Alternators Ii

ALTERNATORS
PART 2
PREPARED BY: JCM
Alternator On Load
• As the load on an alternator is varied, its
terminal voltage is also found to vary as in dc
generators. This variation in terminal voltage
is due to the following reasons:
– Voltage drop due to armature resistance, Ra
– Voltage drop due to armature leakage reactance,
XL
– Voltage drop due to armature reaction
Alternator On Load
Armature Resistance
– The armature resistance/phase causes a voltage
drop/phase of IRa which is in phase with the
armature current. However, this voltage drop is
practically negligible.
Armature Leakage Reactance
– When current flows through the armature
conductors, fluxes are set up which do not cross
the air-gap but take different paths. Such fluxes
are known as leakage fluxes.
Alternator On Load
Armature Leakage Reactance (cont...)
– The leakage flux is practically independent of
saturation but is dependent on I and its phase angle
with terminal voltage V.
– This leakage flux sets up an emf of self inductance
which is known as reactance emf which is ahead of I
by 900.
– Hence, armature winding is assumed to possess
leakage reactance, XL (also known as Potier reactance)
such that the voltage drop due to this equal IXL.
Alternator On Load
Armature Reaction
– As in dc generators, armature reaction is the effect
of armature flux on the main field flux.
– In the case of alternators, the power factor of the
load has a considerable effect on the armature
reaction.
– In a 3-phase machine the combined mmf wave is
sinusoidal which moves synchronously. This mmf
wave is fixed relative to the poles, its amplitude is
proportional to the load current, but its position
depends on the pf of the load.
Alternator On Load
Armature Reaction (cont...)
– Unity Power Factor
• The armature flux is cross magnetizing. It is 900 space
degrees with respect to the poles.
• The result is that the flux at the leading tips of the poles
is reduced while it is increased at the trailing tips.
However, these two effects nearly offset each other
leaving the average field strength constant.
• Armature reaction for unity power factor is distortional.
Alternator On Load
Alternator On Load
– Zero Power factor Lagging
• The armature flux whose wave has moved backward by
900 is in direct opposition to the main flux. Hence, the
main flux is decreased.
• The armature reaction in this case is wholly
demagnetizing, with the result that due to the
weakening of the main flux, less emf is generated.
• To keep the value of the generated emf the same, field
excitation will have to be increased to compensate for
this weakening.
Alternator On Load
Alternator On Load
– Zero Power factor Leading
• Armature flux wave has moved forward by 900 so that it
is in phase with the main flux wave. This results in
added main flux.
• In this case, armature reaction is wholly magnetising,
which results in greater emf.
• To keep the value of generated emf the same, field
excitation will have to be reduced somewhat.
Alternator On Load
Alternator On Load
– Intermediate Power Factor
• For lagging power factor, the effect is partly distortional
and partly demagnetizing.
• For leading power factor, the effect is partly distortional
and partly magnetizing.
Synchronous Reactance
• From the above discussion, it is clear that for
the same field excitation, terminal voltage is
decreased or increased from its no-load value
Eg to V. This is because of:
– Drop due to armature resistance, IRa
– Drop due to leakage reactance, IXL
– Drop due armature reaction
• The drop in voltage due to armature reaction
may be accounted for by assuming the
presence of a fictitious reactance Xar in the
armature winding. The value of Xar is such that
I Xar represents the voltage drop due to
armature reaction.
• The leakage reactance XL and the armature
reactance may be combined to give
synchronous reactance XS.
X S = X L + X ar
• Therefore, the total voltage drop in an
alternator under load is:
Vdrop = IR a + jIX S
= I (Ra + jX S )
= IZ S
where : Z S is called the synchronous impedance
Vector Diagrams of Loaded
Alternator
Alternator
Example: A 3-phase, star-connected alternator
supplies a load of 10 MW at 0.85 pf lagging at
11 kV. Its resistance is 0.1 ohm per phase and
synchronous reactance of 0.66 ohm. Calculate
the line value of emf generated.
Alternator
Solution:
10 MW
0.85 p. f . lagging
11 kV (line - line)
Alternator
11
VLφ = ∠00 = 6.3509 ∠00 kV
3
 10 MW 0
*  ∠ − 31. 788 
IL = IA =
S
=  0.85 
3VL*LL ( )(
3 11∠00 kV )
= 617.487∠ − 31.7880 A.
( )
EGφ = 617.487∠ − 31.7880 A (0.1 + j 0.66Ω ) + 6.3509∠00 kV
= 6.6255∠2.71540 kV .
EGLL = ( 3 )(6.6255kV ) = 11.4757 kV
Alternator
Alternative Solution:
I L RA = (617.487 )(0.1) = 61.7487 V

