Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks: Fractional Reuse

Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Fractional Reuse
Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 1

RNP Extension: Frequency Hopping
Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH

 The classical definition of the Reuse Cluster Size is:
Bandwidth
ARCS 
Average amount of TRX per cell
The definition of the Reuse Cluster Size for RFH conditions is:
Bandwidth
FARCS 
Average amount of Frequencies per cell
FARCS = Fractional Average Reuse Cluster Size

Examples for ARCS

 ARCS
A1 A2 B1 B2
 27 frequencies for TCH TRXs
A3 B3
 3 TCH TRXs in average per cell
B1 B2 C1 C2 A1 A2
B3 C3 A3
A1 A2 B1 B2
A3 B3
B 27
ARCS   9 Example: Group planning with 9
# TRX / cell 3 frequency groups, 3 frequencies

each
 REUSE 3*3
Examples of FARCS (1)

 FARCS
 27 frequencies for TCH TRXs A B A B
 3 hopping groups with 9 C C
frequencies each A B A B A B
 1 hopping group per cell C C C
A B A B
C C
B 27
FARCS   3
# f / cell 9 Example:
3 frequency groups, 9 frequencies
each
 REUSE 1*3
Examples of FARCS (2)

 FARCS
 27 frequencies for TCH TRXs A A A A
 1 hopping group with 27 A A
frequencies A A A A A A
 same hopping group on each cell A A A
A A A A
A A
B 27
FARCS   1
# f / cell 27 Example:
1 frequency group including all
27 frequencies
 REUSE 1*1
Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks
Creating Hopping Groups

The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator

 Abbreviations
 MA Mobile Allocation
 MAI Mobile Allocation Index
 MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset
 FHS Frequency Hopping Sequence
 HSN Hopping Sequence Number
 T1, T1R, T2, T3 GSM internal timers
 FN Frame Number

MA - Mobile Allocation
 The MA is the look up table that is
MA
giving the relation between the
different MAI numbers and the MAI ARFCN
corresponding ARFCN.
 Range: 0 7
The look up table has N lines. N 1 2
is the number of frequencies used
2 5
in the hopping sequence
(hopping group) 3 12
4 6
... ...

MAI - Mobile Allocation Index

 The MAI is an index number, which allows to determine the correct line in
the MA look up table to find the corresponding ARFCN.
 Range: 0 .. N-1
 Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence.

MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset

 The MAIO is selectable for each timeslot and each TRX separately
 The MAIO is constant on the TRX but it changes between the FU
 Due to the fact, that normally for each timeslot within one TRX the same
FHS is used, there is no need to change the MAIO from timeslot to
timeslot. Therefore the MAIO is constant on the TRX.
 It is a number that is added to the calculated MAI to avoid intra-site
collisions due to co or adjacent channel usage.
 Range: 0 .. N-1

MAIO - BBH Example (1)
TS 0 TS 1 TS 2 TS 3 TS 4 TS 4 TS 5 TS 6 TS 7
FU 1 BCCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, ma io freq 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0 1, 0
FU 2 TCH SD/ 8 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, ma io 2, 0 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1
FU 3 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, ma io 2, 1 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2
FU 4 TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH TCH
fhs_id, ma io 2, 2 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3 1, 3

MAIO - Example (2)

 E.g. a TRX has the MAIO 2
 Frequencies used on this TRX: f1, f2, f3 ,f4
 The frequency hopping generator creates the MAI sequence
3,0,1,2,1,1,3,0,2,…
 The hopping sequence will be:
 f2, f3, f4,f1,f4,f4,f2,f3,f1,...
MA
MAI ARFCN
0 F1
E.g. MAI = 1 calculated
1 F2
2 F3
F4 is used
3 F4
MAIO=2

HSN - Hopping Sequence Number

 The HSN is one of 4 input parameters to the GSM hopping sequence
generator algorithm (see GSM Rec: 05.02).
 Range: 0 .. 63
 HSN = 0 means cyclic hopping!
 The values 1 to 63 are so called Pseudo Random Hopping Sequence
Numbers. Their usage forces the hopping sequence generator algorithm to
determine MAIs randomly. Due to the fact, that only the GSM internal
timers T1R, T2 and T3 are additional input to this algorithm, their period is
also the period of the hopping sequence

