Nazneen Mahaboob

Upper 6 science
MODULE ONE  CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIETY

Society
LOCATION AND DEFINITION OF THE CARIBBEAN
REGION
Society is a collection of people occupying a defined geographical
area over a long period of time.
Definition of the Caribbean Region

Society in the Caribbean is often considered the boundaries of a

Geographical
nation state.

This describes the area washed by the Caribbean Sea and is often
The sociological understanding of the term society stresses the
described as the Caribbean Basin. It would therefore include most
interaction amongst its members.
of the islands of the Lesser Antilles, Greater Antilles as well as the
mainland territories in Central America (Costa Rica, Belize,
Culture
Panama, Honduras) and Northern South America such as
Columbia and Venezuela. The common link here is the Caribbean
Sea. Culture is widely regarded as the way of life for a people.

Geological It is often defined as the learned behavior of a people. Culture is

sub divided into material and non-material culture.

There are deep seated structural features of Caribbean geology

which also identifies commonalities. It is the area that is defined by Material culture includes the products of people such as their styles
the Caribbean Plate and which experiences similar tectonic, of architecture, types of food preparation, economic organizations
seismic and volcanic features and processes. and their forms of technology.

Historical Non-material culture refers to the cherished values, ideas, beliefs

and ideas.

It describes the area that saw the impact of European colonization,

slavery, indentureship and the plantation system. this refers to all Cultural values refer to a set of rankings people in a society
the territories so that one way of defining the Caribbean is to confer on to a myriad of social behaviors.
identify those countries that experienced the rule of specific
European countries. Thus the Caribbean may be defined as being Norms are standards of behavior that are culturally accepted and
broken up into the English, French, Dutch and Spanish speaking emanate from the realm of cultural values that we share.
countries and territories.

 
Political

CHARACTERISTICS OF CARIBBEAN SOCIETY AND

In the Caribbean at least three types of governmental systems are CULTURE
found. They include Independent States, Associated States and
Colonial Dependencies.

  Cultural Diversity

                                                                                                                
                                                                                     

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Cultural Diversity is the existence of sub-cultures within a main IMPACT OF HISTORICAL PROCESSES
culture or different cultures in a larger area such as the Caribbean
and the US. Migratory Movements

Social Stratification The ancestors of the pre-Colombian Amerindians may have come
out of North Eastern Asia across the frozen Bering Straits to
This is the social arrangement of society based on criteria such as Alaska during the fourth Ice Age some fifteen to twenty thousand
race, wealth and education. years ago. The nomads wandered southwards through North,
Central and South America evolving distinct physical and cultural

  characteristics.

  Over hundreds of years the Amerindians moved and some settled.

Some of the familiar names are Aztec, Maya and Inca.

Social Mobility
The Orinoco Basin and the Guianas in South America were the
original homeland of the Caribs and Arawaks who migrated
This is the movement, usually of individuals or groups, from one
northwards through the Lesser Antilles to the Greater Antilles. By
social position to another within the socially stratified system in
1492, the main Arawak groups which inhabited the West Indies
any society.
were the Lucayans in the Bahamas and Tainos in Cuba, Jamaica,
Haiti and Puerto Rico. The greatest Amerindian civilization
Hybridization
flourished on the mainland of Mesoamericas and South America.

This is the admixture of cultural traits and exchange of values from

It is perhaps the constant movement of people into and out of the
other cultures.
Caribbean that led Richardson to refer to a regional migration
tradition. This propensity to migrate, he argued, took off
Cultural Erasure
immediately after emancipation in the 1830’s when thousands of
men and women most notably from smaller islands, migrated to
This is where traits or practices of a culture are no longer practiced Trinidad and British Guiana in search of higher wages and better
over time. conditions. By 1845, more than 10 000 migrants from small West
Indian Islands had travelled to Trinidad and over 8000 others had
Cultural Retention gone to British Guiana. Many of these emigrants eventually
returned home displaying the fruits of their labour. This movement

This may occur as a result of the deliberate desire to keep continued from a long time as a feature of Caribbean people, that

traditions alive and help some groups to preserve their sense of is, to move from small islands of the Eastern Caribbean to larger

identity. It is also defined as the process where past cultural ones in a complex inter-island migration.

practices are practiced presently.

Encomienda System (System of Unfree Labor)

Cultural Renewal
Hispaniola was the first test ground for Spain’s Indian Policy.

This is where cultural practices that were once done are being
revived or the fashioning of new practices based on those of the Amerindians had to present Columbus with a certain amount of
past. gold each week which were measured in ingots (a calabash full of
gold dust)

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He made them dive for pearls. Amerindians drowned because they Repartimiento and Yanconaje
were not accustomed to diving so deep.

Repartimiento was primarily practiced in Central Mexico and

Chiefs were hunted and killed by Spanish dogs if they did not Andean Highlands.
adhere to the rules.

Adult males had to do rotation work.

Nicholas De Ovando, a Spanish Governor was appointed by the
crown to oversee the encomienda system. In New Spain, the Repartimiento was called Mita.

The rich Spanish (encomendero) gained jurisdiction over land and There was an encomendero who had to oversee the work usually a
they had Amerindians working for them. rich Spanish.

Nicholas De Ovando had to protect the Amerindians but he did not Yanaconaje was practiced in Peru and Bolivia.
do so.

African Slaves
Many Amerindians died of starvation.

African slaves were accessible, stronger, healthier, less prone to

In 1510, in Hispaniola, the first Dominican friar arrived to help the diseases and had knowledge of cultivation.
Amerindians.

The journey of slave ships from Africa to the West Indies (Middle
Father Antonio Montesinos on Advent Sunday in 1511 addressed Passage) was wrought with horror, waste of human life and was
Spanish telling them they were “hypocritical and warped.” characterized by high mortality rate.

The Law of Burgos (1512-1513) sought to alienate the tension Chattel- African slaves were treated as commodities.
between Spanish and Amerindians.

Asiento- a contract between a company and the Spanish Crown.

Bartolome de Las Casas was a former encomendero who had a
religious epiphany and freed the Amerindians. He went to King
All forms of colonial labor depended on servitude/ coercion
Ferdinand and Queen Isabella  to look to Africa for labor since it
was cheap and easily accessible.
Economics was the start and end of slavery.

