CLASSIIC

REPRIINT

SIERIIES

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR NURSES

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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOCJY FOR NURSES

BY

LEROY
LATH I'OR SURGI:QN NUlI.o;ES TO AT THE

LEWIS,
HOSl'ITAL,

M.D.
ANl.> l'H'YSIOLOGN r.:ITY. MKHIGAf> BAY

ANl.> LKCTURER LEWIS

ON ANATUl\!Y

Third Edition, ThoTOUgMfJ Revised

PHILADELPHIA

AND LONDON

w.

B. SAUNDERS

COMPAN'V'

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Copyright, ary,

1905,

by \V. B. Saunders

an

1906, April, 1907, August, J988, vised, reprinted, and recopyri Reprinted September, 1910, Revised, entirely reset, recopyri gh t ~d Se pte

Company. Reprinted Januand February, 1909. Rerhre d ] auuary , 1910. nd January, 1912, reprinted, and ber, 1913.

Copyright,

1913, by W. E. , aunders Company.

Reprinted Septem er, 1914.

PRINTED

IN AM RIC"

PRESS

OF OW'A~'1' A

W. B

SAUr-'DE"riS PH1LI>.Or:LPtl

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PREFACE TO THIRD EDITI N.

THE;

first edition of this work was written b in anatomy and p

the late

Dr. Le Roy Lewis upon the request of man whom he had instructed He endeavored to make the text as simple prehensive as possible, so that students migh

be able

to grasp the primary principl~s, after which h felt that they would he sufficiently equipped to apply emselves to future studies. The works of Gray, Wilson, Deaver, Bruha er, Kimber, and others were freely consulted, and in some instances their language was employed or par phrased. The publishers furnished many illustrations, w ich elucidate the text and aid the student in grasping t e details of the subject. Owing to the gratifying reception accorded the previous editions of this work, the present edito deemed it wise to depart materially from th plan and manner of presenting the subject. tions have been rewritten, considerable new been incorporated, and the entire book has oughly revised. has not general atter has en thor-

It is hoped that this new e ition will

be found to be particularly adapted to the needs of students and practitioners of nursing.

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PREFA CE.
frequen request, on the part of those whom it has been my pleasure to instruct in Anatomy and Physiology during the last few years, to write a book based somewha upon the plan employed in teaching this subject ha been the principal incentive to my
THE

action. The field of natomy and physiology is already too well cultivated or one, in this brief space, to hope to do more than a d the student in acquiring established facts. In preparing this work I have endeavored to make the text as si pIe and comprehensive as could be done, that the students luay be able to grasp the primary princi les, after which they win have sufficient knowled e to apply themselves to future studies. The works f Gray, Wilson, Deaver, Brubaker, Kimber, and 0 hers have been freely consulted, and in some instan es their language has been employed or paraphrased. Through th kindness of the publishers I have been enabled t make use of many illustrations that
I)

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PREFACE.

will be to the student object-lessons and in many instances make the text more comprehensi e. The author desires to acknowledge the a d derived from the sources mentioned, and trusts that the reader will find something to commend in the pages that follow.
LE ROY EWIS.

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CONTENTS.
PAGE

INTRODUCfIO

..

,.

..

..

III

-41

..

..

II

CHAPTER
OSTEOLOGY •••••
•••• 't ....

I. . . . . . . . . 13
• 20 · 22

Classifica The Spin The Skul Thorax a Bones of The Bones of

ion of Bones 1 Column. . d Pelvis . . the Upper Extremities Hand . the Lower Extremities

• .. ..
•.

. 24 · 30
34

• • ••

. 37
· 41 • • • 42

The Foot ..
The Arti ulations Tendons ... Adi pose I'issue CHAPTER
THE MUSCUL R SYSTEM ..•.
o

...
.. • • •

.46 ·47 II.

Muscles f the Head and Face. Muscles f the Neck . . . . . Muscles f the Trunk. .... Muscles f the Upper Extremities. Mus les of the Shoulder and Arm . Mu cles of the Forearm. ... Mus les of the Hand. ...• Muscles f the Lower Extremities Mu cles of the Leg. Mu des of the Foot Muscles f the Perineum •
• • .. • l1li ...

.. ..

55
.60 · 64

.69 .69

..
l1li .. 0 l1li

.
ill It
til

·72
• .. • 82
•

· 74 • 76 84 84

..

..

'III

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ON TEN TS.

PAGH

THE

CIRCULATORY

OR

ASCULAR

SYSTDI

The Heart ..... The Arterial System. . The Aorta .... The Thoracic orta The Abdomina Aorta The Venous System . . . Veins of the H ad and Neck Veins of the U per Extremities. Veins of the L wer Extremities Veins of the T unk .. The Portal Circulati n. . The Pulmonary Cir ulation • The Blood .... of the Fetus. The Vascular
e

87 87
· no
• •

94 96

• III

· II8
· 121 · 124 · 126 · 127

· 13°
• 130

· 131 · 138

THE

RESPIRATORY

SYSTFM

III

,.

-III

til

144

The Lungs ... The Diaphragm

..

· 145
It • .. "" •

153

C APTER
THE

V.
• • .. c

DIGESTIVE

SYSTEM

The Esophagus and Stomach. The Intestines .. The Lacteals. .. The Thoracic Duct
REGIONS OF THE
ABDOM ,N AND THEIR

..

CONTENTS.

• • . • 175 • 177

C APTER
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM.

VI.
ISO
• • 182 186
...

The Kidneys . The Ureters . The Bladder.

..

..

. . . 186

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co
THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM (

9
PAGIl

ntinued). The Suprarenal Capsule . . • . The Skin . . . . . ..... The Appendages of the Skin CHAP ER V.!:!.

• lyO

• 19° • 194

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.

The The The The The

Nerves .... Brain ..••. Spinal Cord . Nerves of the Gene al System .. Great Sympathetic Terve. . . CHAP

• 198 • •. 2°3 • • • 2°9 • 216 · 219 • • 229

THE

GLANDULAR SYSTEhI

The The The The The The The The The The The The The The

Lymphatic Glands. Liver ...• Gall-bladder Spleen .... Pancreas. . Parotid Glands Submaxillary Gland Sublingual Glands. Thyroid Gland .. Lacrimal Glands . Mesenteric Glands. Mammary Glands .. Sebaceous Glands . Sudoriparous Gland

...

• • 233 .233 · 235 • • • 237 • • 237 • 241 · 241 • • 243

...

..

• • 243 • 244 • • 244 · 245 • 246 • •. 247 • 249

THE MEMBRANES OF THE

B DY "

••••..

• • • 25 I

CHAP The Organs of Sight .,

ER X.
• • 253 . 253

THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SE SE

....

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10
THE

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CONTENTS.
ORGANS
OF SPECIAL SENSE

(Continued) .•. ••• ••

The The The The

The Appendages of the Eye Physiology of Vision . Organs of Hearing Organs of Taste . . • • • Organs of Smell . . • . Organs of Touch .•

. . . . . • . . 258
• 260

PAGE

• 261 • • • 264 • • • • 266 • . • • • ., . 268

CHAPTER
THE FEII'IALE ORGANS
e • • ••

XI.
0 ••••••

OF GENERATION.
<"

The Vagina . . . The U terns. . . • . . . . . . . .. Appendages of the Uterus

c ••••••••

'"

271 274 275 279

CHAllTER
THE l\TALE ORGA~S
i.W

XII.
• 287 28 • 7 • • 287 • • • • • 288
,., ...

GENERATION

The Prostate (_;and . l Cowper's Glands The Penis . The Testes . The Seminal Vesicles Semen ..... Impregnation CHAPTER
REPAIR
RATIO:'-J"-THE PmVER THAT

• 287

..

