Distributions for Uncertainty Estimation using the ISO Guide to the Expression of

Uncertainty in Measurement

Type Normal Triangular Rectangular U-shaped Step

Graphical
Representation

Equivalent
Standard
Deviation
When resolution is
When 'hard' limits When only the variation
limited, e.g.:
can be estimated limits are known, e.g.:
For cyclic influences,
When type A- easier than
e.g.: • Digital
evaluations can be sigma,e.g.: • Calibration
Use Readout
shown to follow Certificates
• Temperature • Verniers
this distribution. • Noise
Variation
• Manufacturer's
• Scale read by
• Vibration Specifications
Operator

Some examples for use of triangular distribution:

- Measurement is taken as the difference in readings on a digital scale – if the scale is linear, both of these readings will have
an associated rectangular distribution of identical size. If two identical rectangular distributions, each of magnitude ± a, are
combined then the resulting distribution will be triangular with a semi-range of ± 2a.
- if it is known that values of the quantity near the centre of the variability interval are more likely than values close to the
limits
- Temporal drift of the length of the reference
- Difference in linear thermal expansion coefficient
- Error due to Resolution of indication
- Digital rounding of the value of the least significant digit of the indication