T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers

 Ranges of the timers:
T1: 0 .. 2047

T1R: 0 .. 63 (T1R = T1 modulo 64)

T2: 0 .. 25

T3: 0 .. 50

 T2 and T3 are triggered every 8 timeslots (1 TDMA Frame). When both
timers switch back to 0, T1 (and T1R) is triggered (that is every 26*51=
1326 TDMA Frames).
 In the GSM hopping sequence algorithm the timers T1R, T2 and T3 are
used. This is leading to a period of 64*26*51-1 = 84863 for the MAI
sequence (hopping sequence)

FN - Frame Number
 It is incremented after every TDMA frame (8 timeslots)
 At each FN increment, timers T1, T1R, T2, T3 are impacted, however only
T1R, T2, T3 determine the periodicity of the MAI sequence (hopping
sequence)
 FN periodicity is 26*51*2048-1 = 2 715 647 TDMA frames
 Each frame has a duration of apporx. 4.62 ms
 The absolute time from FN 0 to next time FN 0 is accordingly:
2 715 647 * (8*577 µs) = 3h 28min 53 s
Note: Duration of one TS  577 µs

Hopping Sequence Generation - Diagram

 With the before shown parameters, the
used absolute frequency can be
determined
MA MAIO HSN T1 T2 T3
Algorithm specified in
GSM Rec. 05.02
ARFCN = MA(MAI)
Press for
demonstration

The Period of the Hopping Sequence

 Timer T1R is only increased, when T2 and T3 switch back to zero at the
same time (every 1326 TDMA frames)!
 The total period of the 3 timers T1R, T2, T3 (=duration of FHS):
 64*26*51-1 = 84863 TDMA frames  6min 32sec
 This means, that even if we select the same HSN on two different (not
synchronised I.e no common master clock) sites, they have a probability of
1/84863 = 1.18*10-6
to use the same frame number.
If they have different frame numbers, the order of the used hopping
frequencies is uncorrelated

New understanding of reuse

 A reuse of A X B means, that A sites belong to the same reuse cluster and B
frequency groups are used on this site.
A
A
A
B A
C
A A
B A
C A
Re-use 1x3 Re-use 1x1

Co-cell / co-site constraints  max RF load

 Co-cell constraint  2 channels spacing (ETSI recommends 3, but with
Alcatel EVOLIUM capabilities this value can be set to 2)
 Co-site constraint  2 channels spacing
 As on the same site the minimum distance between two frequencies is 2,
only every second frequency of a band of consecutive frequencies can be
used
 This is leading to a effective usage of the spectrum resources of maximum

50%
 These 50% are the so called maximum RF load on the site

Max RF Load
 The max RF load within a cell can be calculated according the following formula:
 This maximum RF load is only achieved, if all TRXs within the cell are fully loaded!
 If the TRXs are only fractional loaded, the effective RF load is much lower!
#TRX / Cell
max RF load 
# Frequencies / Cell

Max RF Load - Examples

 3 sector site, 12 hopping frequencies, 2 hopping TRX per sector
 1*1 reuse: 2
max . RF load   16.7%
12
 1*3 reuse:
2
max . RF load   50%
4
 These values (16.7% and 50%) are the theoretical maximum achivable
RF loads for the two cases.
This is due to the fact, that a consecutive frequency band is assumed
and thus due to inter cell constraint of 2 channels spacing only every
second frequency can be used at the same time
Inter site constraints

 The maximum RF load is just a theoretical value, up to which we can avoid
violating the co-cell and co-site constraints
 The real RF load of a cell (e.g. the traffic in Erlang handled by the hopping
carriers) is the real indicator for the interferer potential of the cell
 With increasing number of used hopping TS, the probability of having a
collission with a used TS of another cell using the same hopping
frequencies is increasing

Traffic / Interference relation - Examples

 Which scenario interferes most to your communication (yellow)?
Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

TS  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1 TRX1 TRX1
TRX2 TRX2 TRX2

Server
TRX3 TRX3 TRX3
TRX4 TRX4 TRX4
TS  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TS  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TRX1 TRX1 TRX1
TRX2 TRX2 TRX2

Interferer
TRX3 TRX3 TRX3
TRX4 TRX4 TRX4
Assumptions: Cells not syncronized, cells using same hopping frequencies, BCCH not included