XIII.
HEATAND ERSPISUPPORTS
PRE ERVES

AND \VASTE-NUTRITION-ANIMAL • • • • •

HEALTH

294 Nutrition . . ..• • . 296 Animal Heat .. 297 Perspiration . . • 299 The Power that Supports and Preserves Health. 302
0 ,

INDEX

f'o

ill

(I

ill

.....

III

III!

II'

l1li

..

307

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ANA OMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

FOR

NURSES
INTRODUCTION
up the study of the anatomy of the human body we s all confine ourselves to a general consideration of tho e branches that most concern the nurse, taking up the natomy of the various organs and their physiologic func ions, and omitting the minute anatomy that is required only of those who desire to perfect themselves in a vanced work. The essential points that a nurse shall d be well acquainted with are: The regions of the bod ; the internal organs, their names and their location, t e relation each organ bears to life. Thus only will be enabled to understand the conditions of the body i disease. In apply ng ourselves to that important subject that concerns t e nursing of the sick, we should understand, first what oes to make up the complex organization of the body a d, second, by what means we are to obtain this know! dge. We shall begin our first study by taking up the several systems th t constitute the body, so that the nurse may

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12

ANATOMY

ND PHYSIOLOGY

FOR NURSES

become familiar ith the technical terms that will be employed in the eneral work: The word anat my is derived from two Greek words, avri, apart, and rSflv£tV, to cut, meaning literally dissection. The science of anatomy comprises the study of the body as a whole nd the relations of its various organs. It is divided int the following branches: osteology, the anatomy of the ones; syndesmology, that of the joints; myology, that of the muscles; angiology, that of the vessels; neurology that of the nerves; splanchnology, that of the internal iscera ; adenology, that of the glands; dermatology, that of the skin; genesiology, that of the generative organs

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CHAPTER

OSTEOLOGY
WE shall first consider the framework system) that supports the body. This is kno skeleton" (from the Greek axeisrbv, a dried gives attachment to the muscles and forms a to the internal organs. Bone.-Bone is the hardest structure in it possesses also a certain degree of toughnes
Lacuna ..

r osseous rn as "the body), and protection the body; and elas-

Haversian canal.

FIG. I.-Portion

of a transversely ground disk from the sha femur j X 400 (B6hm and Davidoff).

of a human

ticity. Its color, in a fresh state, is of a pin ish white. On examination it will be found to be comp sed of two kinds of tissues, one dense and compact, like ivory, the other made up of slender fibers ilamelle) arra ged in the fonn of lattice work, and called cancellated it sue. The former is always external, and the latter inter al. These combinations vary in different parts of the body. In
13

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bj ct to great
e pa 11
90 :3.

force the
are Dot tissu x

are

that

to

re str in are provided

ti sue.

Hone

canals that co

one anothe~ and ~r sia u CCUtah' - They con

So

Is f 0 the nutrition

of

ernbrane,

bone- r orm Itlg t state bones hav

the

issues

we separate- the w to prove that t is

j f;

"l

is done by s e bo-ne in dl lu te
av-mg

organ tc rna e a! ben can t wisted In to y shape, elas .cit Y and tough ss. The terial 111 ay be d4:!mon ted by
Or

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

os
og heat in an open flre access, un til C Of anie the earthy be ng the origin

rzeJZ.I '.1

OrpniJo: man@]" :

'I

+. ••

•• +.

S' ucalcium
of molll:;n(:~1I. •

I!;tllorit.l 01 sodi

the pmpo.rtj

i erent periods of
t er predornina n a larger pro ing deficient ! in ~hidren j l ~that the bon 50

......._....__

d it ion kuo"'"

diseases, also, di proportion bet T us in the diseas

ldren of the

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm

Boo

16
ton of earthy matter,
W

ealthy qualit -

a non-vaseul r struct s of the body ~ adult e c 11 'des of the horax, and in v

and ears, whi

ret uS

a an

and

Lee-om s ossified"

tilage l

nc to osslfiea ion.

Cart
positio brnnif

ding to
rtieular ~ j Ilte articular ~

rti lage is dj vi led, as to o true or hyali ne c ilage, fi br us yello ., elas tic, or r t ieular C"B. ilage lar artiJage fo il. thin ayer r the bones nd its ela tici t ssion, whi e the: sm moveme t. tv s acco ing to the 5 ape of the
I

u.

lies,

cart iI ;Re de ri \'("5 its

the

nu trimcu

t
as

eighboring S ovial me bra bone, upon which t ey arc im c marrow "!oj. a cnmp
filts up

it also tends
which

tissue

dric cavity in the shafts the spaces of 11 e cance 11 s ti sue larger bony ca uals ( ave the blood- v sels, 1t l of ; the f ormer i found in he 1 t an is composed of rat 96 d ves ls [ per een fluid J
I
j

Ol[U[)F

I'

blood -ves

two main branche one s nding, g. in he medullary C'Wwl; } e .".~iDS. gh nu rnus openin art iC'Ut

d form the ly to the pe eries intu th

muni -section in Fi .
I

tb Y appear

-.~ob.DI1
I

18

orifices, and those same way into th bone is permeated through t he bony
system,

Periosteum.~
xce

Dear] y

every part, \\11ere strong tend

bone, the perioste corn posed of two you ng bones the is intima tf ly conne epiph yseal cartil age hu which it is separa rc by a a n 11m her of grail lar which ossification
j

bone.
ron neetive ~ tissue Ia.
l'j

of the periostea m n which serve as a. ni U~ f

previous to their
Jiabili ty of bone. to of this mcrn branc necrosis wen r disease. de

tissue membrane ca vities of the

is a delicate con ne edullary all

ntains num rous

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.DI1

same as that of the

one.-It

is

bone develop

membranous,
in mind. howe
ss is the same

to nt, These nd subperiomary

1

that the .alL ~rhe

«one head.
10St

d Irregularnsist of mas.~ of byaline general way the b ape of the tion of th-ese ca ilage masses S ossification. This is al·
j

of the long

ed in meme Jimbs are

nt!·fonnil1g

the thick ich radiate fro the cen ter eposi t of lime-s 1ts in these ou t in needle- ke fays todepesi t of bone termed the pri ary cen ter, his. Just before ossification s enlarge and a nge themare deposi ted in the rna trix umns wh ieh en lose obJong o - con tal ni ng c ilage cells, enees by the in owth from ng connect] ve ti ue covered .ch ~ after eausi absorption erted into bone.
I

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

20

NA TO,tJ Y A ND PH Y,

bones oC the body loog, hurt, flat. and irrcgul frame tha.t protects the in attac men t for the several Th 10 ng: bo nes art tho

ties;

flat

are those of skull. ete.: the irregu lar

ones

e sh ort bones

are

tJw

as we as the ethmoid, the t por 1~ etc. \Vh t ha ve 'We to say abo t th Sitrj ac you amine a. bone, you W 11 no lee tli
tm,t"l1e ICeS

and dL~pres nons,'

j

hese

ave t

and i should be the aim of th nun with ach so that she will h in an in] ury in a pr ices and depressions a

to

icular, nicular emi arm bone (humt't us) a

plcs of
Q

Ics of articular depre ions ca ...ity of the- seap la ( aceta ulum, t he cavity wit wh' ticulEl es with the pel vis.

-arts cular

emi !tfnces

form: for example ~ a broad. is cal d a tuberosity,' a small, a sh p, slender pointed e eleva t ion. a ridge (l
J

C'cS

and depressi ons from

exe

seul ar attach rnents,

11developed

-articular depressim!s ry i I form • . grooves. furrows, Ii sure notch ,

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
I II I

-.~ob.lII1
I I

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
I I

Boou

/I YSIO LOG J FOR NUBS.

r

f the adult is made up of

divided) according to

..