The audienca moderated the amount of tribute the slaves had to

Plantation Society
pay and they functioned like a High Court. (1531-1532)

Race, color, status, occupation, ethnicity affected the social

The New Laws of the Indies (1542) dealt with the prohibition of
pyramid of the plantation society.
enslavement of Indians and prevention of doing personal services
for encomenderos.
The plantation society is a capitalist type of enterprise in which
land is treated like a commodity.
By 1560, encomienda system was partially banned as some
encomenderos still practiced the system.
Indentureship

By the second half of the 16th Century, there was a virtual genocide
Indentured laborers were assigned contracts in which they were
of the Amerindians.
paid wages to work for a specified period of time.

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After the contracts expired they were given the option to return to Entrepreneurial activities- shop-keeping and saving society (sou-
their homelands or to receive a plot of land. Many chose to stay. sou)

Indentureship was supposed to differ from slavery, however, the  

servants were treated as harshly as the slaves.

 IMPACT OF GEOGRAPHIC PHENOMENA

Caribbean Reponse to Oppression

Plate Tectonics
Encomienda

Plate tectonics is the study of the movement of plates and their

Amerindians used bows and arrows with poisoned tips. resultant landforms. The crust is made up of two plates, the
Continental or Oceanic and they move or float on molten rock.

Infanticide and Group or Individual Suicide

Types of Plates Margins

If caught, they were burnt to the stake

Convergent Plate Margin

Slavery
 At these margins two plates move towards each other and it is

They were intentionally idle on the plantation (Go Slow) called a destructive plate margin. At a convergent plate margin,
either a collision zone or a subduction zone may be formed. A
collision zone occurs where two continental plates collide forming
They destroyed valuable machinery
fold mountains. E.g. Eurasian and Indian plates collide to form the
Himalayan Mountains. A subduction zone occurs when an oceanic
Marronage – Maroons were the runaway slaves who established
plate collide with a continental plate and the denser oceanic plate is
communities in the hilly terrain of many areas of the Americas.
forced under.
Marronage was not always an option in island communities but
existed in large territories where the hilly terrain was ideal for
At a convergent plate margin volcanoes and earthquakes occur.
settlements. The most famous Maroons in the Caribbean are found
E.g. the eastern end of the Caribbean Plate along the line of the
in Suriname, in the Blue Mountains and Cockpit Country of
Lesser Antilles and the North American plate and the Caribbean
Jamaica and in Las Villas in Cuba. They were successful at
plate.
defending their liberty and in 1739 the British were forced to sign a
treaty of peace.
Divergent Plate Margin

 
At this plate margin, the plates move away from each other and is
called a constructive plate margin as new crust is formed. This
results in gentle volcanis and earthquake activity. Magma is forced
upwards and new crust is created. E.g. the Caribbean and North
Movement towards Independence
American plates move away from each other to form the Cayman
Island Ridge.
Foster Commission (1935) in Trinidad and Moyne Commission
(1938) looked at the economic situation in each country.
Transform Plate Margin

Universal Adult Suffrage –the right to vote

At this plate margin, the plates slide past each other with
converging or diverging. It is also called a fault. Volcanic activity
In the 1930s political parties were formed.

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does not occur here, instead only seismic activity is experienced. Floods
E.g. the Cayman Island Trench.

Fires
Volcanoes

Port Royal- Jamaica (1692)

A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which molten
rock, ash, steam etc are ejected. The entire city of Port Royal slumped into the sea as a result of
liquefaction.
In the Caribbean:

 Over 3000 people died as a result.

Mt. Pelee-Martinque

Kingston Jamaica (1907)

Erupted in 1902, and killed 30 000 people.

Registered a 6-6.5 on the Richter scale

 A nueeardente (glowing cloud filled with super heated ash and
gases) descended on the village and thus suffocated the residents.  Caused fires

Earthquakes  800 deaths

Earthquakes are sudden earth movements or vibrations in the 85% buildings destroyed
earth’s crust. They are caused by the development of faults in the
crust which result from collision of plates or from the movement of
Ground fissures over 15cm apart
molten rocks below or within the crust or the sudden release of
stress that has slowly built up along the fault plane at a transform
Jamaica (1993)
plate margin. The focus is the point at which the earthquake
originated. The epicenter is the point on the surface of the earth
5.4 on the Richter scale
directly above the focus.

2 deaths
Risks involved with Earthquakes

Triggered landslides
Tremors

More than 500 homes destroyed

The ground vibrates during an earthquake. Waves travel outwards
from side to side. Walls may crack and windows may break.
Utility poles fall and buildings collapse. Dominica (2004)

Ground Fissures 6.3 earthquake

The ground splits and cracks. 3 historic churches destroyed

Liquefaction Hospital damaged

Liquefaction is the process whereby reclaimed land or loose Landslides

sediments behave like a liquid during an earthquake.

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Wall collapsed Waves may reach 8m high

Indonesian Earthquake and Tsunami (2004) May be severe beach erosion

Occurred off the island of Sumatra Marine life damaged or killed

Upward displacement of 10m Corals damaged

Tsunami travelled at speed of 800km/h Coastal structures damaged

Hurricanes Ships and boats at risk

A hurricane is a low pressure system formed in warm waters. All Storm surge
hurricanes develop over the sea. They do not develop close to the
equator as they require a surface temperature of 27 degrees. Near eye of major hurricane sea levels are several metres above
normal
Before a hurricane

Strengthened as approaches shore

Calm weather, high humidity and strong swells

Flooding
As hurricane approaches, cloud cover builds up and winds
intensify Flooding by slowly rising waters (Caroni, Barrackpore)

During a hurricane Landslide

Wind strongest near the eye of the storm Triggered where steep hills are sodden with rain

Eye: calm, down draught of warm air

Wind drops suddenly after eye passes and starts again Hurricane Ivan in Grenada ( September 2004)

After a hurricane 80-90% houses damaged or destroyed

Wind speeds gradually drop 5000-6000 slept in shelters

Heavy rain may continue Power lines brought down

Wind damage Water supply contaminated

40% increase in wind speed doubles the destructive power Recently built national stadium destroyed

Wave damage Most schools damaged

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 90% nutmeg trees destroyed 1.      Terracing

90% trees fell 2.      Mulching

Roads blocked and airport closed 3.      Wind breaks

Landline phone and radio transmitters down 4.      Contour ploughing/drainage

1700 hotel rooms, 300 available 5.      Crop rotation

Prison roof blown off 6.      Canopy cover

Soils 7.      Cover cropping

Soil is the uppermost layer of loose material on top of the orck 8.      Intercropping
which makes up the surface of the earth. It consists of tiny oarticles
derived from the broken down fragment of rock together with 9.      Reforestation
humus.

