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fr
teach
goo!
cal!l9[)!)'
improved performance
OOA'IAl·nt
reading
• improve yOlll' reading ,@f1'iC'i.~'ncy • aJrl.atyziS' t'ij'_dmOre effectuvely • m$::imlze your time'
t·e~h YWi:$111r
'I
\..
teach yourself
speed reading
\.
..
_.
speed readlin,g
~ina ikonstant
r@" over OOyooF$, mOffei 1t1a!l 40 I'1IllliOO.~ :haveleaml ~ 700 ~1$ )he teach )'tlY" v~ W1lti1 i~ reJSlilrS.
~re you ~·tp \,!i,1j~!f'I~~!l1 yaurBUl'
00 100
websitewwwJnam~,ks,com.
for UK ocoderenqllii!li~: please tcIli1liCl ~r:i! Ud., ~31.1 MI!imfI Pari'. AbI~.Ib::oo OX14 4SB. fme,pnolile: ,144 (0') 1235, ,B2m'O. ,Fa;c ,+44 (OJ '1235 ,40045A.lille5 an open ,from O!H)l'H8;JlOlM~ m SiLtlJuJay, MIll a,24·ltvllr iltes:sao:e aiiS,werinrl sei¥ice, ':{o;u can aso (lIIdi!'i" Irnoughi owr For USA" ordSr eQ!I~llies: ,!;If~1li ~Ol'!~ 'kGra'l~ill CIJS'tomI!r Ber'\!lct!:$,P{] 1~S45.I8l1eilicl!~ OlHlA~(I&tS, LQ 1li1'eph~I1fl~1';soQ!-n2·4728,~; Hi14 ..rns.5i4\\'i,
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Hr:$'! pulitisJ1edliRI UK, 1008 by Hodder' :He;adlille LId">338, 1:~5t.oli RQad, L~m:IIM rMi1 3BH,
firSif:p~!I&slwd lin US 1'91jl~ by'~!iI~l;Jral)i' Books:..O! ElLVi~on or TOO McG~HllI Gompanle:s. '1 PrllJd'~nUaJ PI\1$,
130 EasllRmolph
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'HillilWi p!!nnlssiOl'l ImlWIi1i!lm from 'Ilh~pwWohsr (Ii ~r ~oomC'J' ~rom mElCilt,pytIgtll: L:loellslmgl,AgM!:',j' IUlrnll(!jjJ. ~lI!rt:IIQr ~~ o:f&l!irlh 1itMCe> (focr 1~~rograpNc: reprOOlJIClioo} Imy 100 libtiimed 'til,orn 'tlile CbWt1ght l!~msiDIi #\g$ncy li,irni'jW, tit 00' TOlttmlilam QrIlriliaoo, l.oodom wn 4LP~ JII ,!IS:. A111i01i-ts reserved- ~~pl as jl!emlitiliii! iIIiideF 1Jie urntt8d Slialtlis IGQpyjj~!]_t lid ()1 t9i'(i, Ill) pari clll1~ .,ubiicallOClI ~'I~~ maa)' Qr disl~ib!lloo in any roon Or I1i CIDf means, ,otstoroo m a da~~e ar lliiitrill.'l'ai ~1'r1~ 'I'l1lm'!J:1e Pf<Io~111*111 pennlS1$i(lO of CQn~eil1pOrary Books, iT~1
Pl'iiitOOl iUl Great BlI'i13iii,ror H~r it. SlattII1'Itolill5cluC3~OMI. ~(lNi$I(Ifi ¢ H~~liml' L~,. 33Uus'l'oofki,ld, lLond\m N1N1 JBH !;jI'Q:Pl; &~ LId .. Raadinl!l, Bmfs'hlffl'.
IllrIJIi'essiGrIInl!lrnber
Year
20092Q1!1820012tHOO200:52eIH
:2003
7 6 5, "" 32
w ~~~
1. 1
3
£)
stal)l 1: prepar,e step :2: pUi:vl:e:w1 stel) ,3: pflSsive r,ead:ino sleiP 4; aclNe reading, slE!P 5: S!el:B~tj,'lie reading r~~.dilllJ~m 18V61~ moollincg ilf ~ea(llnlJ w,1~ a lPiur:p:~e'
'9 0, 13 '14 16 18
21
02
22
24
:2S
:'IJ 30
ski.nlmil1!g
33
36 37 :38, 42 43,
03
summary II~ cillllni .hewQrds - developlllllGI your wcatb:tlilal1 4S wIi'llincreas:lng your IJocab1Jlary sp9f1<1ls up,
YOUIF readillg lh<9S(l urea
how to
iUlCrtl'ase
illf
Y'Ollif voca:brull3iIY
46 47'
pmi;(es
s,peciaJ~ wcabulary
,a;o !!!:Ei!1tr:a~III1IXI
U'le Im;p.ol'tance
IO~ OOJ1Cerntrali(lill
siress and rnemo:ry tr~sr~(r i:nillUoVin!il V~l!Ir ii)o!'l"CIenlrnlicltl !.p:etitils.es, till il'lc~Jse .slid. ill'f'li,~~Oiliei
c~~e~trralJlo!il
SlUlIln!ii3iiJ!
