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Add Maths Formulae List :Form 4

01 Function

Absolute Value Function Inverse Function

f ( x ), if f ( x ) ≥ 0
f ( x) If y = f ( x ) , then f −1 ( y ) = x
− f ( x), if f ( x ) < 0

02 Quadratic Equation

General Form Quadratic Formula

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
−b ± b 2 − 4ac
where a, b, and c are constants and a ≠ 0. x=
2a
*Note that the highest power of an unknown of a
quadratic equation is 2.

Forming Quadratic Equation From its Roots: Nature of Roots

If α and β are the roots of a quadratic equation

b c
α +β =− αβ = b 2 − 4ac >0 ⇔ two real and distinct roots
a a
b 2 − 4ac =0 ⇔ two real and equal roots
The Quadratic Equation b 2 − 4ac <0 ⇔ no real roots
x 2 − (α + β ) x + αβ = 0 b 2 − 4ac ≥0 ⇔ the roots are real
or
x 2 − ( SoR ) x + ( PoR ) = 0
SoR = Sum of Roots
PoR = Product of Roots

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Indices and Logarithm

Fundamental if Indices Laws of Indices

Zero Index, a0 = 1 a m × a n = a m+n

1
Negative Index, a −1 =
a a m ÷ a n = a m−n
a
( ) −1 =
b ( a m ) n = a m× n
b a

1 ( ab) n = a n b n
Fractional Index an = a n

m a n an
an = a n m
( ) = n
b b
Fundamental of Logarithm Law of Logarithm

log a y = x ⇔ a x = y log a mn = log a m + log a n

log a a = 1 m
log a = log a m − log a n
n
log a 1 = 0
log a mn = n log a m

Changing the Base

log c b
log a b =
log c a

1
log a b =
log a b

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Coordinate Geometry

Distance and Gradient

Distance Between Point A and C =
(x1 − x2 )2 + (x1 − x2 )2
y2 − y1
Gradient of line AC, m =
x2 − x1
Or
y − int ercept
Gradient of a line = −
x − int ercept

When 2 lines are parallel, When 2 lines are perpendicular to each other,

m1 = m2 . m1 × m2 = −1

m1 = gradient of line 1
m2 = gradient of line 2

Midpoint A point dividing a segment of a line

⎛ x1 + x2 y1 + y2 ⎞ A point dividing a segment of a line

Midpoint, M = ⎜ , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎛ nx + mx2 ny1 + my2 ⎞
P =⎜ 1 , ⎟
⎝ m+n m+n ⎠

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Area of triangle:

1
Area of Triangle, A =
2
( x1 y2 + x2 y3 + x3 y1 ) − ( x2 y1 + x3 y2 + x1 y3 )

Equation of Straight Line

Gradient (m) and 1 point (x1, y1) 2 points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) given x-intercept and y-intercept given
given
y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) y − y1 y2 − y1 x y
= + =1
x − x1 x2 − x1 a b

a = x-intercept
b = y-intercept

Equation of Locus
The equation of the locus of a
moving point P ( x, y ) which is
always at a constant distance (r)
from a fixed point ( x1 , y1 ) is
2 2 2
( x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 ) = r
The equation of the locus of a
moving point P ( x, y ) which is
always at a constant distance from
two fixed points ( x1 , y1 ) and
( x2 , y 2 ) with a ratio m : n is
( x − x1 ) 2 + ( y − y1 ) 2 m 2
=
( x − x2 ) + ( y − y 2 ) 2 n 2
The equation of the locus of a
moving point P ( x, y ) which is
always equidistant from two fixed
points A and B is the
perpendicular bisector of the
straight line AB.

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Statistic
Measure of Central Tendency

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval
Mean Σx Σ fx Σ fx
x= x= x=
N Σf Σf

x = mean x = mean x = mean

Σx = sum of x Σx = sum of x Σx = sum of x
x = value of the data f = frequency f = frequency
x = value of the data x = value of the data

Median
Median, m = Tn +1 Median, m = Tn +1 ⎛ 1N −F⎞
2 2 m = L + ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ C
⎝ fm ⎠

m = median
L = Lower boundary of median class
N = Number of data
F = Total frequency before median class
fm = Total frequency in median class
c = Class size
= (Upper boundary – lower boundary)

Measure of Dispersion

Grouped Data
Ungrouped Data
Without Class Interval With Class Interval

σ =2∑ x2
−x
2
variance N σ =2∑ fx 2
−x
2
σ =
2 ∑ fx 2
−x
2

∑f ∑f
σ = variance
σ = variance σ = variance
Σ f (x − x)
2
Standard
Σ(x − x )
2 σ=
Deviation σ= Σf
N
Σ fx 2
Σx 2 σ= − x2
σ= − x2 Σf
N

The variance is a measure of the mean for the square of the deviations from the mean.

The standard deviation refers to the square root for the variance.

