Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Overview
• Magma Sources and Types
• Kinds and Locations of Volcanic Activity
• Hazards Related to Volcanoes
• Issues in Predicting Volcanic Eruptions
• Present and Future Volcanic Hazards in
the United States
Magma Source
• Areas Where Magma Forms (need heat!)
– Upper mantle: asthenosphere
– depths of ~ 50 to 250 km
– High temps (800-1100 C), medium pressure
– Rocks melt, or partially melt
– Divergent plate boundaries
– Above subduction zones
– Hot spots
Plate tectonics: Asthenosphere is where melting occurs
Source: http://www.geol.umd.edu/~jmerck/gal04/GEOL388/lectures/02.html
Wahalua Visitors’ Center Aflame in Hawaii
Ultramafic: Peridotite
Source: http://www.tmm.utexas.edu/npl/mineralogy/Blowups/Olivine_in_peridotite_xenolith.htm
Felsic-mafic: andesite
Source: http://www.otago.ac.nz/geology/features/rocks-minerals/rocks.html
Felsic: Rhyolite
Source: http://resourcescommittee.house.gov/subcommittees/emr/usgsweb/photogallery/
Magma properties
• Volcanic Gases: CO2, SO2
• Pressure builds up as magmas rises to surface
– Felsic (more SiO2): viscous + thick = explosive
– Mafic (less SiO2): fluid, gases escape
Source:After R. Decker and B. Decker, Volcanoes, 1981, W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, NY.
“Hot Spots” Around the World
Source: Modified after map in online text This Dynamic Earth, U.S. Geological Survey.
Kinds and Locations of
Volcanic Activity
• Shield Volcanoes: Hawaii
– Mafic lavas, low, flat, ‘shields’
• Volcanic Domes
• Cinder Cones
• Composite Volcanoes
Low-Angle View of Mauna Loa
Source: Data from R. Decker and B. Decker, Volcanoes, Copyright © 1981 by W.H. Freeman and Company.
Lava-Flow
Control
Efforts on
Heimaey
Harbor
Cameroon, 1986
Source: http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/ch13.html
Carbon Dioxide Cloud Over Lake Nyos, Cameroon
Source: http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/tectonics.html#anchor10693467
Stratospheric Aerosol, 1991: April 15 - May 25
Source: http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu//
Stratospheric Aerosol, 1991: June 14 – July 26
Source: http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu//
Stratospheric Aerosol, 1993: Feb. 13 – March 26
Source: http://eos.higp.hawaii.edu//