Coral Reefs
Soil erosion

How are coral reefs formed?

Soil may be eroded by:

1.      The main frame of the reef is built up by coral polyps whish are
1.      Soil compaction by grazing animals and machinery small soft bodied creatures which use calcium carbonate dissolved
in water to build up a hard casing of limestone to protect
2.      Deforestation themselves.

3.      Over grazing 2.      These tiny polyps live in colonies or large groups.

4.      Over use of artificial fertilizer 3.      Layer after layer of limestone is added to the colony as new polyps
build on top of the structure.

5.      Monoculture
4.      Other organisms also live on the reef and these creatures produce

6.      Slash and burn cultivation hard skeletons which help to build up the structure of the reef
around the framework of the coral.

7.      Forest fires

5.      Only the surface layer of the reef is made up of live coral.

8.      Bad agricultural practices

6.      Between the reef and the shore, there is usually a shallow lagoon.
The floor of this is made up of sand, dead coral and rubble.
Soil conservation

7.      On the seaward side, the reef slopes down more steeply. At the
Soil may be conserved by:
base of this slope there will also be an accumulation of sand and
rubble.
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 Conditions in which coral reefs grow 1.      They protect the coastline from wave erosion and they dissipate
wave energy.

1.      The temperature of the water should be between 21 and 30 degrees

Celsius. Thus is why there are few coral reefs outside the tropics or 2.      A rich source of marine flora and fauna-a marine ecosystem
in places where there are cold sea currents.

3.      Promotes tourism. E.g. scuba diving and snorkeling therefore

2.      Corals mat be killed where the water is too hot. provides income and earns foreign revenue

3.      Sunlight must be able to penetrate where the coral is growing. 4.      Source of sand for beach when reefs break down.
Corals grow only in fairly shallow water. The exact depth depends
on the clarity of the water. Droughts

4.      Coral grow where the water has the right amount of salt. Few reefs Droughts are caused by a lack of rain over a long period of time. If
are near the mouth of rivers. rain does occur, it usually isn’t enough for the ground to absorb
therefore it is evaporated again.
5.      Corals need to grow in clean water. Muddy water damages coral
because it shuts out sunlight and because silt particles choke the  
coral polyps. Organic growth of other organisms are promoted.
Organic pollution damage coral. Corals may be starved from lack
IMPACT OF SCIETAL INSTITUTIONS ON CARIBBEAN
of oxygen or smothered in algae. When the growth of the coral is
PEOPLE
held back, it often becomes diseased and may die.

Family
Types of Coral Reefs

The family is the most fundamental universal social institution and

1.      Fringing Reefs- This type of reef consists of a platform of coral
has several functions. These include reproduction, socialization,
which is connected to and which is built out from the coast. The
economic unit to supply basic needs and emotional and
surface of the platform is usually flat or slightly concave and its
psychological support. The family ought to be the first to instill in
outer edge drops away steeply to the surrounding seafloor. A
a child attitudes, norms and values so that his or her own behavior
shallow lagoon usually occurs between the coast and the outer
can be developed.
edge of the reef. Buccoo Reef is an example of a fringing reef.

Education
2.      Barrier Reef- A barrier reef is similar to a fringing reef except that
it is situated several kilometers off the coast and is separated from
The primary function of the education system is to promote
it by a deep, water lagoon. The coral of a barrier reef is often
socialization of young people. Schools transmit a society’s values,
joined to the coast although the lagoon may be too deep for coral
attitudes, beliefs, norms, specific skills and system of knowledge
to grow on its bed. In some cases, fringing reefs develop on the
to young people. It also recruits young people for specific
inner side of lagoons which lie between a barrier reef and the coast
occupational and social roles in society. They also help to keep
of the island.
people out of the labor market and it promotes technological
change in society by providing the basis of knowledge and skills
3.      Atolls- Atolls tend to form horseshoe shapes or rings. The reef
that enable technological innovation to occur.
surrounds a deep lagoon. Atolls occur off the coast of Belize.

Religion
Importance of coral reefs to the Caribbean
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 Religious institutions meet any basic human needs that are not met
by the other institutions. They deal with the ultimate human
concerns of life and death. It provides a set of beliefs that explains
and interprets occurrences in the social and physical environment
that cannot be explained by other means. They also serve as a basic
human need for providing people with ethical principles, morality
 Foods-fresh, packaged and agricultural produce
 Fish
 Clothes
 Music, Carnival costumes, songs, artists, performers
 Migrants, students, tourists

and a set of guidelines for appropriate behavior. They also provide
a set of beliefs for interpreting the causes and consequences of a
person’s past, present and future conducts. Religious institutions
provide people with an identity as members of a specific group and
a sense of connectedness with the past and future/ it provides
emotional support and consolation in the face of uncertainty,
anxiety, defeat, alienation and disappointment.
The Westminster System
The government is chosen by the democratically elected Lower
House.
The head of government is the Prime Minister who leads the
Cabinet which is responsible for the Lower House.

The Justice System An opposition exists, led by the leader of the party with the second
largest number of votes in the Lower House.
The justice system has three main features:

There is a career public service which impartially serves the

1. The use of prisons and policing government of the day.

2. The informal system which involves diversion and

rehabilitation The armed services are outside politics and act on the instructions
of the government.
3. Surveillance

 
The rule of law prevails with an independent judiciary subject to
the constitution.
CARIBBEAN GLOBAL INTERACTIONS

Impact of Caribbean Cultural Practices Abroad

Imports from Canada, US and Europe

1. Notting Hill Carnival-United Kingdom

 Foods- fresh and packaged
2. Caribana Festival- Toronto
 Electronic items

 Motor vehicles 3. Brooklyn Labor Day

 Computers 4. Point Fortin Day- New York

 Appliances All met with resistance in the beginning but then tourism
became enticing
 Films, videos, cable T.V.