05
mllli!lilllry
mCriIllory m,yths shol1t·1.emll~ilillernl:lilediarb~, r,OIIil:!;I·llliml 1I!Iiul merrmry how Iift~m{l:ryWlJ,I'k5 tfGhflICjUI!!Sr<C'Ir rllrn!i!mberriaQ 'wool YIJU' lread FIlldil-:Se:rusOry real!:lingl82 ~QrglltlililiJ summilry
Jio
72
r4, ,63
Oli
31 b.ook
is: :81 book ita book r,eadillg differlif'll tyil8sar matefi'3l drnleilf8lM reaoons
SUI1il!lfI'IiltY
(0\1'
'CriliCaJ lre.a~intl
'fOil!\' e,V8!!1 !!'!'!:!Ii'8ffcfJiClilV!!
87 9S
97· 98:
gg
re!!di~t
speied.readllliij OOSI~& ~,eadll~g f,Ciii' ufll!:ielSlatr!d~ilg e~rcl~rng y~ur ~~ ,!'JeaA1i~g Iif1Cirre ~h>alil (J1ii(! nrliie '~Ita Umel : hOMl 'Ill' IP'reve:nrt and! 'C1Jre ,eyestrain lI"J!l'adir1lgrIl"O'm .a) PC mOr'litof e)'e I'1IUi1riiHCii'l s!Ummlary
1m
U1
102
109 114
116
lUi
w@rk rli5trac'ti'lrl~
dearililij" your desk '01 ,d~!iitr'lG'ti{l:ns
124
1::15 12:.7
:S!Jmm~ry
IrRll-wutl:dl ,l1Iadingl lin~om1la:tiiO:Fl ~fiH!IM9~ 1P'~o:ril:izill~oml! pla:n1ndngl a
125 128
U9
new lobs, proie!)t$. <ilitl tUenl! a IPj·anfor reduc1ngy(l~J roodfn.Q1 IlvallJaUng YOIiU progress,
wmmary
bdl!)re ,y~u be.gill
manag.1li!gtim~
sl!Il'nmry
11
12:
I!.l$flu'lInforma110nand pruticel lHl ~ed 'Ihe maikin,gfS of l\lng1l8lll! 'criticalllart~lh1"e 'I!)!" critical rlladiino establish~I'I" your ,curnnvl, readililg i':alte '.hat next'? IIlJ1i!ilenn,es101"'Y'o!J~!\!l-d~y programme tea&hsomei)n~ 'el~1I11i1ilbasics ofsf)(Id!i1 reading ttle II to i: 'ell e'ltect!\iIil re.adillilgi
t~UnD I. Milner
Index
Have . y(l,U ever picked up a book 01'1 speed ,read_ing a.tid th~;n.lghr) <I wane to. learn hcnjf [0 read fast but ~ d,on"f have: the rim~ ro .rea.d!3 book this sill!! '['0 find out bow ~()!'?R:Je3.d OD, il,nd .rol.llwiU findtll:a,t is not 3 prob~~!tI.,
no·! vital,
What
yOU]
win ,achif9we'
ave.rag.c ~.:!d.ing .(,3.m of 250
WO[[1h
U you. read
afil:~.
per
an
['0
m:mmc'
After tlle·flirst halif' h01ll1t' Once you ~.av,espent 3.0 rninu~!:~ with the book rOo" wiU kinOW the basks o.f speed read.iog" You will be :<iJ:hle ro practise yOI.1T lilC.w skills when :read:i~ tb!e rest ofth~ Mot" fjIlj:sbing it ina :fractiol'!of the time you would have mken pf!evioudy.
.. Why are yOD rea,ding this OOQk~ • What makes you think you ne~d th.isbOQkr .. Is mi.s bookrhe best: p~aa to find what you are ]ooklng. folt? .' How long do you intend to spend Oil. the book? ii ~[I. 3!rC' }'QllI g:omg, to ~ tha imOl'lIl!a!tiol:l. yOUl find in this book? .WhaJU do yon alil'ea;dy know .aboDf speed :readlin:g? iI Wh.'i'~ do you expect fl<om fhis .boo.k~ .. How wiJrn )'OU know whtlR you. ha.\le achiesed yo,urgoaH
Tb~s book win Iak~ y.Q.U th_jig,ugna syuem of [\eadii:i8 d:1~t will give you the reels yQ~ llilled to be' :!Jible'to lneraase ),,{lliU readillllg mt.e :itltw.t). impO'rtanr wa:ys;
·YOIl
.. You 'win find what yO'lll n~\d to read wi.thout always havLng,
to
read
,aR
endre book.
