyang sistema ng ekorrcmlva at PU~~likl sa lupa 09 ctv!l society. Ang mga 'Uri ng ekonornivaat pu lltlka <ty nah uhuboq ng m.g.a ktHrlpl idkasYQnsa '~ang~ardwaraw na buha.y ng tao sa. eMI society. Kaya ngR igrnUt ni Raje,sh Tendon, isa.ng pa.ngtinah log teorista n9 civil socretv na lturlnq Ito bi lang panqunah i rig sekror, ar . ~

hlnd] lamang ika.tlong sektor ng lipunan,

.'

A.yon na rtnsa pananal.ikslk fig Institute 'for Popula r Democracy" h~nuhubo'g din 119panq-araw-araw na dlskurso S·;]I larrangafl flg civil society .1ng:katuparan ng-,

pampulltlkanq

eherslsvc

rig eleksyon;21 Ang. lblnoboto

ay mga kandldatonq

kas.(IJlgl~(Olsa panq-araw-araw na buhay, at hft'l,CI!i Iyang mga surnusufpot Iamanq tuwinq eleksvnn. Magin.g sa Ia.. ranga!'l,g pang.-ekol1omlya, higil na pa1nglJrlahin ilng. pagpapa.ha.:iaga sa mga bagay kavsa sa pre.svong Iplnapataw rita. Kaya nga' i mirrumg kahi ni Nicanor P~r'las sa iSttrlg kcmperensva ukol sa rnaltkhainq P~9ttJ90!r ng civill soclety S,iI.APEC at GATT~ria paHng karin anq r.1ag papahalaqanq pa,nlipl}nan,. parnao at pa.ngkapaligiran sa anurnang panukat rig pang-ekonomi.kol1g kaunlaran." Ipina'kikita, iam.ang rl!;l mga'halimbawang ito kung paano riakaugO;lt sa panq-arawaraw na buhav ng karanlwanq kapwa-tao ang lararlgan ng cfvll sodety.

PrQseso, n,g Dellbernsyen

bilang

Lohikn ng Civil Society

Sa korrteksto n9 rnqa s,arnahang pantao at. ng mga NCO na nagsisik.a;p maglt,a.guyod rig alternatlbonq mga balanqkas sa llpunan, bfriibigy:<tng-dJ:itl i3.lfIg proseso n'g demokratikortg pakikibahagi ng mgakas~pi. Sa mqa pulc,ng.,·tJal,imbawJ, m.1d<;lI.;l!~na nUi Iina.w muna :ang rnqa maaarlng asahan, s tn is.! kap bi.gyan 119 pa.gkakata~mg m:a:ktbQ,hagi ang mg:a kasanqkot, at mulirtg ki'oukuns,ulta angl mga kasapi sakatunavan n9 resulta r1g.delibera.syon. Iplnapalaqav n.g gan'itong PW$@SO .lng. pliggalang sa ka.layaanai pagkakapantaypantay l1'g rnga kasapl, magin 9 'sin u mao a.ng; naqpapanu kala. Ipi 114;1pal ag.ay na maaa rl f1.g U moo 0 h u mi nd i <if) 9: bawat tsa nan 9' aYOR, sa plnakamakatwlran at pil'lal<:a.mabutir19 kah i hi natnan n~ mg<l p,agpapasya. Slnas.agO"t (lin nang makatwiran ang mga. tumuturol sa mga rriungkal1i at. him;!'i pa~.()gmatikung
bi nabara
0

tsinasatsantabl.

'"

Mula sa prose.song ito, pinahlitaw ang plnakamsbuttnq pasva na naaavon sa kongkretong kal<J.gayan ng rrrga kasanqkor. Ang mga usactn na Mlagang. binibigyang· Mlage: I'Ig 9wpO .ll1g lurnllttaw at-ang "kabutlhan og lahat" ang siyang· namarnavant Hindi hiriatakda, sa simu~a pa.larng, kung ano Clog nl I!aiaman ng "kabutlhan ng lahat,"

Pina:li1fit.aw i;ilm:anglto sa proseso ng. dtskursc, Maa.ari.ng sa slmula, pansari.ling tnteres rl'g mga kasanqkot ';H'lg! truhahaln. Subalit sa pagdaloy "9 malavanqtalakavan, uatluntl ng napa' illitaw a!1g lba't Ibah'g pananaw na maaarlnq makaapekto sa g<lwain ng
IgrtJpo.

[mpluwensye,

Hindi Kapangy-orihan

D.ahil sa. pantniwalasa pwersa Itlrg. katwiran, nanlniwala <J.ngCIvil socletv na hindi na nlto katlanqan pang humawak 11'19 kapangyaritran nqestado ~pa.liIg mabago ang ll punan, !Kaya nqa hagaman rnahalaqa pa rln <'Ifligestado bllang lnstitl.lSvona,l1 na ku nd lsvon rig civil 50ciety, ipinapaJagay 1'11<1. lsang hin~i tuwirallig pagbab<igo n~

IiIpunil.nilgog pi!i!,1lnawak ng kapangyarihan sa,estado. Al'Ig Ulwiranggaw.ain n9 civil ~ociew av ang pagpapaunl.ld sakahliga.yatl ng mga kOrlg,krelcflg komu rHdad sa lip1JIHH1.Sa pagsl.dong ng panl ilpunarilgl mglO! kaugnayan ng tao, nat'l.Ir.a1 na.lImang(l.'t din ang ptlmplJlil'ikaflgl sistema mula S3 pag~an ng mga kar'anlw<lrig kapwa-rao,

Kay,a (!ga mahaJa,ga ;:ling edu:ka'S,¥,o,flla\ konwent!~a.sYOn bil~l1~ esirateh lva ng CiVil society, Madala.s, i1Iaglig,ing p,amamaraan lamanlg ang mg<i parnpulltlkanq proYe'kto, tulad ng elleksy'on" ~pamg pil~i1Iw,a,kin a:rlg klm,.lJi!lyang panqkatarunqan
kandldato ng c'lvl:1sociew, lui'liliJlu~,arlg 5d1asa d~1.I9digng mga Ideya ng progresibong pulltlko, habang hinahekoi ng tradu;yonar na pullnko aflig boto I'Ig karan fWd ng kapwa-tao. cavullp.ama 11,ptflltuloy ,ang pagl'iI~iI, fig civil socie'ty na, sa kalatHll,II1" mil.g'ka.kamoFi din n9 imphJwensytl. ~ng lk3inilarNg mg:<iI ideya sa gala\<\,' ng pulttlka,
l{i:n(lk~jla.tl9an ang ganiwf'l9

ng rnga. mamamavan,

Ito

rill

dlllg miJJdaj:~

na c;fahlla.n

kung

baklt

natatalo ang mgo1l.

p\ag'ilIsa d:ah~j n~gsjsiJbir1g ka'nlll.lFl9<1n an'9 lilrarl9~1r1l inslih.iW0!'ig pamp\l,Jlltlka na Sll$UlpOfta sa pan9anga~iang'ilf1 ng mlga kanmiwitn'g .kapwa"tao. Mu la sa pilr9·a<lr<t~ni Hanna.h Arendt 5~ kasaysilyan 1'1'9 mgi!i Iftl 01u syofll nabfgo ar\g mgarebolu svenarvo na matamo Clng isallg h Igl'l na lnaka.r,,;mU'lIQI,ilngliipunan rlang lamun II~ng 5islernang plJjJtlkal iHlg kanllanq mga llder na lJigllaI1i1:,g' na:~agpuan a,ngsarili s a ls<lng biJFukrasyang may nal1ig'as na lohlka ng sis~em ng Imapang-apL Ganlto raw ang nang~ar~ sa Rebolusyong P'r3nsu floongl1789: il't 501 Rebolusyong Ruso l100ng

ng civil sccterv

hab ng hifH:U pa maUHi.l.Q' 'ng'\~lil

i

1917.~ Millaarlng

In~sabi

l'IiIi

giltnilO I"ill[lilng nll.ngyaril

matapos mag"atsJ ill1g

mga

mamamay,an sa EDSA 1100ngl H!'S6. Nag IfISlibaha'gil ng burukrasva an'g mga dating aktlbisla at na:glng mga tagapagpaJUipad na 'I,am.ani:!I"Igl umural na sisrerna. Mula sa alial na ito mula kay Arend" m,ll:a.i:ring mapatibavan ang lurnllltaw na ptlQlllanah ng mga pmgresibongl puUUko nil magraUl,g II1g mg;a, kcnseho nq marnamavan sa mga komnJI11da.d. na kakatawan n~ lsangi tuwirang demokrasva ng palikibahag] 0 direct participatory democr,a.cy. Sa' uri "g' pamamaha,lang flo, maaarirhg' tarala.yI n at pCl.gpas,yan!!n In,g mg,a kasanqkot na rnamamavan 'Ing rnga SlJliranin at isyung pangkomuo,idad at parnbansa .• Binibfgyan nita flg fUWI ranq takas at kap,anC;:l'Yarihan ai19 I'i1g'l m~mimaVdilll'l ..Sa kaiaUinan, I'l'i[aJayon ng ganitoflg uri ng pam~malillia. afltg is.ang' federas.yon ng mg<l Io:ionseho na hlm:H nalalavo sa iHwg pamah,~daang pederalAng ststema ng !l~.'lftlol1OlT'iIiv,aa Cordtllera at sa MindanaQ s '1ngirinuturo nllilillg rnqa hallmbiliwa.

Hotian, Hindi P'Qg~amk(!m sa Tuba nanSlOingam'kaJm

nlS)

PufuJna;n

N'llalaYOIil ng civil scctetv arlg iSaing uri ng ekoncrntva na hindi ldim<lng ng tuho S~ puhunan ku nd'i na kikib,a.na,gi SOl kc m unld ad na kinasas~ngkl.itdr1, I1Ignegosyo" 'K"wa ng~~millhd~a.ga al'lg mullng paq-usbcnq ng mga l<oop'I'lratiba nil. nag:~alayong iparmaha'!':id sa mg'jfl kasapn ang tubo ng pag rH~flegGsyo mlng avon sa kontrlbusven 119 biloWattisa. Maging sa pa.gUta,guyod ng rTig<Jnegosyong l pangkabui"laya,n r itinut\lfil19 na kasosve Sit res.,po'l'l$ibilid.ad al'ig rnqa karan lwanq kapwa-tao at hlndl I ama.11gl p~si'b(Hlg tag .• ang·g:a,p ng, blyaya, u

Sa p'akikib<llha9'il narnan sal rnga pag.awaan. maflalaga <lng papal 1'19mga iHlyr.m dahi~ isAnu5U11:ong nlto ang kalidad n9 (Jag,kat,ao n'9 marlggiiil~Fl.w,ana hindi I~Ulang rnasusukat I1g pasahod na ~Pli,al!iIbLlioy sa kanYil paglga.tapoli n'g haw,at araw ng paggawa. Iblnibigay n9 1'11111199101.9 ilng 1~...lnY:.lul'Ig'sillrili so. g,3waln, kava kllilangan WiiI, 11lm"H'IQ na tumbu~m lito 119 k,uo1Imp.1it,wg uhod na makapagblbigi1V sa kanva Irlg makatacmg p'anganga langangl lc!:ulUI'l~ flgi P3lbahi.li¥,p hln~<I, ill pag-Ol.aral fig mga d

64

• RA;lNlij;R

R. A. IDANA

anak.Ang agW.Olt sa kalidad rlg parnumuhav at ang madalas na.pakanttdad nasukatan n.g paggawa, <Lngsin L1sl.ltJ~*il'1g pt.. mtJan ng mga unvon sa kanilanq pag nanars 11<1 magl<aroml ng rnakatao ng rI1g3. k,11rld iSYo n sa p,aggawa,. Hfg ~tna rnakikf'w ..ang rnasal ilmuot na k'aug navan ng rnga manggagawa. at rt!9

kanY-ding kapal igifan sa mga gawail1g P<ll'lg";}gri ku luna kung saar! ka.sangkot lng 1k.,Jagayan ng kapal igira n sa mtsmonq prcdaksvcn. Isang' Ilal i,mbawa nita arlg pa,gsislkap ng Confed KaJikasal1 sa Nueva Ec'ija ria magtatag ng, erqanikonq uri ng
aqrikultura. Dahi'l sa kanilal1g pagsisikap, naqkakaroon n9 alternatlbonq uri. ~g panani m na hindi 511 misira -sa Iupa, H ig it na mabl ll ang kardlJJrlg prod ukto dahil IOiiwa5,3n nita ang mga kernlkal at artlpisval na mqa pataba '~~<J. mil,y ne.g"l~ibongl

epekto sa kalusuqan nqtao, Sa. pagtata:gum.pay og samahal19 Ito, rinulunqan sila 119 Philipp-un@: Rural Reconstructlon Mcive:me!1tat ng Pamantasan rig Pili plnas sa Central l.uzon, Sin ubukan dfi1l!'lilaI19 maklbaka sa.mpa naqtntroso sa kaqubatan dahll naaapektuhan 119 baha Zing kan j laJig mqa raniman. Sa P\J ntong lto maktkita ang- halag.ll J~g paki.kis.an,gkot ng, komunldad S~ pagtatag uy.od mg.maparrgalQ.gang pag·u,l1~ad sa e keno rrtlva,
Hindllmakakamit ang gJlliwog ragumpay sapama .. agitab'1119 is<tng serVe: rig m linyadotig produ ksvon ria dill ldlktahan ~amallg n9may;.iU~ ng p uhunan 0 fig pang lnocnq mav-lupa, Maaarillg, pumalros arlg se.rye rig produksvon k!,1ngaakabatav' ito sa i,psal1g panginoorl, K'Ufig mababalarnanq pag.pap-au.rang, h,al i tnQaWa, b indi aqad rnakapag'tatan i m au maaar: ng makalampas all9 stkto r1'9. pananon, Sr)blait ku n'g may pagtutuil unqan ·ang komunldad, h ig.it na maramtnq alrernatlbo afl~' maaarlnq rnallahad, <.It maltwasanq il.ng huhav av inlaasa so. panglno'or'ig rrrav-an ng lupa. '

Loban so KolonisClsyon rig Pong-ot'ilw-araw

ne Byhoy

J{u l1'g 'hindi nakaugat at hind i 11a.9 mu mula sa kornu nldad :ar'lg pang'ar<lw-araw na kabu fnw~n, rlal1wan,g nakabltjn ang ktlos 119 karanlwanq 'tao: sa aikla ng may hawak rig salapl at ng kap.angY~l.r~~lan. awawa1a ang, kanila,ng sarilinq p~g kukusa N dah iI kal I<itngl'an pang hlnrayjn anq utos at su porta. n9 I'r!g3. ito. Dahll 11<191 silarlg nakatlnqala sa pang,lnoo Fl, hi ndi na nila nakikita na rnagkakatlJlad sib 119 kalagayJ,n. Nai kwento Ilga ni Fr. 30 hn Carroll kl.1n-gpaano rig sa suqalan ay nagtatalo-talo rin <Lng rnqa dravoer ngl Ing,a MlgSlJsugal, lPyo:ng <3.r1g itinatava rr9 rnqa no ay halos
karumbas na ng is<lng buwan hHang suwaldo. Tlnatawaq n I Haberrnas nil. kolonlsasvon sa pang-aril;w-araw ina br)liay ang paqkawala ng kakay.a;naJig rnaklta ang sari Ii FIg kalagayan sa buhay dah i I sa. 5 i haw ng salapi at. kapartgyari han .ng pin apang~ fWD fl. H 1-11 lamanq rnqa inGl~bidwal na tad arig na.g S asa gawa., n.g ndi kola nrsasvcn. Tlnutupad d i n <J,T1g kolonlsasvcn 119rrrga lm personal na S ukatan n9 salapl at kapangyarihan" Mag i ng arrg mg.a rnav-hawak na 11 ay naki kH?I?.l11qi1g ito aog halaga rig sarHil nang avon sa natu ran'g i rnperso !'lal ria sukaran, '

NUalayon n9 civil s.ociety na makatampas sa ganit(i;lng panunukat Sit pamamaqltan 119 paqbaballk sa panq-ara .. -araw na paldkipag.kapwa w ng tao sa tao. May norrnatlbcnq elemento a,ng civil sqciety kun.g ,gayon Ina na_gmumung kahirr.g makibahaq] anqtao sa tunay na sarili: malava, makarwrran, at kap au::nay ng kapwa,

U!'ilng matupad ang mga, ldeval ng ctvtl s,ocj~tyr nagrnunqkah lsi nil Arata ill. Cohen ng mg;:l ilistiwsyonal na kundisyoii'l UIP;:II1Q rnamukad kad ito. Avon sa kan i 1<1. <trag'11'11.1' ku ndlsven .itY OIng ill) i.lIwtolnoffiLya na In.g Ifb,a'[ ,Ibang punto-de-blsta, b} any pagkapul;lilko ~g mg.iI. ~nsUtt.Jsy,on 11,9kulttrra in. kornurnkasvon, k) ang pnbadcnq laranqan ng pa,g.tubo at malayartl'g pilg~il.PUy-a 1119Ilnd~b,dw<l1 nil marn amava 11.,at d} aflg ~egd,l:idadrig mga bans at k~lrapa'['ilng pa"rI(.;w:'

Awtonomiya

fig Iba't Illbalil'91 Punfo,~.d,tl,,.I~is:·t·a

Upang molgkamol"l ng pagkataongl m.JJkib~hCIJg~ ln9 Ibil't ilbang sekter ng hptUI.U1 C sa dlsku rSQ' ng civil socle1.y, kailang"uig hindi nap<illt ng urnavcn 0 hl miilnggl ling mgD ku~nlg~o'l eHto. AI19 rH!i~,ah.llbii1g takas ng clvll society, ku flY ih(ll-:i,ll'tlbl t1g sa kElp(l,ngya.r1 han ng estadc ~1 ng sillaJ1Pi ng ekoncrnlva. a.y- JIlig "walanq-dahas na 1 aku. fig pagkamiJlat sa nl~agang kaIOigay<:m" U'he unforeed farce 0 f the btlth~r I nSlghl),J( Kaya JlQ'a l~ paog malsall ilnQI p.il.gkam'QJ:l':l'tng ibOltt rbang sekro r n g ltpunari, eJilpat dung mag kareon silt! 1191 P,II.gkiliki!.taong li,p,ah<lya,g ~t1g sarf l,
1

SUbilHt UPiU1Q makaba I gj sa dtskursn, Ilk:a,illangangmilgi'ng org.()nl.'i. do ail!] pakiki5i1l'1gkQt "'9 dating mig" ,,' Ol,.llangbosu_ Dtto puma.pasok. .ng rnahalaqanq papel n9 middle elMs ria k_~sapjsa mg'il! NCO dah I ~ila aog flakakagamit ng wika at rngJ Instlwsyong sumasalt sa talakavang parnbansa, Madalas nil sa wlk.uly lnqles nagaganap al19 mga cHskurso 11.<1 glioagPiflilif) Si'I parnarnaqltan ng pag:l, (athala sa mg·a dvarvc 0 pagp.apahayag sa udel.i Isyon ;u radvo, D'.;J1l11 Frl.'Y tun Ipo 119 I mplluwensya at pi F1iilg araJan amg' mqa NCO. :nag,j·glng· ta:gapa:m<tg It':H1 slla rag mqa 1,-';I<11.1In9 boses u pa ng makihtl_hag I,.sa. mgla. us.ap,fng' pambavan,
A

Nlfi llkha, kung gayorl. 3t hindi Iiolmdll'19 basta Ibin ibiga,y, ang bukod-ranqmq lugar ng dvil ~Q(Jerysa lipl.lnan. Kung ~valang av...,of'lomiy.a ang lba't ibanq mga t sektor dah II 911ig ipit sila ng est.i!.da I) ng ekonOlrmva, mahalag.ang mag-organ i sa n upaf19 ipagtanggol ang ktJloilang lehitimong IUg)ar sa Ilpunan. Kling hindi, (j,i larnang civil society ~i'i,g maiJlJbuwag'.Ang misrnongl' pang-ekonomlko at pamparnaha1aar'l9 rnqa insutusvon ayl1l'lt.al'liflig<lJs dahil w",la nang lugal" upaog paun larln pa i3.ng kalidad fig pamurnuhav ng mga mamamayang kasanqkot duo. Madalas na hlnlhlrarn rig parnahalasnat ng pag rl.~negos.yo iiiln1gpomibagong rnga paqkarn u ;at sa kalagdyang parll~p~nan h'w]~ sa ej·vU sor;;:iety.Af;1gi L!sa.,pin ukol sa sustainable development ·;U pagpap,afkot. ng m,ga bdlgay sa 59:11;;10.ng k~lili;ik~~an ;flolnsa mga mu rlgka.h i ng civil aV societY na mah.Jgod l'Iam<Jr!,g UnQJi1ggap ng pa:mahaJaal1 ax ng rnqa naqnerreqcsvo."