 Music, entertainment
Music
 Books, magazines, software

 Clothes
         Soca, reggae, calypso
 Consultants, experts, advisors
Exports from Caribbean
         Chutney, Tassa

 Oil
         Steelpan (Pan European Association responsible for creating a
 Natural gas network to promote the development of pan in Europe.)

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Impact of Rastafarianism properly developed we also protect what they reflect of our actual
heritage?

Rastafarianism evolved as a cult in Jamaica. The cult perfected in

1930’s and leaders such as Marcus Garvey stimulated this -How can we ensure that our artists and cultural entrepreneurs
movement with their belief in racial dignity. Rastafarians form develop skills that will provide them with employment and help
tribes and live in communes with each tribe having a leader who them to survive and prosper economically?
possesses power over all other tribe members. Within the
Rastafarian religion women are regarded as inferior to men and
exist only for their pleasure. Often times, the women folk are seen
walking behind their men and never in front or even to the side.
This has evolved in modern times where the women are treated
equally.

How Caribbean Art and Culture contribute to the Development

of our Caribbean

Reflect our everyday experiences of physical and social

environments e.g. Derek Walcott (St. Lucia) intertwines the
physical aspect of the Caribbean in his poems

Represent important aspects of our history e.g. Bajan writer

George Lamming wrote a book the Pleasures of Exile (1960)
where he writes about the struggle to reclaim our voice with
reference to European colonizers and Sculpture “Negro Aroused”
by Jamaican sculptor Edna Manley (1935) showed workers from
Jamaica rising from oppression

Economic development e.g. Carnival, Crop Over festival

However in order to promote economic development we have to

use modern technology namely an international reggae festival
launched on the internet.

-What are some of the dangers we face when we begin to adapt our
arts and culture to make them attractive to persons outside of the
Caribbean?

-How might packaging them appropriately to suit these new

technologies change their character?

-Will we lose important that make them our own?

-What sorts of policies might Caribbean governments need to put

in place to ensure that while the arts and popular culture are

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 MODULE TWO GNP/ capita

Industrialization
CONCEPTS AND INDICATORS OF DEVELOPMENT

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

Sustainable Development

Employment levels
This is a concept of advancing people’s quality of life, assessing
such advance in terms of economic criteria as well as human
Economic structures such as primary, secondary and tertiary
dynamics, particularly the conservation and protection of the
sectors
environment.

The level of local and foreign debt

This is the development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs. Levels of foreign aid receipts

Sustainable Development addresses: Non-economic indicators of Development

Poverty Life expectancy

Human Rights Violations Levels of education

Sexual Prejudice Ratio of doctors to the population

Environmental Destruction Labor productivity

Elements of Sustainable Development Distribution of income

1. Society- social institution, democratic system of Improved institutions and attitudes

government, resolving differences

2. Environment- awareness of the fragility of the Urbanization

environment, availability of resources

Birth rate
3. Economy- sensitivity to the limits and potential of
economic growth and the impact on society and
environment. Death rate

4. The impact of globalisation on development- foreign

trade, WTO, IMF, World Bank, Trans-National Growth and Development

Corporations.
Economic Development Growth is the all round expansion of the economy. It can be
measured in GNP which reflects the general increases in total
output. Examples of growth include advances in technology,
This is the development of the production of goods and services in
quality of life, standard of living education, health care etc.
a country.

Indicators of Development

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Development is the qualitative concept concerned with the pattern High unemployment
of economic change. In order to have development, there must be
growth. High crime rates

  Poor educational opportunities

Economic Growth Considerable dependence on agriculture

Economic growth is affected by: High infant mortality rate

Rate of investment Problems of Development

Rate of increase in the working population Economic dualism- division of the economy into two distinct and
radically different sectors
Technological development

Unemployment
Balance of payments

Size of population
Role of government and government expenditure

Migration
Balance of Payment

Industrialization
Balance of Payment = (Money made+ Money Brought In) -
(Money Sent Out) The role of education

If Balance of payment, The role of information technology

Positive- Favorable Economic Growth CARICOM- problems of regional trade

Negative- Less Economic Growth Structural adjustment

Zero- No Economic Growth  

Features of underdevelopment FACTORS THAT PROMOTE OR HINDER DEVELOPMENT

Poor economic performance 1. Most Caribbean countries have the legacy of slavery
and this has stratified the society under factors of
High rates of population growth economic status, race, color, education, wealth and
marriage. Because of this there is a sense of inferiority
Low standard of living and superiority among the classes which in turn hinder
development.

Relatively short life expectancy 2. Unfair discrimination other than by merit hinders
development. A person should not be discriminated

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 against because of race, color, religion, sex, status or The IMF was established in December 1945 in the aftermath of
creed. Where such discrimination exists, low levels of World War II as there was the need to have an agency to stabilize
production will occur. the international monetary system.

3. A country with high levels of crime and violence can

generate a fear throughout the population. As a result, For the lending and disbursement of funds, certain stipulations
productivity is diminished and distorted and the apply, all of which fall within the economic philosophy of free
development is hindered. market capitalism.

4. Access to education and training is critical in assessing

the development of a country.  

5. Health care should be a priority of the government as

unhealthy workers will spend less time at work and World Bank/International Bank for Reconstruction and
therefore they will be less efficient than expected. Development (IBRD)

6. Technology allows for increased knowledge.

Knowledge can help to promote development as new This was established around the same time as the IMF.

and modern techniques can be implemented.

GLOBALISATION AND DEVELOPMENT The World Bank focused on specific projects lending.

Globalisation Both the IMF and the World Bank were designed to help countries
recover form the effects of World War II.