Speed r,eading i~ labour R1U.ch more (!han [(!:3.di.ng fa:st.; ir is: abo~f :readi:ng 'SIDiUf',. SIlI.art l!'tad:in.g ]5,: .. De1W:flllillmg
material.
w~at:'it
.. Readi:ng 35 dficitndy. as possible. .. k~ abJe to :roca.n LllfofmatiOI1 when you need iI'.. The aim .of this book. is to' hl\lp you IDa-stec teciLni.'qti(!s that· "",nl you to read. and absor.l,. moi'1i i~o.fmadon ~D less time dl,an bdm·~. ¥ou. should find ,that you :spend. less time I!t3,ding becau~e yoo mal'llllg'c .h1fuUtl3.rlOD molfC qllkk~y. The "I"lJg~ arQund to it' pile w,m be Jess 'th:re:aremng a:nd C!l:aJsier ~o ge.t· armuld (iQ. Also. when y'Ou ~a'Y(i learnt bow to. read nOfil-:{i.c,timi OOl!rerial taste'l 3Jlld W:l!OlI'C effidel'ldy~ Y,Q1,Jiw:ill il1!l.d that YOij. namraUy apply e:ffici~pj[ rending t,oclm:iqoes. ee y'Our Jcisu[le read~ngwilh.ou,t losi_ng eflj0'Y:m.ent ot a &1000 S!IiOZY.
en a blle
me
M w.i1!:b,anyd'ti.ng new. speed reading rakes pracri~ - bll!t not ii':be type that req)uires 'you to put aside hOlIU$. e:achday. 'Yollraim shouM !he 'to in.cltide s:peed~;readin.g, te(;hniqufs in your' daily £(ludlle and in $lO doing ~ome mQr(! aware' ·of what ),0'11 read and how y{liiJ .rcad it. -
,s: ny
~,at' b~~g$ ~usw~. ~Q~timpor~nt _. ,~ke yUWl' own .rf:.ll,du:'Ig rules, A quh:k g:u:idieto readii:H(g
!I:~lcof
d('eCUliv~
reaC;i~:
tm~.bo.ok
Wll;.tt
1 n.d:: ~hmlJgh ~he book to get OJ feel for its :5:t:n.l.~~,,,e. 2; Read d1,et;<i!bll;:loi ~onmm~, thli!.n highlight: ;the chapters ylYlli
wai:'itr ro read snd m~jl',k in
drem. 3 !tead ,,!lIthe: Sllrnmar..g:(>-s. 4 Co.niri:lThueto read thjg inltrodllcticm;~t w~]I tell fOU wffillai:t yau wili aclJJie'Vc br reaJdi~g eaeh ,.haprer,. .5 finaUy. sn:l.dy 'du,: fble·'Stcp Sl/'ll:tclDilnd use M en the r~s:t ·of [h.e book,
<
~o Jle.ad
iImlproVll
Y01lir-mem.ory
.3 MmM.o.ry
'7 Your!E;yes find Efn:ctive R"¢adillig As <you p'rQg:~ t(h:r(itlg;n:the book le;a(l'nin:s new spe«i.':e",din,g
:!OIciUs~ rernembc.r' top.factiise ehem o!llhis book. It proviid6 you w.ith the op'p.omuni~lI' to p~,acli...~~ new s;kiUs.!>o cl~3.[:you wil!l y"Qll!t
Chapter 1: 'The five~step N,adiingsysteim This chapter co,y,I,ii.'·S,(line:'of the core ~.ecllil:iqlJleS' of [he book, Readi.ng it will gi'lfi!you the .skins rhat wlU hdiP YO-u;,
-
Ii
.. Read beoks that yO'u,tv-e been wanting ~.(), read roryears. • Oetth.rolllgh your u;ading at work i.n l:l qllJ!n·t~:r the time it of
currt:rlidy ta!k_:c'$ you.
rear-s ..
yourvooaibul811Y
1l1ing~~,e or Hthe' spcc]a.bz.cd.
