FRICTION (applications of friction) MAIT

Q. 1:
What is belt? How many types of belt are used for power transmission?
Solution:
The power or rotary motion from one shaft to another at a considerable distance is usually
transmitted by means of flat belts, V
V-belts or ropes, running over the pulley. But the pulleys
contain some friction.
Types of Belts:
Important types of belts are:

Flat Belt:
The flat belt is mostly used in the factories and workshops. It is used where
here a moderate amount
of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are not more than
10m apart.
V-Belt:
The V-belt
belt is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be transmitted, from one pulley to
another, when the two pulleys are very near to each other.
Circular Belt or Rope:
The circular belt orr rope is mostly used where a great amount of power is to be transmitted from
one pulley to another, when the two pulleys are more than 5m apart.

Q. 2:
Explain how many types of belt drive used for power transmission? Also derive their
velocity ratio.
Solution:

There are three types of belt drive:

1) Open belt drive
2) Cross belt drive
3) Compound belt drive

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 FRICTION (applications of friction) MAIT
(1) Open Belt Drive
When the shafts are arranged in parallel and rotating in the same direction, open belt drive is
obtained. In the following diagram
m, pulley 'A' is called as driver pulley because it is attached
with the rotating shaft.

Velocity Ratio (V.R.) for Open Belt Drive

Drive:

Consider a simple belt drive (i.e., one driver and one follower) as shown in above fig:
Let
D1 = Diameter of the driver
N1 = Speed of the driver in R.P.M.
D2, N2 = Corresponding values for the follower
Length of the belt, that passes over the driver, in one minute = Π.D1.N1
Similarly,
hat passes over the follower, in one minute = Π.D2.N2
Length of the belt, that

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 FRICTION (applications of friction) MAIT
Since the lengthh of belt, that passes over the driver in one minute is equal to the length of belt that passes over the
follower in one minute, therefore:
Π.D1.N1 = Π.D2.N2
Or, velocity ratio = N2/N1 = D1/D2
If thickness of belt 't' is given then
V.R = N2/N1 = (D1 + t) t)/(D2 + t)

(2) Cross Belt Drive:

When the shafts are rotating in
opposite direction, cross belt drive is
obtained.
In the diagram, pulley 'A' is called as
driver pulley because it is attached
with the rotating shaft.
Velocity ratio is same as for open belt
V.R. = N2/N1 = D1/D2
If thickness of belt 't' is given then
V.R = N2/N1 = (D1 + t)/(D2 + t)

(3) Compound Belt Drive:

When a number of pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another then a compound belt drive is
obtained.

Velocity Ratio for Compound Belt Drive

N4/N1 = (D1.D3)/(D2.D4)

Q. 3:
What is slip of the belt? How slip of belt affect the velocity ratio?
Solution:

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 FRICTION (applications of friction) MAIT
When the driver pulley rotates, it carries the belt, due to a firm grip between its surface and the
belt. The firm between the pulley and the belt is obtained by friction. This firm grip is known as
frictional grip. But sometimes the frictional grip is not sufficient. This may cause some forward
motion of the driver pulley without carrying the belt with it. This means that there is a relative
motion between the driver pulley and the belt. The difference between the linear speeds of the
pulley rim and the belt is a measure of slip. Generally, the slip is expressed as a percentage. In
some cases, the belt moves faster in the forward direction, without carrying the driver pulley
with it. Hence in case of driven pulley, the forward motion of the belt is more than that of driver
pulley.
Slip of belt is generally expressed in percentage (%).
Let v = Velocity of belt, passing over the driver pulley/min
N1 = Speed in R.P.M. of driver
N2 = Speed in R.P.M. of follower
S1 = Slip between driver and belt in percentage
S2 = Slip between follower and belt in percentage
The peripheral velocity of the driver pulley

Now due to Slip between the driver pulley and the belt, the velocity of belt passing over the
driver pulley will decrease
Velocity of belt