Telekernunlkasvon

bi'llang

Tekllolo,hiya ng Ci'Vill Sodety

Upang maltangi ang civil society mula sa t:riId~syonal na puhtlka at m. kabaqo n9 ekonomlva, maJ1alagilt'l9 Hngnan ·ang kentekste n9 paqsulpot ng pcst-mcderncnq 1li.g<J teknolehiva J1g,relekcmuntkesvon at impDrmasyon. Kung mg(l ag ham pantao 31'19 slJmtJpo rta sa pag·aara~ 11'19 ulltik.a iiI mga agtlam p.1lng kal: kasan an g d i name p
sa kay i'liarang pangl-l!kOfli'C) rnlko, ma:sa:$.,iI;bing: aog agham i1g limp-a rrnasvon at

'u~I'ekormJI1~kasyofl

i1nQ :5UIi'I1U!lulpon(l ~iI

c~v~11 lety. soc

Makl Knol il'lg blsa ng teleikonHHluj(,asyorn iAt rmporrn<lsyo n 5i.1. paki~dbak(l at pagp.apabagsll!Ik sa liakariilangl mga IFI!lP.~5Ib0I1'g rehirnen na kurnlkltll u. mqa karapatang pantao, Telekomuni as,yo'l'l afl,g '!iJlJ!lmupona S<I mga nakibaka sa n:J11:meng

Marcos, gayundil1 laban sa I1i.piiinheid sa Aiirica, at: sa kasal ukuvanqpaktklbaka ng mga akttbista S<I Tslna. Ma.y lo,hika ng pagpapiulbay S~ . sarlll ang telekom unlkasvon
dahll maaaring iblJ.lnyag nlte ,ang anUlriil,ang pag:supil nasusubukanq ipataw rite,

Kaya nga. ang teiekomunikasyoll

ang teleko mu nikasyoll

al1g unanq smasakop ng 1'119'''' nagiktJ'kude~d at dill a,ng UllII'loilo9 ipUlr'llils.asara at upinagbabawal ng a:linmang.

repraslbo 1'l'9 rehlrnen.

Higlf~a tumitll1dl ang papel119 telekomunikasyon sa. pagsul'ong Fig civil soci· (!ty pagkatapQs maibags;ak ·ng r pre'sibong rehlmen, Da i-rai, sa I'tIga plasa't kalsada lamang nai papahayagl ng chril s.o(i~ty ang kal1l1ang rnqa adht Iota111 , BlLlkod 1".1 511 i parlvamenro sa kalsad<l, ll.1gingl m:~hataga na rln ,ang u~llebisyo n at radvo up~ng

mal p.almyag ang mg.a adh.!<aln ,0'19 If'1I1glil nalsasarsantabl sa gilid ng liplJ nan, Sa r.(Idyo, 11191'1a J1akl.l.kabanilgi sa diskl.ll"So, ar19 mga rnarnamavan dah II wl kaflg berna'kyulilJ n ang glnagamit. lisa pOI, ang ka.muhmu'l lamarllg sa ralagan9 mga pangayayMI any bi ni'bigyang h.alaga SiJ. rn.dyo~uang k<IL'lutlJlW'iB.n sinasabr. llridl gaanan,g mahalil.ga In 9
!kUfllt,;Il sino

,1119 na.gsas. llta dahllll1lnHl narnan nill<~kiul kn.lflg sino Ir'lga <m~ll1agsasfllita, a

AI19 Pribodong LCII!lClllil'gQnn'!iI 'Ind~jb~dwQI;.cl Mam,omCilyon n

lamal1g na publlkol~g Illpah,ayag Olrng iba't ibang punte-d -blsta ng ku ng may glolramtiYo:llan,g p,rlibadong parrru mu hay fhg' bawat t~a sa sknula;'t si mula ps. Ibigl 5abfhin" may pagkil.kat.;mng linal1g1n ng m.g,a mamarnavan ilnlg kanllanq sarlll n.;ang .ayol'l 5<11. s:a:rlUng oasva. lBagaman may bahtd 119 indibidwallsma ng KaFl11u1'CI11 an91ganlw,ng pananaw. hind pa rln m<l.lw.lwaksl tll'l.g Magag3wa

mil,maft:-l,ayan

piJ,gpapallalaga

sa dlgnidad

ng bawat

teo

lUI

lba, baqarnan hlndl ~liw~l y. a

Sil,

kalagaya.I19, panllpunan, Magil'1g sa paklkibabaq) sa. m-d.,lawakaf~gI usaphrq pamnavan, lumt~i[aw rtn a.r19 tba't tbanq karasarinlan fig mg. Ikillsangko,t (lyon sa sektor at kllusan; kabataan, rnaral itang tagalu nsod, m.afl'gingisda, rnarnlnrbukjd, mai1ggagawOiI, gay 0 lesbian, pem inis.ra, environme!U!.iI!lists. upe.a'(:'~nlk~~; katutubo, ar iba pa, Lahat ng sektor 1101 ito <1.'1" nugbilbig-ay ng kakanyahan sa mga. k~tsa",g,kot nakakalba sa [ballg' ruga sekto; baqaman parepareho silang isinas~iS.iln~<lIbi IiIg 1ipunan, Narlyan; hal i mbawa, ang paggigl it ng mga, permnista n2l.lbukod-l<llngi'lFliig~s,yuaug kan i lanq ipi n,aglalaban na hindi matuuwt sa 1.a,rallgaI]iFligpagg,awa (I k"ara:pata;ng pantao larnanq,

kal ba, at hi I'll d j la n1ang katu Tad n g~S]I1Um,\ng ba.yalFan ng sl ste rna n 9 pall g- e! ko n a mlkb.
o sundato ng burukrasya, Isa,i1.9i "pulhika ng p~gp'a.pahayag ng sarllf (po:IHics oj expresston) ang lumilltaw sa laranqan I1g' ch/il society na kakaiba sa "puli'tika og protesta' 11;),kilnasal1ii1¥cln n(]loOngld~~ad~ $r'U=riltaat orse nta,

May karapatan, kl.ll1g ga.yan. ~fIogIiTlg<l.mamamavan sa ci\dl ~Qciety na rnagil'l,9

Pogkalegol ngl batas.

ng mga

8~~a.s 'at; K!cl[',apctCllllg

Pa,ntao
Sa

Hlgl'l ..,,, nalldkita:. iHllg pakiki.'p.ag'lalaban I1g civil society Dltn namumuletan na katlanqan fI'Ig C'ivi~ socletv

ang lung

esradc sa larang~m estade nil

pinapa,takbo nan91 ayon 53i i"ItlgaJ ba~as. At k.ani( di tumutupad ,ang estado sa mga bans na nl!l kha nlto, k3Jll,angam pa rm ng isang astado na kl kilala sa pagkiwniber~a~

119 mqa karapilttlrlgl nantao. Hlndl dat1II<11rl .mgpig ikakaib. ng mqa ku ltura Uplllig supllln ang mga karapatanq pantac. KLIng ganoon I1g01, rnaaa,rl ring rutulan ;:1.119 panunupll na rIO 11 gl 3JyO'fl din sa kultural na kadahllanarr, iU'D Hahmbawa, hindi maa<l.~il1g laba.glin Ill) Singapore .olIngkaralPitu':Ulg p:amac ng is.:lng katu long nm katulad

nl Flor Cantemplackm

Ibang mg'.1i bansa,

l1:ang hind] n~g,lIJgul,ilnt.angl <l,ngko lektlbo ng kOrlsyefisya 119

Sa kablfang dako. nagslsllbing sandigan 11'151 rnamamavan ang m.ga betas na I'ikhil ng lipunan ~t tling Unlbersal na D~!da:niLsyol'!i fig mga Karapatang Pantaa kung 5i!kall.ng aabuslJ hin flgl esrado ,ang bni!iu',g p~gk.n~Q. Hindi sana I1~W loy ang 'kumpel'@.l'1Syasa Pilipinas ukol !ilI, IE;as, Timor, ha:Umbaw<L, kung walai'l9 husgadclI'lg flapagsampahan fig kaso laban sa nagJtiH'19:k.ang pJ,gilin <Lng pu 10119. Plnawrul'li\yan lamang ng pilgkakatuloy fIIgi kumperernsya na ,ang lSaJl,g bayal'lg nmy civil sodety ily maaaring miil,glpa,upad n9 batas laban 'Sill kahll n, slnc: m~glingpangulo pa man

5~ya ng bans,i1,
Cayunpamill1, 'PaslJbQI Itlrniullg] anq papel ng rnqa hukurnan pagdaling sa !)£l9D(}pattJpad ng mqa kMiBlpa.tang paJntao. AfIIgrnga pwersa. pa rln "'9 civil sccletv ang kailangang ak'llboog ma,gl:sampi ,l'Ig kaso Uptirlg $l.lbukal'1 kung [al.a'9~L FIg 10,,(lg Ipapati.lpad' i'lg parnahalaan ang sOlirilii nnonllg mglti baras. Nag~ Is,ilbiflg t I rnbanqan

lamaU1lgaflg mga bata~ na ma.'gagamit "'911 'll1ga mamamayOl.I'I upang rnatu pad ang katllrtJll"Igan para sa 'I h· t. 5U1balil sa kaulf,Hlsan, ~ng JiIlg3 m rnarnavan pa rl II a.ng f'riagpapasya kung gag,a.rni1 in 0 Is,as,aisaf'1,ubj il.f!g mgOl biMilS ria ito;

A!I19 Pakik,ipag'taloo.aln
I'

ng Civil Stu:~~~yOl Estado S

Mapa.ltld ang mga bansanq may mga inSiUwsVong nagtal:a.guyod I'lg civJl srrcl(!ty. Madal as 11agffl U m u la sa cw III50 dety iI'i'19 nab ih ~ra ng !'I a mga !id e r rig pam a hal aan , at slla rtn ,ang nanQllmglJna Sa!I< lakalan, Kaya ng,a, makatututonq sa estadc mlsmo at sa ekonomlva rmsrno al'llg pi'llgk.~k.amol' fig maupuno at masfg.larig elvl I soc lery. Pi'r1UpUnUill"l nih) atlQ .kakulang.1111l g ~~tad(l ,in U"Ig n ,ek~,momiya. ill pi nu puna rln Llp<Hlg

magwasto.
Kung wilJa pAng (Ivi I sociew d,l1II:hilrepreslbc .a:ngestado, tu rmlikha ng luqar ang eMI society sa pamamaqltan ng rnqa Espasyong maaarl nitong kapitan, Sa.mga panahcn I1g represibong rehtrnen, kurnakanlcnq al'!g'civU soci~W sa mg"a simbahan, media, pamantasan at magil19 sa. il~f1lg 'i:l'egosyo,. Suballt sa panunupil rig estado sa civil ~o<;:iety;lalongl nagigJ ng bUllya.g ang pa.gk,amaipang-api ng parnahalaan dahil sa, pagka,L;n ng baUta sa p,anlamqgita» ng media at usap-usapan. Ayo n rlIga sa .I-.s<ing kasabthan: "May pakpak ang baltta, may tenga ang hipa." Wala nga raw rnaHag.ong stkreto sa parnahalaan m,<l:.ging mJ,ong panahen rri Mrar<"o5, ttl k.i na.ilangan nltonq mag pa Ia~,a.sng iba 't ibang bersyon flogfi.~ bu Igar nil rug <II. S UCre(l U pang. maHto d l1'g m5Jlil tao.

'

ax

Na.kaug:,at ang civil socletv sa karl! niw.ding pamcmuhaj, S~mple 119paklkl harap fl!!kik~pagkapwa at dt Qa<tillong ,kllJlmpUik~doliig mgil transaksvon sa bu hay fig kar.aniwaflg kapwa-tae, K{lYa! 11gft! madalas na mlulutas ni.yd <Lng pampulitik<:l'~ panqekonomlkol'lg sullranln S.1l pamama~'ttarl ngi halraJp·lha,r,apangpakikip;<lg·usap sa rnqa kasal1gkot. Higit nil. mahalaga ill'Ig p.1l!ldkis,ama. i!lit paJ:tiI;;ipagkapwcHao. Kaya ng SiL

araw ng: eleksvon, ltina~a.glJyod nivaafilgl mga UJmlJrinQ sa kanva bllarlg "kahabavan, ktliblg't1n at kilp3i'lid."~~ G.ay!"mdin, nagmumul'l'9 k01!ii1~ ,ang civl~ secle y ngl Isang ekonem iya!19' .na,.rillphal'iIpan (assoc,i.uive et:onomics] na l"I.iikaugat 5(1 10 kal a\ parnpurck na ,~ak~klpag'kapw~.~·

:Sub;:))it sa har<l,p fl.g pan ll punan a:t panq-lstrukturanq ugnayan. Fig mg.~ tan, !Iwng saan hindi na ma,a1,l.riI)J19 haTa'f;Hl~rap;3;ng pa:kiRipa·9"Us,ap, maaarlnq rnag~ng ' rnahi na al'!9 t'i nig rlg karaniwa;t1lQI tao. Kai,~aflgang palaka·sin aMig k~t'ly:alflg bosss S~· p.amamag lran I1Ig pakiktpagbu krod Sil m9<L mavrocrr .ti~ng rnteres Seakatarunjarr at kalavaan. Dito purnapasok ang pangwngaJIa.ngan sa h rgil na maslnop na pagHI~ljri sa mga i:tina.tatag ria mga K.lus.an I1g mga Karan iwang Kapwa"tao.

Komunidad

ng migQ Kar'an~WQn9 KapWIJIBtoo

Ang pirlJ.kapundame.ritail na samaJl<;!n IFlg mg~ karan iwang taoav ya\)"n~l sila mlsmo <Lng nagta:ta'g S'C! parnamaqltan o.g pa&dkupagbig.ki:S sa mgq taor19 katulad rrlla an9. interes. Na·ka.tJgat -slla sa il~sa.ngkom.L.lnidad, kay.a rnalulutas <ling 5 u I iranln ·S<I. pam'3!mag~ta,~ rig 'hara.pharapa.ng pakl Idpag,usa.p·. Sa 'isang peace zone, bi lang hal lmbawa, l'TlIolo",iir;Jg mapagka:sundua.n ng ma.gka,kapitba.i1ay na ilawan din ang karril<l.rig mga hahav kung sakal [rig may isa-ng banay nil magsi!ldi. n9 ili\:w ~'agritnI\ lI'i.g gnn!, tandana may na.rlg hrrhim<lsok sa loeban [i1i'tong. hulL KLW'g maN .m;uamang-

Ipob na hai§mallg hrrnasck, M.g OU9"n9 komuntdad ang m.a.kaka.~ita·sa. kal1va dahl! hindi s"tya maaOiuing mak;Qi.pagtQ:,:;I0 sa dilim (Cantoma.nyCi·g P~at.@ Zo,ne:).
Subal it sa n'lga panaha rig bata-batalvcnq sundale naarfg kanillang kaharap, kailarl.garl 1lI11 ring pa1a,kas.~naflg kaniian~1 bose~ sa: hd6ng ng. mg"d NCO na may kaakibat .[H'vtagapagpahayag $a med la, Sa. S,lg,ad<l Pe<t(€Zone) Iha.nlirlOaWa, madaling nakadalo at n.akiramay <LngCoalltle r'I for Peace at an9 Presidential Peace. Cornmissiimr dahil iki nalat· n9 mga tll{Fl"Saga-da ·aog panggtJg!;!.lo ng AFPat n9 NPA sa pa.!Tiacrlf'lZlg·ltafirig m~a dyaryo.
,

Ca,w tYj)OlfNIl, tag.lsup'orta II.amarig ang mqa tagalabas. An9 rni·smor1g mg·a tJam,;]ma.hay S'<l_ nrnun idfad ang f)a,glpap.atva~la k kani~ahg buhay. Sa IS,ll"rg -pag-aara!. nQ lnstttute for Pop.ular Democracy, I u~mitaw ria ~ay palatandaan arl'g kar<irlirV!.iartg tao sa m9a "ta.qng iaba$" at r-nga, "t<long loob.:" Ang una ay liItlig mga. karba sa, karma: l1~g-ifng les, hindi l'lIiJiakllala, m~y Ib<tn'g punto, at ka.hiMh i nall.l ang kHos, Ma.(l,aring ah~ Me Si la n9 paJirlahalaan. In:ego.WQ '0 N PA. Ang mga ta:(H19 loo~. narnar: Vaorl,g rnga kas~rng.kOt sa bu'hay rig ko mu n~da.d, mga k;;l.5.ama· at kautang" na- IEMJ b. Sila i\11f) mga maaas.~aha.ng du rnamav sa pananon ngkagi pt'Uxn (jail II

av

mg~

nakikJsangkot KaSClmahll:m

siia .sa panq-araw-araw

H:a bu hay.'