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Effects of data changes on Measures of Central Tendency and Measures of dispersion

Data are changed uniformly with

+k −k ×k ÷k
Measures of Mean, median, mode +k −k ×k ÷k
Central Tendency
Range , First Quartile, Third Quartile, No changes ×k ÷k
Measures of Interquartile Range
dispersion Standard Deviation No changes ×k ÷k
Variance No changes × k2 ÷ k2

Circular Measure
Terminology

Convert degree to radian: Convert radian to degree:

π 180
xo = ( x × )radians x radians = ( x × ) degrees
180 π

Length and Area

r = radius
A = area
s = arc length
θ = angle
l = length of chord

Arc Length: Length of chord: Area of Sector: Area of Triangle: Area of Segment:

s = rθ θ 1 2 1 2 1 2
l = 2r sin A= rθ A= r sin θ A= r (θ − sin θ )
2 2 2 2

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Differentiation

Differentiation of a Function III

Gradient of a tangent of a line (curve or
straight) y = ax n
δy dy
dy
= lim ( ) = anx n−1
dx δ x →0 δ x dx

Example
y = 2 x3
Differentiation of Algebraic Function dy
Differentiation of a Constant = 2(3) x 2 = 6 x 2
dx
y=a a is a constant
dy
=0 Differentiation of a Fractional Function
dx
1
Example y=
xn
y=2
Rewrite
dy
=0 y = x−n
dx
dy −n
= − nx − n−1 = n+1
dx x
Differentiation of a Function I
Example
y=x n
1
y=
dy x
= nx n−1
dx y = x −1
dy −1
Example = −1x −2 = 2
dx x
y = x3
dy
= 3x 2
dx Law of Differentiation

Sum and Difference Rule

Differentiation of a Function II
y =u±v u and v are functions in x
y = ax
dy du dv
dy = ±
= ax1−1 = ax 0 = a dx dx dx
dx
Example
Example
y = 3x y = 2 x3 + 5 x 2
dy
dy
=3 = 2(3) x 2 + 5(2) x = 6 x 2 + 10 x
dx dx

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Chain Rule Quotient Rule

y = un u and v are functions in x y=

u
u and v are functions in x
dy dy du v
= × du dv
dx du dx v −u
dy dx dx
=
Example dx v2
y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
Example
du
u = 2 x + 3, therefore
2
= 4x x2
dx y=
2x +1
dy
y = u 5 , therefore = 5u 4 u = x2 v = 2x +1
du
du dv
dy dy du
= × = 2x =2
dx du dx dx dx
du dv
= 5u 4 × 4 x v −u
dy
= 5(2 x 2 + 3) 4 × 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4 = dx 2 dx
dx v
dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) − x 2 (2)
Or differentiate directly =
dx (2 x + 1) 2
y = (2 x 2 + 3)5
4 x2 + 2 x − 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x
dy = =
= 5(2 x 2 + 3)4 × 4 x = 20 x(2 x 2 + 3) 4 (2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
dx
Or differentiate directly
Product Rule
x2
y=
y = uv u and v are functions in x 2x +1
dy du dv dy (2 x + 1)(2 x) − x 2 (2)
= v +u =
dx dx dx dx (2 x + 1) 2
4 x2 + 2 x − 2 x2 2 x2 + 2 x
Example = =
(2 x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1) 2
y = (2 x + 3)(3 x 3 − 2 x 2 − x)
u = 2x + 3 v = 3x3 − 2 x 2 − x
du dv
=2 = 9 x2 − 4x − 1
dx dx
dy du dv
=v +u
dx dx dx
=(3 x − 2 x − x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 − 4 x − 1)
3 2

Or differentiate directly
y = (2 x + 3)(3x3 − 2 x 2 − x)
dy
= (3x3 − 2 x 2 − x)(2) + (2 x + 3)(9 x 2 − 4 x − 1)
dx

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Gradients of tangents, Equation of tangent and Normal

If A(x1, y1) is a point on a line y = f(x), the gradient

of the line (for a straight line) or the gradient of the
dy
tangent of the line (for a curve) is the value of
dx
when x = x1.

Gradient of tangent at A(x1, y1):

dy
m=
dx

Gradient of normal at A(x1, y1):

1
m=−
dy
dx

Maximum and Minimum Point

dy dy
At maximum point (local maximum), =0 At maximum point (local maximum), =0
dx dx
d2y d2y
<0 >0
dx 2 dx 2

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Related Rates of Change Small Changes and Approximation
Small Change:
dA dA dr
= ×
δ y dy dy
dt dr dt ≈ ⇒ δ y ≈ ×δ x
δ x dx dx

Approximation:
ynew = yoriginal + δ y
dy
= yoriginal + ×δ x
dx

δ x = small change in x
δ y = small change in y

Solution of Triangle

Sine Rule: Cosine Rule: Area of triangle:

a b c a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA 1
= = A= a b sin C
sin A sin B sin C b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ac cosB 2
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC

Case 1: When a < b sin A Case 2: When a = b sin A

CB is too short to reach the side opposite to C. CB just touch the side opposite to C

Outcome:
No solution Outcome:
1 solution

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Case 3: When a > b sin A but a < b. Case 4: When a > b sin A and a > b.
CB cuts the side opposite to C at 2 points CB cuts the side opposite to C at 1 points

Outcome: Outcome:
2 solution 1 solution

Index Number
Price Index Composite index
P Σ Wi I i
I = 1 × 100 I=
P0 Σ Wi

I = Price index I = Composite Index

P1 = Price at the base time W = Weightage
P2 = Price at a Specific Time
I = Price index

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