I L X S = (617.487 )(0.66 ) = 407.5414 V
EGφ = (6.3509 kV + 61.7487 cos 31.788 0

)
+ 407.5414 cos 58.212 0 + (− 61.7487 sin 31.788 + 407.5414 sin 58.212 )
2 2
= 6.6255 kV
EGLL = ( 3 )(6.6255kV ) = 11.4757 kV
Voltage Regulation
• It is clear that with change in load, there is a
change in terminal voltage of an alternator.
The magnitude of this change depends not
only on the load but also on the load power
factor.
• The voltage regulation of an alternator is
defined as “the rise in voltage when full-load
is removed (field excitation and speed
remaining the same) divided by the rated
terminal voltage.”
Voltage Regulation
V'L − VFL
%VR = × 100%
VFL
Note:
• VNL – VFL is the arithmetical differenece and not the
vectorial one.
• In the case of leading load pf terminal voltage will fall
on removing the full-load. Hence, regulation is negative
in that case.
• The rise in voltage when full-load is thrown off is not
the same as the fall in voltage when full-load is applied.
Determination of Voltage
Regulation
• In the case of small machines, the regulation
may be found by direct loading. The
procedure is as follows:
– The alternator is driven at synchronous speed and
the terminal voltage is adjusted to its rated value.
– The load is varied until the wattmeter and
ammeter (connected for the purpose) indicate the
rated values at desired pf.
Regulation
– Then the entire load is thrown off while the speed
and excitation are kept constant.
– The open-circuit or no-load voltage is read.
– The regulation can be found from:
V'L − VFL
%VR = ×100%
VFL
Regulation
• In the case of large machines, the cost of
finding the regulation by direct loading
becomes prohibitive. Hence, other indirect
methods are used.
• It will be found that all these methods differ
chiefly in the way the no-load voltage is found
in each case.
Regulation
• Indirect Methods
– Synchronous Impedance or EMF Method. It is due
to Behn Eschenberg.
– The Ampere-Turn or MMF Method. This method is
due to Rothert.
– Zero Power Factor or Potier Method
• All these methods require :
– Armature Resistance, RA
– Open Circuit/No-Load Characteristics
– Short-Circuit Characteristics (but zero power factor lagging
characteristic for Potier Method
Regulation
• Value of RA
– Armature resistance per phase can be measured
directly by voltmeter-ammeter method or by
using Wheatstone bridge. However, under
working conditions, the effective value of RA is
increased due to “skin effect”. The value of RA so
obtained is increased by 60% or so to allow for
this effect.
– Generally, a value 1.6 times the dc value is taken.
Regulation
• Open-Circuit (OC) Characteristic
– As in dc machines, this is plotted by running the
machine on no-load and by noting the values of
the induced voltage and field excitation current.
• Short-Circuit (SC) Characteristic
– It is obtained by short-circuiting the armature
windings through a low resistance ammeter. The
excitation is adjusted as to give 1.5 to 2 times the
value of the full-load current. During this test, the
speed which is not necessarily synchronous is
kept constant.
Regulation
Example: The effective resistance of a 2200 V, 50
Hz, 440 kV, 1-phase alternator is 0.5 ohm. On
short circuit, a field current of 40 A gives the
full-load current of 200 A. The emf on open
circuits with the same field excitation is 1160
V. Calculate the synchronous impedance and
reactance.
Regulation
Solution :
VOC 1160
ZS = = = 5.8Ω
I SC 200
X S = Z − R = 5.8 − 0.5 = 5.78Ω
2
S
2 2 2
Regulation
Example: A 100-kVA, 3000-V, 50-Hz, 3-phase,
star-connected alternator has effective
armature resistance of 0.2 ohm. The field-
current of 40 A produces a short-circuit
current of 200 A and an open-circuit emf of
1040 V (line value). Calculate the generated
line emf at rated load and 0.8 pf lagging.
Regulation
Solution :
1040
VOCφ
Z Sφ = = 3 = 3.00Ω
I SC 200
2
X Sφ = Z S2φ − Rφ = 32 − 0.2 2 = 2.99Ω
 3000  0
EG φ = 19.245∠ − 36.87 0 (0.2 + j 2.99) +   ∠0
 3 
= 1770.196∠1.4150 V
EGLL = ( 3 )(1770.196) = 3066.068 V
Synchronous Impedance Method
• Following procedural steps are involved in this
method:
– OCC is plotted from the given data.
– SCC is plotted from the given data by the short-
circuit test. Both these curves are drawn on a
common field current base.
– XS is obtained from
XS = Z − R 2
S
2
• Knowing RA and XS, a vector diagram can
drawn for any load and any power factor.
• This method is not accurate because the value
of ZS so found is always more than its value
under normal voltage conditions and