• • .. .. .... • + • ... • • • • .. • • ..

+ +

• •

+ + +

...... .. • •

.. •

.. +

1udes the patellee,

but

nor the small bones of found in the substan great toe. I unman V s of childhood; they d from supplementary

i size <ltl d in shape, 1 r~thus formiDg a sup rtebra is di vi ded into t body th I! posterior,
j

laminee, su ..................... i ular 2 t ransverse, nod ] 50 of the processes are to

:2
j

dicles and

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

to the various m the

nts artleu-

ach side; the ith the two

linata) an d

aceyx artieu'l'be
pine is a bout

senrs several curve

to the dif~

FIG ,S.-A i.e1!!:.:3. l~mi", proclI!! : 6. t flroc.! ~uid }..

Jr.,,,,,,
J:_

body
i i

'I.

.5.

:a., ~~
5pl!'I.(J ....g.

arllC:uW

Ierent

th~

: the cervical with

ror.oc ~~FOe NU~SES

rna y be intelligently ULL n expansion ol the verteb work uf t he head, and c

] QCl:.ip.~a.I•
.?:
I Z

puricul. lrontAl...

k-mlJOral.
id. dlm~ld+

I ~ U eru:;I P
I

;3' :1'13'&:11.1.

:l

superior m3il1.ary. l.-.eri mal. == malar. :z palate,

:l

z: inlerklr \urb~n.a.ted..
~ vomer. ! i ~f~ri[)f rn."l.:II: mary. e zm n FlllJ'Dllm Boou

oSTEO OGY

e back and d articulates with the aU . It magnHm~ an openin for the exit

lpita. bone forms

of

Spl

•tlid bones form the side

eranlu is oftt as it f. It also The frontal bon e seat of pain in 5 part of the bony ites with the two in the center of

of

he nd

thesp

A~ ~A TOM Y ANI)

(tmla,.,l,

and generall

mothers

the

FIG. 8.~ T mpeml bone

tJmp.:mil::, and

{lr

ij:']

lti-

e zm

FDlJ'Dllm

Boou

_.

II

foraDltom1.noh.lII1

·-·r----

27
The temporal b
ad, and contain the location of t queutly the seat
by ter sctlrlet fever, t considered

or

the

ledge

uire the attentlo chronic discha

1"be Iphenoid
of the skuU. an

~tf~,.

(.IIIJ.
J .....

0/

·li:.f·¢

of the eraniu fenor maxiUary. The two nasal

of the

e vomer t the bac

The superior

the face) except •_ sockets for the in fonning th th, the floor an

the t~ 1:;i nary . per teet

-the r ,and he floor

t bones d eonThe y of the

28

ANATOMy"

or

the orbi t, whic each bone a ca vi t in some foil! bjects tion; th is ca vity bone, and render

withi
, whic fiamm of

TInr

the cheek ~and a tion or t he rye.

articulates wi th

uth.

The pa late bo the flOSC 1 hel pi ng

e znrn

nd
tum of

(Tal!:!!).

ry bone ron
surmoun ted
I I

ither

body! de by a

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

30

ANA TO

ANO P t, and an

thi n triangu la condyloid benea th the

The depressi sigmuUi. n.otch, e is. one nerve. This should be lam 1 ~as it is u bjeet to ttention It is mo require surgi and Ireq uentl comes d sloeatcd as

nstriete portion k of the condyle. ed tbe

e result

light blow_ I !ower teeth. The hyoid is a. bony art'

tnngue and gi

1e recepti some irues calle a ped 1ik 3. horsesh

at taohm .nt to nurn

e,

bone, s the

The thorax
up the ch-est. respi ra ti on an of the tru nk, i!l conic in fo formed by th laterally t and its base is for pass the great and sympa the duct ~and api

to make gans of

cavities thorax

The stem
gtadlotu.~,or s The m anubr] u the gl adiclus the third to si

the ensiform
cartilage and

31

are connected

hese are called

t to the costal are- known as ou tward, so he t and lu("re&Se are raised,

32

AN.1 TO.U)· A/·/D FII Y~'iIOL

sln downward f rom rts v tits. st mal end b con sj de rabl

'he

nb

hment, $0 its dorsal+

\'CCJl

a re classed as irrcgu t e ri bs arc called i nierc

d by the nu rsc when d
n eruption.
It"

l"he spa.r'H fact to be

location of

cmbc
or of

elow t
the

din phragm, and abo ud ca vi ty of the tru

j j

t~

•• , ,

brim is a
is the true
e zm n
DIJ'DIIm Boo

33
The latter co tion, the rectum, the bl
blood-ves
areh in pelvic ca

ty.

'S of ,&"enra-

ters, and the

d by the p hie ic l..igameo t bethe t uberos ties f the pelvic utinches in the

ls, The prluic t and the !::OCCYX a

hind t the

or the
let

ural boundaries a

aver

female.

iseh iu : 6. i,1(, ii~ II1'f'"RI; ~ illor~L~fJ"lbi ~i e, 1'1:,.

I'('I~Lt~ !.f

II!!m~:

t,

lnnom

fIII:!1II

e, si tun ted 'be. ing ~ with the It is forme of th year. he ~i:s "9 of four

ect tn fract
"9.

CORdi tions tha

Injuries to th

34

ANA]"{)MY

.-'1:

J./(J~$ES

especial re of the chi or the pel vis. form the side yare divi ischium and th~ pubes atcd and form one bone the acetabulum blur. The u if ~he -ilium; he pubes.
!

bor,

su

t h~ !'schi Itm ; or extre mi ty {)T spine of t which we sit

led the a

bones is kn t 1andrea rks.

bones the a (comprising dlus and ul n

or

and the pb al claricle or as a wide ran

exO"U"'W::H">r> posi tion an

n between th why the clavi single bone in scapula Or lor and late included bet

, is th or

orsalsunace
the $p1'NC-tl oulder, and is

ituated on the ~ over]yjng the e seventh ribsby an elevated 11 overhangs ieh . Just beneath

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

3S

frW#"11tl _

.. ..:..'. P~(jl.'N~U. ;
~,~

shallow depression the with the head of the

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
II

Boou

-.

humerus. situated to

• l

&.Jt.. ..

I?"I'./

)1.-, ...•

AI posinon

"Supil1ali

origin to a ·dassified as From the

s muscle.

The that

the

UpPEt e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

-.~ob.lII1

OGY

37

is the arm,
forearm.

is the

Theh
extremity artlculates w
tion a ity of tesser ace of roun

the
tt~bet the h

of the hu the condyles. uIn,aj while The ulDa .

does not ent upper end p and the cavi

been institut
often being e carelessness When the said to be

e hand is sis-Is
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.lII1

YAND

The

as long boned, bo es ~f the y. t, and an &trcmi ty +

,a.

he]ower
the- foot+ femu t or thigh. The unded

~,.tJI

iIU.·_·

s:

MHdh.J

III~.···

t)_

ND

10LOGY

PO

by a co stricted
are [ou

end

or

er and esser trochant e hone i expan d d to fonn t VI.' the

we

k, vi t h th

e jun ctlon 0

which
The

rticulate

ti bia and
ngest m uscle bones+the

gi ves a. t at hrnent
fibula. tendon
·fhe

moid bone

The up
which the k -joint.

FiG.

z.-Righl,-..