This is the growth and intensification of political, economic, social

and cultural relations across national borders. GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) now WTO

Six global factors are: GATT was founded in 1947 with headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland

1. Submission to an economic model

The main purpose was the promotion of free trade
2. Constriction of capital flow

3. Access to more markets

Its principal function has been to encourage compliance of trade
4. Removal of preferential trade agreements, lowering barriers to trade, and focusing on tariffs.
5. Erasure and/or hybridization of culture

6. Deepening of social inequality Multi-national corporations

Impact of Golabilsation
Also called Trans-National Corporations and these are businesses
that carry out at least 25% of production internationally.
Globalization impacts:

Example of Multinational Corporations in the Caribbean

Communication

Cable and Wireless

Money

Scotiabank
Organization

Texaco
IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Shell
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Esso Important Objectives

Holiday Inn Strengthen the movement for self government.

Pepsi Safeguard the democratic system of government.

Alcan  

Courts  

Price Waterhouse Achievements

Advantages Facilitated the movement form colonialism to independence

through a united voice.

1. Employment can be created

Coming together of smaller states and strengthen their
2. Increase of foreign exchange
effectiveness in dealing with larger bodies.
3. Transfer of technology

Disadvantages
Reasons for Failure

1. MNCs may use their power in the markets to drive Masses were not educated about the Federation
domestic producers out of business

2. They buy few or none of their raw materials, instead Communication among islands (postal, shipping) were inefficient
they are imported

3. Technologies and skill brought by MNCs may be Petty rivalry among member states
severely guarded.
  Distrust by smaller states for the larger bodies.

THE INTEGRATION MOVEMENT CARIFTA

Federation Heads of Government meeting in December 1965 confirmed the

agreement to achieve a Free Trade Area
British West Indian Federation idea came up again in Montego,
Jamaica in 1947. Agreed name: Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)

Decided that Trinidad would be the site for the West Indian CARICOM
Parliament which upset Jamaican delegates who said Port of Spain
was too far away.
Caribbean Community and Common Market came into effect in
August 1st 1973.
Princess Margaret declared the Federal Parliament open in 1958.

Signed by Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago

Most urgent problem facing the Federal Government was to and was known as the Treat of Chaguaramas.
identify a source of funding for the smaller islands who had little
to fall back on.
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Eight other countries joined CARICOM Intra-ACS trade seeks to increase the flow of goods between
members
th th
Bahamas- 13 state on July 4 1983
Co-operative functions

Suriname- 14th state on July 4th 1995

External economic relations

Concentrated on the promotion of Integration of the economics of

member states ACS was envisioned to

OECS(Organization of Eastern Caribbean States) Provide a unique opportunity for pursuing a range of objectives
that relate to a shared patrimony of the Caribbean sea and seaboard

July 4th 1981 making provisions for their use on a sustainable basis

The states close proximity to each other would facilitate Address ecological and environmental questions

integration and co operation.

Institute measures to control the spread of diseases

Objectives
Provide mechanisms for prevention and control of toxic waste

Co-operation among member states at regional and international emissions

levels.
Gather information for the control of drug trafficking activities

Promotion of unity and solidarity among member states and within the area

defending their sovereignty and independence

CSME(Caribbean Single Market and Economy)

Promotion of economic integration through the Eastern Caribbean

Common Market Includes the negotiations of protocol which will efficiently amend
the treaty of Chaguaramas

Arranging for overseas representatives to work together for

common foreign policy objectives Came into force on July 4th 1997

ACS(Association of Caribbean States)

Main objectives

To strengthen co-operation and integration among members Benefits of the CSME

through increased economic activity by trading raw materials and
finished products among members Increasing trade and exchange of goods in an assured market of
over 5 million persons creating opportunities for employment,
To preserve the Caribbean environment investment and trade

To conduct joint negotiations on external economic relations Improved services provided by enterprises and individuals
including transportation and communications

ACS Initiative
Greater opportunity for travel
Page 15
Expanded scope for artistes to showcase their goods and services agreement where the government of Barbados was appointed as
Trustee

Opportunities for nationals to study in CARICOM countries and to

work in the country of their choice First meeting of the Board of Governors of the CDB was held in
Nassau on 31st January 1970 and Professor Sir Arthur Lewis was

CARIBBEAN EXAMINATION COUNCIL elected as the first President of the Bank

Established in 1972 to develop a system of regional examinations CARIBBEAN NEWS AGENCY

at the Ordinary and Advanced Levels to replace the London

General Certificate of Education Based in Barbados

In 1981 the first examinations were held in 5 subjects Has seen the introduction of regional news that emanates from a
source that has regional overage as its primary mandate without

In 1998 the council had 7 examinations at the Advanced Level having to compete with the international sources for coverage

UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES WEST INDIES CRICKET BOARD

Created a regional institution in 1948 Responsible for the administration and organization of cricket in
the region

University College at Mona Jamaica was the first campus of

University Comprises representatives from Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, the
Leeward Islands and Trinidad and Tobago and the Windward
Islands
Campus was established in St. Augustine in Trinidad in 1960

Headquarters held in Antigua and Barbados

Cave Hill Campus Barbados in 1962

 
Eleven University Centers situated in non-campus countries
throughout the region as well as a Center for Hotel Tourism and
Management in the Bahamas CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPORT

UWI plays a critical role in the education advancement of the Served as an integrating force in the Caribbean: different races and

region classes come together

CARIBBEAN DEVELOPMENT BANK Socialization

First suggested at an official level in July 1966 at the Canada West Served as a boost of morale and identity of West Indian people

Indies Prime Ministers’ meeting in Ottawa

While cricket has a special place in the West Indian consciousness

Formal agreement establishing the CBD was signed in Kingston there are other areas that need to be capitalized on. E.g. we should
th
Jamaica on 18 October 1969 at a Conference of Plenipotentiaries perform better at swimming and water sports given the fact that we

from 18 countries and territories are islands

Agreement was to come into force on the 26th January 1970 and Performance in athletics far outstrips the level of support and