saturation. Hence, the value of regulation so
obtained is always more than that found from
an actual test. That is why it is called a
pessimistic method.
• The value of ZS usually taken is that obtained
from full-load in the short-circuit test.
• Here, the XAR has not been treated separately
but along with leakage reactance XL.
Example: The following test results are obtained from a
3-phase, 6000-kVA, 6.6kV, star connected, 2-pole, 50
Hz turbo-alternator: With a field current of 125 A, the
open-circuit voltage is 8kV at the rated speed; with
the same field current and rated speed, the short-
circuit current is 800 A. At rated full-load, the
resistance drop is 3%. Find the regulation of the
alternator on full-load and at a pf of 0.8 lagging.
Solution :
8000
Z Sφ = 3 = 5.774Ω
800
 6.6kV 
I L RAφ = (0.03)  = 114.315V
 3 
114.315
RAφ = = 0.218Ω
524.864
X Sφ = 5.774 2 − 0.2182 = 5.770Ω
Solution (cont...) :
( )
EGφ = 524.864∠ − 36.8690 (0.218 + j 5.77 ) +
6.6kV
∠00
3
= 6184.66∠22.3730 V
6184.66 − 3464.102
%VR = ×100% = 78.536%
3464.102
Example: A 3-phase 50-Hz star-connected 2000
kVA, 2300 V alternator gives a short-circuit
current of 600 A for a certain field excitation.
With the same excitation, the open circuit
voltage was 900 V. The resistance between a
pair of terminals was 0.12 Ω. Find full-load
regulation at 0.8 pf leading.
Solution :
900
Z Sφ = 3 = 0.866Ω
600
 0.12 
RAφ = 1.6  = 0.096Ω
 2 
X Sφ = 0.866 − 0.096 = 0.861Ω
2 2
( )
EGφ = 502.044∠36.8690 (0.096 + j 0.861) +
2.3kV
∠00
3
= 1168.811∠18.7 0 V
1168.811 − 1327.906
%VR = × 100% = −11.981%
1327.906
Example: A 3-phase, star-connected alternator is
rated at 1600 kVA, 13500 kV. The armature
resistance and synchronous reactance are 1.5
Ω and 30 Ω respectively per phase. Calculate
the % regulation for a load of 1280 kW at 0.8
leading power factor.
Solution :
1280kW
IL = 0.8 ∠36.87 0 = 68.427∠36.87 0 A
( )
3 (13500)
( )
EGφ = 68.427∠36.87 (1.5 + j 30 ) +
0 13500 0
∠0
3
= 6859.624∠14.3820 V
13500
6859.624 −
%VR = 3 ×100% = −11.99%
13500
3
Example: The effective resistance of a 1200-kVA,
3.3 kV, 50-Hz, 3-phase, Y-connected alternator
is 0.25 Ω per phase. A field current of 35 A
produces a current of 200 A on short-circuit
and 1.1 kV on open circuit. Calculate the
power angle and p.u change in magnitude of
the terminal voltage when the full load of
1200 kVA at 0.8 pf lagging is thrown off. Draw
the corresponding phasor diagram.
Solution :
1100
Z Sφ = 3 = 3.175Ω
200
X Sφ = 3.1752 − 0.252 = 3.165Ω
1200kVA
IL = ∠ − 36.87 0 = 209.946∠ − 36.87 0 A.
( )
3 (3300 )
( )
EGφ = 209.946∠ − 36.87 0 (0.25 + j 3.165) +
3.3kV
∠00
3
= 2398.644∠12.034 0 V
2398.644 − 1905.256
p.u = = 0.259
1905.256
δ = 12.0340
MMF or Ampere-Turns Method
(Rothert’s Method)
• This method also utilizes OC and SC data, but
is the converse of the Synchronous Impedance
(EMF) method in the sense that the armature
leakage reactance is treated as an additional
armature reaction.
• Therefore, it is assumed that the change in
terminal voltage on load is due entirely to
armature reaction (and due to the ohmic
resistance drop which, in most cases, is
negligible).
• In the MMF method, use is made of a vector
diagram of magneto motive forces. The theory
upon which this method is developed is based
on the assumption that for every voltage
vector of the alternator diagram there is a
corresponding magneto motive force.
• Calculation procedure for MMF method
– Terminal voltage per phase (V) is used as the
reference phasor.
– Lay off the armature IARA drop in phase with the
current, at the pf angle for which the regulation is
desired. Determine the field current If ’ required to
produce the voltage E1 using the OC curve.
– It is assumed that on short-circuit all the excitation
is opposed by the mmf of armature reaction and
armature reactance.
(cont...)
– Hence A represents the mmf (or field current)
required to produce rated current on short circuit.
It is the field current required to overcome the IAXS
drop and it is constructed opposite to the current
IA .
– The excitation If required to produce terminal
voltage at no load is then the vector sum of If ’
and A. EO is obtained from the OC curve.
(cont...)
Example: A 3.5-MVA, Y-connected alternator rated at
4160 V at 50-Hz has the OC characteristic given by
the following data:
Field 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Current, A
EMF, V 1620 3150 4160 4750 5130 5370 5550 5650 5750
A field current of 200 A is found necessary to circulate

