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Pressure drawdown and buildup analysis for oil and gas wells
Case study
Part 1
Introduction to Reservoir Engineering
The primary functions of a reservoir
engineer:
the estimation of hydrocarbon in place
the calculation of a recovery factor , and
the attachment of a time scale to the recovery
Note:
pressure/flow rate information →
parameters/future flow rate/future pressure
Outlines of Reservoir Engineering
(1) Introduction
Petrophysical properties ( Rock properties)
Fluid properties (gas, water, crude properties)
Calculations of hydrocarbon volumes
Fluid pressure regimes
Density of sandstone
gm 2.2lbm (0.3048 100cm) 3
2.7 3
cm 1000 gm (1 ft ) 3
lbm 1slug
168.202 3
ft 32.7lbm
slug
5.22 3
ft
Pressure gradient for sandstone
Pressure gradient for sandstone
p gD
p
g
D
lbf
5.22 32.2 168.084
ft 3
lbf 1 ft 2 lbf
168.084 2 1.16 2
ft ft 144in 2
in ft
1.16( psi / ft )
Overburden pressure
OP=FP + GP
In non-isolated reservoir
PW (wellbore pressure) = FP
In isolated reservoir
PW (wellbore pressure) = FP + GP’
where GP’<=GP
Normal hydrostatic pressure
dP
( ) water 0.4335
dD psi/ft for saline water
Abnormal hydrostatic pressure
( No continuity of water to the surface)
dP
P ( ) water D 14.7 C
dD [=] psia
a
( p 2 )(V b) RT (1.14)
V
z f ( P, T , composition)
composition g specific gravity (air 1)
Determination of z-factor
There are three ways to determination z-factor :
(a)Experimental determination
pV=nzRT
z=1 for p=1 atm
=>14.7 V0=nRT
n mole of gas
T pc ni Tci
i
P
Ppr
Pseudo reduced pressure (Ppr) Ppc
Pseudo reduced temperature (Tpr)
T
T pr const.(Isothermal )
T pc
Fig1.6 p.17
z-factor
The above procedure is valided only if impunity (CO2,N2 and H
2S) is less then 5% volume.
(c) Direct calculation of z-factor
The Hall-Yarborough equations, developed using the Starling-Carnahan eq
uation of state, are
2
0.06125Ppr te 1.2(1t )
z (1.20)
y
where Ppr= the pseudo reduced pressure
t=1/Tpr Tpr=the pseudo reduced temperature
y=the “reduced” density which can be obtained as the
solution of the equation as followed:
1.2 (1t ) 2 y y2 y3 y4
0.06125Ppr te (14.76t 9.76t 2 4.58t 3 ) y 2
(1 y ) 3
This non-linear equation can be conveniently solved for y using the simple Ne
wton-Raphson iterative technique.
(c) Direct calculation of z-factor
The steps involved in applying thus are:
make an initial estimate of yk, where k is an iteration counter (which in this
case is unity, e.q. y1=0.001
substitute this value in Eq. (1.21);unless the correct value of y has been initi
ally selected, Eq. (1.21) will have some small, non-zero value Fk.
(3) using the first order Taylor series expansion, a better
estimate of y can be determined as
k 1 Fk
y y
k
k
(1.22)
where dF
dy
dF k 1 4 y 4 y 2 4 y 3 y 4
(29.52t 19.52t 2 9.16t 3 ) y
dy (1 y ) 4
Reservoir condition:
P=2000psia; T=1800F=(180+459.6)=639.60R; z=0.865
> 2000
E 35.35 127.8 surface volume/reservoir
0.865 639.6
or SCF/ft3 or STB/bbl
OGIP V (1 S wi ) Ei
(2) Real gas density
m nM
m V
V V
where n=moles; M=molecular weight)
nM MP
M gas P
nzRT zRT gas
p z gas RT
at any p and T
M gas P
For gas gas
z gas RT
For air M air p
air
z air RT
M gas p M gas ( M ) gas
gas z gas RT Z gas g z
g
air M gas p M air ( M ) air
z air RT Z air Z
(2) Real gas density
(M ) gas
z
g
(M ) air
Z
V z V nzRT nRT z
nRTz[ p 2 ] nRTp 1 2
p p p p p p
V nzRT 1 1 z 1 1 z
( ) V ( )
p p p z p p z p
1 V 1 1 1 z
Cg [V ( )]
V p V p z p
1 1 z
Cg
p z p
1
Cg 1 1 z
p since p.24, fig.1.9
p z p
Exercise 1.1 - Problem
Exercise 1.1 -- solution -3
p gD dp gdD
dp lbm 1slug ft
g (6.707 )32. 2
s2
dD ft 3 32.2lbm
slug ft
6.707
ft 3 s 2
lb f
6.707
ft 3
lbf 1 1 ft 2
6.707 2
ft ft 144in 2
lb f 1
0.0465 2 0.0465 psi
in ft ft
Gas Material Balance: Recovery Factor
Material balance
depletion reservoirs)
Case 2 : water influx (water drive reservoirs)
Volumetric depletion reservoirs -- 1
No water influx into the reservoir from the adjoining aquifer.