Now with this velocity the belt pass over the driven pulley,
Now
Velocity of Driven = Velocity of Belt - Velocity of belt X (S2 /100)

This formula is used when total slip in % is given in the problem

NOTE:
If Slip and thickness both are given then, Velocity ratio is,

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 FRICTION (applications of friction) MAIT
Q. 4: Write down different relations used in belt drive.
Solution:
Let:
D1 = Diameter of the driver
N1 = Speed of the driver in R.P.M.
D2 = Diameter of the driven or Follower
N2 = Speed of the driven or follower in R.P.M.
R1 = Radius of the driver
R2 = Radius of the driven or Follower
t = Belt thickness (if given)
X = Distance between the centers of two pu
pulleys
α = Angle of lap (Generally less than 10º)
θ = Angle of contact (Generally greater than 150º)
(always express in radian.)
µ = Coefficient of friction
s = Total slip in percentage (%)
L = Total length of belt

FORMULA FOR OPEN BELT DRIVES

Velocity Relation: V.R = N2/N1
Thickness is considered

Slip is considered

Slip and thickness both are

considered
Angle of contact θ = Π – 2α
Angle of lap Sinα = (r1–r2)/X
Length of belt

Q. 5: Prove that the ratio of belt tension is given by the T1/T2 = eµq
Solution:
Let
T1 = Tension in the belt on the tight side
T2 = Tension in the belt on the slack side
θ = Angle of contact
µ = Co-efficient
efficient of friction between the belt and pulley.
α = Angle of Lap
Consider a driven or follower pulley. Belt remains in contact with EBF.
Let T1 and T2 are the tensions in the tight side and slack side.
Angle EBF called as angle of contact = Π.–2α
Consider a driven or follower pulley.
Belt remains in contact with NPM. Let T1 and T2 are the tensions in the
tight side and slack side.

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 FRICTION (applications of friction) MAIT
Let T be the tension at point M & (T + δT) be the tension at point N. Let d? be the angle of contact of the element
MN. Consider equilibrium in horizontal Reaction be 'R' and vertical reaction be µR.

Since the whole system is in equilibrium, i.e.,

∑V = 0;
Tsin (90 – δθ/2) + µR - (T + δT)sin(90 – δθ/2) = 0
Tcos (δθ/2) + µR = (T + δT) cos (δθ/2)
Tcos (δθ/2) + µR = Tcos(δθ/2) + δTcos(δθ/2)
µR = δTcos(δθ/2)
Since δθ/2 is very small & cos0° = 1, So cos(δθ/2) = 1
µR = δT ...(i)
∑H = 0;
R–Tcos(90 – δθ/2)–(T + δT)cos(90 – δθ/2) = 0
R = Tsin(δθ/2) + (T + δT)sin(δθ/2)
Since δθ/2 is very small So sin(δθ/2) = δθ/2
R = T(δθ/2) + T(δθ/2) + δT(δθ/2)
R = T.δθ + δT(δθ/2)
Since δT(δθ/2) is very small So δT(δθ/2) = 0
R = T.δθ ...(ii)
Putting the value of (ii) in equation (i)
µ.T.δθ = δT
or, δT/T = µ.δθ

Integrating both side: Where θ = Total angle of contact

ln(T1/T2) = µ.θ
or, T1/T2 = eµ.θ
Ratio of belt tension = T1/T2 = eµθ
Belt ratio is also represent as 2.3log(T1/T2) = µ.θ
Note that θ is in radian
In this formula the main important thing is Angle of contact(θ)

For Open belt drive:

Angle of contact (θ) for larger pulley = Π + 2α
Angle of contact (θ) for smaller pulley = Π – 2α

For cross belt drive:

Angle of contact (θ) for larger pulley = Π + 2α
Angle of contact (θ) for smaller pulley = Π + 2α
(i.e. for both the pulley, it is same)
But for solving the problems, We always take the Angle of contact (θ) for smaller pulley
Hence,
Angle of contact (θ) = Π – 2α – for open belt
Angle of contact (θ) = Π + 2α – for cross belt

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