full-load on short-circuit of the alternator. Calculate
the full-load regulation at 0.8 pf lagging.
Solution:
• Neglect RA
• It is seen from the given data that for normal
voltage of 4160 V, the field current needed is
150 A.
• The field current necessary to circulate FL
current is 200 A.
Solution (cont...):
Solution (cont...):
θ = cos − 0.8 = 36.870

If = (200) + (150)
2 2
− 2(200 )(150 )cos(90 + 36.87 )
= 313.85 A.
The generated emf EO corresponding to this
excitation as found from OCC if drawn is 5440
V.
Solution (cont...):
5440 − 4160
%VR = × 100%
4160
= 30.78%
Example: The open-circuit and short-circuit test
readings for a 3-phase, star-connected, 1000-kVA,
2000 V, 50-Hz, synchronous generator are:
Field 10 20 25 30 40 50
Current, A
OC 800 1500 1760 2000 2350 2600
terminal V
SC current ____ 200 250 300 ____ ____
A
The armature effective resistance is 0.2 ohm per phase.

Estimate the full-load %VR at 0.8 pf leading.
Solution:
The OCC and SCC curves are plotted:
Solution (cont...):
2000
Full - load phase voltage = = 1154.70V
3
1000kVA
Full - load current = = 288.7 A
( )
3 (2000 )
E= (1154.7 + 288.7 × 0.2 × 0.8) + (288.7 × 0.2 × 0.6)
2 2
= 1201.4V
Solution (cont...):
• From OCC curve, the field excitation necessary
to produce E is 32 A.
• From SCC curve, the field excitation necessary
to produce full-load current is 29 A.
Solution (cont...):
φ = 54.780
If = (32) + (29)
2 2
− 2(32 )(29)cos(54.78)
= 28.19 A.
The generated emf EO corresponding to this
excitation as found from OCC if drawn is 1080
V per phase or 1870.61 V line-to-line.
Solution (cont...):
1870.61 − 2000
%VR = × 100%
2000
= −6.47%
Zero Power Factor Method (Potier
Method)
• This method is based on the separation of
armature-leakage reactance drop and the
armature reaction effects. Hence, it gives
more accurate results.
• The experimental data required is:
– No-load curve
– Full-load zero pf curve (not the SCC) also called
wattless load characteristic. It is the curve of
terminal voltage against excitation when armature
is delivering FL current at zero pf.
Method)
• The zero pf curve can be obtained:
– If a similar machine is available which may be
driven at no-load as a synchronous motor at
practically zero pf
– By loading the alternator with pure reactors
– By connecting the alternator to a 3-phase line
with ammeters and wattmeters and so adjusting
the field current that we get full-load current with
zero wattmeter reading.
Method)
Method)
• Procedural Steps for Potier Method
– Suppose we are given V- the terminal voltage per
phase.
– We will be given or else we calculate armature
leakage reactance XL and hence can calculate IXL.
– Adding IXL (and IRA if given) vectorially to V, we get
voltage E.
– We will next find from OC curve, field excitation
for voltage E. Let this be If1.
Method)
• Procedural Steps for Potier Method (cont...)
– Further, field current If2 necessary for balancing
armature reaction is found from Potier triangle.
– Combine If1 and If2 vectorially to get If.
– Read from OC curve the emf corresponding to If.
This gives us EO. Hence, regulation can be found.
Method)
Example: A 3-phase , 6000-V alternator has the following OCC at
normal speed:
Field 14 18 23 30 43
Current, A
Terminal 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
volts, V
With armature short-circuited and FL current flowing the field

current is 17 A and when the machine is supplying FL of 2000-
kVA at zero pf, the field current is 42.5 A and terminal voltage
is 6000 V. Determine the field current required when the
machine is supplying the full-load at 0.8 pf lagging.
Method)
Solution:
Method)
Solution (cont...):
In the Potier Triangle BDH, line DE represents the leakage
reactance drop (IXL) and is (by measurement) equal to 450 V.
E = 3464.102 + 4502 − 2(450)(3464.10 )cos126.87 0