Ita·

III All

·~"N;l

·ri[)"f' lIurL.t:~ - "

I!l

"

'). The lower is know a~ the i er mall ~llf s, and art' astragal s, thus ding in the forma tio joint. ride r bone on The f bula is t the leg, The up is called the crest
I

the shi

wi th the tibia and

The 10 r end of to Jorm he an kle oint. 1y ("3.] t he fibu is rom

The arena, that hel s to IDa

kneeup the

p, 1:5 II Dati

ee-joint,

1
Boow..:.

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm

the tendo pate lla, resen ts two facets

the femur.

The

tarsu 7

which consists of f 5 bones, and the

I

!-tH'fll

!.u bD-T1 :

i I,

; iii. C1I oid : 9, m~t~1~,"",Ll

S-

internal

A$1:r~jf<'I' 1.l&O'

~,

'C-1,I'!II;:I'oT

h(!llId In ;

bQlj(!~ ;

ing a total
he up

of 26 bones.

and

rmost bone of the rtieulates with the

and is

bone.
long

The

Th~
tip are forth j

s or whh: t different lations.

as th

the adj

tion wi
the sut

urlares but in lation

I.iI!I i c, inre mal la

0'

1l!1C

ral li.lf..' I!'I1 t ~ d. If':t: 3I1IfI1!I1::1: .II! , F~m r: I. !tt>rio')r 1i i!!!:II:1@-n:.a.! ktt(!raI li m!!nt:~. pD:5..terior I

Irncc:- oin

t~

• j\11

rerior a

; J. interoS!l!'Oll.!. .A

gaml!".111

'hese bones 1lale, held

-.

44

5trugaln'!l;
rI. tnnDlM'!
0lil_ 0110 eel . lip,frlll:~1 i

•
I

ca

45
The structures that en ter in t !fibr
nof

and
the

opaquCt pear]

yellow- high
-iderable co and resu roes i

ynooial nltmb
s of the bod

iaiH~ th~ otion i!:; about

ankle- joi t and part n be tween the humerus the moti !'! is abou t a joint bet ftn the at las UXl'w· joint (the art icula ead of the radi U~. . joinl t e two axes or

the l1gitu ad th
11

be

me axis. bow joint loa) In in al ubi. axi and wee the

to one an ther, but bot

xamples
e atlas

he wrist joint d the occiput.

r

e approxi of motio
+

IS

tion of two heing at rig

the thum
e zm n FlllJ'Dllm Boou

rig t h ruu h d ifferen t

al join

oj

In tl

exteusiv
ligamen

in len

fla t tene , r eonside <II most . out bl

cunnect
I I

to
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.lII1
I

OST£O.l. DC }

47
o the same

investing ally fibrewith fat; y ate dense o serve for

n known

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
I

Boo

II

11 VS

LO(1 Y FOR NlJ

-s

rl;:: arc

the ....round? non-a rt[i...-uln.- -t=1.&I..I..J" ............

j t'!l n
L

lo nu t ion?
di ... dcd~ L

"f':rf~t.Jm~ ~ p.u:ts of a '"

e sevcml p..ut ~ rm? IUIlI.' tiun [Jf the IJfOiI.:

lnl:'

1ta.~ nc

'h ...1 I.l slthe oltla.~ .;,u'"'

~hh \'I' t hone does the :jI. ri1i1.t 1.U i llilt1.."S wi rh the ;ith w t I':k~ 1he sac n.l docs the C{)I;:C),-X il"'Cta~C' l-cngt h does it p~rt? f w]lil.l is Lhe !l'kull con-i d ~jdlkll" lY)tl~ j ~ the c !he ~dpi t;d bo [oramcn i~ 11.LLfl C l..tmlt:lE:lIbones lh'-! lrorna I 00 I:;I~a.~,P-otI.I
artjru artie

"fa~

arch fonn? li1.-ou~h

oi" t he 00
[0

t'l;rll!'tl?

e f orn
lin t 1

rorm"? \orm:" l the

temporal
t ~.r. LIrnsta n.-~ m2l.v i , he !if,i1toMiti otn1 rt h n'I

001'.ljl..s~

;~ hone become d OO"RC-s1(1~'.o t~"( 1he ~1)"'riC"r ma: i1lar~,' nes ~tu.al~?

[r~_....

lBI B FlllJ'Dllm

Boou

STA'OLOGY ? rming?

49

is bone aid in

silualMi'

bones fouoo? at dOC! it f

mary bone I.;. Gh~ iu If:lcttt,io

l~

how L"I.it divid -c Jrom t hit :J

irunl ca

e up t ~ t hornx

sa me (

flo they

Ol[U[)F

mBoou

5
thof:
tiCi\ P uI.&.?

'HYS OLOCY

FOR N

KSES

is it 1oc.attd~
portB.IJt
~toee:!&.'ti

St

"oity Is lormed by
cme anil: u.la~ in t~ o] l::Joi:Jb:. d hal bones ~ the all)' bones fQJTn the 'bone is en the iD:n~f bat does tbe: ulna. a c is the lon;~st bone wl'.la mlu into l urved proa':5S is. p il"'''ty i!i lormed b:.' !i the radi'l1S~ ha t does i l art k lIlll !to tbe i'r.il..L:hu-e called the boees 01 the

~OODe~t?' ul.a.i'

y?
merus b(!IOOlGf
IlI'ICf

<ut.ku!:J.te? );t..remily?

iide

Ihef~m]

r the

j(,uhi I::?

tion of Ihe "TI:!;;lj by the upper end

ressl'

whk
:t.Ildd

occuf!, .II. \

iu, I~

'I

'ided?

dh·i~on? - The 10000'tI'.

(:1'111

po:Lns fQrm?

~ the lcrnur, and wi h ..... docs it atlku.b.u:? h t da!jljj .-.1 bones ( the mur bi:lo~8f hmll:llt?' t does tb is bone I!;i
1::!I..II.l"t

rvutld in

he ~t~lIi\ enter ln s the tibill, 1l[1~ wi ~ [ormed by the Ill\'!, !Ii the fibula? ()t'!I; L h i~bonc= L'Lrticli i!; formed by ils tuw r~:II: t L:s. lh.~ JNl.lClla? Id,ul or ;LL bone j~ it? i~~.out.e-maicls. II; n b the toot di'ljidoo? any OO'H~i are [1'1: is the UPI:!CmJO:st b;tu bone does 1t ;JI,ricula

0[11the kn~e-- j ·nt~ Imn~ does i l i'J.rtj(, zt.~?' mi.)' or the bon~?
:alitll'll

? e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

lilt

an artic:u1llti.ou!5f

here do we fiDd sutural IQ,t Is canilage~ and w at holds lhe jnillt hill. membrane do join t b; the chan.Ct.el" of

t 3t.tuctutt:$ enter irJ

i5 the term .synovia lite joints cl~1ied hat au: ~DdoW hat is adipose tiSiut? t oondition is caused

1I

, in eontradist hich invests

muscle.

m;1 r]ifted ~ It, I")my~ium; g, fi'I::IH.