....

ng mgl"! K,o.rQniwan.g

Kopwo ..too

o People/s OrgCllniz:oUon~
Nagkakahuklod ang orthinal na komumdad upang m.t'ltug~r)alT ang kllJI~lafMJ magkaka:tu~ad na panganga'i 1i\.i1gan, Maaa,ring ~·~Oay para mal pam)~l1!g ang isang namatav, ist\[ty6s ·ang iriga;syoA sa bU'kfd, lutasln .d.ng is.ang sL.lliran~ng p:aI'19ko'1p.ayapMrJ'0 p;an9kapal,tg~ran. ~a eras na rnalutas aiilg su IFran i n, nq.g~alah{l Il·a rln ang samahari. KaU~aJl.gan Ita narnan .n;g p.antl~ag(:Hlg.:is:vu !.IP9.n.g rrta.p9.:!a,h~s ang: rnqa mQ,mf.a,tn;;l.y:anmula .s,a. hmgga. n91 i<a.flilarlg talranan, G~:-y!Jflpaman ,·.a.i!1g gani~Ol'lg !llgZl panandaJiang b'ulcJuran .:Iy rJ.lg~iipon ng hig it rl~ m~l.aH rn na pa9i<aundwa s~ p,i'!.gkakomunldad I'Ig mga ka·sang kot, Nam~.IInulat~n nil! ;;i~a rlg.a 9i¥ ti.a.ri.a.n?htin sa li5ang han,y,kai .~.J'isang baJar19;ay na, maallrirlg u rnusad 0 lumubog avon sa kUJ1g . S11 ay magnuu I U!1 g a n 0 mag ka ka.r1ya~kan va, a Mahaia.gang b:igyangwpan:shl na sa pagtugoll

119 ko rnu n ldad, hhld i I,alna"ng rnqa po rma! na inHitu syon rig ba.rarlggay

sa' mgJ partl kuJ(l)r na sullranin an9

namarnahala, May mga di pcrmal

na Hder sa komunldad

ria may irnpluwensva

bagamiln walang kaping'yafihan. Sa kaso ng St.!i.gada Peace Zone, bllalfl9 hahrnbav v a. hlndll<lmang ~ng rnevor at kOfllsehal iilHg nagiog ~a9apa9Piildaloy IFlg kapayapaan. KiLsa.ngkotdin ang ISimg nars, gura,. amm n~ II,ide!'1'19mga rnbu, fSilng retirad()ng p.lln, Is~ng llder 11'9 sarnahan Fig mga kabOlba!'lllan ,at .!Ing kinatawan fig D~ partmerit of Soclal Wor'k and Cleve lopment. KaVa Ilga rna halaga anlSl paglilinaw na gl~<lwa ng Ins~IEUte For PO~IUlar DemocP,fl.giUlI'i ng "I2Ikas" at ng ·,kiipam;;nl(ilrihal1l,"'" Yaon9 may lakas av may kakayanang lTlakiUiuing sa "may ,k",? ngyariharl," I ong hull ng ~Iy~nlg Mkillpa,n,gyayarJ, ang VYll"!ll.y;ui. ,11 may a~!.'Nul:d<ldsa mga pangya}i:i.lr,1 sa kcrnunldad. Ang malakas <lY mil')! kakilYiHHUigl m,aldI.lS3.p at maklpa.g-ayus3,n sa mga fl'1 y ka p~ngyarll1afi1.Tigilpamaglt~n 00wla'! larnanq slya p'~Hmgo sa !(IhtgiHl9 may kap<.lrlg vMihan. M~lak(,l.':l lam.al1Q 011119 bivH sOCle~,. Ang eSti'ldo allig rnay kapangyar'ihan.

racy

H.I

Kalipunan

ng mBa Karaniwang Kapwc-too

Mahlliaga ang prlnstpvo "9' pt!gkin~gi1par'(llagu.lln 1'9' mg~, NGO di1l~'II rn<lgil1~ sa Ma!iilwalUlng kcntekste I1g panli'p'liIli1'ar19 pa!kllciSilrng ko't. timujupad fig mga NCO ang lJapl ng tagapamagila.il"1I. Silang tumaravo 9 HJ.lay sa pagltarl 119 mqa PO 0 rn:gakcrnunldad, S,II [sang banda, at r~g p.iJf1l'lihal'OIiu1 iF'I1giifu nd:1ng ag(HlC las: ~a .in kabilan9 banda. A!1Ig mga NGO ilt1g may k dkaYilllnal1g gLlmawa ng mga paq-aaral at pagiusurl na lnlhahaln nlla sa. rnga 1C1galabu, Dahll ria rin sa. middle-class nil katang 11Inng. mga surnasap' sa NCO. rlIag~grng ['''"9'auQ'nay sua I'Ig mga naaapi at F1,g

mga oagtat~mas.a.
Mayiba't

Ibang NCO ria ma.aarr'li'Ig .ihanay rnu 1;11a mgPi sarna.hang s.rbikof1~ s ha.nggiling S<Is;imbahan rnlsmo na ltlnuturt ng na plflak<1mal<l~d at ptnakastnaunanq NCO. Sa!Pi],gll.a.11I ng mga sam~hartgito av ang tinaragw riang mga. Social Deli.e.l!cpm@:lll A'ge ncres na na.'glalavcnq tsu lonq a.ng karaniwa.ng buhay rig kararnwanq tao. Marami silang l.Is,a,plng hinaharap katulad ng mga lsvu sa pabanay, kasarlan, kabaraan, :I(ali,ka:san, ka:ra.pat~ng pantao, 1J{<\r1g f19 b~rlsa. ruga mang,gagaw<l., at Tba p,il. Kasabay nito. may iba't lba ring est.a:tehiya I1g p~gtug_Qnl sa rnqa 5U llrarun; il,divocaev. tU""Pf;:llJ"I!gj paq-oc rganisa edu kasvon, at ·~tar:r~nam{sik'. lnaqtutuunan P nHa rig paJ'Ilsin <log maJawakang rnqa suliraning pan lip U nan na nakau gat sa di rna katarun g <ill n 9 balang kas n 9 lip unan .

katulad rig mga_Jaycees at .soroptimiS'I's.

f:lilnaavos ni Korten 6119 pa.gk<il.k.3i!ltr<Hoi'lt 1119mqa NGO sa pamarnaq ltan ng ebolusvanarvonq mga kateqorva. "Ay,o,n$oak<l.nya, mara.ming NCO ang n <l.g u la sa sim pak<lk.ir,tlmayH. rnga maraltta in na.5.lIllma "9 ;ka~i,k<l:~:an. pL-mn:mg nc, ang mqa Sa NCO d:ng t'umatayollg tagapa.gs,a.ga.wa ng Ing~ provakto ar tagatanggap lam;;.mg ang mga bi ktirna rig llpuna.n 0 kallkasan .. Madatian "ng mg.1l.5ollJsyor~g lbi n nbig<lY nang avon sa madajja.ng mga par1g1,iilrlg,ilUangaiil: darnil at p~gkafn ill1g madalas ria :Iniaal:mloy. SubalH narnumulatan FIg mgi! naklkballlgl.;'~:H mtsrno "iii tnndl pangrnataga.ltlrl gan ilong mga soil) sYOI1, Kaya, ay~r5iml:)la 511,3IIg mga provekto nil. hu mihiling I ng malallm nil. ,pilklkJsdilOgko( sa komumdad, 5inu~ubul-:a.rl nililrlg ha,napm kunq ano talaga ilng pangangallangan iii! 5I1ul'!iubuka.ng ruqunan no sa lulong mJ mga, mamamavan, MOidalas ria kaugnllV sa kdilus,uga'llat edu kasyof1 ai'lg I,agig i 119ru !emg nlla, Mel)' h~glt nil! paQQ<l1ang rlOiIlumilillaw sa IkakaYilinan 11"19 komunldad f1~ fT101glpa.~Val SiJ, kanHang kapalaran. Ta:gaSLJpOnaiiU ~ giH.l!dvok lamang a.1'I9 nagic ing pill~el FIg mga NCO,
11,1'19

70 ..RAINIER R:. A •• BANA

ko mu rudad dahll

ang rnqa so I!I!JSYOhl sa laranpan ng. ma!i.alimuot ria sistema nq llpunan. NlI.gkakaroori rig malall ma,ng pagsiJsud samoa balan9kas ng lipunan na umaaiPd.t~J
nasa loob s4~a og isang

Ka,ya nqa lamanq,

hi ndl pa fin sapat

sa kemumdad. Nagi.g.lng pambansa I} paorehiyon ang p.agsLls,uri; kailanqan na r:i!1 ng higit lila. rnataqalan at pa.n9-in~thusyorng pagtugon sa mqa mapai1g-aping balanqkas .. Dito nagsis.imulang maouo aJl9 mga katlpunang pul ltlkal ria rH\g-u:ugrliiY sa pagb~bago ng'eslad·o biltrng senrro ng Hpunan,
Sa isang higit rli:l! malawakanqantas ng pag,sm lui, imi nunqkah i n i Korten allg

pag!!ita:w ng mga kilusaog isil1iasaalallg.-alang hindi larnanp <Lngparttkular aa bansa o rehlvon, ku ndi ang buonq planeta miismo. K~yd riga h~git na matag<l~a.nmJI9· kailangatl9 pakikisal1gkot dahl) kaugtlay ito ng mlsmong uri ng parnumuhav ng. mga tao, kasarna na ang Olga karaniw.arqg tao at aog mga.·kasapi 119 NCO. HlJmihHin'9 ito ng koalis,yon9 tnternasvonal dahll hiod i sa isar1.greh lvon 0 bansa malul utas ang mga s'Ullinlflingr he. Hmaharap nlto anq pdl1ibagong uri n9 pamurnuhav na.k~ugllay. ng e~ol()hiya. k.asarian karapatanq pantaoat kapavapaan,
I'

Sa susunod na mga pahlna, paqtutuunan n.g pansln <lngl huli.ng dalawanq uri 1"19 CO, na h I·git ang epekto sakasalu kuyall1'9, pag.susurll. N Katipunan ng I1'1gcKai'aniwQlf'!g Kapwo-tao

Malallm ang pagkak<lugrat ng mqa NGO sa kllusanq p l;.ililikal·scfP.iliplinas ..If1lluwiI.I ' laba n sa batas-rn i IhflFj kava di mai twas ..an anq karl Ilang. kinas,anayang p.ag'mloalls na mah uli al'lg estado bi liang sernro fig kapariqyarlhan.Sa kasalu kuyang pa.gdagsil. ng ekcnomlvanp liberal sa daJgdi,g blrg,it na nagigil1g mahalaqa ang papel 119 estado. uparn; mapanqalagaan ang mg.l mah lhlna; I~ang malaking trahedva arng kasatu kuyalig n.agaganap dahll sa p.a:gyukQ.ng estado $;1 kaprltso ng pandal.9dig:ang ekcnemlva na surnasakop sa kasuluksulu kanq li~as pan Ii punanq vaman ng bansa,
sOa. ng paklktbaka
1

at

MaJ:indi n.gay.on ang panga.ngll.ilaF'lgang sumall S~ pal.ilgs:a:ha.ng .pu I itika] na nag la~ayoflg maklbahaql SOl pamarnahala n.g buong bansa, Dah II d lto'v I1agka.i<atipon ang dating mag kakahtwalav na progres:llbo rig partido ng pulitfkal I.lpang magti:littlg ng isall'lg katrpu nan ria makikipag.pa.'llgs<a.h<ln sa pagatatayo ng bang' rnalakas i'la estado at malakas na civil socletv," Estad~opa rinanq nakapangyay.ari sa. pamarnahata rig ba.nsa; habang nanggagal.ing sa: civll sucietv ang lakas n.r;j bavan na magmu ngkahi at pu muna saestado nang avon sa tunav na f}a.flgangailafig<tl'l. Mahalaga ang mg.a munqkah i ng civil society dahil madalas na walanq lamar] ang estado Ikundi anq blgat ng burukrasva .. Ma.haJaga rin a,hlg mga pagpUrla ng. Civill ·so.dety para sa mga pagkakata·orlg 1'l~9iging mapanp-abuso na .ling. estado. K~wa. nga walanq kontradlksvong namarnaqltan, para sa ~atipuna,nig ito, sa makap.angya.rihang estado at malakas na civil sccletv Pormal ari9 laranqan fig pamarnahala rig una, habanq di pormal narnan arng Sa! Ikalawa, M;;lk[klt<l. arig dina.mikOrfg ugnayan ng dalawang ito hindi larnanq sa laranoan rig rnqa kornunldad (katulad ng nangyari sa Sagada. Peace Zone), kundl gayon din S·3.rnalawakanq laranga.n og llpunan. l~an~Hilalimbawa rtto .ang patllgangailangan at pagkabukas ng pamahalaan sa mga. ideva ng civil wciiil:ty upanq hi:git na maglng epektlbo .<trig pangao·gal.aga sa pamavanan, Ang pang·NGOng disku rso I'Ig r.H~ODles empower-

ment at sustainable development

na patakaran

ang plnakamatlnpkad

na pagtanggap 'ng pormal

09 pamaliialaan mula sa ·di' porrnalnalaranqan

ng civil societv,

Teorya.at pagllapatupad

S~

Pap~1 fig Civ i. Sod'ely • 71

Kaya nga lamang, baqaman sa katapusan <lY parnpulltlkari tl anq kahahantu nqan Tilggawa.!li1g NCO dahll nalhahanda ng hul: arlg rnqa mamemavan 'n:a mail<isa,ngbJt sa paggamit rig kapanqyarlhan, mahalaqanq Ii nawtn na rnagkaiba <trig I:arilingang girHi.gala.wan rig partldonq pulftikalat 1"l9civil soctetv, Arig una ay k<l.l1gnay ng mlsmong. paqhawak sa k.apangyadhan ng estado na lfIagiging rnahalaqanq ikundls.yori sa pagrubo ilI9 civil sccletv, Ang ik.daw,a ay kaugnay 1119 pagbaba.go 1119 ruga pan llpunanq lstruktura sa panq-araw-araw n.:Ji uhav na .siy:a..ring ku rid lsycn upangb magkaroon ng pag'k.:ikatapng rnalbctn sa kapangyarihan ahg rnqa kandidatonq may pald~i$angkor sa mg:a karaniwanq' kapwa-tac, Ayon nga sa WD~
Marahil isa.ng paraan upang mapatlndl allg isyt.l (sa paqitan II'1g mga kat I p unan g pul :it lkal at 119 ci vii sQ·el.ety] ay ang pagtataya 'HI ang demokl"'atls<J$.YQ!1 I1g lipunan mismo - nq mga panllpunanq lnstltusyon at pangka~p.Hl,gyatiha:lllg ugnay<tn - ""ng :slyang d£Hnokratlkol"lg agenda. r1"g 'chill s..odety.37 Ito ra.w a!l19 dahllan kl.lfl9 baktt madalas nil. Iurnalatnpas sa estadc, partido pulltikal, pa~I1j,lpunang sektor at antas .. a llpunan ang tl1ga.usapin sa c'ivi~ satiety: rro s

Mg m9a 'u~aping katulad 1"19 pagkapal1ta)l ng bawat kasarian at mapal'lgala.gang pa_g.pap<t-llJfilllad. Maoidadtl.gdag narlto ,ang ukol sa kc,r"apatarlg pantao at kap{:J,yapaarl .. .lsang tl1ahalagaFl9 parnpulltikanq papel na ginagampan03:nl. Ilg civil -soclety, halimbawa, aog pagtataguyod <If pangan·gala.gil sa rnallnis at maavos na eleksvori. Kahil gaano pa kaorganlsado at katapat Ing rnqa kandidato rig karanlwanq kapwatao, kung madadava naman slla 'sa bihmgan, balewala rin ang paqs isikap r1Igkanllanq rnananallksrk na habang hindi nagbabagD ;l,ng mg~ partllpunanq uqnavan na .nagl.1tali sa karanlwanq lao sa rnqa patron ng lipunan, ang mga. patron p.i! ri n ",ng kanllanq lboboto, kahit g-aano kaqanda I1g plaraporma mga alternattbc F1'g kandidato, ss Mal1alag ang mak.i~an9kot sa panq-araw-araw na bu h'ay, ku ng gaYO!1, upan 9 maimpluwenslvahan ang pagboto ng karan iWijng' kapwa-tao, At oltlg rnqa kasanq kot sa civil socletv anq may pagkakata.Q!:;19urnugat sa panq-araw-araw na parnurnuhay na.lte.
mqa partido pul ltlka] na sumali sa eleksvon .. Cayu ndln, natutuklasan ng rnqa

ny

~;1,y'ariga iminl.mgkahJ nl John Carroll, sa kanyang rnadalas garllitin9 defintsvon

n9 clvll sodl:!W na kana.rlgang "ltulak, sa madallnq santa, anq ~istemang
~d('iet.y',

p~.lit,i,kal

mula sa labas.' ,Itong labas na ito al'lg laranqan ng clvll

Ayon sa kanva:

SubaHt rnararnif"lg taqarnasld an,g kasalukuyatl.9 umaavcn na 50<1; da.igdf9 ng m ga I.HnU unlad na bfl,ns a, d llllfi"l'atii19 na anI] sandal ipara sa "Gil/til SOcl e~y,~ sa organiBdong parnavanan, na ttava ali9 sarili sa. pagtUlu!dk ng reporma sa lupa, 119 kal!.lsugan, tlg prcteksvon ng kapa~igiiran,.at dl9 ~oli.l$Vot1Sa [ba pang m,ahibigal na 5uHr.::ming pinapasan fi9 mqa tao. Sa rnadallnq saH'ta; itllllSlR<l.n·g siste rnang p uHtl kal m t..! I~ sa la bas JQ

~aya· !1Iga may paqkakcrnplerne ntaryoang kallpunan ng mg-a NCO·at .ang katlpunan rig mgla partido pulltikal na l1agnanilcistuqunan ang ruga pii),ng.angaiia.ngan' rlg karaFljw~H1g kapwa-tao.
KoaUsy'on ng mga KaranlwQng [s<ln,g mahalag:ang karanasan
ang p.agbubuo I1g. mga koalisyofl

Kapwa~tclD fig mg'a NCO at ng proqras ibong mga partido '!iiJ! mahaha:lagang i.sYlmg katulad 119

na umiikot

reporman§ aqrarvo, utanq tog bavan, at i3.ngda1ing koalisyori laban s.a base-mtlitar ng E.stado$ un ldo s. MIlIi; mahaba ~ng nag i ng kasavsavan nq paqbubuo ng mgil. ko.alisyo'n na mal uuqat dill sa m'ga panahonq plnaqkatsahanq ibagsak ati.9 rehirnen ng batas mlhtar at awtorttarvantsmo, I(aya nga may sapat 'i1J mg.~, aral mula-sa karanasanq ito up:ang rrraqkatul ungar! at1lg m~,a prog,resibol1g ki,h,1 Sen) para sa :kaJaniwangl kapw .• -tao. a Bagq:man may' P<!9kapanandalta« al19 nasab i rig mga: ko al isyong avo n sa kabulu han rig isyu, sa rnqaltc'v naqkakaroon ng pa:9kait:alaOrlg mag kakl lakilata ang lba't il;lang ~lrupon9 rnagk.ak.alulad ariq lavunl n. Nrar.aral1<l::>Cln, nllanq rl1dklpag kapwa at bu mUD ng konse n s us na, lam pas IN sa adyend;:mg puli~ikal ng mga or9~tni$asyon. KaYil nga halos hind i raw kapanlpaniwala na h i hdina lirl.at(!ngg~p an9 vanS! uardlsmo at: dornl nasvcn ng lba 5;;1. koallsyc,H''1g ~<l.tulad og CPAIt ,,'
Ava n sa u lat ng isatlg bere rana sa pa.ghubo,g ~~gmga, koallsvo n:
Ang hamcn .ay ann paklkinig kllrlg paeno naqkakatulad OINJ mga punta namemelavan din Imng paano ~H(l. nagkakaiba. Tlnuturuan aka- ng: ka.ranas,,!n,g ItO' kUng, paano maging eJksakto at mOilin.w ...anq sariling pag·il~lp dahill hi lung isa sa rnqa t.agapagp,a,f.ia~oy; pa;nanagut.an ko <lIng siquruhln na, nang l,ahJH ng kas<ipi sa

'Forum

ay maaal'l:g k iU1 a 119 pos i WQ n, rna bi big k{l si ton ang

511.

rnalinaw a£ miliuLigl1<Jy'it~

k<llr1,ilang.':.arIHng.

panal1aw at Il)IFI prlnstpvc."

