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• Introduction: We have seen that the symbols we use in our efforts with
imperfections and at best only loosely fit the reality to which they refer. As if this
sources of miscommunication were not enough. We shall see that additional
malfunctions exist in our communication effort
• Definition
communication in a proper way. So that here is one basic bit of advice stands out “keep
If we try to communicate better .We must become better acquainted with the real world
and cheek our communications against it. Where our communication and the real world
We have seen that the symbols we use in our efforts to communicate are plagued with
imperfections and at best only loosely fit the reality to which they refer. As if these
sources of miscommunication were not enough, we shall now see that additional
in human communication effort .Others involve the logical thought patterns that are part
of our cultural heritage – specifically, of the system of thinking handed down to us from
past generations.
5. Failure to discriminate
1)Two value thinking: Two valued thinking exists when we consider only
two possibilities in a situation.
The True Dichotomy
Some situations may properly be “either/ or’s”
(“You will pass this course or fail”)
Many business examples illustrate two-valued logic(buy or not buy; invest or not
invest)
1. Two value thinking exist when we consider only two possibilities in situations.
(a) The true dichotomy: - Some situations may be correctly described in two-valued
terms. For example- “in a lifetime we either will marry not marry. We either will
be parent or will be a parent”. Two-valued thinking is quite appropriate in this
instance. It fits the realities involved.
Example: - In a life time you either will marry or will not marry. You either will
be a partner or will not be a partner. You either will pass this course or you will
fail this course.
Business example: Many business example illustrate two-valued logic
Buy or not buy. Invest or not invest. To hire or not hire. To fire or not
fire.
(b) Multi valued situations:- Not all the situations involve only two values,
however. In fact, most involve many values, for most concern an infinite number
of gradations between extremes.For example, it is illogical to classify all people
as either fat or skinny. True, some are fat and some are skinny, but most are in
between. Also, not all fat people are equally fat. If we stand in a queue from the
skinny to fat people, the people who is standing in the middle of The queue is the
infinite gradation or average size of people who are many in number
(c) For example: It is logically classifying all people as either fat or skinny. Some
are fat and some are skinny. But most are in between not all fat people are equally
fat and not all skinny people are equally skinny.
It is the same with many other situations. Not all people are either short or tall. The
weather is not always either hot or cold. One does not run only a fast or slow.
Children are not either good or bad. Students are not intelligent or stupid.
(d) The danger involved: The danger is making two valued statement. That is
they do not always fit reality. Thus they can lead to miscommunication. Thus not
to say, however, that they should be forever eliminated from our vocabularies.
Two valued statement often are appropriate devices in communication.
(e) Value of specific reference: The only possible solution to the problem of
two-valued thinking is a two step one. First, we must continually be aware of this
communication difficulty. We must keep our eyes on the reality with which we
are concerned.
Second we must try as hard as we can to be specific in our choice of symbols. As the
first step involves an awareness of what we have been discussing.
Applications in business communication: The dangers of two-valued
thinking are especially vivid in certain business communication situations. In
writing reports. For example, frequently the assigned goal is to arrive at a yes or
no decision. As we have noted, true in business , compromise decisions or other
alternatives often are possible.
We can find either/or thinking in oral situations as well. For instance, a job
interview might be viewed as and either/or situation. Either the persons
interviewed will be hired or they will not. But variations between extremes often
are possible. An interviewer could postpone a decision to permit investigating
references, interviewing other applicants, collecting more information, or
scheduling further interview
3)The block mind: The blocked mind means is closed to reality. It considers only
limited information.
A result of opinion, attitudes and beliefs. We covered one of the causes of this form
of miss communication with respect to opinions, and beliefs. Our tendency to reject
ideas approach our viewpoints is a cause of the block mind.
A result of all ness:- All ness (judging the whole by apart) contributes to the
block mind.
Knowing all about reality is possible. We select parts which to communicate.
Concentrating on one characteristic in the belief that it is the whole produces
miscommunication.
Extreme of the block mind:- A miscommunication pattern that affects us all is that
of the blocked mind. As the term implies, a blocked mind is one that is closed to reality. It
works on-limited information and ignores or rejects additional information. Thus,
because it uses only a part of the available information, its communication efforts are
necessarily only only partially correct.The blocked mind is closed to reality. It considers
only limited information.
Unblocking the mind:- Unblocking the mind from the effects of our viewpoints and
our tendency to allness is no simple undertaking. Explaining how to do it involves the
most general of instructions. Nevertheless, it can be done, at least to some extent; and if
we are to improve our communication, we must try.
In unblocking our minds of the effects of our opinions, attitudes, and beliefs, we are
striving to do nothing new. Since the beginning of civilization, intelligent human beings
have sought to free their thinking from the grip of their human limitations. They have
sought truth. They have striven for rational approach to their problems. To date, however,
even the best have failed miserably-and there is likely to be no change in the foreseeable
future.
Thinking human beings have tried to be rational for years. Most have not
succeeded.
4) The static viewpoint:- we often view reality as static. Because reality is always
changing. Such a view causes miscommunication.
• Miscommunication summarized
have pointed out the major communication violations that can be categorized. In terming
these categories.
one basic bit of advice stands out: Keep in touch with reality. If we are to communicate
better, we must become better acquainted with the real world and check our
communications against it. When our communication and the real world are not in