= 3751.41 V.
From OCC curve, it is found that the field amperes required for
this voltage = 26.5 A.
Field amperes required for balancing armature reaction = BE =
14.5 A (by measurement from Potier triangle BDH)
Method)
Solution (cont...):
φ = 132.380
If = (26.5) + (14.5)
2 2
− 2(26.5)(14.5)cos(132.38)
= 37.82 A.
Method)
Example: A 600-kVA , 3300-V, 8-pole, 3-phase alternator has the
following characteristics:
Amp- 4000 5000 7000 1000
Turns per
pole
Terminal 2850 3400 3850 4400
volts, V
There are 200 conductors in series per phase. Find the full-load
voltage regulation at 0.8 pf lagging having given that the
inductive voltage drop at full load is 7% and that the
equivalent armature reaction in amp-turns per pole = 1.06 X
ampere-conductors per phase per pole.
Method)
Solution:
- OC terminal voltages are first converted into phase voltages
and plotted against field amp-turns.
Method)
600kVA
Full - load current = = 104.97 A
3 × 3300
Demagnetizing Amp - turns per pole per phase
for full - load at zero pf
=
(1.06 )(104.97 )(200 )
= 2781.71 AT
8
3300
'ormal phase voltage = = 1905.26 V
3
Leakage reactance drop = (0.07 )(1905.26) = 133.4 V
Method)
E = 1905.26 + 133.4 − 2(133.4)(1905.26)cos126.87
2 2 0
= 1988.17 V.
From OCC curve, we find that 1988.17 V corresponds to 5100
AT.
Method)
φ = 129.950
mmfO = (5100) + (2781.71)
2 2
− 2(5100 )(2781.71)cos(129.95)
= 7208.82 AT.
From OCC curve, it is found that this corresponds to an OC
voltage of 2242 V per phase.
2242 − 1905.26
%VR = × 100%
1905.26
= 17.67%
Method)
Example: The following figures give the open-circuit and full-load
zero pf saturation curves for a 15000 kVA, 11000 V, 3-phase,
50-Hz star-connected turbo-alternator:
Field Amp- 10 18 24 30 40 45 50
turns in 103
OC terminal, 4.9 8.4 10.1 11.5 12.8 13.3 13.65

kV
Zero pf full- ____ 0 ____ ____ ____ 10.2 ____
load line kV
Find the armature reaction, the armature reactance and the
synchronous reactance. Deduce the regulation for full-load at
0.8 pf lagging.
Method)
Solution:
- First OCC is drawn between phase voltages
and field ampere-turns.
- Full-load zero pf curve can be drawn because
two points are known, i.e., A(18,0) and C(45,
5890). Other points on this curve by
transferring the Potier triangle.
Method)
Method)
Solution (cont...):
– In the Potier Triangle CDE, line EF = GH represents the
leakage reactance drop (IXL) and is (by measurement)
equal to 640 V.
– Field ampere-turns required for balancing armature
reaction = CF = 15700 AT (by measurement from Potier
triangle CDE).
– Short-circuit ampere-turns required = OA = 18000 AT.
Method)
15000kVA
Full - load current = = 787.3 A.
( ) 3 (11000)
640
XL = = 0.813 Ω
787.3
8400
Z Sφ = 3 = 6.16 Ω
787.3
As RA is negligible X Sφ ≅ Z Sφ .
Method
E = 6350.85 + 640 − 2(640)(6350.85)cos126.87
2 2 0
= 6754.28 V.
From OCC curve, we find that 6754.28 V corresponds to 30800
AT.
Method
φ = 131.220
mmfO = (30800) + (15700)
2 2
− 2(15700 )(30800)cos(131.22 )
= 42806.73 AT.
From OCC curve, it is found that this corresponds to an OC
voltage of 7540 V per phase.
7540 − 6350.85
%VR = × 100%
6350.85
= 18.72%

Alternators Ii

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Descrição original:

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Alternators Ii

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

ALTERNATORS

I L RA = (617.487 )(0.1) = 61.7487 V

EGφ = (6.3509 kV + 61.7487 cos 31.788 0

A field current of 200 A is found necessary to circulate

θ = cos − 0.8 = 36.870

The armature effective resistance is 0.2 ohm per phase.

With armature short-circuited and FL current flowing the field

E = 3464.102 + 4502 − 2(450)(3464.10 )cos126.87 0

OC terminal, 4.9 8.4 10.1 11.5 12.8 13.3 13.65

Você também pode gostar