Dahil na.nggagal i ng mula $01: iba't Ibanq mga punto-de-brsta ang rYI~F.i kas,Ml] sa kQ,alisyon, rnanalaqa anq pagpapadalQY rig t~\la~J~i:CH;ua,l1g makarafing sa pu nto p na maaart ng tanggapi n n'9 bawat lsa aflg paqkakatu ~ad at paqkakalba ng mga
pananaw. Makiki'ta'rlw
,2Hl{1

lehtka

ng dlskurso

kung saan pal1gang8.twir~n

illl,9

g ru po llfj,lI_ng makltaanq pJ.gbUtJUD 119 mg.a' koallsvon h Lndi bilan9 isanq se rye ng di rnaqkakauqnay na p~ntaktjkang pagsisikap kuridi tsanq p.atllloy ria.diyal.,ogo kaugllay ng ibar!g rnqa 9tlmo't lndihidwal, upang mabhgyang kahulupan tl.t maltaguyod ang maqkakatulad na layunln .:11 mga alterna.t'ibo'."'t' Mu la sa mga karanasanq ito, na9kakaJoor~ ang' rnqa kasapl n91kakaV(l:llarrg rnamahala nang avo n sa ko mprehs n 5 ibon9 parnantavan. Avon kay Caia, ~'i lavon fig Partido rrg Bavan na allg 5i nikap It.atag na koaltsvon noting 1985 ay rna~:H!1,g katu lad ng isang: alternatlbnnq parnahalaan." Bag.aman hindi flagtagll mpav ar'lg paqslsikap dahil sa .s ultrant n ng pwersa at ldevoloh i kOt1£jtuliqsaan, maaannq masunoan ang ga-nitortg estilo rl9 pagtitipQI1 rig kalnlrlgy<trlhan sa konteksto ng tnga isvu't sui iEWIir1g hi naharap I~,gmsa karanlwanq kapwa-tao:
Maha.lagang' sanqkap, ~u n,9 gayon, i3.ng pag p~~i sa mga lsvu na rnflaaring, nratang'gap ng lahar, Upang wmag<ll an9 kcaltsvorr, kailal1gang k~s.aflg'kot din sa mga iw ang misll10ng pag~fr9J ng pamavanan, kagaya nga i'i9 mga us:aping, kaupnav ng kapallqlran, kasarlan, kapavapaan, at kar~Mtang pantao.

ukol sa rnqa koal lsvon, "pi nagag.alaw [ng' mga koal isvon] ,ar1g mg<1progre:sibong'

narnamayan! at hindi dabas at kaprttsc,

Aj'ol1 k.ay Cesar Cala, 'sa kanvanq aikdang

119 pa-g"~bot sa konsensus. Mararating parnavanan lI:l pamahalaan kung 11nd: 'tal lwas i a.ng pamarnaraan sa lavunln nlto. Wahmg Q_aracmiyang: makararetjnqsa uemokrasva <.lng pamamaraal1g rnarahas at doqmauko. S'iI kabllanq banda, maaarlrrq maqtalaban saIaranqan ng pangangatwiral'1 '~ng rnqa koaUsyong handanq ma.gMgay 'I1g kalWirat1 at $,Urnaqot sa mga papturo I nang avo n din sa. katwlran.
Mahalaga ring bifjyang-diin
'al1g proseso ~ar'l1:a.~gang IS3ng demokratlkong

Sa pamarnagltan nrg rnga dlskurso, hindi na k£!il.angang pagbiwalay,in pa <lr'lg advenda ng partido at ang lavun i n ng Civ.11 society. Amumanq age nda ay maaari Flog Jhatn upang p~g-usapari at sin utnang may rials paq-usapan .ay mqaaring rnaqhatn ,ng sarmng advenda Q,J parig mapaq-usapan rig lahar nang. avo n so. katwlran ath lndl lamarlg dahll sa awtoridad, salapl, kapanqvarlhan: Sa g<lllitong konteksto, m wlrng. iiral ll"lg "~,aw;a~ang dahas ng prl1akarnag'.1ling Ina kamulatan .sa talag-an9 dapat

at

manqvar!" sa pamavanan,
Paglalagom: U kol
SCi.

Kilu!i.arl ng mga Karaniwang

Kapwq-too

Ba~a:y sa lba't ibarlg p.;Ig-kakah.ubog ng 'mga NGO ria naqrnumula sa mqa k!Orfl!.Ji"Ilidad bangg~ng: sa. mga kcattsvon, mallhaw IH1. di rnai,lala,gay so. 1isOlng kategorya ang g,lJaw ng mga NGO sa civi I soclety. Ang malawakanq pag-turl ng sa k.a;n·i 1::IIIa.ngmga. "ki [us-an" av tl,ig"it ria rnakatutulonq na u nawain ang kap,j,jang la' dlnamlsmo. Maymon 5il3119 kakavananq umanqkop sa lba't ibanq sitwas.yon., lokal man 0 ilti~ernasyorJal. N(lgiging tagapa:9padaloy si 1.;Ii lamanq ng mqa usapan ku rldT dl ng mea kakayanan at kavamananq mula sa ruga rnamarnavanat maging iballg bansa, l3i1'ang tagapdmagita,n sa mga lstru krura ng lipu nan, in i !Jug nay nlla a ng iba"t ibang antas at' sektor tunqo sa.kabutihanq surnasakop salahar,

Dal1i1 epektlbo ang ki I U sa:ng NCQ,. rnaraml nq.url nltoanq ILUll it;lW. M.ag i rig ang parnahalaan .ay na.ma.tag 119 s.a.rmng NGO desk, g.~yulld i nang mqa !1egosYQ FIg naqkakaroon ng sarH!ingrnga NCO. M<ll-i.~lagang bigy.~ng dlln, kung gayolll" ·a[19 b:ukod-tailrging papel 119 mga NCO na nagtatig!L1yod sa pagsu long nq kaunlaranq rnakarao (develo pment NGOS). "Soctal developme nt aqencles' (SO.A)anq lUr.i ng rri la sa sar: I i "tag:aparha.g itang m9<1" sarnahan ri<lifiLlg I iii ngkocl sa pan gangai lang all ng m9<l pangunanirlg sarnahan gayong, kasabav nita, ay idinidiin ang p~lgkakaroon rig kapanqvarlhan sa fF1ga' rnaralita at pakl Idbaha,9il'19' popu I<~r.u.·
r

Sa pagdagsil. ng mga NGO, rnatindi a,ng tukso na lumakl at maging- kaslrnbiqat na rin ito mg.huru krasva FI'g. parnahalaan. Kaya ng'il ~agl:N:l.baba~Oll.l1g rnqa NCO . laban sa mga itinatatag ·ng pamanalaan. Magil1g ang rTlga samahao9 itinatag ng dath'il9 Pang ulo rig .Aqy i no noong nasa pamahalaan pa siya ay napaqs LJ5pe.ts()[han~ pakikipanguntsaba ("cooptath:m") ng pamahalaan sa l;1,k;;:l's I'1g kllusal'19 NCO.' Maratnl ria. rin~' NCO at'lg burnaasak dahll sa. bi!'FlJt I1ig bu rukrasva, Na:waJa ang kitnilang kakayanai19 tumuqon nang rnabllis at malikhaln sa. pang.angailangan no

pamayanar-l. Sa parnarnaqltan rig pagtat~lYasa pavak na parm, rnuhay, higit na nag in9' mar~ptt ang mgi,l. NCO sa kanilanq rnqa kas,<.Ingkot III kanHliw<lllg kapwa-t<t.o,·

Mgo' NG'O at (lng Ibo pang mga Selc:tor ng Civil Society

Bagaman f1Iangur1I9iJl1aang pa-gkakakltala sa rnga NCO bilaflg bah.<lg i ng civil SOdHY" IT1,ilyrOOI1P~l1g bahagi Itong huli lid: hlqitna nauna Ito ang mga slmbahan, pamantasan, mass media, at m'19~rl9 ilang ne:gosyo'ng madalas naklki pagUJil(Jngan sa mga sirnulai ill ng NCO. D..alli I ll~kikibahag I at sum us u po rta slla sa paq-usad n9 kaJag<lyan ng mgo. marallta <lil nalsasalsantabl, mavrcon siial1'g rnalasaku sa' rnqa
gaw~jn rig NCO,

74

Ii

R:AUNIIER

ii. A. I BAMA

Ang mga Simbohan

Isa sa m ga. n atata ng i ng '9awa in ng· s i mbah an .5 a 'k.a~aI u ku yang pa naho n alrig pagtat<l:9.uyod sa i·sang uri ng "pananarnpalatavanq naqpapatupad fig katarunqan" avon na nqa sa. mga deklarasynn fig stmbahanq KatoHko rnismo. Naitatatag ang mqa pan I ipunang aral 1"19 slmbahan .'!i,a. pamamag ltan 119 mg'a Sal:i:gang Ko munldad og magk"akapit·bahay na samasamanq naqmurnunl sa panawagan ng Banal na Ka5u lata F'I para S <I. kas alu kuyan 9 panah (I n. Lu mil itaw a n9 mg a su I ira n iii ng ll pUfHIJI at ng mga ~ndiibi.dwal as pagbabahag lnan ng kwentonq buhav og mqa. kas3.pi sa korrumtdad. Nagkakakila.1a ang bawar tsa at nasusurt anq mqa suliranin s<i.tuio"g rngbuonq grupo. -.
Bukoa pa sa rnqa Saligang Kcmunldad, parulov rln ang mqa instttusvon ng 5~ rnbahan sa pag "ad lag a ng mg.a mara IIta at ng mg ~ naisas als a n tabl sa. 9 md n 9 lipu!1a.I1, isari.g tradlsvonal na apostoladc. At katulad FIg lbanq NCO na nagS:imula. sa pa9-aabu~oy sa I1Qr1gangaiIlangan, umunlad din anq mg,a lnsrttusvon fl'gsi mbahan tungo sa mapappalayaat rnakataru r'1Igarrg palkikisang:kot sa.mga usapl rig panl lpunan, Ma.gingl ang mga obispo at kapartan.av naqtalakas-locb na lbanyuhav ang mab1.1Hng banta 119 kali"9tasan ng tao laban sa mapa:n'9"tlPing ba1ang kas rig hpunan.

Mga Pamantasan
Edukawon
Nagbibirgay

-ang tsa sa ltlnuturtnq na pasaporte para so. .sang· maalwanq buh~y.

makaanqat ang walanq kapttal sa- pamarna_gu!<:1n 119 a.ngki tallno at gaHng. Is.ang ma.hallagang_il1&tiiwsyong rurnurulonq sa kaun laran an9 mga pamarnasan,

ng

iN)" Fig pagkaka.taong

Subalit a,ng edukasyon av di I:ama.ng fu:lay patunqo :;£1. kaunlaran. Hahanq nasa loeb ng parnantaaan, naqkakarocn ng pagkakat<long ma.gsuri".a.t.maglingkod i'\ng mga rnaq-aaral sa rnqa d I gaa,nong naqkarccn 1"19pag.k.akatacn buhav, Narnumulat .$iila sa pan l,iipllnal1lg: Ikal(}.gayan, at I1IJ.g kakaroo n neg pa,gki;!kataong

sa

maklisa a,t rnakllala ang

~ganita ng konreksto ng kan i l<l.ng pag-aa_r~L . rnay mga lnstltusvon

mil.

pi nag'i,l:ara~an .at realldad ng ltpunan .. Dito n abuhuo <lf1g loch ng kabataan na maglingkod sa bavan, Atupanq hindi maqrnlstulanq kltgamltaFi iama.n9' 011'1'9 mqa maraltta para sa eksperlmento't karanasan ng parnantasan, siriusubukan din nltonq. makawh;)ng S"!-. knni la sa pamamct~:Mat'l ng rnqa pan-anal i ks~k ..1I.:I! may t :silbi sa kanilang pamumulhay. Sa. ganitong mqa ugnayal1 pumapasok anq m9<1 p:aniipunang katanunqan s~ n1Iga teoryang plnaq-aaralan.

Sa il.a.ng parnantasan,

l1agsiiillbii1g

WI,W sa pagifan

Pig. teoryang

Ang Mass MediCI

Sa kaoya:ng

Hindi rnaika'kaila ang kapansyalihan I1g mass medlasa kasalukuvanq panahon. akdang tnsid« Se,mhea.5t Asia, napanstn ng antropologongsi N~e.ls MtJ1de·r 11a:: .. .. 'sa t~imog-~ilanga,r.l9
As:ya,

ma~~tagpuan

nann

ang i,sanglumilitaw

Ita

edllkacio,ng publike _. mara"il ang piFlakamahalag':1I1g elemento 119 isang ~ivil ~oLie'ty - na kl.dang pa ang lali] U:P~.ilgrnakalikha [1g epeh.llriong opinyon.g,·publikQilg pulltlksl, Subalit madalas nais rig m~FI kasapl ntte tlIa makalava mula sa isang dilla~tiya 0 nsokoionval na kaayusail ng ~Ht<ld.Q kllng saan lllan ,<1.119 may pl'ibi 1e-hiyo, Naghahangad sll? ng pat:n~malakad ng
J

'511Ia:;~ Olga pahayag'.ul,

eli-personal na baras at etika sa pulitlka" sa buhav publtke. DahH sumusular at aktibo sa nJiga NCO, madalas nalFirlnlg ~Ilg k;alilil@,ng hoses. ~e . class na nakaga:ga;mit ng wikang

Para sa mga NCO na k.~bil<mg sa mtddle

banyaga sa mga pahavaqan, nags]silbrr'lg tlmbanqan ng katarunqan ang media upanq malslwalat Olrlg panq-aapi habanp ptnupari yaoln.g tumutulo ng sa paq-usad 1119 ~1Iimbayanan. Gfnigising nita ang mqa naturulcq -na mga lingkQd-b·a,y,;;arl at ·p,.rnas,qsaJarnatallvaong may rnalasaklt sa kapakanan ng pubtikc. Sa. parnamaqltan fl9 mg:a edttorval at liharn sa pahaYtl:gan, nai p;apahayag nt na.ibubur1yag a:ng mga adhikainat panqanqailanqan ng sambavanan, May iiJah1g pahavaqan PJ rfg~ rra .sadyang' kwm~fo;;mi'lg sa kapakanan ng marallta,

mga

Sa deklarasvon ng mga.NGO ukolsa malikh<iing tugotl civil soctsty, Idnihtl'a an·g hah);ga ng rnedta sa pagpapahayag

sa globalls<li.svon ng
ng~dyenda diskurso,"

so·ciety. Sinusubukan ni.lang rnaptataq fig sarlllnq pahavaqan

n~ pagk,akatJ()rilg' makabahaql

a.ng civil sQciety sa pampublikonp

ng mga

upanq ma;g.kamon

ng civil

Mgg Pund!as;YQng Itinat:atog

N,egosyante

Hindi na malkakalla ang ambaq ng rnga neg·Qwante mga sarna,hang nals ilJsad atTg,kalagayan ng rnqa maratita. Hi ndl ria rin masasabt ria basta paq-aabu loy larnang ang ginagawa nlla mulasa mg"Ji labls k,inlklta mula sa kapttallsmo. Mara,ming NCOng utJtliatag l'ig mqa nego-$Yante '!rIg naqststkap ring rYi<:lgingsentro ng kaulnlaran (trig mga taQng nalsasatsantabt, .

sa

na

Ma~amhlg pansariiling motlbo ang ~nga neqcsvame UPCiRgmdl.gUl:((lg'rig .sarilirlg NGO, Nartvan ang p.tg-iwas sa buwls, ang. pa.gpapaanu nSljO ng panqalan ng
Kornpanya,artg pangangalaga .sa sarilinq mga ariarif<lfl

Iaoan sa bandallsmo,

l,ng

tunav na pagl1lanaLs na rnapaqanda a.ng kapallql ran ng kanllanq nf':go5YO, Mayr{jo n dIng panqmatapalanq mga ~aYlHlln katulad rig paqkakaroun rig mabJ.ltil~gl iaraw~ulg tllihaharap sa kornu nrdad. Ninanais n9.·ganitong mga gawain na rnaqkaroon rig maJ.:ataong mu kha ang ststerna rig ka,p'ltalistl1o, '
B~garllad'i hindi nababaqo ang
5 lsternanq

p{ljng-~ konornlko,

nakatutulonq

na

Fin ito sa pag lutas sa p<\nd:aigd.igll119rnqa mapti n:9 katnlad rig kapaltqtran at kasartan, M'ay llan pa lngang purnapasoksa pag-oorganisa sa mqa marallta (Mondragon) at mavroo t'1, namang sumusuporta sa kabuhavan ng mga kornurudad (pBSr). Kailp,tl!9J.n
nga lamanq na mag karcon I1g bukas na pananaw upang rnakita ria sa kalaunan, trlil<l,aring IJ m urr I. ad ang mqa pundasvonq ito tu ngD sa h Igit na rnalawakang pagpapa:rupad sapagpapotkamakatao 119 rnga balangka,s ng llpunan.