Creating Hopping sequences

 The following slides show, how new frequency hopping groups can be
generated and how the MAIO is assigned to the different TRXs within the
cell
 Keep in mind the two GSM constraints
 2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same time
within one cell (only Alcatel EVOLIUM equipment)
 2 channels spacing between the frequencies on air at the same time
within one site
 Assumptions:
 12 consecutive frequencies available (1..12)
 excluding BCCH frequencies

Fractional Reuse
1*2, 1*3, 1*x

1*3 reuse (1)

 Before we create new groups, we have to
keep two things in mind: Cell A 1 4 7 10
 The RF-load of 50% is not possible
with consecutive frequencies in the
Cell B 2 5 8 11
FHS
 50% RF-load is only possible when all
odd or all even frequencies are on air at Cell C 3 6 9 12
the same time  same amount of odd
and even frequencies in each group
Group A: 1,4,7,10
Group B: 2,5,8,11
Group C: 3,6,9,12

1*3 reuse (2)

 To avoid violating the GSM constarints, MAIOs have to be defined for
each TRX of the site.
MAIO settings:
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 ….
Group A: 0,2
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 ….
Group B: 1,3
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 ….
Group C: 0,2
MAI = 0 Frequency used by TRX 1
Frequency used by TRX 2

1*3 reuse (3)

 In a hopping group with 4 frequencies, the MAIs 0 to 3 are possible to be
generated by the hopping sequence generator
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Assumption:
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 MAIOs are as defined
before
MAI = 0 MAI = 2
Group A: 0,2
Group B: 1,3
Group C: 0,2
Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7 Cell A 1 4 7 10 1 4 7
Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8 Cell B 2 5 8 11 2 5 8
Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9 Cell C 3 6 9 12 3 6 9
MAI = 1 MAI = 3

1*3 reuse (4)

 For each frequency group we have an own MA table
 With the group allocation from before, we get:
MA - Group A MA - Group B MA - Group C
MAI ARFCN MAI ARFCN MAI ARFCN
0 1 0 2 0 3
1 4 1 5 1 6
2 7 2 8 2 9
3 10 3 11 3 12

1*2 reuse (1)

 On a two sector site we may have only 2 frequency groups and therefore
only an 1*2 reuse.
 In a first step we allocate the frequencies according to the allocation scheme
known from the 1*3 reuse
Group A 1 3 5 7 9 11
Group B 2 4 6 8 10 12
Problem: For max. possible RF load, all odd or even must be on air
at the same time. This is not possible in this case, as all odd
frequencies are in group A and all even in group B
1*2 reuse (2)

 To have an equal distribution between odd and even frequencies within one
frequency group, we change every second frequency
Group A 1 3 5 7 9 11 Group A 1 4 5 8 9 12
Group B 2 4 6 8 10 12 Group B 2 3 6 7 10 11
To be done: MAIO assignment!

1*2 reuse (3)

 To assign MAIOs we assume the FN 0, and circle as many frequencies as
TRXs are using this group. The circeled frequencies must fulfil the GSM
intra site and intra cell constraint
MAIO TRX 1
Cell A 1 4 5 8 9 12
MAIO TRX 2
Cell B 2 3 6 7 10 11
MAIO TRX 3

1*4 - Exercise
 The frequencies 1..24 are available (excluding BCCH freq.)
 4 sectors on the site
 3 TRXs are hopping in each cell
 Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!

Fractional Reuse
1*1

Reuse 1*1 - 3 sector site

 In the reuse 1 case, we use all available frequencies (1..12) on each cell of
the site
 Intra site collisions are only avoided by the MAIO assignment
Cell A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cell B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 1
Cell C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 2
...... ... .... ... ....

..........................
Reuse 1*1 - 2 sector site

 On a 2 sector site with 12 frequencies of course 3 TRXs per cell are
possible
MAIO of TRX 1
Cell A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MAIO of TRX 2
Cell B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 3

Reuse 1*1 - Exercise

 The frequencies 1..24 are available
 4 sectors on the site
 4 TRXs are hopping in each cell
 Cells are syncronized in terms of FN
Create Hopping Groups and assign MAIOs!

Summary: 1*2/1*3/1*4/… Cell A 1 4 .......