Secretary General of the UN acted as the Depository for the infrastructure

Page 16
We need programmes and infrastructure from the school and
community levels up to the national level
Making a living from sport
Aside from cricket few other sporting disciplines afford Caribbean
people to make a living
Coaches, sport psychologists, physical education instructors,
physical therapists
Sports equipment and goods has become a lucrative business
ROLES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE MASS MEDIA
Mass media are those channels that can be used to communicate
messages to a large number of people simultaneously.
Major Role
1. To enhance communication among members of a
society and of the global village. They have their major
functions: to inform, to entertain, to make us visible
to others
2. To let individuals know what is going on in their
immediate environment and in their wider community
3. To lessen countries feelings of remoteness providing an
adequate supply of news from and to these areas
4. To ensure that programs of public education are
effectively implemented
5. To support the school curriculum
6. To provide entertainment e.g. TV, radio stations
7. To make ourselves visible to others which in turn
promote economic development
Factors affecting the media performance
1. The availability of communication technologies:
satellite, computing, optic, laser and digitalizing
technology
Page 17
2. Media rights and privileges
3. Professional training: CARIMAC- Caribbean Institute
of Mass Communication
4. Dominance of foreign media e.g. 76% of Jamaica and
95% of Montserrat’s programming is imported.
INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS
Pan-Africanism
It is a socio political world view as well as a movement which
seeks to unify and uplift both native Africans and those of the
African diaspora. It is part of a global African community. It is
usually seen as a product of the African slave trade. Pan-
Africanism sets aside cultural differences, asserting the principality
after sharing experiences to foster solidarity and resistance to
exploitation.
The calling of the first Pan African Congress occurred in 1900.
Marcus Garvey founded The Universal Negro Improvement
Association in 1914. The emergence of a Marxist state in 1917
threw into the political and ideological ring the challenge of social
analysis perceived principally as class struggle. Color became a
problematic element. The issue of class and race remained
unresolved theoretically for Caribbean Marxists, by some, largely
ignored, was connected to Pan Africanism.
Negritude
It is a literary and political movement that developed in the 1930’s.
The Negritude writers found solidarity in a common black identity
as a rejection of French colonial racism. They believed that the
shared black heritage of members of the African Diaspora was the
best tool in fighting against French political and intellectual
hegemony and domination.
The movement was influenced by the Harlem Renaissance
particularly the work of  African American writers Langston
Hughes and Richard Wright whose work addressed themes of
blackness and racism. Further inspiration came from the black
culture and history of Haiti. Key figures include Paulette Nardal,
Jane Nardal, Dr. Leo Sajoo, Martiniquan poet Aime Cesaire, Leon Impact
Damas, Langston Hughes and Richard Wright.

1. Rapid structural changes

The term Negritude was first used by Aime Cesaire in the 1930s
2. Economic reform in the case of Puerto Rico and
while in Paris, discussing the status of blacks with fellow
Trinidad and Tobago- industry overtook agriculture by
international French students, Leopold Senghor of Senegal and
generating most of the GDP.
Leon Gontran-Damas of Cayenne. Their concern at the time was
3. Repatriation of profits to home countries of the industry
how to recover black pride and dignity from white intellectual
assault. 4. Pollution

5. Exploitation of the labor force by keeping them at

Industrialization by Invitation minimum wage
Positive impact
Industrialization by invitation was a term coined by Sir William
Arthur Louis. Arthur Louis believed that manufacturing could 1. Offered Jobs
emerge whether or not there was a regional manufacturing class
2. Industrialize country providing a revenue generating
throughout the Caribbean. Louis re-iterated the idea that
sector
industrialization was only possible if there was foreign investment.
 

Louis’ reason for this was that industrialization was expensive and
Marxism
export promotions required breaking into foreign markets and
building new distribution outlets. This could only be done if
islands concentrated on inviting manufacturers who are well Marxist Theory arose in a capitalist world and as an analysis of

established in foreign markets. Once an increase in foreign direct that world as well as antidote prescription for diagnosed ills. Marx

investment is attracted, the private sector’s income will increase. the social philosopher and Lenin the field officer gave the world

He referred to this strategy as “Industrialization by Invitation.” inherent tensions of Marxism.

Some of Louis’ strategy can be seen in the economic reform of

Trinidad and Tobago and Jamaica. After World War II, the
People’s National Party in Jamaica called for industrial
development programs. Some of these programs were encouraged
by the Norman Manley Government. In the 90’s Jamaica
privatized it’s industries in the period 1972-1995. Industrialization Seven basic characteristics of Marxism:
by invitation was interpreted by competing political leaders in the
search for the key to development of Jamaica’s economy.
1. Centralized authority- Marxism is a power focused
system and the initial effort of it emergence is about the
From 1962, Dr. Eric Williams of Trinidad and Tobago proposed
obtaining of or seizing political power. All basic
and eventually implemented Dr. Louis’ economic strategy of
communal or national necessities must be in the
industrialization by invitation. This led to the development of a
controlling hands of leaders of the state. This principle
booming manufacturing and petrochemical sector in Trinidad and
is socioeconomic and political theory developed by
Tobago.
German philosopher Karl Marx in the nineteenth
century.
In Puerto Rico, the government launched “Operation Bootstrap” in
2. Revolutionary character
1948. The basis of this policy indicated that the Puerto Rico
3. Anti-imperialist rhetoric
government provided incentive for industries in the US to locate in
Puerto Rico. The incentives included exemption from Puerto Rican 4. Scientific principles
taxes from ten to thirty years and the provision of infrastructure, 5. Historical rootedness
factory building and trained workers.
Page 18
 6. Enforcement leadership British capitalism only involved the Caribbean to the extent that
the position of the Caribbean performed only to the needs of the
7. Sublime end
British government, nothing more. The forced arrangement was
Caribbean Marxism
that the Caribbean produced and the British consumed.

Marxism is important to this region. The issue of race complicated

Trends in Caribbean feminist thought
the adoption of Marxism in the Caribbean. British Caribbean
Marxists linked the problems of class and race. The European
A simple definition of a feminist is one who advocates the
thinkers were fixed on Marxism as having essentially, even
recognition of rights for women rather than the mere granting of
supremely, a class character, and so the issue of race was at best
the privilege.
secondary and often subsumed.