Pagh.lpa:d so Loyunin (It ProsesQ n9 Civil S,oci'ety

Mah:t1agal19 bigyang"diin na hind i mapapabUang sa parnantavan ng clvl I sociew ang lahat rig simbahan, pamantasan, med la, aT maging in9 m.ga,NGO mrs me, Kinakailal1ga!1 pa rit"lg ir~Oikipa,glaban <lAg lavunln at proseso ng civil society sa lba't
ibang Ibahagr

'na5Halayon at talagang turnutulonq sa p,ag,usad f'!g kalaqavan rig mga maratlta. At kahit wmtltulong ria sUa sa pagtupad 119 layuning ito, hi ncH nanga.ng;.=lhulug'a.ng naatiyon sa pamantavan ng post-mndernonq clvll ~otiety ang proseso n9 pagtup,ad

119' llpurran, H',indi tahat ng slmbahan, pamantasan, rnedta at NCO' av

76

Ii

RAINIER R. A.

IBi\RA

S,Ci. mga

lavun i ilg ~1O, Pt!.r.l sa kasal ukuyanq demo k:rat'ikong proseso ng pagpapasya,

pananaw

sa civil ,sptiety, rna,'halltlga /\119

Y

Paglhabantoy

so Pros'eson.g Dem-okratiko

Mahali:l"gar;g prinsipvo ng civil f,ociety ang pag papaw pad sa m9'a prcseso ng pakiklbahaql ng lahar na kasanqkot sa, Isang deslsvo n, MasQ_sal!:ii nattn na <i.rrg pro sesonq ito an9 ambaq ng clvi I society S~, demo krattsasvon ng 11 unan, $a. p katunavan, madalas nababdr1gg it sa NCO Code of Ethics al1g mga sal itar_g d iyalogo, !Jag kab u kA~-I Q ob at pa.g gal arlg sa ka p'W a. i!\ '. Ka.sabay n9 pagbabantay
pang rnqa lnstitusvonq katu lad ng parnahalaanar slbll, at hindi arbltrarvo, <ling m.ga pagpapasya, patl1pulilikang

sa sarll], blnabanrayan

d iin ng civll so cle ty' ang 'iha, ng p,agfleflegosyo L1paJ1r9rmiging lalo ria kung magkakaroon 'ito n!}

epekro sa buhay ng marallta. lsa sa rnqa natuklasan

konteksto

rig pag-aaral Iii Allan A.le:gfj~ 5;~

1'119 mga NiCO, hal i rnbawa, ay an,g

.,' pagpapah.al'8Jga ng rnqa NCO sa. demokra;nkon.g katanqian rig rrlga of!~a:fl,isasyong pampulltlkal ria. kanllang t1akak~wJnayan. Dah~1 sa tunay 1'1<1 paiJ;1;alaY<l ng NCO sa pagbjbi.Qlay'·k~pan!Jyariha,n at Hmay na pakikibahag1i, n<;lg!ging maing'?J ~tlg mga ~heliJsva I1-gpanripunaJl1g kaUllila.ra,il .511 mua 'samahang PlJiiltik.a~ n;";ll av an,lima'ng pagkllibw~~Jlgsa tal.ag<.!IFlg, pagtalima ~J m porma at nllalamen ng demo'kn'l,s¥;;..,4t]

119 rnqa INCO sa. patulov nil9.ng na tu rtmtar'.gar~ sa pri nsipynrlg ';isarlg tao is,ang boto, gaano man kaHit ng 50SYO, nlnurnan sa.pcndo rg kccperatlba, Sa kooperatiba, lbrnabaltk ang tube ng puhunan at stnistkap nat maka,tayo s·a,;%trili1l9
Makikita, rln ang demokraukonq
H

aspetc

pagtata.t.ag at pagtatdguyod

ng mga kcoperatlba

pondo nang hindi klnakaln

119gariid

n'll. lohlka

rrg pandaiqd igat'lg e-konomlva.

Sa puntong ito higit Ina lu mil Inaw ang defiflis.yor'll'1g civi I soc ieN hi lang b,ahagi sekror na non-qcvernrnental at non-proflt. Maymo n itong p'ag kilala sa sarilin'9. har'l9g<Hl~'H'l'dah i lang pananatlll sa. mg<l h~t'lgganang Ito anq nag'sis i Ibrng ambag n'9 civil society S<I proseso 1'19 demokrattsasvon, kunq saan <u19 direksvcn at proi.esb ng nllalavong ideval na Iipunah av hindi maaaring ang umilral na sistema I1:g, kapanqyarthan at. patiaJi!;;lr'~pi ang maqtakda, Hindi nagpapalamon ang rnga NGQ S'21, lohika ng kasalukuyang mga sist~ma ng pamahalaan at tlf;:go·s.yo kung kava r'naa,a,ri pa sUang mag karcon rig tUl1tLmgar~ para pu nahtn at paunlarlnanq kalag~YVirJing mga marallta at lba pang nalsasalsantabt sa llpunan.

ng

PogbibigQy-diin sa mga Scmchcn ng Kl1.rQn~wang Kapwa~'tQo 0 People,lsOrgcmi,zations bahag:i ng kasalukuvang pa.gtaJ.akay, rnahalaqanq ulltin ang halaqa ng mg.l samahanq nakauqat sa mga kornunidadnq karanlwanq kapwa- tao dahil ang k~nililng kaunlaran ang SUka"Uilf
I1g

B,aga.mah nabanqqlt

na anq usapl

ito saIkalimang

ng tagl,lnipay at kabiguan ll,9 clvll society. Maa,arling urnunlad Inga. ang kablJh~Yi:l.n at, kapanqvarlhan ng mga k.uaniwang tao kl,l(J9 nag:Gng mapanq-api Haman at dl demckratiko. ang kan i 1~1J19 pamamaraan at un r'l9 parnumu hav na kinaharrtunqan, masasabl pa. ring nabigo .ang mga kasapt 119 civil society sa kan iI'fng pag-ul1lad,
I'

lsa rin sa mga sukatan 119tagum pay nqcivllsocietv ,ang pagdami ng mga kasapi. At kung demo kratlko stla, isang malaki ng pwersa tto na maaarlnq maging san hi ng demokratiko rig kau nlaran, Ka,yl3, nga n i lalavo n, ng rnga, soc ial dsve lopment"agencieslalo na, na magi ng kapartner ar d r lang kllyenre aflg rnqa sarnahanp mula. sa kornunldad, Masa~abilig natupad na ang mga adhikaln ng social development ag.e.·ncies,kl(lng ang kal1lila)lg mgol kasarnahanq 0 rganis:lsyarl ay nakatarno na fig S u III usuntid na rtiga karanqlan: dernokratiko na.anq orqarnsasven I aktibo at riiray kakayanan a(lg mga I'idef,' r1ag.sa5arili sa ptnansva, at kava nang Pi.lIJnlar] n ang sarili sa pamamaq ltan ng paki klsangkot at paklkibahag i sa ibaJ19 rnqa sarnahan."

Ang mqa samahanq qantto arig lavunin rnismo I1g civil society. Hindr slla gfnagamit Jama,ng QApan_g rnakakalap pondo 0 -ng bote para. sa pansar: ling tnteres 09 rrrga pu I ltl ko 0 neqosvante. Ditto nagigirlg maharaga ang sal'fung "kaewa-tao".

ng

Kung ~IIIJ niad an9' ttti'rlg rnqa kababavan kapallt h1~Hpagk~pwa. hindi masasablnq may: pag-lln lad -

qagkils ay

I'Ig paqta

rIO'

IJ murong pa [lgll -

rig kakavananq

<log .l1i n~} bava

rI.

Awtonomiya mula
ng mga Karaniwang

SCI

mga AhensY[JJ'lg TagapQgtag:uyod n9 Pondo

Sa karurravan,

.sa pag paparakbo 11-9Kalip~1na n naqbabaqo a.n9 huboq fly mga NGO dahil sa pandatgdi9'~.n9 suportanp plnansval sa post-modernong rnga U s..J;ping katulad 1'19kababalhan, kapa.lig i ran, kapavapaan, at karapatanq caruao. lJpa.ng malwasan an!;! eli 5if1asadYQifiig pagkakahlJb,ag na ito,' may bahag i' Sa NCO Code of Elhi.c;s hinggil sa pa,kiklpag·ugnayan nlla sa. mg;3i,aheJlsy.HJg na,gb,ibigzlY ng condo. na
Hlndt rnalkakal la ·ang ha.laga fig pananatapl
kapwa-tao, lSinasaad ctte ang p-a·kikiba.nag.! rig: mg.a partner na ahensva sa mga lavurtin aJ~bajw~syon 1119' mqa prevekto rig NCO. Mahala.gang .ill1gmga lavunln ng NCO av n<l.ib.abatnag sa ~bang bansa d.ahi I. bukod pa sa pa,gIJa.p8Iawak sa abot-tanaw rig f

'mg,a ahensvang na9Popol1do;. p.agk.akat,aon di,n itong ipatupad ang dernukratikonq pagbabahaglnan ng lmporrnasvon at kayaman,ati. 5:01 ernamaqiran hg prms i pvc rng p
paklkibahaql (participation) na isang pundamenta] na patakaran ng mga NCO,

malKa..aasasfl.Hl9' maabot ang kanLlang rnga..lay'U nin,

Paglalagom sa mga Definisyon ng Civil Society sa Pilipinos

Sa daley I1g ralakavan .sa papel na Jto, lumltaw ang jJang pagpilpak.ahu IL'gan sa .-dvil society sa. PiI i pi nas, M~u sa kasevsavan '1g ko rrsepto ng civl I so(;ie~y, La mababanaaqan ang i lanq prinslp'y'Ol"ilg 9 Inagarn,it sa PiI lptnas: pag igll19- s~bll lsado, etikal, hindi burukratlko, hind i ~ang para S~ kapangyarlhall10 kavamanan, at an g
mahalaqanq papel n9 mamamavan sa pamarnahala fig' 5~flling huha.y, Hil1igy<.mg·

diln din ang pag marnalaseklt ng dvtl so-ciety sa rnga pam publ rko at un fvers<aI na usapi rig katulad i'lg kasarian, l<apa.ligira.l1, kapavapaan, at karapatanq pantao. Subalit htndl uusad .1.119MI society tunqo sa ffiga. ideyar na Ita kung hindi rT1 akikl paqbu klcd e
n9 pagk<likabuklod, mula sa mqa basenq harnggangJ sa pandaiqd i9-a.r~g rug.;! samatiang nagtatagIllY0d' 119mga.~,nlb~r$al na LJ'saping pantao. Tlnukovrln dlto LIng ha~ag.aI'lg malava at pantav-pantav rnatalakavan bflafi.g pamantavan Ilg c IVli,1 sccitala na kLlng j'hahambing ito sa kapanqvarihanq parnantavan 119 pamahalaan ar sa salaplnq parnantavan naman rig ekonomiya.

kcmen idad 119 mg.) kar.;mrW.1lflg kapwa-tao

ang bawat

tsa, Malawa.k ang sakop

,ery.

Bawat Civil soclatv avtba 4;1119 porma at usapin. May mga bansa ng<t raw sa Europa. na anq rnqa karaparan og mga havoc 3119 Illig it na umaabala sa.civiJI society, Sa Tsina, hindi pagaantl"119 kilaJa ang cjvil~ ~Qod@ty baga.man may tU.9Siis]mu~a nangl magmLlni u kol nto, Mahala9.a.ru9 1)1gya..i1g·diin kung gavan, 9.1"19 panq-ekonornlko at parnpamahalaanq konteksro ng civl lsocterv sa Pi1 plnas upanq h igil ria maki lala i 0l;1t'J9 rnqa hall1gg.an~nat kakavanan n~ sektor na ito ng li pu nan.
I'

Ii

PhUipplines. 2000jJ' bilang Konteksto

n9 Civil Society sa Pilipinas

An!;) provektonq panqkaunlaran Fig ka~alukuyar"lg parnahalaan, :an9 "Philippines 2000/' ay lbtnabanderang vutnpva ria 'Ell'Ig lavuntn ay maging 'kapa,ma,y an9 Plliplnas rig mga kapiNJah<lY n ito- :saAsya ..11nutupad 03;tl,g mgram?J. sa pama,magIt.ar] p ng pag~aaiok sa.mayayamal1g bansa ngmga insentibong panqkalakal, Kay~ madalas, Itlga: daYI:IJhaJi an.g naqtatava rig kapttal at tumutukso na ipagbm na larnanq so.!o;a'f1i:I'a" sa h igit na malaklnq halaqa, ang mg'a arlartan llr9 rnqa maqsasaka at malill it na

ne9.osyante.
Alin.s QJnod s-a ideyo 1 iva rig 9 lobalrsasvorr, oh
produkto

malavanq

.p·inapapasok

aflg

ng pagkawatak ng mga pami'lya,;;tV n,agigin.g alav s~ ~16balisasyoJl. Sunud-sunuran <log pamahalaan .. kung qavon, sa.dlkta ng rnqa negosy.or1g mu rti nasvo nal,
PCigkalkaug,at
,sQ.

ng ibang bansa kahtt n~gigin9. kakumpetenslva na si,Ia ng 'rng!llka.'utuhong pro d ukto. M;3.girig alii 9 po.gl i ka 5 rig m 9a man 99a9 awa .s·a iban 9 ba ns.a, na nag b ub~i'I~.a

Kulture

Bilang tugon sa hamcnu ito, nagpu ~on,ga,ng Hang kasap: ng civi l.society noong Setyembre I,99.7 at aa[cawali9 magkal.l,gnay na paksa ang binigya:n nlla I'l,~ diin~·alllg UI ke I, s-a P."aQ kawas ak ng pari 9 ku It u rarlg rradl sVo rig ba van at 'ang u kcl sa mapang'ala-gang pagpdP~un]ad. Ipinagmtang901 rig lIna<lJlg balwarte I1g civil society hahanq lstnusulo i19 ng i kalawaanq pangrrJatag.;Il.O!.nQl kaunlaran, at pareho, silang nakaugat sa lokal na ko rnu nldad. Sa pagdadH n sa lokal na lnteres IIrg karanlwanq kapwa-tao r tl narapatan ng civil sccletvanq id~yo~ohiya ngg'lobal isasvon, tumllltawanq kahalaoahan rig kultu ra sa panalilong hlnahamcn ito ng ip-,(l,ng mga pananaw sa bu hay. Hig~it na nag igi,ng mulatanq tao sa kanvanq sarlll kung

may nag ptl,pat~i!gkad sa paqkakatba nlva sa davuhan. kaya, nga sa harap ng panibagon9 ideyoloh iva ria .arig pag papakatao av sin USQJka.t sa pa99amit I1g salapl, ma~a~as a'n.gtuk;zong maqpadala na I,aman!) S'·<I.agos, a kava'v tum uto 'I dahil hindi'
maaarinp taFlggapi,rl "9 katutubonp kultura -iHlg pa,nlbagQllg ideyo~ol1iya. Napi,pilitan <l.llg ~allltu:bQr\g ku ltura, ku ng gayqn" na paqmu nihan ang ti.Hll!.¥ na sarili at kLJrlg arm nqa bang urt rig lipunan allg; nals nnang p'ilmuhayan
,~I

dahi:!: Sit harnon rag glob<lli~asyon. Duh;i't 'ito, sa i5.ang banda. ng !1l9<l. migr;ameng naplp' 1 Ltang mamuhav at maqtrabahosa ibang bansa, atsa kabHang. banda narnan r ng dayu~lang mga kapltallsta na nagpapaki tala 119 bagg ii'9. rng~ produktcnq tagapagdala 1"19bagong kultura, Upangl hm di rnaqlnq saboe an'~ kuhurallg ito, nfial,ayo!"l ng civil! .society na "malanqkcp 3.119 p<lng-ekonomlkong pamu rnuhay sa higlt na ma'lawakang buhav Irlg komu nldad at' maging i<atugma ito FIg pang-isplri,twa,i at panqkultu rang paqpapahalaqa [ng karanlwang kapwa-taol."

pn i plno

Na,papag·usapan

sa panq-araw-araw

In..a buhav

31lg

pagkapj ill I) i no ng ·tnga

KQlunJr:.m:m crt Pakilkfpagkup"1",,(j

'Iutcl ang IC;LV'i I sccietv S,.1 wal'arlg' paU,JImMggirJg p.agbibigay sa mg<l dayu han 119karapa:ta.ng gamiti'n ang 11'ka;s ka:yaniana:n ng bansa nang h,1 isinasaalanqna ncH alang .1119mgil i(a:llJtubong nananaha.n diuo. Ma:ha;~ag<l. kung gayo n, ang kcnsepto I1g "II:,Dmll'fJidad" at "habitat" sa Il.lSlll,p,ijn n9 civil society, Sa paqkakarcon ng ekonorniyang nilkalJgal sa ekolo'iilya, higi,l Il"Ia m p,mgarlgarag.IM <ling interes tlg mg~ k.mmiwang kapwa-tacn sa komunldad, OahU i'iinas<la~a,r19·.:IIi1lng oiln9 kan i Itlng kapakanan. magl!;OlIkanJDn dill 5i1;l 1'19umav na rnalasakj'lsiiI kalagayilr1 ng kalPallgirMl dan 11s Iltl. ang unaf1g maaape:kt uhan IIlg kawatan, pananatlll, 0 11J,~g-lJ n Ito. nlad
II

May mu!ngk:iJhill Nlc: nor rer~as. niilHmbaw(l, na gSOI.flg harapharapanq uri n9 f1~ ang pill Iklpagka!p~ljI -t 0 ang htglt ria rrHIJ.iawakan9 konteksto 11g lla'Q11en e'g0 5 vc." Iml FlU rig ka h ~ rln ng ASI an soc la~ In $t uW te n.a m Jg i,Mgka s 0 s yc a tI 9 mgalokaillit kOl'l1unidad sa 'Iarangal'l ng pang,a.nglalal<al upanq 11igit 11<1 mablyy{'1llgdlln ang pananaquran S~ kJJJJpaka,11all 1'19 kaiPiiI!lg'iran. At' ldinidlin nila na hh,dl r<lrl1iL.r1y teorva llng mga mungkah Ifig n,o. Napawnay.1Wil na r<lw sa. pamamaqltan ,ng p,aQeeksperimento sa II. I1gl luyar sa P liip,irUls. na h!lndi ,ng pwersa ,ng palen y ke krnang .ilr19 r1-i1y.didikt'iJ S,1Ipresvc rig I'rodu,kw Pa~a,gl flang hSiLn5jlkot .,!Illig ha rapha.rapatlg pakJklpagkapwa ng tao, nil istn,asa01lla,g-ala gl atn~ lllfl,ay n. paJlgallgailang( n ng tao, kararungan, kalatagillPl rig kom lIlI1ll:l'ad •• t kalus ugari rig kapa.~ig iran. _.,

ekcnom Vll

ling kauntaran sa '@ onORlIY.1l ku 9 rsasakrtp lsvo nlro .lng Maraming bans a, .lng! nawawalan ng kabu luhan sa buhav dahll kl.nail'l nil 119 salapl ang kan'i:lal'lg t'Uln.ayna sa,rili.Sm usukat na n I,t,aang sartll iH ang kapwa nang aven sa sukatanq ekcnormke. Sa kata,Pus~n fig nughapong pag!ii!iHl~1 sa ekollo'miya. najlwan silang hapo artalunan dahtlnallmutan na iI(1g kallg~yal1ang l3alew,ala

pagka,kapwa-tatl.

nararamo lamang sa. kandunqan 5 oUd Q r ido d

ng pagkakapwoa-tao.