Only
necessary, if
the number of
frequency
Cell A 1 ....... “Rotate” the groups id even
Cell B 2 3 .......
frequencies
through the
Cell B 2 ....... cells
Cell C 3 .......
....... .......
Cell ... ... .......
.......
.......
TRX ....
TRX 1
TRX 3
TRX 2
Cell A 1 ....... Assign MAIOs
according to
MAIO TRX 1 the standard
Cell B 2 ....... 0 2 4 ....... scheme for
Cell A
Reuse 1*X
Cell B 1 3 5 .......
MAIO TRX 2
Cell C 3 .......
Cell C 0 2 4 .......
MAIO TRX 3
....... Cell D 1 3 ..... .......
Cell ... ...
....... ....... ..... ..... .......

....... .......
MAIO
0 1 2 3 4 5
Summary: 1*1
Cell A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Cell B 1 Standard MAIO

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 1 assignment for
Reuse 1*1
Cell C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 MAIO of TRX 2
...... ... .... ... ....
TRX ....
TRX 1
TRX 3
TRX 2
..........................
Cell A 0 x+2 2x+4 .......
Cell B 2 x+4 .... .......

“Rotate” the
MAIOs Cell C 4 .... .... .......
through the cells
..... ....... .... ..... .......
....... x 2x+2 ..... .......

FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*3
Site Cells TRXs

MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 1 Frequency Hopping MAIO (e.g. 2)

Sequence A Hopping TRX 2
(e.g. 1,4,7,10)
FN MAIO (e.g. 1)
(T1R, T2, T3) Hopping TRX 1
(0 … 84863)
Sector 2 Frequency Hopping MAIO (e.g. 3)
Sequence B Hopping TRX 2
HSN (e.g. 2,5,8,11)
(0 … 63)
MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 3 Frequency Hopping
Sequence C MAIO (e.g. 2)
(e.g. 3,6,9,12) Hopping TRX 2

FH parameter relation to Hardware - 1*1
Site Cells TRXs

MAIO (e.g. 0)
Hopping TRX 1
Sector 1 MAIO (e.g. 6)

Hopping TRX 2
FN MAIO (e.g. 2)
(T1R, T2, T3) Hopping TRX 1
Frequency Hopping
(0 … 84864)
Sequence
(e.g. 1,2,3,4,5,
6,7,8,10,11,12) Hopping TRX 2
HSN
(0 … 63)
MAIO (e.g. 4)
Hopping TRX 1

Hopping TRX 2

Alcatel BTS - Hopping concepts

 A910 (M4M) - Evolium Micro BTS
 RFH possible for each non BCCH TRX
(max. 4 TRX within one sector)
 A9110-E (M5M) Micro Base Station
 BBH
 RFH for each non BCCH TRX
 A9100 - Evolium Macro BTS
 BBH
 RFH for each non BCCH TRX

Implementation of Frequency Plan to the OMC-R

 Directly using OMC-R
 Frequencies are implemented manually in the OMC-R
 Used for small networks
 Using External Tools
 A955 RNO or Excel edit of PRC files (for small changes)
 Particularly A955 RNP offers its A955 PRC Generator Module to upload the
frequency plan to the OMC-R (for massive changes)
Number of Cells Time Estimation using Time Estimation using
OMC-R external tool
10 1h22' 1h22'
100 4h24' 4h26'
500 17h50' 17h58'
1000 34h38' 34h55'
2000 68h14' 68h49'

RNP Extension: B7 Frequency Hopping
Frequency Hopping Parameters

BSS and CAE parameters
 In the hopping case, RXQUAL does not reflect the real quality in the
network as explained before
 To overcome this problem, Offsets are applied to RXQUAL dedendent
parameters
 Offset_Hopping_PC influences
 L_RXQUAL_UL_P
 L_RXQUAL_DL_P
 Offset_Hopping_HO influences
 L_RXQUAL_UL_H
 L_RXQUAL_DL_H

Default Parameters for SFH

 Find hereafter the parameters which are different within hopping networks
 Offset_Hopping_PC = 1.0
 Offset_Hopping_HO = 1.0
 HO_INTRACELL_ALLOWED = DISABLED
Note: Resolution of Offset_Hopping_XX is 0.1 since B6.2 ( 1 in B5.1 )