Eplmysln

e bundles are hape (see Fig.

d~for the m gh they have

or bun incus attach es of fi ers, are in th

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
I

II

-.~ob.DI1
I II

'EM

,3

sueeessl bundle i The es

u being arran g r size, ~ ha le.

haraeteristic

in length r di d rigid~ id to ori~'na

, its body
here they is under-

d attaehme

ttachment
usele that

attached, od - \:,Cf.iSC 18
rhe umatic

estimate
in pairs.

r 9~ th

body i.! commonly

. all occur

The
Hmm prcialIy ore superfici 1 n u
1

d in for . In the 11~ th j S; • s true esles, the deep ones

general!
form an the trun forming For pur

id the
various

ones, and
.oi nts, 1n

etes uf the c
eriptlon, th by a t in cellular ~h; th· not only its in t ior in the
j

toogt bro
Each

oR the

,..iI

nd serv-

bones r earl ilagcs, rough e mew urn or ap neuroses.

e zm n FDfZ(I!Im Boou
I

II

PI! YSIOL OC r FOR NlJR.S

-6

,
o
1... en lhl!: fih!n. ( dCJmysi Fi I!r (d ~1':11II11.m~t l r", ark band ; ~, Ii!:ll! t.ll:Ll'ld: H D; ", merlll; ne or K :;'II:'C: e, !.arroll!rn rna: f. m I..i' d ~ I. "-afk band c, 00111 .LC"ring elol!"ml!!nts: d, ~ of
III.

F'IG_ JO,- V(;olul'J r~1!I ... l1.lllbr1 o

,.. me:
Ulr,;:I~-

brtt., "

A. Three IrOlunllUY fi nuclei of seme I m~: fl. Iil::lo!=l'5. liil-pcill1ilk"d if1

fil1rous
0

sure

h!'fllne

U-I::Ill:m 0'

0'

Kr~u I!:: e, :ali ht I'J:Lffl:I .....i1!l~ (If CCl1lr";;1cl,,.. .R-n:d- 11 Ii nil!':' HeM!!!! n (l..i!rfloy)...

In

50

are co

fla. tened layer ]a tissue by I m scles of the ace.

THE

5S
ind3-thl! volune of being moved
nd tbe

involun-

nder the control arger bulk of the the blood -vessels

: as. for example, Ul uscle bears to e m u5C1C"S of the .rig expression to

are

ivided in to groups ions i0 wh ich they are Jaee, the lollowalpe bral, orbi tal,
mporomaxillary ,

FACE
muscle to be 'Will note tha t tal bone ~ and the

ing that the mushe head (ocri put) eir name; in this

na es careful! y ~they the origins and inser-

he
rn

slayer th the of the dthe back-

lU_ 31 ] md I. (!l 11e rlg1l1 ~IILI' nf Ih· llt.! ...J t 'l'llP(' I: . ret heus ILTI;'nl; -l, IJorl.JlL.:ul;n JS p~I .'"11 Il;'l..:.j: • C 'II' pr ssor II Lrh i 7, III.! .ItL~I· tabi i &.u rio i.., ~
::1_

III 11ie ~ of iga31ri hv d:!i! 1, LLi~

pr
-,Ill'"

11·.... I.:)f 1:1 h

i~L lIII:ri is : 9i; 4.

~4,

h· r 1'1"1

JI LI"'i-, 2~.

~ S_ 1n tfl rohv :'Ii;;.. iii;

~f~ ri yloh

!LLt·

Iir"4"j.. 1I:BJii. 3, m;1j:c1,..: 10, hie la i"!o0 ill, deI~: I . 11(·rT[:~[)OI' 11fl.lfU I, '-,1 i~~ I_~_ It tl!'ritl b~lI)' ot --ouL i . h r[l~L, ~1l~; r6, S[y leh ~ id: J p~~ rior b~lIy n'~~~ ('r : fl), ~tl tl'Lnh,·o(1id:~, II tl.:" ie bt:11· of emoid : ';I';iI -:zt, l'lWL~t 11nrt· mid tilt!" c rr-.tr ·t, ~ I! phary ru, i ;;.~. p~1 rlll.l~ i r'1, 1~~';J:lI[lrS-I:3p l:x ~.::! • 1"'1,,1 rior ~h:~II~· 0' oI)lIIouIL1[]14l; 3[).. N rdd I(! ::I ~1 O~ I;:'ril}f" S('id~~u i
~·~IIl;1 !kll~

31.

1'":1pt"~i 1'5.,

this muscle. It
horror. froi the occipital and t he supra-orbi tal and

10

ex-

teriorly by the p
.al, and exceptionally
e lin
I)

FlllJ'Dllm Boou

57

their
: the

uscle

oded

S8
hi they also coot
muscles,
'!,Ii'

AN

this region the tro the] ip and the ize 01 the ant e, muscles WI1 f 1J cnon to pe to th other-r-th at is the rts concerned i

are, to a ce muscle has it an tagon ist lea 11 others constri

tiqul.l.S

ftr... :_tt.-M' ..~

!!LUfl~rt4]t;

i:r. r~dl)r:

6,

n::c! IU

J.

[),hIHllI1.I~ superior = s Irh'lll~; " IfWI.'C"r he;!;rI 0'

L)f

11,,=y

M .h~.... rflLt:
10,

!.

u'<'aIQr

~(;Jf~I~~M

u..t;

(Jo'Llliq lJu~ inkri Ill":

Superior
are rOll r mu

Relion.-I

ch side: t]ley malar bones, superior ma.xil it; some of t lower margi n the mU5('U Iar s of the u pper li hii 5U perioris, as follows: jor, z. gom aticus min zygoma ti t:'1J'S A en-on. elev the upper Ilp: dral and outward, in I ughing or displ

59
o tbat the

]Si

form, and surro with the bucein several musc-les

!

oral

thi n muscle.

, so
tlle

ion in the angle 0 of the rnou th an

at i
~ usele 4 con .s It arises f maKil and zy of the JOYr.' po

ortancc; they ;3 1, The msssete

rior

tte

em

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

-.~ob.DI1

60

Region.

In

side-s-the inte

ul in thei acti n,

, also wrir P ply is btained fro axillary branches. leidOB1 toid.- A ri

in
the I

the

SYSTEM

61
,.

this m
t'esultiag

Stemoh oid.-A Inserts in

penn ndition
IS

ned upo

tOTticoJJ.£s,
he sternum

bone.

Sternot yroid,
and

the sternu

the thyroi

cartilage

n the post e first rib. depresses th

ll.t'1:m~d.

ohygid.lnl mJ11JIJ.yoid •

fmD!: 0110 ~h gtJt !h~ di~~1 ]. ~!-!;rio,.

: II.
alli

ItJlopba'l'

l'iyo~lO'l.~'~"i • om:\!i'klirl i 9. "'1II1QI" '5Ca'P~ llil!.

into the h

depresses
backward

larynx

an

Dipst
mediate temporal bone. A.c; iow; ral

o heads. w
mastoid
p

Insettio», i bone and

e zm n FlltJ'Dllm
Boow..:.

A!lATOM,.

.-fA

NURSES

r ja.w. ntal.

Stylohyold.- A . pond bone. 1 ns A tion, same as the f

Oeniohyoid ,-.4r~ e
r jaw and is ivs t the digastric,

OenjohyogJossus.
t bettie of the lowe j h old bone. side of t e t the tip. Actiol~! P

it also prOOU«6 a ] e act of sud: ing.