Gas initially in place (GIIP) or Initial gas in place ( IGIP )
= G = Original gas in place ( OGIP )
[=] Standard Condition Volume
G V (1 s wc ) Ei [] SCF
pi
where Ei 35.37 [] SCF / ft 3
z i Ti
Material Balance ( at standard conditions )
Production = GIIP - Unproduced gas
( SC ) ( SC ) ( SC )
G
G p G E (1.33)
Ei
Where G/Ei = GIIP in reservoir volume or reservoir volume filled with gas
= HCPV
Volumetric depletion reservoirs -- 2
Gp E
1 (1.34)
G Ei
p SCF
sin ce E 35.37
zT ft 3
p p
Gp 35.37
1 zT 1 z note :T Ti const.
G pi pi
35.37
z i Ti zi
p pi Gp
1 (1.35)
z zi G
Gp
where the fractional gas re cov ery at any stage during depletion
G
Gas re cov ery factor
p pi pi 1
G p
z zi zi G
G
In Eq. ( 1.33 ) HCPV
Ei
const. ?
HCPV≠const. because:
1. the connate water in reservoir will expand
d ( HCPV ) d (G / Ei )
dVw dV f (1.36)
1 V f
cf pore vol.
V f (p ) Vf
1 V f
cf
V f p
GP GP
dV f c f V f dp
Vw
1 Vw 1 dVw
cw
Vw d FP Vw dp
dVw c w Vw dp FP
FP Vf FP
FP=gas pressure
FP
FP
FP Vw FP
FP=gas pressure
FP
G
d d HCPV c wVw dp c f V f dp
Ei
Since
HCPV G
V f PV
1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
HCPV G S wc
Vw PV S wc S wc
1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
G G S wc G
d c w dp c f dp
Ei Ei 1 S wc Ei 1 S wc
G G G S wc 1
c w cf p
Ei initial Ei t Ei initial 1 S wc 1 S wc
G G G c w S wc c f p
Ei t Ei initial Ei initial 1 S wc
G G c w S wc c f p
1
Ei E
t i initial 1 S wc
G
G p G E (1.33)
Ei
G cw S wc c f p
Gp G 1 E
Ei 1 S wc
Gp cw S wc c f E
1 1
G 1 S wc Ei
For cw 3 10 6 psi 1 ; c f 10 10 6 psi 1 and S wc 0.2
cw S wc c f
1 1 0.013 0.987
1 S wc
Gp E Gp E
1 0.987 computing with 1
G Ei G Ei
1.3% difference
p/z plot
From Eq. (1.35) such as
p/z
p pi G p
1 (1.35)
z zi G
p p p
i i Gp
z zi zi G Abandon pr
essure pab
0
Gp G
p
In v.s Gp plot
z p/z
Y=a+mx
p
y
z
x Gp
0 Gp/G=RF 1.0
pi
m A straight line in p/z v.s Gp plot means that the reservoir is
zi G
a depletion type
p
a i
Water drive reservoirs
If the reduction in reservoir pressure leads to an expansion of adja
cent aquifer water, and consequent influx into the reservoir, the m
aterial balance equation must then be modified as:
Production = GIIP - Unproduced gas
( SC ) ( SC ) ( SC )
Gp = G - ( HCPV-We ) E
Or
Gp = G - ( G/Ei - We ) E
where We= the cumulative amount of water influx resulting
from the pressure drop.
Assumptions:
No difference between surface and reservoir volumes of
water influx
Neglect the effects of connate water expansion and pore
volume reduction.
No water production
Water drive reservoirs
With water production
G
G p G We W p Bw E
Ei
Gp
pi
1
p zi G (1.41)
z WE
1 e i
G
p pi G p
1 in water flux reservoirs
z zi G
Comparing
p pi G p
1
z zi G in depletion type reservoir
Water drive reservoirs
pi Gp
1
p zi G
(1.41)
z We Ei
1
G
G
G p G We E (1.40)
Ei
GE
Gp G We E
Ei
E
G p G1 We E
Ei
E
G1 G p We E
Ei
Gp We E
G
E E
1 1
Ei Ei
Gp We E Gp We E
or G (or G a )
E E E is plot as function of
1 1 1 E
1
Ei Ei Ei Ei
We E
or Ga G
E
1
Ei
Bruns et. al method
Gp We E
(or Ga )
E is plot as function of
1 E
1
Ei Ei
The result should be a straight line, provided the correct aquifer model has been
selected.
The ultimate gas recovery depends both on
(1) the nature of the aquifer ,and
(2) the abandonment pressure.
E--------------- > F
The latter experiment, for determining the single phase z-factor, implicitly ass
umes that a volume of reservoir fluids, below dew point pressure, is produ
ced in its entirety to the surface.
Condensate Reservoir
This is because the retrograde liquid condensate is not included in the cum
ulative gas production Gp’ in equation ( 1.46 ) , which is therefore lowe
r than it would be assuming that all fluids are produced to the surface, as in
the single phase experiment.