Quality indicator for FH (1)

 The RXQUAL calculation takes only the BER before de-
interleaving into account
 The benefit of FH is not visible in RXQUAL
 The higher probability to get into a fading notch (but for a
shorter time) is leading to a worse RXQUAL then without
hopping, except the non hopping frequency would be in a
fading notch at this location
 FER - Frame Erasure Rate
 is counted after de-interleaving
 takes higher error correction possibilities due to FH into
account

Quality indicator for FH (2)

 Principle of quality indicator calculation within the mobile
Deinterleave
Frame Erasure Decision Voice
DEMOD DECODER
Error Decoder
correct.
- ENCODER
Frame Erasure Rate

RXQUAL
FER
Air Inside the mobile station

Influence of FH on RXQUAL
7
 Subjective speech quality is good
with RXQUAL=5
6
 approximately:
RXQUAL_DL = f (RXLEV_DL)
5
RXQUAL(FH)
RXQUAL
=
4
Without Hopping RXQUAL(no FH) + 1
3 With Hopping
1 Offset_Hopping_PC and
Offset_Hopping_HO are
0 introduced for correcting this
“error”.
-110
-106
-102
-98
-94
-90
-86
-82
-78
-74
-70
-66
-62
-58
-54
-50
Resolution since B7.2: 0.1
Min value : 0; Max value : 7
RXLEV [dBm]
FH implementation via OMC-R 1353-RA (1)
 One of the tasks of the OMC-R is the management of relationships between

a cell and its neighbouring cells in the network
 In the OMC-R it is done by the logical configuration management
 For example, it enables you to:
 Radio configuration including frequency allocation, frequency hopping
schemes, TRX and logical channel configuration
 PC/HO parameters
 Import/Export…

FH impl. via OMC-R 1353-RA (2)

 B7.2 TRX configuration
Selecting hopping mode and MAIO

FH impl. via OMC-R 1353-RA (3)

 B7.2 Frequency Allocation and FHS definition
Selecting Selecting HSN

cell
hopping
type

What about Your network?

 How to start?
 Frequency Band and its subdivision
 Special Cells (micro-cells, concentric cells…)
 Hopping useful?BBH or RFH?
 Problems (RF load, interference…)/Solutions
Open Discussion

Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks: Fractional Reuse

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Frequency Planning of Hopping Networks

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 1

Reuse Cluster Size Definition for FH

FARCS = Fractional Average Reuse Cluster Size

Examples for ARCS

# TRX / cell 3 frequency groups, 3 frequencies

Examples of FARCS (1)

 3 hopping groups with 9 C C

 1 hopping group per cell C C C

Examples of FARCS (2)

 1 hopping group with 27 A A

 same hopping group on each cell A A A

Creating Hopping Groups

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 6

The GSM Hopping Sequence Generator

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 7

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 8

MAI - Mobile Allocation Index

 Note: N is the number of frequencies used in the hopping sequence.

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 9

MAIO - Mobile Allocation Index Offset

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 10

MAIO - BBH Example (1)

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 11

MAIO - Example (2)

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 12

HSN - Hopping Sequence Number

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 13

T1, T1R, T2, T3 - GSM internal timers

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 14

Note: Duration of one TS  577 µs

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 15

Hopping Sequence Generation - Diagram

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 16

The Period of the Hopping Sequence

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 17

New understanding of reuse

Re-use 1x3 Re-use 1x1

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 18

Co-cell / co-site constraints  max RF load

 This is leading to a effective usage of the spectrum resources of maximum

 These 50% are the so called maximum RF load on the site

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 19

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 20

Max RF Load - Examples

Inter site constraints

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 22

Traffic / Interference relation - Examples

Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3

TRX1 TRX1 TRX1

TRX2 TRX2 TRX2

TRX3 TRX3 TRX3

TRX4 TRX4 TRX4

TRX1 TRX1 TRX1

TRX2 TRX2 TRX2

TRX3 TRX3 TRX3

TRX4 TRX4 TRX4

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 23

Creating Hopping sequences

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 24

Mobile Radio Network Planning All rights reserved © 2003, Alcatel 25

1*3 reuse (1)

Summary: 12/13/1*4/… Cell A 1 4 .......