Throughout the world, males are in charge and have been in charge
  Caribbean perspective on British Capitalism
for centuries. Women have fared badly under males. During
slavery, women were abused sexually and their resistance was
Capitalism was introduced into the Caribbean with the first trans-
largely individual such as infanticide, abortion, arson or even
shipment of Black African Slaves across the Atlantic. According to
murder.
Walter Rodney, this type of capitalism was one-sided. It was non-
negotiable for two fundamental reasons. The first is that Africans
The struggle of women to be treated justly is a necessity for the
had little or no say in the system and the second is that the system
proper morality of any society. Women are not asking for special
was forced upon the Africans.
rights and privileges. Their priority is for treatment deserving as
human entitlement.
Capitalism in its simplest terms means free market enterprise. This
system is a means of organizing the economy whereby the
 
exchange of goods and services is done according to the forces of
the market, that is, demand and supply.
SOCIAL JUSTICE

Capitalism boasts of two major ideals:

Social justice is based on a premise that all people are entitled to
the same basic rights and freedom as everybody else.
1. Private owned capital and investment

2. Profit making
Equality refers to efforts to treat everyone in a similar way
Eric Williams was one of the first persons to link slavery and
Capitalism. He argued that slavery was purely economic and it
Equity attempts to ascertain whether the treatment is fair or just.
embodied the Capitalist ideal of the British.

Evolution of Social Justice in the Caribbean

The only form of Capitalism which the British taught in the
Caribbean was slavery and colonialism. When both were no more
The traditional notions of civil society did not apply to the
useful to the British, they discarded them. Both slavery and
Caribbean region in early colonial times
colonialism were maintained through a system of torture and
coercion. CLR James pointed out that the system of slavery and
colonialism had to be brutal to ensure that the system of Capitalism The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) that purported to divide the world

worked and worked well. The brutality was not only mental but between Spain and Portugal laid the foundation for colonial

psychological. The black West Indian was constantly reminded of exploration and expansion in the Caribbean region by other

his/her blackness and this blackness was closely linked to imperial powers

backwardness.

Page 19
The Treaty of Ryswick 1697 established the principle of no peace
beyond the line which reinforced that whatever applied in Europe
between the European powers did not apply to the Caribbean
The area beyond the line to which the treaty referred was the west
of the prime meridian and south of the Tropic of Cancer. As a
result the Caribbean was established as a zone of war in which
even the basic assumption of a civil society did not apply.
Equality was not a principle that applied in the colonial state. This
manifested itself in the introduction of exploitative labor systems
and led to the recognition of slaves as both people and property
After the emancipation of slave in 1834 and the failure of the
apprenticeship in 1838 the concept of people as property was
removed. However the indentureship systems limited the freedom
of movement as indentured workers needed to have passes to leave
their estate.
Indentureship ended in 1917
The Universal Adult Franchise was first implemented in Jamaica
in 1944 and in Trinidad and Tobago in 1946 and later in the other
territories. It gave all persons older than 21 years the right to vote
regardless of ownership or rental of property or levels of income.
Movements toward real social justice came with the introduction
of the Bill of Rights in constitutions of the newly independent
countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean starting with Jamaica
and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962.
The Bill of Rights were chapters in their constitutions that
recognized, declared and protected the fundamental human rights
and freedom of the individual in all societies
Fundamental Human Rights and Freedom
The inclusion of a Bill of Rights in the constitutions of
independent countries of the Commonwealth Caribbean affords the
citizen the power to redress any infringement of his/her
constitutional rights through the use of the court system.
All of the independent territories of the Commonwealth Caribbean
have Bill of Rights which are enshrined and protected in their
constitutions.
Page 20
All the independent territories except Trinidad and Tobago have
followed the format of the European Convention for the Protection
of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom for the inclusion in
their constitution.
The Council of Europe drew up this Convention in 1950
Trinidad and Tobago copied the formula of the Canadian Bill of
Rights 1960 for the inclusion in its constitution in 1962 and
retained this model when it became a republic in 1976
The Bill of Rights diminished the effect of the Westminster
doctrine of the Supremacy of Parliament. It also places constraints
on executive action. The doctrine of the supremacy of the
constitution applies to all of the constitutions of the
Commonwealth Caribbean.
The Entrenchment of the Constitutions
The constitutions of the Commonwealth Caribbean are all
protected from easy amendment by the entrenchment of their
positions.
The Parliaments of the region cannot amend all of the sections of
their constitutions by a simple majority because this is one of the
various checks and balances that have been placed in the
constitution to protect it from political abuse or amendment.
There are three main types of entrenchment in the constitutions of
the Commonwealth Caribbean:
Special majorities in the Parliament- all of the constitutions of
the Commonwealth Caribbean have this procedure which specifies
that certain sections of the constitution require special majorities in
the Parliament.
Approval of bills for amendment by referenda- some of the
constitutions of the Commonwealth Caribbean require that certain
bills that seek to amend the constitution be subjected to the
approval of a referendum after they have been passed in
Parliament.
Time delay procedures between readings of a Bill of
Amendment- some of the constitutions of the commonwealth
Caribbean specify that there should be a period of 90 days between
the first and second readings of a bill that seeks to amend the
constitution before the head of state gives his/her assent to the bill.
The effect of such a delay is that the Parliament cannot consider
any bill to amend the constitution hurriedly and more time is given
for a deeper consideration of the proposed amendment by the
wider society.
The Caribbean Court of Appeal
 The Caribbean Court of Appeal is intended to be a replacement for
the Privy Council as the final court of appeal for the countries of
the Commonwealth Caribbean
The Caribbean Court of Appeal faces critical issues such as
budget, the method of selecting judges, the location of the
headquarters, the status of a circuit court or maintaining a fixed
location and the confidence of the Caribbean public.
 
