A Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is a specialized computer used to control machines and

processes. It uses a programmable memory to store instructions and execute specific functions that
include on/off control, timing, counting, sequencing, arithmetic, and data handling.

The design of most PLC is similar to that of other computers. Basically, the PLC is an assembly of
solid-state digital logic elements designed to make logical decisions and provide outputs.
Programmable Logic Controllers are used for the control and operation of manufacturing process
equipment and machinery.

The programmable logic controller is, then, basically a computer designed for use in machine
control. Unlike an office computer, it has been designed to operate in the industrial environment
and is equiped with special input/output interfaces and control programming language. The
common abbreviation used in industry for these devices, PC, can be confusing because it is also the
abbreviation for “personal computer”. Therefore, some manufacturers refer to their programmable
controller as plc, which stand for “programmable logic controller”.

Initially the PLC was used to replace relay logic, but its ever-increasing range of functions means that
it is found in many and more complex applications. Because the structure of a PLC is based on the
same principles as those employed in computer architecture, it is capable not only of performing
relay switching tasks but also of perfoming other application such as counting, calculating,
comparing, and the processing of analog signals.

Programmable Controllers offer several advantage over a conventional relay type of control. Relays
have to be hardwired to perform specific function. When the system requirements change, the relay
wiring has to be changed or modified. In extreme cases, such as in the auto industry, complete
control panels had to be replaced since it was not economically feasible to rewire the old panels
with each model changeover. The programmable controller has eliminated much of the hardwiring
associated with conventional relay control circuits. It is small and inexpensive compared to
equivalent relay-based process control systems.