Ktluhay na kasan g kot '5 a Kjj usan ng rngi;ill. karan j wang Ka.pwa-tao hind i Iam.ang j;lJig rnqa lokal ria samahan kund] ang mga lnternasvanel na kllusan na unti-untinq naqkakalsa at l1~gkakabLlklod upanq urtulan ill1g pMng-ekonoml kcwg globall~asyorl sa pRl1daigd'fgang amas. NaJ$ lpabatid Ilg mga kilusanq tto nil [ayun i n rig lahat allg pagilltas sa pandaigdig.ang kris]s, Sa ~kapang,i.ran dal'1ll kasanqkot nita <ling lahar: ma'gcng ang mg;a korporasyo rig multmasynnal. Para. sa ikabubutl rig I~lhat,kung gi'lyOI1, ,Hlg paggalang sa mga. lokaJ na korrrunid';:uJl ng mg'a kararnwanq kapwa-tao, Sa mqa lokal na knrnunldad rnatataqpuan anq mga IIleas at paruac rig kavarnanan nil. siyang sumasJngkap 'sa. k!1lul':ITuari.

Katl_.!Iad ng jstlng sandwich na iniipit a.ng Id1eyoJ,oh Iva rIg globali~asyon, n 1'1 1 a avo n n 9 IKII'ILlS ~U'l ng m,ga KarOlnjrwang KapW~Ht:Ii,o n a har-api n n an 9 pa iI a I Iman 9 sullran In,~ i'[o sa pam,;amagitan 1'19IOlka:1 p<lkUdba.k ng mga komu nidad. Il.abang rid Sfl1i.JSlJPO nahan stla sa lbahaw ng pang·iflt~masyon,al na so Ifdaridad ng mg<l Kilusan uogmgi'l Karanlwal'19 KajiJW~·tda. MlapapanslJlI sa ruga kom perensva ng m~Fl NCO <log mga. da.yullal19 naklkhsa sa. malalalirn fUll sullranlnq lokal at pandalgdig. Nllnananan tayong lahat sa hS!ll1g piarteul. Maha~ag,'iI.lfIg pOlKikr.sangko! IJ pang rnalutas al"lg pandalgdigaJl19 mga sullramn, IHinihilllfl9 rrg paklkisanqkcr na lto ,;ulg
pagUjHl,alaFlg·al;~mg, sa mga UHhlY na Poll1l9<!fHjaUolIngan ng

karan

iW{I ng lcilPWI:H.IO,

60

• R,M NIER It. A.

I &ANA

MeA
Anurew Arato lHld je,1l.f1 Cch'en. Civil

PAlATANDAA,N
:S:Q(J~ty .11'H;j PQJltjc<l1 TheufvU:ambri~1ge. Mass; MIT F'rf'~s. 199'2)

p.M.
i PoWles. Ilk 1,2. H::3. 3 St, T nomil5 Aq u It1 a~, SIJm rna Th~lagl(.1. I 'Z 'II" 9GA r. 4 h."garll <;erf;1f'10. Dn Ivli5o-m~w,(QI.l1!ZQ:I1Cit'i'; PhJli~pinlil ~ur;a,1 RHomtwrfloIl MOV~Il1I.!F'lT, i 9~H).1l S'I. I) jC1dJFtlnf (jf Oem ()(I'Il(y, Vol, 7. No, I U~m.ldtll" 1996). p. 18. G JlJl?rgen H<lbrmrra.s, trOlfl' , rredBrlcli L;;n,'I'rm('lI:. SmnTU/T1j Tl'i1fJsfO(m.uilm I)f ChI!' fJiJL1Ut:' ')ph~~ ~CJm lin1U{le, M~.!.~'I Mn rlru~. !9a9), 1=1_ i 9' ., JIlI1!'!I"'dl!, (IvfI5fJd€ty (Cambnd~l:'. UK; Pohty PtIllSS. 1995,. pi,

Ii pMlnp,'fle DolJiV Irrqillmf. NOli, 2.0, 1996,. IH). I, '. "I lhld., n (i,
10 PllliJflP)tH' I I ~b!l;J, D~ily inqIJifE!f, NUv., 7. l ~,96. P '3
1,

IO! IJI1J11f1I'ifJft :}j;ll~' Im/uJ;'t·j'. r~b. 21',1992,:Ii, 1 <11. 1~ 1~~~I'III.'F IlHln~" 'tlvi~ Socli:lI"" "nlli Hn: C~mmon L.i;Jud·,,mew .. , Ve,1 ~, Nc, I0 {(j~Wb('F I iJ'J4) " I ~ .~II;m l> !\II'gtt>, Tt1(tnds ill1d Tr,ldmofls. Ch,I/hmrJ";_ .~"dCI'!QII; "f.' II srr,uv(jj( Sill/clio' III' r'h IJ"I(.)oim NV!~ (QurlUri Uly: A!P.fU'O CQI'IIN IOF Socl .. 1 i'tI~ICV;lnd PuuHc An~lr\. "~·lIrlpplr!U·C;'U'h1ChJ 1111fF1.lnIt~~(lUFI I'~ Dt'v{jlopm~nl r'rt!.gr,lm, 1ss ), JlI 199, 1'5 11'11 P(l/lflCi1i !lrJer, Vol 'i. No, ~ (Quclon CUy ll'lltj'quh!' ror ~'OD.I~.,~ DmnCltrar.y, Novk!n~bvr'D!~('~mb~!r 1b Mytll8. J" AIl!jO, Mlina rlt'na i~~Iverll ,:md Nlli!1 Ino(eilClO P' V~liinm., lDd "~rl/;]o!rl!il rl~L ~hiIU: . !l!l.Idl' 1)1' A r!e.~loI15 m th~ L 11ewtJl/d I'Jf !loin ~1jd/o (Qy~cn DIY' ~1'I5Qtul@ r~ if'op[jl~r Dhlfnucra1'Y, 19%1 1"'1 Il~flj;lmli'l Tulll~a, P,"IIQlopml.'l1l Srudl~~ .lnd (hI! Qjl!:aI f"e,rSlJ~mfe LQU~l[)n. City; A\lmM d., M.IIIII~ [~ uoI"]oml{s DI!,I~,lrlmMI,199~j, j)11, '.l' ~ o, 1~ Juer'JNI HJb~rrrHU, rile Til Dry of COlJlmtJnlGlrlV~ MNtJIl Vol 2 !Boston: Be<!ron P'res~, 19l:L4i, I~P ~,

I !':1Sr.~.

H5-,
19 DavW Kortc!n, Inm r~e 2 IS[ CerHury ~ 'JIC·~H,",CL I(um"flilill PII'i1H, 1994). 20 R.aj€!sh Taf1 0,0 f) , CI ...II !.Clcll:!:ly a~ Ih~ nr~t S~C!CI, P,ar(idpartllV D~1,;'f'lorm{;!rri IMIJNo(t'~ Mo. [01' I !'Itern ill j'lll1 all OlIvelo;pm!!!n!, IUil\~ ALJgust 19911. pp, 1-2,
Z;!,

lSo~ I~tv

24 I-la.fil'l<lh Anmdl, On Revo/mhn INe\1,' '(ork: Viking Pr~~~. 1963), 2'3 Fr.Jm~w.c;rk .<ilTdOi./!lme fD~ a Po/rrk-iil pJiid:o--m of a Cilizenj·'AJff1TIJ'n~·e

2 I Alejo, at nl., ]bld •• P. I ~1 .2 l Nlraner Perllls, A;ssocl'HJVi! [cQllomic! I 99&}. J:). l2. 23 Haberrnas, ibid, PP. I, 18. ~MS, A:lIgll$tI99E)

lal.l~lOn ::ITy. [ert{lI;'t fo.r A,I£emJ(lve D"v~l()pmell! InltiJtiv"~,

Parry; Dr.ln

NQ, I (MOflQgfanh

","p, Habsrmas,

Hrld, IfP" 2. :I ';I 1, Ha!1. ibid. p. 341;. 28 Ju~rg~n Haberrnas, T"Il,~ Phriwopi'tYGII DisclltJr~es of M~de.mry [Cambridge, M.<\ss.;MI T Pre-sS', 198)),~. 305"·. ' 2g !luSJrl€HW'o.rld (HpL :20-1 2. ~996), p, :;" JO Habermas, The Theory of Commllni.cOiriw Actioo, 1J.11. 3,1 AlldrQ'w CQt'lz alez, FSC, "lJsing !hE'Grapl!loIfn~Cterui:'l'!!-Iy in Corpor.afll! Coml'i1!Hlica:t1.an, in Gloria S·,Ch~n Ang., ad., M.lfl~g~mem Cl;lmmUflic;J,[/oro j{l th!!! Global fta (Quezon Clty~ Atenec de Manila IJniversll'y' ,pre!;·:;., 1994), p. 201. 3"1 AleJo. et al., IbId., p. il' [iinlas, Lbid, ,~AAle~o, st al" lbld., pp; 81-f!3. 1S- Ilnd,. nfl, 89·911. ~6 ~r.:rmlw;':Qrf ;md OW/{fiP. r(lf <I PrWfp(';i' P'[.Hform of .. (j~~ulI~' Jr~ma~rv~ P~rl}"OJ8.ft ~Io. I (Mol"I~YI ph A ~ ~M'S, Augu,sI 19.961 '~7 IrD r'glnlcil~ Btle,r, Ibid,. p.5. '~for. AIL}jtl,. at 1i.1., Ibid, ·l9 Ph![ippIM Dally lnqlJln:r, F~b•.27, 1992. p. 4. ill) P~tdkJl5'i'I M~rcn··May 1990, (Ou~ZOrl (I"~'. PhUlppilfJi.! D v~lopmem NCO~ rar In!ern;uiomll om I.lrn~, 1990). p, I. ~·I Ibid., p, :? .,,~ tt!5ilf 11 ,"1i. Qu \llorl Ilr CoaIlUQf'll; A Sc II of n!!m~~ In C:oaIlHon·!3tljldl fl'i.J" mU~lOll Llty; I n5~itU\l~ .. 'IQ r Po pu I ;i,F "lOmei ern ty, Or 1i ,z. 4~ Ibid.. p, 7,

2i

n,

am.

44·.p~*i.ldisa No,o4 Third Quarter:. (QlH:~lOfli City:

1~90), p, 1

n.

.Pnilip'pin)8

Dp.velovme·nt

NCiOs

lor

IfltC!tfNHc-m.31

f.(Ir'lcern~.

45 Ibrd". p, 67. 46 Niels MuJd~r, l{1sJde 50lJ[he~sl' Ash {B<lngkok: Editions 47' Perl s, Ibid, a

48 The Righf

t(l

D{!ve-Iapment: COi1feiem:g

[)uarlQ Ka.mo,I, 1992}. p, 158. R.ft!)Ol't (C(l.l<lir]ha. Lagl,ma: PCHRD, I nr., I' ~1';}1 L iJ" 141 S_

~9 A~@[lr!',ib-d, p, I 18 .. S'D Pa9'hiilh~~fk:Ju I \1-$ ~IJte rnbe r 1989, p, ~_ . 5l "Civil 'S'QCi,etr' Declaration 001'1 GI{)i)allnitlotl" (Quezon Cily: Civil SocielV National cO.'1rf1r~·f'lce(Jon c:.r~'0rhx ~I?SlWnS'e,~Co C/{iliaIi20i.lioll, Atene.o de Manila ~Jnivenity, %pL 3-.), 19'96)" p. I, _5:llbld, . S'.~ !PD FoIWt:a,' Bri.p.f. vol, 5, No, 3 (QUl2.;:on Ci'ty: Ituml.l~e for Pr)(.Hllar!J.emouacy, NQ\.'~mb~l-l)ec~tilb~r
190;),5)., p, 5" ~A P8rlas" ibid, S,~·CI'.'il·Sotiety Decl'!I·.cUioll on ClabalfzO!!tion" '(QI~e.i(ih CiI.y:, .CNiISOLiNy NilJ.!OttJ.,i Coi'lfere/1t<'! un CrNt(v~ ;rMspan£~s to CJabailzaUQf'J. ;.\tenev de M,mila' Uni",e-rsity, Sept. 3-'1, I \hVj), p, 3,

0 __ 'C A ~ 5

D.

F RAN

C ~ 5 C_0

Building Civit Socletyof the Grassr,oots

The Philippine Community Organizing Experienc,e

Context of Co.mmunity Organizing

In 1'994; I was part of two distinct but lnterre lated pw(e~ses, At th e reqio n.<.I1 of A~ la-Urban Ru ral I\~·i.ss,ion (CCA"UiU .. cond u-rvtf~da V review of its work since 1989 .•.CCA-URM was a I~ey player ill rhe formation of the ecumenical trairnil~QI and o r'galniz i ng, program calted A$uan Com mrne~. for People's Orgdnization {AepO). A.CPO su pporred fc r manv '\f@ars what Was then the Phllippine ~C:limeni·ca.il Committee f'Or Commurrnv Or9'<uuizat.iQ n {PECeO) 'and si rnllar cornmu hit'( organizin-g (CO) proqrams in Asla, I n the process of the review, I was pan of ~he -evaluation team that vlstted i:U'fferent Asi'an countries and talked to ITI,lny orqanizers

level..the Ch riStiari Conference

',and soclal acuvtsts,

,.

At the nario nalIevel, I was a~S:Q pafu)f a 9 roup of y~ ul1g and old corn mun ity crqanlzers and deve lopment workers from the Agencyf()r Com rnun ity E,d ucarion ,.s~rvice·s (ACES), Comrnun ity Organ ilz i ng pf the Phi IIpplne Erue rprlse {COPE), Com.muf)fty Orgaflizing, Training, Advocacy and' Information Nerworh {CO~TRAlN}, PE.A.CE rou ndatton, IInc., K~ijsah<:m tunqo sa 'I(:aunlaran ng ,1(a!l.;IJYlJ nan at R~no HYI<l.1Il 9

Pansakahan, Philippine

Partnership

for Hre D~ve!()pmenLOf

Human Res,ources in

Rural Ar@as(.PhllDHRRA}, and Partnership forAqrarian Reform and R.ural Developmenr Services (PARRDS) who assembled for the' Rura.l CO ForI) m (RCOf'). The RCOF

:conduCled 'a ene-vear-aad-a-hai f precess 'of consu It.a.tions partlc i pated in by some 2~,ONGOs,whose wcrk covers 3,.000 baranqavs i11 'so provinces. Ttl'€: ReOF reviewed

ffle state of the an: and. state of theorlzlnq rural areas.

Both review proce-sses reexamined

ofcrqanialnq

worl\, partlcularl y ln the

the context

and larqe r social canvas of

comrnunlty organiz.rn9 wo rk and identified kev tre ridsand th~ir i rnpltcattons, These
glQb:aI, Feg io nal and domestic chanqes arecomplex and varied. Hut there .are key tre-nds which ·~_re most relevant to the 5 haping Of th e. terral 11 of ru ral cornnlLm ity organizing into the' 21 sr centu ry. Borrowing heaV.i.ly from the res uIts of both the CCAURM and RCOF review processes as well as the "livin-g discuss ions" amo hg the man}! organizers and develo pment workers r the; following trends seem to be i rrev~rs~ble yet open to the P015 lbll ity that htthertc seco ndarv and less obViOUS factors may become cructal at some future time. .

PHILIPPINIIE DEMOCIl.ACY A'GENOA Ci ....I Sod e:ty Mak in9 ,Ci....Sodet.y i iI

84

ii

OS(;AR. D,

FR.A N CISCO

Globalization and RegioflO/hr;1tion

The process of qloballzatlon (and reqlonaltzation) is driven ever more rapidlv by technology., especia~ lv of teleccmmuntcattcns, and by flnanre and trade. The dominant players a,rethe tra ns Iltltli 0 na! comoratlons (TNCs.) rather than the natil)liIal states. Still, some cou rttnes play-a more- dominant role and bel~eHt more than others. Also, there 'IS a "changing fate and color of capital" as A? ian TNiC$ other rhanjapanese compete more actlvslv with TN.Cs,frorn Nort'h Amerlca and Europe.

Global lzatlo n and reg io n.1Hz;atlon tend to undermlne the notion rha't the nation"

state isthe main integratil1g lnstttutlon and locus of power. ltalso forces nattonallsm to redefine ltself if it ls to still playa pro'gressive role. Co mpa.red to. the. TNuand
eco nornlc institutton 5, the reg ional

stru-ctures

tor

stares

and civil society are: I~ss

developed,

The pressu.re and strain on local and traditional

erable fromthe central state, will ccntl nue

to

communltles. already consldmcrease because of -glob'i'I~z,[1,tfQn.

Whule:r:-ommLmitv organizers co nf nue to· emphasize work In local communities, they need tcassrsj the-latter in bu'ilding the capacity 'to understand and respond to globalization" Unlike previous decades when the focus beyond 'the 101:;<11 mainly" was the national.
regiona1)t national.

with the local-q lobed !i nkaqes

future focus must tnel ude both national arid 9 lobal }s:tartlng Wii\h

nor

necessanlv

mediated

through

the

There, is greate.rtHzed to build tip national and r~9iQnal networks !)f chaflge:' and practical cooperation among cornmu r-i.lty org;<lr'lizers, lncl L1dirlg th'e development of qational and regFol'lal platforms- of action,
I:

ex

Growth .f1!ong the NIC Model

Rapid economic growth r ~:specia"y industrtatiaatron, IS predicted to cont] nue i 11 As la,.especially lEa.st As la, Southeast Asia and China for at least :th~ next decade. Whatever the pol itiical svstern i n i ndMd ual countnes, the @CQrlo,mic 9 rowth nlCld~~ is capitalist and therel swldespread elit'e consensus en the de~lr<\bil itV' of thls model. This mnda] accepts that growth is uneven and ii1eq unable, althouq h '~corlOmists. 'lrgue that rapid and s'teadY'gmw'th reduces the n urnber of those who are ~bsoltlte'ly poor. Anothe r crltlcal point is the sacrlftce of tile- environ men! and questions .cn 5w,stainabiHty of this tYpe of ~rowt'h.