H yog lossus.-i\

the sides of the t

x

Sty]oglossus.~.1
lnssal,

from side- to side,

cnlv-su

is s from

e temporal bone, lion, draws the to onn b ndcd with the oth r
seles.

ungua 11s.-F

Palate Region.
lowing muscles:

, palatogl rn adjacen t bon y ft palate and u v 11 s eech, de)'!]uti t ion,

Ph aryngea 1 Reg

mastic .-~ The

e f 0110

t e inferior, the supe . us and the palate

II

p aryngeal region a

constrictn ius: tile styJopha

In n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
I

TIlE MUS

SYSTEM

from the c' ge:s~ and is inse

'OHt

id and thyf the opposite

swallowing. byoid bone fellow of the

constricts t

die coustrictot yoid Jigameo t. de. A(;1iun,

tit1H. into i

-or

COD5triCt

bone, as well cipital bone.

iuferior co trlctor. from the terygoid plate m the hy d. 1nsertio», ~ same mferior CODr side of the

em

it is nds with the larynx. gin in t e soft palate.

bone;

rtilage an

side of the

sterior Iau except the

s. lao topharyn-

1 accessory glossophary 11~ and recu t laryngeal eontrnlled >y the pala to-

nx.-Thep 5 inches IOIJg. to 3 point Co I t is wide-st a Us. in the e. ....................... the te ses of two posteri , the Iarynx, an •OIl it is di vid
geal, It is a the thyruidm brane, a mid
Qat.

n is a museu omem branous ing from nder Ihe base dl ng to th si!li:th CCfVJca t

a d narrowe be1ow, where . It _is a ached to tho

resen ts seven

ach ian t ubes r For purposes "-:nasal. oral,

aTtila_ge:o;-tlle
50

th rec coo -a n in terna 1 us layer, nd an ex terna 1

1 I n FDlJ'Dllm
II

Boou
•

Vertebral

Region.~

scles=-the rectus c:.apitis

anticus minot, the The lat-eral vertebral re ~ealenWli anti.c:nst med.i several muscles, to centro
neck: bv means of their

a be moved in any dlrecti

re divided in ba

j nto gTOUpsj

aceo

ON gt'n r from the oceip: at bon the seve nth cervical a nd he tw 1 ;re \\"(>11 as from the Iigame he clavicle and scapu) a. ard ~ back YI.'a rot ;R nd out w ant he chest, Dorsi.---Ori~£~, From ~b ve eb an the crest of the IIiurn : de it c ve _ the lum bar and lower d s one of the most import J se ion. in 10 the humerus. nward and backward wl
!J.

are located: thus 'We have c bdomen, of the thorax, es of the back are rli vid more superficial layer is In tbif; connection the i tudied, in order th at an a iction of these muscles m f these to be described i he u pper and bac-k part is is known as the t rapezi

the

65
so wWsts e oth

lUDg, etc.

F.j.f'•. ~.. _-:M

II.~, t

rn~ 1 ob"l;jll~

dt'epi ~ I. StoH:nO~ rsi = ;0... ,~JlfrI15 inmua :

Q

1'1nl"J~ OlhlirU.1 I , "pII r t 1(:111

.or

"r~b.~ ;
il'l1!..li

.IIbd'-om
ifllfNb

'!O pr.1~p·;JI:II.tU"!O ~ tll5 ~lUI"i~ , i1'Ll~trI;!il

m~

B.
•

rl!rltlr 9:~mll!!m: t.Df ill t~rn'l..l!l :

g.".

ul1'P,="r

j("J :
~ -I:

L1

su erior :·l.Ivt l· 1.1111 ._.r (Io1)lu·

:tl, :OoC'"r· 1 "'~~I.:..r;

~ illustrat
iratlon,
5
e zm n
IIIJ'DIIm
WI:'!

noting
aetof

t of mo . g the

lcs bear t at nre eon positions.

Boou

66

ANATOMY

us i ohllquus and quadra

~i .., ~~rt;\' IJ~

11.3

por ion i 7, ~~!II'!O J=,. :-.:ll!'rllrll oI.Jbl'1m_: i

.-.l

..:111-S; alJ,cl!1m II"~ :

i Ir.)U~ ~n!i!'~IICln!l• Ii n... ~rn lluneris , l:g,

.JdlJoi;!l)r

13, tl!'!1r1

su JM! T'fi cia1 ~ n TIIIJ ion of btiMimlis Ii!. stl!:rlloco:!.ml n~rt'l;al oblKj LU! : njnrl~: ~I, 1.31"-. l(ll1j ul:

:'0:

us medius i 1'9:iI~.

racilis,

kl1'101Jrnl

it

instr~td int gling with it B alba, It Is

on of the d'S from spine of

lmbernat's
iopeetineal thoraa on to whic:h

Nerve-

ligament I d from the

therefore, t been de-

• he urine ill be
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

spiration,
IS
+

on of mus,the stemseep

68

ANATO/JI

AND

PJJ]"':~/o -OGY

t hat the action are the en talest the or these, the m are all connect and are all con

teTIdofl;:

6. irth!f mcm : S, .uorlic Il'Jl'I=" ill:;;:; 9.

.. , $,
'::111

Fie,

J6-~ Th~

d pt..r.II"fl. i" f'mflT

II
I;:

.lIl

ri\;

1 ;.'I N: U:lW!

IJh,I~l.::ii!I'i

Diaphrag
musculofibrous a bdom inal ca \·i and a lesser po eircumfe renee i I t con tains 0 esophagus, yen a muscle of res septu . separa ;ng
y _ T t divide j n l n tinn, It is co vex t

connec ed wi tJl .ngs the t ca .... crvcs, a ra, iration

MUSCULA

TI::R1i m~"'_

-r~r~

lid

!=lor.

CI;)!';1(:Qbr;l~E1.i;'l1 i~ Biceps fiexor cui RrJ.chiitli:!O iii 111 icu •

Triceps e~.(;i\,!Ig,~
~1J.1..:..nc(]tll!1.1!..

1111 i.

ocated upon t , and upper;s

ActiQ

chest. costal draws h, and ~ seapin the

id process of

ula.

rib, an

AcUon) d
1'h.e

der and assist t of inspiration rst costal earti ge and surface of the lavicle, rd. nl ne flc:-;hy di rations u ppcr ribs ~it i. 'nserted pula, Actio!, ~ Icvates act of pushi n lar muscle f ing the , from the up border Irf aces of the

a pu la.

Inse«
s or the of the well as

ctio», raises th arm to

or backward, a; is inserted in
j

rotates the
Nerve, su

Iesser tu berosi crus inward

pular,

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

The supnlsp· In.slfled into the

of the humerus. of the humerus i

FIG. 37,-SUp~,Ii('i 1 ,..,. major : :iii. !.I lroi pronator mod ii 'If'n::~~ • fI~ e~Lrpi u In:ul:s IQ, supi m~ extensor b revis pollic i l pcUic-i!- ~ ~o...profll dw;

~1tJl1IIli~

pulliC"i~.

o~

; '1. 1.l.1i~!r'I'I1I~ ( IJra.;:hilnl i.., untjeus ; .II. &.upi ator kll'l:g I!~; Ij, -!":(.~.n~or l':iiI q Ii 1":1\1 Ii:'io l"L':'\,l[)r; J.4, x1Clj~r
1I!":tlll!n~OO" -L':arI1i

Fill. ;3lI.- SUI:oem('i, Trupeaius ; !f, deltoid 1_lfrJur: 6. t'_'rl·S mBj'

ulnn

ris

1(1.,

~;I'(lr

II,:~Tfii

11II ~rl~;
1E!l\cl.o'l"l

1/.

poll icis : .lI!1,!.!.x t~Mm"

poll il:~;

I~,

.::or

tnfraspinatus.
in to the middle h umerus, A Ltio

gz nl inf

spi 1l0US

t of the greater rates the

suprascapular

e zm n FDfZ(l1Im Boou

-.~ob.DI1

THE Muse

T....s M· 4-O"gin, U border of the pula, I the greater l erosity of t the humerus tward. N TMH MaJ .---origi'h1 and is 1 into the bi

ward, as well B~
head, from th

from upper eontiaueus tendon into and by an a renders this f .Brac'.biaUs humerus, em serti~ into the ulna. A .m., :H.f:xrs t
cutaneous an mu5CUIospi

Triceps the 1ong. e glenoid fossa,

Cubiti.

the shd't of
musculospiral internal, from spiral gTOOVe of the ulna.
.--Qri'gin. a. In enio«, in to

humerus.