 DEFINTION OF KEY TERMS
1. Atlantic Slave Trade- the commercial buying of
Africans from West Africa crossing the Atlantic Ocean,
to be sold to plantation owners in the western
hemisphere.
2. Chattel slavery- form of slavery where people are
owned as property and can be bought or sold
3. Communism- a theory of a society where all property
should be owned by the community or state and labor
organized for the common good.
4. Cultural accommodation- acceptance of aspects of or
traits or traits of foreign cultures
5. Cultural assimilation- integration of aspects of or
traits of foreign cultures into local culture
6. Cultural beliefs- ways of thinking common to a group
people from a specified geographical area
7. Cultural diversity- the existence of sub-cultures within
a main or different culture
8. Cultural domination- where a culture of one country
is pervasively influencing a local culture
9. Cultural erasure- where traits of a culture are no
longer practiced over time
Page 21
10. Cultural expressions- ways in which one’s culture is
demonstrated
11. Cultural hybridization- the admixture cultural traits
and exchange of values from other cultures
12. Cultural norms- the standards of behavior that are
accepted and shared by members of a society
13. Cultural pluralism- where minority cultures exist
alongside a main culture
14. Cultural renewal- where cultural practices that were
once done are being revived or the fashioning of new
practices based on those of the past
15. Cultural retention- where past cultural practices are
practiced presently
16. Cultural relativism- the comparison between cultures
based on the notion that no culture is superior
17. Diaspora- the dispersion and distribution of members
of a race or society
18. Repartimiento- a Spanish labor system where a
percentage of the male population of any village
between the ages of 18-60 could be recruited to work
for a Spanish settler for a week or fortnight
19. Social stratification- the social arrangement of society
based on criteria such as race, wealth and education
20. Sugar revolution- the period where sugarcane
production and processing was the main economic
activity in the western hemisphere.
21. Common market- a form of economic integration
where restrictions on the free movement of
commodities, capital and labor among member states
are abolished and a common external tariff is
established
22. Cultural imperialism- one country’s imposition on
another directly or indirectly, of it’s value system
23. Development- the sustained high level of economic
and social well being or standard of living.
Development was traditionally defined as the ability of
a country to advance economically, as measured by
increments in its GNP per capita. Today the concept has
been broadened to recognize the Human Development
Index that includes assessments such as life expectancy,
literacy and educational attainment-quality of life
indicators.
24. Economic growth- the increase in the production of
goods and services in a country over one year

25. Free Trade Area- an agreement between countries to

abolish tariff and minimize restriction of trade between
but set restrictions against outside countries

26. Globalization- the growth of a single, unified world

financial market where geography plays a diminishing
role

27. Industrialization- a country or area where there are a

large number of factories and the use of technology

28. Inter Monetary Fund- a specialized agency of the

United Nations that seeks to maintain monetary
stability and to assist member states in funding balance
of payment deficits.

29. North American Free Trade Agreement- agreement

made in 1983 that brought together Mexico, Canada
and the United States together as a free trade zone

30. Popular culture- the range of expressions of creativity,

artifacts accessible to, produced by, and enjoyed by the
majority of people in a society

31. Single market- the joining of economies in a free trade

area

32. Social justice- the fair and equitable treatment of all

class of people

33. Tariffs- taxes levied on imported goods

34. Treaty- a contract between states, relating to peace,

truce, alliance, commerce, or other international
relations

35. White collar crime- deviant or corrupt behavior by

people of very high social standing in society

Page 22
 ASSIGNMENT Definition of research

1.      Name of country Research is an activity that entails formal, systematic processes for
carrying out a scientific method for analysis.

2.      Population size

Characteristics of Research

3.      Size of island

1. Is directed towards the solution of a problem.
4.      Language spoken 2. Emphasizes the development of generalizations,
principles or themes that will be helpful in predicting
5.      History of the island future occurrences.

3. Is based upon observable or empirical evidence, selects

6.      Type of government and details of government valid data gathering procedures, and uses mechanical.
Electronic or psychometric devices to refine
7.      Relief of the land- vegetation, soil, rock observation, description and analysis of data.

4. Involves gathering new data from primary or firsthand

8.      Crops grown sources, or using existing data for a new purpose.
Merely recognizing or restating what is already known

9.      Types of industry and has already been written is not considered research
since it adds nothing to what is known.

10.  Weather patterns 5. Is rigorous and systematic.

6. Tries to be logical and to apply every possible test to

11.  Foods validate procedures employed, data collected and
conclusions reached.

12.  Festivals and celebrations 7. Is carefully recorded and reported. Each important term
is defined, limiting factors are acknowledged,

  procedures are described in detail and references are

carefully documented.

  Purposes of research

  Basic Research- The findings of this type of research informs the

development of broad generalizations or principles.

 
Applied Research- The goal of this type of research is to improve
products and processes. Theory is tested in actual situations.
 

Action Research- this is focused on immediate application. It

 
places emphasis on current problems in a local setting. Its findings
are evaluated in terms of local applicability and not necessarily
 
universal validity.

 
Types of research

MODULE THREE Historical Research

Page 23
Describes what was. Entails investigating, recording, analyzing
and interpreting the events of the past for the purpose of
discovering generalizations that help us to understand both the past
and present and possible implications for the future.
Descriptive Research
This type of research describes, records, analyses and interprets
conditions that presently exist. It entails some type of comparison
or contrast and attempts to discover relationships between existing
variables.
Experimental research
This type of research focuses on variable relationships and
describes what happens when the variables are carefully controlled
or manipulated. Deliberate manipulation is always a part of the
experimental method.
Qualitative Studies
These are studies that use a numerical method of describing
observations of materials or characteristics.
Quantitative Studies
These are studies in which the description of observations is not
ordinarily expressed in quantitative terms. Numerical measure may
be used but other means of description are emphasized.
Sampling Procedures
Types of sampling procedures
1. Simple Random Sample- where subjects are selected
by lottery or by use of random numbers.
2. Stratified Sample- where the population is stratified
according to lists of units divided into groups or strata
according to an appropriate variable.
Page 24
3. Quota Sampling- this approach entails stratified
sampling in which the selection within the strata is non
random, once the general breakdown of the sample is
determined.
4. Purposive Sampling- used in qualitative research
where subjects are selected especially for their
particular understandings of and involvement in the
context where the study is being carried out.
 
Ethics in Research
Informed Consent
The people you speak to, observe, send questionnaires to, should
know what you are doing and that you are involved in a research
project. You should not put undue pressure on people or who
might be afraid to say that they do not wish to participate in the
research.
Invasion of privacy
You should seek permission of the person being interviewed to
allow you to use a tape recorder for example.
Confidentiality
You cannot tell other people what you learned or observed about a
person, venue or situation if the persons are in a position to
recognize the venue, person or situation. You must attempt to
disguise your subjects’ identity.
Knowledge of the outcome
Participants in the research project have a right to know what you
will be doing with the information you collect as well as the reason
for the research.