WI1rHe th'en~ is on what ltsstranqth

consensus abo ut the desirability of the NIC model, there i s.debare reall1y fs,.sohl~.argtle that it prove-s the wisdo m of openl tlIgLIP

the national economy to the gl.oba:1eccnornv, and apvoC.!I'te structu ral &dj ustmsnt programs (SAP's)tli,at downplay tile role of the state: i:n the economy, Others- argue thaf 011 the co ntrarv, Nrc.:; succeeded because thev foli~owed the path of "stareassisted capitaltsm": hence, th~y want 'to maintain the r!2latjcve stre.ng,lh of the rl?ltiqnal
state vIs-a-vis global and domestic
trnpltcatlons? New challenges market forces. for workers as TNCs

Integrate their operahoir~

across borders' and governments compete in lowerl rig labo r and erwlronme:Mal standards. EnviWtTm'E'!fl! and development wm be. a more lrnportant issue ~5pe(I~.ily 1i'l power-gene ration projects and h i,gt1ly pollutant industries, Th'e"e will be more rapid rural-to-urban m'i.grratiol1 andthe gro,wth of megacrttes.

The.Philippine

co E!lpf)rr~n~ • 85

the rural e<;ol'lo,my. and the farming communities.

growth tends to sacriflce a.gricuhlUt, Food security Is al readv a d lstlnct iSs.ue. indigeno us people and COfI'H1UH'l ltles d raw more <lHemi,orl not j ust as victims but as sources of alternative visions of developmem. The current domlnant mode! of eeonornk

Communities

and Movements in Trans.it/on the prlvtleqed and as the inte.graling cap,:a,cifY' of the narton-

As the dominant model of eCOtlOlflic growth tends to nomogen'tu

u.pI'er ane-th Ird of the population ?tate weaketl~; local co mmunltles will react in two ways.. One is W assert primary iitren'UtioE!5.etnnlcand re Ii9ious, withli',n n~tio nal herders. The other is to identify With transborder ldenuties, again rnaln l\ieth nrc and relig lou S'. These are both vulnerabte to exploltation by political leaders who chan nel them to fundamentallst and sectarian positions. It ma.yinclud€; a whnlesale rejection of secular modernization, since the. dominant growth model is itself flawed and acccrnpan ied by erosion of community and an lnereased ssnse ofdlsernpowerrnent. Social and political movementsthat two decades are 'Un·der.goil1g reerientatlcn
t~i'ld to interact with these movements, community organi7.:ing, The .twa challenges for com rnun ltv organlzers are: tQ tap the resou rce5.of the non-qovernment or9anizadon-p(wph~'s organization (NGO:rO) ccrrurrunitv Jrld other lnstltutlons of clvtl soctetv ln the se rvtce of larger co mmunitles of res istance, empowerment and solidarltv, and to dtalogue.ow'.i-rh other r~li,giiouls'faiths and secular ideologies towards wider ecumenical co'mmunitie$. The communitv organizers' network itself 5 hou Id be part of these commun lties of .sol Ida;rrty, have butit U!P their capacltles ill the past and reco mpos ltlon. SincE!. Qr9ani2~tu'ons the debates, drsortentanons, divisions en

the gne hand; and renewal on the other. are necessary contexts

of the ren I.'!: wa. I of

Democracy and EmpowerTtiimf

The dominaru gr'owth model tends to be authcrltarlan pbl ltlcs, not necessart Iy tnthe, form Given the hig h-handed press ures fro m 'the West. "'culwraJ speciflcltles" on the issues of human (be pluralism accompanied by vanartcns of of outrlqht rnll ltarv dlctatorsn] p. there is a defensive recourse to. riqhts, democracy. and related

development issues. Wh~Jethese: are also self-servlnq,

they touch on a valid point:

addresses also

of models of democracy and development. The issue of pluralisrn the q uestion of mi norlties and m] norltv rig hts,
CQllS

sectoral moverne nts a.s part of the strugg IE: fa r' dernocrar!c governance. The 'doubl~ char~etige:~ To de,~pefD democracy; from resistance to n,ew forms of partie] nation, especial IV In post-dictatcrsh I p states. And to democratize the dev.e,Ii;::ipm:er)'t process Itself al t'ne' local, national arid re9~onal I'eveb .. ccmmunltlesand

COs and d~veh;l pment workers have

idembl~

achisverne rrts in empowe ri ng

Mil itarlzation still an issue especially in some countries, and rema i ns <I problem ifl 'the re9noll as CI wbole wr,HI its, j ncreased capactty for arms build-up,

is

Altemative Models cmd Transition Strategies

and nationalism,
The critique of previous· altel'lnative mcdelsof develcprnent, espec ially social ism does, not me .an that alternatlves to the. dominant I11Qdel are no

g6

• OSI;AR D. FRANCISCO

lonqer !1e'eded
mdl visions, need to explore

'01'

pcsslbte. 1r1fact, there is more need today to deepen and

rMew

envlrcnmerrtal movement and women's rnevements about pciwe:r, hierarchy and sustatnabllitv. There is also
inccrpc of the

rating; the insight:5 espectallv

national,

subreg iorral, regional. g,~obal.

such alternatfves

at" more than 0 (Ie (usually

.'

national)

level: local,

Even more important, while: the rnodellnq process is ongoing., is fcr transltlen strateg les to be 'laid out: Beyond survival and reststance, ro englage In debate and ne.gDtiate with the dornlnant powers and their projects-and to dsrnonstrate \/ia.bJe'
alternative prograrnsand structures at different scales.

Constant

to both Is' a renewal and nourlshrnent

of the spirit and of ~{)c;ial

clarlty

is fraught with problems and challeng~es.and and consensus on alternatives have not y,et appeared on the horizon.

elll~.rgtes, since the. transition

History of CQmmunlity 'Organb:ing in the Philippines.

NGOs 'rumbling w~tn their dh::'~ator$hip"te.su:d and 'i ngrOlirfied basic: assumptions

The new sltuatien

brought

about

by the EDSA uprising

in 1985 saw many

of

work anti vision. In the reflection process, community organizers began to seriously rethink their dlrectio 11 and methods of work. TI16y became ksenlv -i nterested in

exploring the possib: lities of.the civil secletv paradigm as. an analytical and practical
point of dE'!parture.

Beginnings (1912~ 198-3)

The in lttal or9anr:z~ng prog rams of Pli'99 resslve NCO;. were sl:J~pe.d by two i nterrelated facto rs: the particu iar context of 'the 'Phiii ppines under a d itt<i.toi"ship. and the parncutar consciousness aboutstrateqles fur resistance. and tr'ansrorm.;l'ti"cirr in the ruraJ areas, Becau.se ofthe repressive context whlch took an iru::reasingiy rnl lltarl snc form hl the rural areas; NCOs. adopted what they called "st lent and solid" tlrgar,dzi ng. TI1ris: approach was also influenced by the strategy that dominated the consctou 5f1~SS of the popular movement against the dictatorshlp, name.ly, thee' nat[QI1,Ji1 democranc
strategy.

that prevailed among NGOs and partner orqanlzatlcns

Hence, aJtholJgh NGOs limited their prog rams to non-armed struggle., [Iley were. influenced by the calculations that open confrontations. and negotiations with the authorltles could not he adopted without grave risks. Also', slnee the basic structures of the s,ociety and the macro policies of the gove rnrnent were biased

aqainst the poor; NODs d~d not see:.manv possibilities

irrthe well.-b.eirig of the rural communities

for mo re stable. irnprovetnenf

throug h mlcrcprojects,

Hnallv, in ~i ewlth the corrsclou s n€S$.·'thatthe mostpresslnq n problem w<lS the eJin1ln~tion of the dlctatorship and tile establishment af democratic rule. NGO~ gave emphasis to helpl 119bu~~dthe people's cap<lcirW 'to. resist the d.icUHolf'~hrpand to participate 1n the P9titical process of dis lodgit1g it . .A1:though not exp' icltly aruculated, the i mpl tctr understanding, was that soejoeconornlc transforrn.:l'hon WOJlJld happen only- after the state shall have been transformed.
1

111 so far as "Left" thin I<:i fig

bias of dorntnant

was at work it [s safe to assume that the "statist" Len paradJ]gm$, also lilllnu.em;:edEhethiWl kJng 0 f many NGOs in

varying degrees.
Tronsi,tior'l 1 (1 9B3-1 9'86)

Even before the. downh~11 o,f th~edktatorshtp, scm1€! shifts ~n 'thin king with I n the. popular moveme m affec eo manv NGO:s. E\t'en gr.lntiflgthli'. repressrve characre r
oftlle regh1'11!, as tlH~renonhe PQnlbmty iIlIU~ Ineces~Uy for developmg andassertlnq w op n legal struggle, even on ruralis-sues? This W;t"5 understandably expressed wHhm 'the paramete:rs of the repressren-res! tance p1rogram, bU't iE carried the s~e:d~ of'" future paradig rn shift.
Set:ofldly. because of the broaderHng and deepen,l i1g of rheanrl-dktatorshtp movement, qUil:ulons. about alterniuilves w,e.r .posed within tlH! popular movement. ~d~tlisabQLJt Q, "transition mi)(ed @,coelncmyN .'JJld (h~ role of POs and NCOs (,i r'(LII,ned

together wilh debates aboLl1. pluralism and (0' 1I'II~'iofl. Some clusters of these ldeas, w ,lfe assodaEed wllth ~l1e concept of "populzn de-rr:H~'c ~ '~t e labe rate do n [h e remr (III re "e 0 r pee pJ'1!: po WI;\!r w h iI: h rn u s t be Filley. insUtuflonallz d and made Jperm3J1I'I A50lldefrom the traditio nal centers ot pews r 1I'il"[' ~Ikethe gov@.rnn'lt!I1( (If'Id politicall parties, there i5, ,jI need to create non-qovern menr

structures that enable people to exerctse aower over their affairs as well ~S' .~On· party org,aniza\i.ol1s (p'Mple's 0l19aniz;UIQns as ve~lId~~ for people's empowerment, These addrrtlonaJstructure,5 and mechanisms mus~ be developed to enable the majority of 'the people' to exerc lise dtrect democracy.
i

Trans~tjon2, (1' 986-1 989)

The s 11fts In thin kl I1g ~q:eh~'r.lled. but aha gQ[ co nfused wlth rhedramatlc r changes In the political c.on'text or (he Phillpplnes withthe deoarture of the d-eposed
dlctaror Uri 1986. NCOs,

~rlstitlniom and pro'g:r-ams horn durin'9 the yean of repression had 'to

calculate the "democratic: space" that. opened UP. its. poss,ibllili@s and its llmlts. In addlttcn to the overall "natlonai" cilh:tdation" nrol'lg;ry fnfilue:nc.:,eq by the expsrtence on Metro Manila, NGOs had to take' into aeceunt rhe unevenchanqes in [he rural areas where -l.tH~Y were pr~sent. In some, new spates, Q pened up; in others. the space became even more constricted. of the earner rno mentum of dis,c:ussions about popular democracy; ;;I!ndcoalitlon. some prog.n~55ive NGOs were able to ddil11!! their new dlrectlc ns inr:he n'E!W'sttuauon, Still, because
mixed 'economy. pluraltsm, However, It Is safe to, s",y that ,in HH~'U1!iiflSftiQn jiertod, different idea~ belo ng~ng to differe,nt paradigms coexiHed in many· COs. One reason is in the nature of lransililoru, The. other reason was the uneven d,ev@io'pmer'll OIn'lO ng NGO,i, areas, flnd person nel that cou Id be addressed only evera 10rlg process of consultatlons,

debates and recrlenrat I'on.

N GOs and ShlJl.ttering Orthodoxy; TowQrds: a Poradi'gm Sh~ft

I n the last years of I gaos. several eve-nts onthe homefrcnt and overseas helped brin9 into focus the reexamination bel rig undertaken by NGOs 011 their paJ"adigm. Mos,t of.th@s~ events had the effect of puttl ng under questlon many, of lhei'or~hodmdes" or h)ng-hel.d views which domi flared the popu lar movement. Flirsr" there waHhe fall ot scctal i st but authorltarian regimes and th~growlng clarnor for democracy and peaceful settlement of armed conflicts III EISalvadoratld

South Afrtca.
numerous

Second, there was the resi,l!Ie'l1cy of the Aquino administration COli p attempts,

in

the face. of

Third, there was the raising of the envtrcnmental alarm in the last ha.lf of ttie. 1'9805 and th@ challe nge this posed to deve~'opmf:mt models.
vein; certain trends estaolished in the. '<tst halJ of tile' intofocus basic assumptions about the relatlonshlas between state formation s.and civil wcie.ty, between political revolutions and soclal revolutlons and between nature and AUman s-ociety, The lasr years' of the 1980$ have b€!erl 19805 have brought

In a. more rheorencal

described

as a lim@ of Unexpected
orthodox

upheavals,

It tan also be described

,

as a had,

season 'for long-held g!obal dev.elopment,

ideas about human society, the @·twi·wnme·m alld

Sased on the r@flections upon their clumul~tiveexpul:ence·$.ll,hdthe idea.H~at generat.ed and cl rculatec amOl'l.g·NCOs, th:e follow! 119 key po i ng ccnsntuted the,
paradlq m .sh lft:
I. ill ke other .soclal movements that place a prlmarv emphasis on lac~1 5elf, help action by communltles, NCOs 100 k at the relatlonsh i p of state and "civil society" in a different Ilqht. Unlike previous dominant Left thln kJil'lg that, ga,ve the states power aha Initi~tiv@ ar' overwhetmlnq pri maey i n nne transformauon of societ·~I. NGGs place greater Ijr'nponanc€i on the forces, structures, and if] ltlatlves of nonstate, non-pohttcal party movements In civill society;

:2, Regard ing the state itse If. NGOs. are explo rl ng wh at to mol natlo 11 of approaches and s'lrugg:les for lts transfcrmatton are pcsslble, with bias towards peaceful settlement of armed confl iUS and lnterventton i n the terratn of electoral stru9'gle to transform
it;

3, The ralsl rig of' the envlro nrnental alarm ln t'he last half of the '1980$, the In.abil.ity of rich nations to arrest economlc recession and the precarious, economic growth of llIewly lnd ustsiallzsd nations have show n NGOs the crucial Ilnks between economic development and the envlronment, ArI e;cologically S ustal nable economic growth has become for NGOs an i nteg ral feature of pecple-cente red development;

4. Chanqes ln the irnrnediate suuaucnot rural communities (quantttatlve and qualitative) can happen even when the necessary macro chanqes are not ·quite In place. The ta5~' Is to e;:<p1tire atwhat level or scale such changes can be ach leved, with potent-ial impact, natiooally.
organiz·ations and political tendencies, future democratic alternative; arid.

5', The recog nltlen and co nsistent sracnce M coahtlnn po-Iltlcs among different both at tile ground. level, and as part of

OJ.

6. The Integration

of

mternauonal

linkages and partnership

in NCO

strategy,

~ol.h SO!.Hh-59DJthand Nqhh-$'o-uth,

Current

Efforts, in CQommunity' Org·gniz.ing Wor,k

tn the last Ta years
I

have been alid formations. Whereas, the po Iltkal terral n in: the Marcos years was dominated by the co Iitl(<lJ, , .movements, the p·ost-EDSA tlmes can b~ characterlzed by the: ~ha.ri rbg of le.g i{:irnacv and political space among prcqresslve ponttcaiand social movements. Notably. there has b-een the process of the NCOs' e m~r.9 ing h,d@[:J€!ndem.:e from poH!ica~ ·tno:veItH!nts, not. [ust In buildl rig their own capability but also in charting thei r orientatlcn and strate.gy,
social movement

catapulted to a positron once so lelv dominated

frontl i ners such as NGQs.

by po Iltlcalpartles

At present, there is a lever of un ity and clarlty among a ~aFgesection of the progressive movement of NCOs, POS.l and non-party politka~ moverne nts {NPPMs} in the strategy and tactlcs 'Of deb-ate/dialog1ue-negotiatejwor-dina.t:@·wi,h .governrtH~ni Whlle mai'rHavning their indepe ndent WC!F'k·<lindcrfhctl-I stance towards tne laue rs growth-ar,l@med deveiopment st rat eg.y. 5 cone' usjcn is be.i119 made w·i th 0 ut de:r.ryingthe asserrlons of the rnoverrrent that mereare NCOs, flGs·, and coalitlo n s which have adopted the political strategyof ou~tright ccllaboratlon or total oppcsitlon

nli

vrs~a-vis gO\fem merit.

Through what '[hey call "cornmon-prou nd p.olltfcsJI :tlui~ secuo n ofthe prooress ive movement are dEve lopin~rtheir capacity and power from th-e baranqav to provincial leveilsand are lncrsasinq 'their advccacvwork GHII macropohcles to create new spaces and win more ten<lJi,h s of sUugg le wh II@: astening the, formLilatio tl of· alternatrves at h 'the local, regional and globa.1 scales.