73
elbow.
extension
0

.ifY

FOR NUll' es

vents the cap NC,.JIl rnu

j

from inju ~ d
u ospiral,

:r.

uhlJ.ri~ ~ tl iC itorum.

r~,

(.t~ 'ft "J fa

tI[u-ul

r l"'q'iolMt

t-

~~ttjj

):

Exten
ADt!I.!I!I(!

i ~ mc=tac1I.rpi ,·hrltllid~ ~ pt.'iliC"i.li.

11 ic

'Pi.

es arises from

rom the eoron e of shaft of r edian.

diaUs.---Ori ~i .

condvlc;
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
80011..:. _. foraDltom1.noh.lII1 ·-·rI----

1'#£

ian.
digitorum

phalan nges, N
ast

ie.--origi ~,
Ina. Imet~' n, last p the phal Nen'l?:

dius a d

rigin. upper
nIS.

Insert

orearm. N ·s Longior.
lold ridge of

I bone.

ondyle of anees of
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

74

AND

'HYS' OL OG

e finger.

merus,

phalanx.

eroSSC'OUs. steri or part ~extends e wrist.

posterior i

El:tene

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

75
scaph id, nan! rst first p a-

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

OG Y FOR N VR SES

righl,
f the me

angcs of last tw

ur in number by arpal bones. I P.l:S ngers. Action. fie

phalauges, abduct

'Wo
~

01t,

he:

ups aeeor ing to their varlotis Elf'S wi t II wh ieh the a ted bei n described,

e Iliac or l gu lnal relion are:

usi form muscle, sit the spine and nSVE'"r5€processes 0

ar vertebne. J 1U ter of t e femur. A ctio»,

he
IPS

sa .. also rotates. the {. ur

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.~ob.DI1

SYSTEM

11

ender muse
nsesfrom
[?t.$

al

and t!:llgh
[,CI1.l~L1,!I;

p!!rneW

1e"l,ll I'n;l!tir
1Il1.l~ ,

4.bl~~ !iI!1'1'1 1,
1"I"J(!ft'II

c.-;~er!'l'U~:
el'Uri<!.
; 6,
i 5,

(:11i~i 8
dl,l(;'ot p.t1tt:lI..!

Itm!. '1.. tfi\o ufo; 9, ad·

ill),

cl' pl.. an

I~J

origin

1I.

oris i

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

PI/ Yo IOl..OG Y

FIG.

I ~t'lQil'l:01u.1:

iull::r1w,,' M& ~ I, py ri~rmb .:; 5 oCl'«'tOI' ; r ]m' .tu~. 9. 1'QeiLl~: •

I ,te(l1,1!l;

,,2.

inner knee. tibia.

mBoou

the

19
·gh upon the pel • anterior crural. recN.I femoris ItIS ertioK , in th NetTJf, ant-erior le.

FIt]. 43I

I a, '¥utlll in!~m~;

I:G1lorum •

head or g3S. NC"nl!"rnLl.l<; 1. in II~ r r propml'l!i halh..le-l~: l I!"ltl~~1) ·[!o pc'WIlt::!l5 b~"j&o. 3..-,"t(;I

43.-MU!id~ or leg a 3-"

tI fl)Ot t 11.1~~~I~

~'5 i ~_

nrt

or Mlkn<;:
g.:

n()ri~:
q,

19l1 ~ U!i ~~....

tligi torum :

s. 11 i ;g, 1ill

ori.;

......-sl..lp(:ml:"i;l,j mll!de (:orl,=,g (Ii om hoi! tfld l ~ '[, VI!S RC:lCor 1::1m-;5: J. :!iIl!mi dil1'I'Jm~: 4, sem I I!"m"'r1l"'M1.l~ ~, mcil is ~ fLl.'!i!: 7. O!.l.tt'r ... nd t, Ij:'] U, h.:"Arl: 11'"1 r~!f II~MilJ.'!i!; 9, ants· ~[, P:C~~~ loDn~,.. :I. pt=Mn !I- b~ ~; rJ, flll!"!foQ Ian ]" u.... -pos1;e~: IS lQ"'u fib esof fI "!«II'" 1t111_gt::!- h h..l~1 ... la.li'!io

Action. exten
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

80

fal regio n are: uctor longus.

UI::::tOt

magnus,

Adduc or

re vi , ctio«, flexes the le thigh. Nl'11.It", t

j

of the os phbis,

pectineal line. cuon r flexes and ·rural and obt urate ~ brevis arise from t
ier side of the femu .

the thigh.

Iargest muscles
nus
su perior,

em nus inferior,
uadra us. f mo
• US ·5.

is the
1

til is
late

brua
fo

os superficial muscle i t h i k, t'"~ h Y muscle, quad .

th
na !5; it is the most j he od yin an erect po rn ~a:nd coccyx, and s

ing
t

A cnQn

holds

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

s
he thigh

ro~
om

[lium,

flexes, in hol

The _-."

a Oat mu m and ili

reat trochan high nward ; t r (nil' superi gl le, ar U-1t.!{ by t

j

r+-Arises from the isc

-nner
til

part

of t e

thigh

ou warn rom

r .-A rises

at troeha hi~h, N«
sltua margi remul, from

r( ~'t.h
fin trian

pel isII nd i!1i t'JlS

am,

The

oris is a short
ON'gbJ.

rr

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

kSES

lnstTtion, into the

J

ctiDn, abducts the thi ranch of the sacral p USLle:!; of the poste PS, the semi tendines iceps is a large muse! 19h. It arises by t t y of the i~hi urn an 1nsertion head tl ~one band embracing 1. tending to the ou ter t s called. the 011 tor ham es the leg, alter w at sciatic.
I

ttl heros

aspera. split tin

or

other c
muscle hip. fie

th igh ;

is 3. remarkable m xtensi vc tendon, Jt hi urn and is associ a

is;

lschiu tubero

Mu~ les of the leg.- Ha.

the thi h and hip, those uf t eonsidc d. or these, an ly t pecia11~ the moot 511 perficlal, The are thirteen muscle follows The tibialis anticus, exten

. It is i'l sened into th ty of the tibia. tes 1t in ward.

THF.

tius, gastroene lueis, tlexor 1 o us longus, per the ide }"muscle, SI tua te from the tube

00

that passes Under the the last pllalan ialls anticus, N

or

elongated, flatte 1 the m useles in font rosity of the t bia. n ward, and di v des in second and t j rd

is

84

AN.4

fleXtll1l.,

wh and foot.

The Mu

in terossei.
\\l1ile a the nurse to familiar'
Ioca tiun. The ON

this no pow Thi!h with supports al

The peri
the pelvis.

the genital
into two

tion and t portion of In the m

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

8S
smaller s:

geus,
Who.t

What'
HDIIf

riptio

Ho",,"

What
Ho'IIJ What
WhiU

li

LJC'

hOLV(:

rt

or ,11

e in the
head?

oo)'~
Nlum,· til

How

tht:

<LL,nku Ilt

ral rC'sc.1on.
e o~biul r How e 5Upt'.tlot :l.lI;illaf m'US(l~ of this n;!gi
muil!1l ion? region?

m.

herr

adian?
WbtLt SUtc:
~00'l.

How \\llRl

What
Ylhat
~I;)n?,

'1~ of lhf

ate

What What Into

I)

:l:1J'

u~l('5 of lie b:JC.k

hided?

'1cs of rhe 00...-1-;;.

un SCi1o.'t' their a Lion.

es .£aSSli t i per-

en,
linea alb ~
rbe nbc!

