DHS AP Biology

AP Biology Name Weston Baumann

Guided Reading Chapter 39

Define the following terms:

1.
a. etiolation
Plant morphological adaptions for growing in darkness.
b. de-etiolation
The changes a plant shoot undergoes in response to sunlight; also known
as greening.
c. second messengers
A small, nonprotein, water soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion or
cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell’s interior in response to a signal
received by a signal receptor protein.
2. Explain the two ways that signaling pathways activate enzymes.
A plant growing in the dark allocates as much energy as possible to the
elongation of stems, so it can break ground before nutrient preserves in tubule are
exhausted. When a shoot reaches sunlight elongation slows down, leaves expand,
roots elongate, and the shoot produces chlorophyll, to look like a normal plant.
3. Complete the diagram below, and explain what it shows.

Reception Transduction Response

CYTOPLASM Transcription Nucleus

Specific factor 1
messenger
Plasma cGMP kinase 1
membrane Secondary messenger activated
produced Transcription
Phytochrome factor 2
activated by light
2 One pathway uses cGMP as a
secondary messenger tha
Cell wall tactivates a specific protein kinase.
Specific
The other pathway involves an messenger
increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ kinase 2
levels, which activates another activated Transcription
Light specific protein kinase.

3 Both pathways Translation

lead to expression of
1 The light signal is genes for proteins
detected by the that function in the De-etiolation
phytochrme receptor, de-etiolation (greening response
proteins
which then activates at (greening) response
least two signal
transduction pathways.
Ca2+

4. Define the following terms:

a. tropism
A growth response that results in the curvature of whole plant organs
toward or away from stimuli owing to differential rates of cell elongation.
b. phototropism
Growth of a plant shoot toward or away from light.
5. Explain the importance of auxin in plants

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Auxin is a chemical that promotes the elongation of coleoptiles. An asymetrical

distribution of auxin moving down from the coleoptile tip cause cells to elongate faster
on the dark side rather then the brighter side.
6. Complete the following figure, and explain what it shows.
Cell wall
enzymes 3 Wedge-shaped expansions, activated by low pH, seperate cellulose
microfibers from cross-linking polysaccharides. The exposed cross-
Cross-linking cell linking polsaccharides are now more accesible to cell wall enzymes
wall polsaccharides Expansin
CELL WALL

4 The enzymatic
Microfibril cleaving of the
cross-linking
polysaccharides
allows the
microfibrils to
slide. The
2 The cell extensibility of the
wall cell wall is
becomes increased. Turgor
more acidic causes the cell to
expand
1 Auxin increases
the activity of
proton pumps ATP Plasma membrane
5 With the cellulose loosened,
the cell can elongate.
CYTOPLASM

7. Include a brief description of the following:

a. ethylene
The only gaseous plant hormone. Among its many effects are response to
mechanical stress, programmed cell death, leaf abscission, and fruit
ripening.
b. triple response
A plant growth maneuver in response to mechanical stress, involving
slowing of stem elongation, a thickening of the stem, and a curvature that
causes the stem to start growing horizontally.
c. apoptosis
The changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell
death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a
cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.
8. Explain the meaning of each word root in the word “photomorphogenesis”.
Plant development that is controlled by light

9. What is the action spectrum and how do photoreceptors determine it?

A graph that depicts the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of
radiation in driving a particular process. Pohotoreceptor mediates response.
a. blue-light photoreceptors
Initiates divers responses in plants.
b. phytochromes
Regulate many of teh plants responses to light throughout its life.
10. Explain what circadian rhythms are and how each plant determines them:

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A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotic organisms

and that persist even in the absence of external cues. Their biological
clock.
11. Define the following terms in a way that makes sense to you.
a. statoliths
In plants, a specialized plastid that contains dense starch grains and may
play a role in detecting gravity. In invertebrates, a grain ot other dense
granule that settles in response to gravity and is found in sensory organs
that function in equilibrium.
b. thigmomorphogenesis
A response in plants to a chronic mechanical stimulation, resulting from a
increased ethylene production. An example is thickening stems in
response to high winds.
c. thigmotropism
A directional growth of a plant in response to touch.
d. action potentials
A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by
stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive
gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.
e. abiotic
Nonliving.
f. biotic
Pertaining to the living organism in the environment.
g. heat-shock proteins
A protein that helps protect other proteins during heat stress. Heat-shock
proteins are found in plant, animals, and microorganisms.
h. Gene-for-gene recognition
A widespread form of plant disease resistance involving recognition of
pathogen-derived molecules by the protein products of specific plant
disease resistance genes.
i. Elicitors
A molecule that induces a broad type of host defense response.
j. Oligosaccharins
A type of elicitor (molecule that induces a broad defense response in plants) that is
derived from cellulose fragments released by cell wall damage.
k. Phytoalexins
An antibiotic, produced by plants, that destroys microorganisms or inhibits
their growth
l. PR proteins
A protein involed in plant responses to pathogens (PR stands for,
Pathogenesis-related)
m. Hypersensitive response (HR)
A plants localized defense response to a pathogen.
n. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR)
A defense response in infected plants tha helps protect healthy tissue
from pathogenic invasion.

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o. Salicylic acid
A plant hormone that may be partially responsible for activating systemic
acquired resistance to pathogens.
12. Other than light what types of stimulus do plants respond to?
They have to grow against gravity and when in the ground with no light to grow to they
use gravitropism, or statoliths. Also trees may adjust by thigmomorphogenesis.
13. Define gravitotropism:
A response of a plant or animal to gravity
14. What are the 5 types of environmental stress?
Drought, Flooding, Salt, Heat, and Cold.
15. Compare and contrast how plants defend themselves from herbivores and how they
defend themselves from pathogens.
Plants counter herbivores with physical defenses, such as thorns, and chemical
defenses such as distasteful or toxic compounds. Plants counter pathogens with their
skin, the epidermis of the primary plant body and the periderm of the secondary plant
body, but if the skin is penetrated then the plant mounts a chemical attack as a second
line of defense to kill the pathogen.
16. How do plants use gene-for-gene recognition?
An R protein usually recognizes only a single corresponding pathogen molecule tha is
encoded y an avirulence (Avr) gene.
17.Complete the following figure, and explain what it is showing.

Recruitment of parasitoid
wasps that lay their eggs
within caterpillars

Synthesis and release of

volatile attractants

Wounding Chemical in
saliva

Signal transduction A maize leaf “recruits” a parastoid wasp as a

pathway defensive response to a herbivore, an army-
worm caterpillar.

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Word Roots

aux-
circ-
crypto-
-chromo
cyto-
-kine
gibb-
hyper-
photo-
-trop
phyto-
-alexi
stato-
-lith
thigmo-
morpho-
-genesis
zea-
-xantho

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