Ro:tienal e and G oo ~
Each commu nilY'organ iien- has is/her own reasons - varyrng from the mundane and practical to the lofty and ideallst - for going intothe exclnriq world ci'fcommunity organizing. However, as a collective actlvtty, co rnrn LJI1:ity ofganizi ng is essentially conce rned with ernpowerlng socletv's marqtnallzed sectors. ln the watershed TaOiS'anConferences of 198S·as well <IS in the recent Nanonal and R~gjC!n,\I Rural co Conferences, community o.rganlz~r:s from around rhe (OU rmy defii'jed therr 903.1s as empewerlnq '[he: people and building relattvelv permanent :Slrw;llJrE;!;; of people's power, TO.the latter-dav qe 11eOFati on of .cOs the empowerment ' goals of (0 mm unity .9rganizin9 are almost axiomatic. But this was not so 1>11 'the 19605 andearly I 970swhen communltv 0 rg~rlTzi rig as a t@chnQI'ogy was JlI!>! startl ng to be developed, At thaft time it was: not so clear how and if, for installce,a, cornrnun ftis stfl)gg le for :access 'W safe drinking water cou Id and shourd be related to how po I itlGti and eccnomlc power are ergantzed in the commun [tV. Ncwadays., for example, to [u n a successful tradin9 cooperative, small farmers will also hay:!,! to comprehend and consciouslY contend w~th power network ofthe t:rade rs and mrddlernen. Power, in other words, is notan incidental framework of cornmun ity orgahizing in the
I

me

19'90s,

'

gO

II

OSCAR,

D. FRANCISCO

(PARRDS). we

At the Partne rshi p for Ag rartan IR@form and Rurdi~ Deve.lopmellt Se rvices see the accumutatton of po weir by the people through concerted <leo lion as the process that 1I0k$ the major g;o,aJs ill community orqanlzlnq, which are arne lloratlve, emanclpatcrv and creative. ,Amel'corathfei goa.ls address loW hat is 1m· medtate, direCl and recuperatqv,e~ - In 'o~her words; provlslon of lire's essentlals:
me re often thannot 'these are ~h,e most "feh needs"

ameli'oration i& madaquate. and Uus IS, why community orgal'lizh19 must also promote procedures, mechanics" stn.!tW!I'e's and V.l'I,IiJ~~f cie.mona,(y and critical ~lhoug!l1t o and practlces 1:l1a1bring OU{ the ,autonomous and crEd:tive in people. These 1JJQ cornmunltv organillng's em1iiil'lcip,uory gcalls. IFi.l'l,ally.,!:ormnunitY orga.ni,zing should alse becraarlve in buUding al~e::r!ili!it i:ve,~oc~a1hmnatio ns to :Uablliz'e the gains and ben~fit~ 0,'( the pe.op,Ie:'s,work tOlge'UlI!!f. even as, rradnrc nal seen I fonr;iltiOl'i> ill11! slowlv being Uilrlsfor'med 1'0 he .more 'fi1£!I,eVoll'1l't nd responstve to [he people's mH!(l~

of theco mmL.mity. 8,u~ rnere

and asplrartons,

CO App'roachcs PaFlh:ipant$ tn the Nattofllal Rur. ~CO OOll'llferen(@ In May 1994. as 'lh!!jI s.t:lllJ~d work experiences and tr:aded hulg'hu, v.alidau!d .111 irf~porr:ant observatlon 'made during th~ 1985 T-aglsan conferel1c'i!s :arid rhe 1989 Tagavtay gathering of CO practltlcners: there are two drst~iru:t apprQ~d'u!!s to comml.l!'1I'ty (lr9~1,11 iZ~lFlg; Thes~ ire the scclc-eccnornlc projllict ilpproach and [he issue-based approach.
I n the fi rst, the CO proce5,~ be,gin) by d@'ve,loping projacts such as appro~ri!lte tedulOJOQlY, health, s.avllngs ,moblli:zau~or'i" 'etc. The objec(iv~ of rh ls approach ~snot only to make the pa.ITijci~pants .aWaJ,IF@of the value of collective action (!iuccess In th~ project relnfo rces this) but also For the projects to lrnrned late I 'I( be ne'flt th~ parttclpants,

IF'I the ioSS IJ~-base'd approach, d:lle CO ptccess b!'!gl ns by address i rig orne most widely felt problems in the comrnunt Y'ihkh (,QuId range from pO,or water suppll' and lad crf acce:ss to he:,al~hservices .io. low prices of farm prod uce and ImJust tenancv relatlons and 1~lI1dmonopclv, . Commun tty org,anizing i:sa pn)0I1'S:5 of ccnstant i nnovano 11based on Ilearnings from actual-expertences, 'fhro1!l.grhthe vears varlaticns to the twoapproaches have been ,evolved by COs and d'~vel'o,pment workers, Although variations. the approach~ sHU adhere te the bas~( CO plT"~ndlP'kes.IjilroCE!;s,ses., and methods: (1 ) TI1,at[he constant basis of organizing has. always been the need to promote the process of p@opl,e's empowerment in 01111 '5p.Ae:f!1!S- pol]'He:al •.economic, cultural, etc. Wiltho ut pe,ople'si empowerment, espec!O!lly at the grassfioots level (loGII cornmumtles and bask sectcrs), any cemmltrneru '[0 dernocraiiza'Hofil and development will be formali:s.tic; and hollow: (2) 1R~~yingn Ilessons I'~ilimedIWmrna:~mQ$·t twenty yeaf$ of organi2~ng o and tralnlnq experiences \he bastes of ttH~ Qrga.nili,l"Ig precess do 1'10t change whatever the political situa.tilln m~y be. One starts with local tssues and felt needs, and develops local leaders and (n9'i,H1IzatIQl1os U~m,ugh the learnl rig process of mass struggles'; and. (3:) Throughout the ol1g'anlzing Iprocess. one employs the. methods of the prog ress iVI! c,yd t!: of i}ct 10 rJ ·r;efl,~c t i'OlhlC Hon and tons, iOiJ sn es s- ra 15iI'Ig t~1 ug.h ro €I)( pe rl ern Ial Ie:arnlll'lg ,

J,ssue-.based Organizing
The issue-based approach means organizing tlJe most number of people, based '~tHO"mmon Iy'-felt problems, IBecause commu nity otganiz~rs were constantly be i 1'1'9 h:anls,sed or arrested durrng r-he time of the Mu(o.s dtctatershtn, they adopted .1 "~fliwbut-sure" approach to lssue-basedorqanlalnq. Here, the: CO bu,llds "cells" or groups" of eomrnltted lnd lvlduals before going into rr'la~.s mobil lzation an.(i oig.anizing of the Iarqer community. Today, jSSUJE; development is still an i rrip'mlaht parto:f the CO process. On Iy thistime, forn-llng the cell s or core grow ps is 110 ~()nger ~ prerequisite· to mobilization and to forming ttle ccrnmu nity \,llganl4:ation ,. Very r'lfterirtly. some NGOs mad€ a breakthrouqh in .anotherrnethod, Thi$. is the strategy

"~'lJro

of'fo[using

CO

Or!

3,grariatl

reform (staning with laird ten!) re improve-me nt) and

Sec.tof,'ol Organizing

r@mblnii'lg in:dep~ndent actton with alliance work.

'w

,clalm·,m?-kingor as startl rig polnt of a: soclc-eco ncmir project. Wh He emphasla] ng rk iilJflon~ local cornmun ities; this approach is linked up with 'the concern to hel p bullda national sectoral movement. This approach also pays distinct and inte.gral ,attention !O women and gender relations.

tQ"Cu:iing on thelr particular

SectOral organ izing I;; zeroing tLnon spe.dfic sectorls in the comrnunlty and issues and concerns and developing these either far

Cropline Organi:z:ing
This is similar to sectoral or9~nIK.zing, but it tarqets small farmers. producl rllg .~he'same, (nips (i.e. rice farmers, coconut farmers, etc.). Cropline organizing is PSl.mic.arJy econc rnr,e,a,iiy strategic stnce. it could create. -a potel'lWtlty strong' arid c6!!Wterba:lal1ce from the barangay II) p to the national (~nt.er to the ag ricultu raj
trtadrng blocs or cane Is wh rch hi nde r Q'e n u inl:! ru ral dsve Ib p me ill, Strang O'~g'anizatklrlSand federations of small croptlne fanners' org(.l,IITzalJ(ltls.and ~,oo,p'Hatives will also help promote .stro.n.ger rrnka.:9.e.~ between the urban and rural p.o,Cfr.se cto rs.

From Income~GenerQting Projects to

S{Jstainable

Soc:io-ecQ.nomic Projects

One of {he goals of coml1uH'Ifty orgar"dzil1g is to build structures, processes, m~thoGs and, values ..that promote ,Ilberatlve relations not 'on,ly politically, but aha e,;:'ohoOilical.ly. Early socto-econornlc work in the form ·of iru:ome-ge.liera:tirlg projects we r~ rna in Iy d,ire cted at p rov I'di1'19irn med iate re lie fo r arne Ii6 rat in n, Til is n 0 Ion 9 er ,suffices to push for CO's emanclpatorv g~als. RII.rr'a.~cooperanves a'nd POs enga9~d In socjo-eccnomrc work now have to a,spi reto buUd their proj~c-b; up to a level that could provlde more benefits to rnernbers and impact on exploltatlve relations In the community {L.@. ndercut the influence of usurers and traders, mcreasethe bargaining u power of small fdJme(s tnthe market, erc.),

Soci·Q,·eCOflOmic· projects with these objectives need long-term plans and strat'~gieS:j capable and committed manaqers, outside linkag'@s, to open access to resources andtechnotoov, and orqanlzattonal mechanisms and systems to promote partic;i"patiorl a~ Wjlill ,=iseffi-cj.@f1cy.

II!

OSCA'R

D. 'FRANCISCO

CD in Il'Ifefl!ro~ed' Ar,e,o Development

Many NGOs and P05 are now starnnq to pursue this track. and in many cases, wgl~ther with go'VemmNlr in trip,~i'tIte afJr.ll:lIligtHm~ms. Int"E:grat~d area development
M'~a
0'1'9<111

as a ~,rilH!gy 90es by many names: sustainable integrated

community

g.-oLJ nd-level changes ...... p,oH!mTal IrtripilCt on narlonal structu res and precesses, lrh Th esc chan ges are: not depen deli'll on rOl.cUca.ll macro level c h.u~ge 5 but 011 (he accu m 1J11i!L'llOnol Qua.llliltl,vl! cha"q~si.n he reJ ticlls all d s tru ctures in small cOlllig LJO co mrnun ttles hnked bv a.common resource base and market poles and in by 11istoflcil~ltn-adH ronal cue umstances. Co mmunuv 0 rglilfll,llingl hal 'f3!CI~iliites thti! 'fo,rrrnlitlon Q Fpeople's org~mlzatlons and leaders Is a crucral cnmpenent 0.1 th,e I.nleg Fined al'l~il d~vJe'apm(HH S'lr'4tegY. Socio" 'eMomic work nd effe,cniv8' resource mobl'llzatmo and ma,tl;}gerrHHH' are also'
lm pertant

area devetopmern

[z.ing-carnmurnry deve[opruern (CO-CD), comrnun ity (CD"AD), Basicailly, this strategy Isabout effectiflg

develo prnant tSIAD), 0 rganlzing-

sustainable

elements

of this.

Slralf'gv,

In terms of modelln9t co!> and devl@lopmem worke rs pu rsumg the $1AIJ strategy have nUJC'I,to learn Irern l he conth'lIJH~g exnertence of the Antique Integriltecl Ar~a. Development {ANlAO) program. where COl'l1lT!utlity olrganl2;i 1119 it basic requirement Is and an lnteqral pan of I'I-H:! hole: smHegy. 8l!:i1i'1:911miiljor deve~olpme.n~ program In w the philippi nes tc:o-fmanc'ed by the Netherlands), AN lAD also s hews how NGOs" and COs, p;t l1'il::u!arly the lo'ca.I government. could work rog,eth I'.

POs'

Issues and Challengles During the 19"85 Tagis<'I1I'l Conf,t!R'mces. participants.

cornrnu rlily orga.nizing.
• the.

rarsed teur major lssues in

These wer,e:

how to achl eve bill anced h iii ndHng of !a G.tland naUcmal is s Ue s soundness Of USIn!l;i econerntc p:rojeas, as CO entry paillE!>

•
•

sustairi<lng people's. ougani:za:~ions

I~ow COs are to phase o1Jt!pl.lIJ
O'Ul~

from <In orga.fli~ing

area

In the Na.tiorla~ RLJra~ CO Cenference, the list of fS$ues facing, community orgau"liz~ng.•s.p_ecncally in the ruralareas, is 110 nIQ,er; Some of these are "old" lssue~; r belrtq similar to th!! ones raised in Tag"i'sa:o; many are relatlvelv naw (Hies, being issues bra lJIgl111 about by new experlences.

Combining SedQr;a~,an.d Community-wide Issues

As C:O"!1rlmUnlty organizing work iOO~. root in many areas, COs FO'U 'thertlSflve's nd rna re i.'l no more I nvolvad in {he 1:55Ue''i; a.nd concerns of ttU! c;J tfferent sectorsl fiche co mrrnmity. TI, is i!; a sllQn of pmgll"eS5 which Is not W[[i10 IJt its share of prot,h3rT1Sr foremost of wh Ich is how 'to JefferCtlv-e,ly meet sectora'l CQ ncerns and eornmunltywide interests at rhe. same 'lime. Id@oally. ~h,etwo need not be C1Hltraclicwry SitlCe m >eling the needs of one sactorshould redound ro the advancement of the common good. Also. we rking fCH Uhl2, c.cun'mon concern of~h@ ccmrmm i~y should s pell b(,ltlent~ for nartlcaler senors.

Combining Organizing ,AppfloQches Ten ye,ars ago; und:e.rtaki!1lg the socio-econc mic approach was an optl on co,rrsldered viable. and desl ranle oniy when "undertaken withi n the contextof S.\~j)PUrtj'!1;g and sustainh'ig the s..:truggle towards people's goats-'; The Issue now 15. n:o ~Q.nger about which of the two distinct approaches - issue-based or soCioewll'lornic projects-based - Is more desirable or viable, but how best ro.ccmbine '~tl.Meand othe r app roaches to hasten cornmu nity ,organ iz i n.g and communtty . (I_eYelopm~nt as a whQle.

Working with GDvemment

11Iready

:Sinc€ trI<l!ny cornrnu nltv organizers and trainers, spedaJiy those who were active du ring the. time of the Man;os regi me, are used to dealing with

·g~ovemrnent as adversary, working with government as partner does not come easily.
·-r}QmmtlnUy organtz,@rs

guard their al,Jtonomy jealo US Iy; it is' not su rprrsl rig to 'fi nd GOsgra.ppfing. with a "pr~mmdJal'''f:ear of bel ng co-opted by the: gQV~rr'imEmr 0 n-one h.ai1¢.and, orrtneother; a rational assessment of the doability of certam reforms ,when worked 'DIn with government people. The dta.llel1ge is not
50

much the conquest of

QW r

fe<\.II,. since it Is heahhy to be

p 'Iittle wary of 90vernm~nl's motives; Rather, COs'and devetopment workers M·~d tobebetter prepared to deal with govemmel1t"a.nd toemplov the appropriate tactics
to achieve their goals. COs .aIr€! snake charmers to ,g_overl1ment's poisonous reptl le .. l~le. ither pl!ay the rigt1t tune to make It dante or the snake wW 9 lad~y blte us. e

PO~NGO Relationship be.tween COs ~nd community

Csnulne partners hip is the desl red relatiensh ip between P-Osand NCOs Hind leaders. In many cases though, COs, end up duing mOSt cifthie wpr!<.and carrying most of the psychical burden , Of course, COs, will have .the lion's share i rJl the workload d uri ng the early sta-ges oforg.<tnizing. But as progr€.ss rs made, the community must lncreastnqlvassurne the bulk of '(he work and resp.onsibillty of comrnun it-y Q rg.a,ni-zing and development, The c haihmge fs how to prepare the lsaders and members of POs to be: leaders i n the cornmun ity. from the very stan of th~ CO processes. COs are trai !led to b@ aware of the. cha.119 rig dvnam its if'] the,i r retatlonshlp i wi'lh the- PO leaders and members a.nd with the bj9g,er community. To- a. certain t!xHint, thrs nf!lps 'the COs guard agaJllst rnono;po'i'izing the CO processes and rnakl ng 'the POleaders and members dependent on them. Intere5tij~g I'V. most PO leaders are ~,.onYstema'tica!ly trained N do the: 'same, that is, to be rnade aware of the communirv ci,.ga.rili.~it1g processes and the changing community ol'g.anlzers. dvnarnks of their relaticnshtp . with the

An issue that can besaid to be a' real si·go of the ti mes 'is ttl@: occurrence of cases ofcornpetitlon for funds between POi; and NGOs. Thi'.~ could mean manv

tning's; POs are becornlnq ,1IIre thlnn ing out, etc.

stronger arid abh,~ source their own furrds, fund .sO!J rces

to

94 • OSCAR D. FRANCISCO

Til e Searc.h fur

Viable S'c-aleof DeYelo'pment

NC05 are in a better positlcn given. their close ~~ nks with the gra.ssro,oh to evaluate development strateqles and link up with national and ,global trends, .. The

challenge is ij n "scaling up" development

popular partictoation espec i;;llly on a scale

~l1d tnfluenclrrqqevernance. that Is sustainable,

acti:vities by NGOs·POs a.nd in enhanGin'g, The.questicn is how to do this,

Two issues have to be. confronted here, One, ~ocatilng. ~he level and 's,c;;il@ bf 'economic and political mterventlons which could broaden iit'litial 5lU(:teSses to the poh'l'( of being able to impact micro level structures, and two, th~'tYD~!l' of inte:rv.e·t1Itir:m.' which must be undertaken to prornete a positive envlro nment fo r development work as a whole.

Linkin'9 Loca/ National and Global Movements

I

The sloqan "Act tocauv, Thlnk Clobaliv," has inspired many cornmunttvworsers but fo r our own parricld.ar situation th i!5 $,Jogan is i nadeq uate. Perhaps it is benef' that e ur COs think and a:ct locally., rratlo nally. and Eflob;;J,Hy. lssuas of justice a:re' interconnected even more than we previously'thought.. To be etfectlve ln Oll'r organizi ng work, actions and strLlgg les for j ustice have 'to be pursued QI1the loc~I" national and 9~ohal levels, Our actions must also be informed by the ~h,mging contexts if'! ASia and the. world and the impact of these dl,iHlges on the ,peo:pl,e's

rnovernent.

Sustainability
Sustat ning CO programs
(2)

'ct CO p.rQg.rams

term basis,

means '[11 ree ·th ings: (1) secu ring funds on a 10119 build ~ng competency in a particular area of concern, ~nd (3) t3l.kfn:g care of the COs, and PO leaders, All of these an, of course, interrelated. Without a secure fJulld source, COs will be grl':<l.tly constrained in u.ndElrtal<h1.g lcnq-term pni:gram
development

and capahility-bulldl

ng,

As more and more NCOs and P·Os.emsrqe from the woodwork, secunnq fu.ndS I ncreasi ng Iy becomes a question of pac kaglng project proposals and bec;omlng cornpetent in at least one. important lin@ ofwork. Some NCOs <Ire even .going lnto [rH::om·e-gene~at.tn9' enterprises {inve9tm~nt.'i, CQI'lW ltancv.atc.) to help build long'term f nanclal seourttv, .
On the other hand, takl ng. care of CO~ means not onlv providing for their bread and butter rand so men mes a llttle [am), but also allowl rig for the growth.an~ nourishment of their spi rlt and SOIJ I i11 the form 'of trat ning progr~m:S, retm~ts; camaraderie. scudaritv, etc. Aside from the Co.~. PO leaders mU5~ also b@s1l5"aine~

and nourished. As. the CO processes d~v@IIOP, more and more PO leaders w'ill find themselves with less time to devote toearnl ng a IMl'1gand bel r'Ig with thelr f;tmilies., LO'calle;de~s who are "promoted" to provlnctal, regional or national leadershl p roles are even pulled outfrom their communltles. The flnancial and psychical needs of
"full-time leaders" must be met.