I I::

inal mu

rorminJJ~
-, fot-aottmhoooh.Df1

86

ANA TOM)

AND

~HY.1ii~.~.1

,lj GJ

JrV ro

Ni/RSES

N arne t hree j mpor ant nllJi l.cso1 [the da¢ I~ ~c l"t1ioo. State the hmelion or the !!.E 1V~r;a1 r~ l(~ jlllll ~t des ibed. What BIt= the [rnp ~rtan!. J1l ~Jt"$ ~ t e 'b~ ti' What Iu.nClion do they iil~ ~t in f P.I r(l ~n~nJ(i) What muscle [orlr s the cor ~'"t'3It ... d b !5h uulde r~ What are the gnu; ps Q.[ I'f.IIJ ~J('S i n!! IOr~ rm~ How do. the muse ~:s 01 the forear b~, ~me IIL~r ~~I? Wb.i:lt ;AU' fa!'<·i~ r E~I"tti 11 !.heir 11.l~( Ii n. N arne the imports I:Il muscl ~ of l It iJ~:lJ re rion, WbJ.lt I:!;. the lQnv, t muscle (1i tbe Il~ :r' 1I"lh'C'rr:: ~ Toc.pted~ il Name I hree m1J~' If'",I; of the gluI~<I rej il n. \\'h,a ~ muscle ifI IJ: is nogt.o Ili ari~ ~'~.ret' ~igita pn!ii?' ~ How man)' m usck IS arc the rc in t ~I I g \\-"ha! m usele 'urn '!I the fi.L1 th ? \\.'ha~ is the fun("t IOn of the ,L:r'I ter iI'onll' n ~ul;[J I~ What t he pi:dn 1JIIl, ~nd lww J II n p-ou p~or 11 U5r1~ .1re there in

0"

't;i

.!'

Ihi~

~0l1~

[,.,lIn [) FlllJGllm Boou

-·~ob.DIJ

ER
THE

dfrom

uf the dy the circuit lood is

it p
heart lungs.

passa
pulmo ; from clled

The hear IS a 11 llow! a placed obli ucl y bet we

ar-s ape

organ j

It

er the

o lBIB FDfZ(I!Im Boou

i
I

-.~ob.DI1
II

88
w

oG.r FOIt NUI?SES

the right d Its apex g body, be hich i_'.i kn

ax, its base pointing pto v ani the left side. I •1:S

ricaniium, ingftuid.
-point of t is point the part of th

a t a l!io ron tains a. se

mrnonl y regarded as ourse through the led, through the

m.

S·-----()rlfice~ ~ "o!'~sl!l~ b.:i r'I~

-11', 1lI':I~1::'I

~:nd

• ~1I'n~:rrl:'ri

m above. both tM- 8ltri(..les n~ It'I.cTII:lty nfllI!'r y arid i.~~1!11,il hh·:~rid. :.:nd IA p. hi~ io', ~~gm~IU of Ifletl.'!iopojd

c heart

is d ivided

i to

e le then rt. t and the By refer that the

These are

h is couti nuous with

at blood- vessels,
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou
-.
II

foraottmhoooh.Df1

The
are 50meW illg about
the right

e larger than the left, ts cavi t y is Ci1 pable of

}Ilowi ng openings are 0 riot ve IlQ cava, hiler imt Tbebesu. midaJ In Conn, and to

ncar the npex of th

is rounded and eon fron t of the heart.

he openi ng of the pu artery, an the tri~

pultoo:r:J auricle an
50

interior the followin t:i r. the lat ter guar i rrncr the ope!1 ing be t
the right in having a

The left cavity and

ing about

the pulm the right a the latter The

its walls are thicker. n ines. T t eon tal ns ope i n number, two empt i into t side or the amide: f y ently com mon open ing. vcn t ride and 8 uri d pro· ~'trai val ",{,,5. r than t 11~ right. a a Sinal I part oJ t he le
0

its projec
much We being J to thinner at

the- "pc'":lI: of the he ,gh t von triele. Its the right side, the pr
S

and semil
tween the ventricle,

t the apex, and gra dtl rovided with the 11Ll t r 1 for mer mak ing a diviki

aortic ope 1

The Va

\I

icle during em] tractie di!'l g t ht aortic orifi t side. ht side, the valve "...11 ngh t auricle to the ri
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

e-

r. o C Y 1-'0A'

It is up of a dupl nd con tinuous with fi ue co

co

mit""

posed of ion or the

'hich cI(W.C the aperture.

ide is com the bir;usp come disea of two i

led the he valve lar $eg-

rr

these

anner in wh .iously explai cluse accu tely and for he auricle nd the ven t hrough the arge arteries. rov ided wi t openi n~ f tel" from he ci rcula tic
e zm n FDlJ'Dllm
Boo

clear to e blood
)_ When

-complete and the arteries

The

left

irA TO/(

r os

YS EM

91

triel giv the b y.

valv
!!I,

the aot'la~ th largest art rial structure ~ orifice of the aortic openi g i guarded the semih~H r ; in the

tenor and d two are

the adults left.

anterior

ediately coronary

n one side, and

b ich is larger th e thorax the ri(!~---o e 011 each si de : gi \·ef.i IT a l this portion

ronehi .-._.
lng'S.

lastin

'U"n t

~·>!'n:\ .....;l ~ RA, right auricle i e tric 1 ; Jr, 'PuL '-"f1ar~ ~-lLh0.:-5: PEt. pul LA l.e1t auric l· ~ ,I, j ••mil ral l·....ves ; l
pt!tl
f
I

i~ III!!!!L, au

··48,-

C"k~,

1I0J

b"rt:,tt \'C5S('ls :

Ad,

h or 31

(I\Lb"="}.

an

aal arteries. c eel i~x..is. with tri hcpa t Cr and splen ic 0 r fe ri mese terie, SoU pra renal. Iu' bal' ~an l rn idille sacra art

fou t h lu bn r \·trtebra
j

the

w hich each a

pl y ing the pelvic the lower ex mities, Ie heart in the earthy adul t beats ildren and infants. 100 to I 50 times vibrating action, he working of the ndc n t upon the also on a similar

is in pa gan, but
sessed by

in these v The sys ions-the to these, mcnary

system, P

r terics thcmscl ves, ood in the art ies is always in a t e heart! an th s fI uid is propelled e ulsating f ree ust described. I ion is mad up of two chiel divis-

d the venous sys ems, In add ition !iCribed-t he pulfirst the arteri al dcseri priori of the
hows the variou
5

arteries t

This di parts and make he

rse will do w-ell to

A n!1.U tiLl QI,'iII1il. FCI~ '-"\lall.!!i.

Ii l~1.inllllti.
...(J ,. ~ ,

{ Eu:r.lachtJ
l Corl)nary,

II.

e zm n FDlJ'Dllm Boou

94

NO F'IIVSIOL OG Y

so»
the

ARTHR1AL SYST'EM:
the c:.y lindric tu bes tha rides of the heart to eve pable of preserving thci times. a den ti rnes, t he a rteries being after dea had s i 1 prcserv ing the-ir cylin beIieved ta air. This theory was ti me or discovered the ei rc blood and p the world as

it.
main artery is the aorta: to the arteri at ti thd r origin, descri be-d furt I er arc numerous not terminate n an: connected ter by an in te tern of vessels,

So

III

has been said ~ are th the arteries and veins. ts • lmporta:n r Iunction s or. C
lange from arterial to v n u
1

Ir

the

ie om
it s f r

of oxidation "and calori

this sys tern that the eo lied to the tissues of ndular secretions.
o
lBIB FDlJ'Dllm

Boou

-.~ob.DI1