'The bette!::' yoUr' l'QC::lbllil~:ry ]s:. the fatS,tiCJ: you will be ;~bl~ '~O read. This Ch.apt¢,f is ,especially useful if }"Duare il'e3!dinga second
nl.;ii!i~fhd you <!!~covermg
i:i r:ecb!nicaJ] Oct
'Without com::entrnriO".f) t:h:ere willi he. no melT.lO:ry. Tbfu~ is a prac:rical cbapf:~r with exe:rcisC!s to h,e;lp you illc:reaSI!' your eencenrrarion, wherever you have [0 work,
Chap,ter4:: Concen,traliorll
Chapter 5: M,om.ory
If you do not r.emember v.dlc3t: you readl, YOl:lDWI}' as we:il not begin reading. This dlapfeli will] give you. a:nins]g]umto how ')'Oum:' memory works 31m.d what may be happening wben it does not. A selecnoo. 'o,fappma'ches mremembcriog whatyoy are reading is .includOOIin 'tms chapre.r. Look ~f r'ilem.a]l anti cheese lihc!!! whic!h, you ,co:uld ~ ;f."Qili di'e differ'i:.ot ty~ of rea dins you do"
l
doddle.
II
newspaper
in ten minutes
~y~ are
YOUE'
mOSEJmpertant
ideas ro make
}'0m'
eyeswerk
hetli'l);t-fur you.,
d{tS(;riOOd.,
;:t
This is, a support and fder~:(II::11l chapter with addirio!laJ.1 information that will help YoOuincrease your v.oc:abula.ry ;,lind make readi:.ng easier. You. may wan'!: 'E'O record :in a :oo'mebook any vocabulary;.
~oc~mimJorm3tioOm
YO'lJ
come
~~[QSS
i:nt1~gnlti:llg wha,[ 'you. Iilm/e: fMl'fillldinu) Y(I'l!JJf daY·!l:o·d.ry acitiv:it1es. Also; dte,re are ideas on .how' !r,O reac~ some()o.e else ..
Chapmir' 12: What: next? How wm )'1)'lJ! <lVP]:!' what yO!IiJi ha,ve ]e3:rlYed~This cffilapter wi]~ I:Jc]~yOY ,de~gn <!! ll·d<lJy pwgrarnme :tbatwiU .assist rUliin
: I
.~.,er. H ,e"is.' •
:1InQ[~ef
im.po:rnU'l.t ml~.
_ Ha,V(l fU[I.,
(lil;
limit is to [lite rat:e' :31& which ]lQo:,leca:n read, The cCutren~ttc;ofd holde!J:'can read a book ehe si~ of Wur and .:Pec:Jc~ 20 IIllll.UreS la ::'tHd acclu·;::)It~ly ;'i:i:'i~~r qu~:;dQ~s,~~ .it, Ability to ~~t quest:~ons, is t:ne ,impoI:t3n[ riling. Why spel1d pu;'Ciolls rime rea dint if you do [lot llave ,a, way of fcm,cHlherilng w~SJ~ ,you W<li~t. ro distil, fr,om, the i!W!aJterja~? Itememoo.r,· the j.r!IQ:!:m<!rio~h r.ai:tolr f~crion~kJIil;g afl:~r fall ihave Jt~.. die ',~,-, be exp~o~~d. In Cb~p:t>erS, Speed r~:Siditlg ~s easy: only Q:[le=fi:fth of' ehe re3d~llg strnr,egy ]('resented ~n the ne~tcupter requires p,r:act'icc. the rcst efthe .sysr.efml. will Woo-d.:: j;uS't by m<!Jk:irlg: l!$cof b.
YOl!Wm di!:i(:UVlilftbeanSWf'fs 'to so.m;e of t]wese by il"ci'lod,1ngth:is book. n~ answer lj(j, [he~]f$t f*, tl1~twe' do not kgow wha:tlllil.e
J:nlh!i8,chag~r you wllilleam: ~ about Ole fll!',e ·1rt'eJf,lS:IPr.ep.am, pre,'vi~. p~ivfi'. active,
.. ExpJo.f'ed the material itt t~nsrthree times. '.' Read what' you need to he.ve read. to IO'ljeg;rat!cd the new knowledge buo what you 9i~ready .Know. " Gainllid. an. aeeurate recall of the iDf·Oli'matiofl. • Found the lnron.narion you require,
Mosr impolit'i111dY"rou will ha.vc'.:spem a fm·ctktu uf the time. 'yOll. mi,glu p~heJ:Wise have spent l~il.r.r)~llg these skills, To avoid sJ:ippms: bsck into old :reOlding habits, cl.ose[y inl.low' witlh it you ean ~daJpri,t to any type of :reading - articles, newspapers, memos; books, magazj8e~, and SO on ~ by
comb~lljn:g and omin:illg stoep!!!'. the fiVle-S:lifp system o1!ldine;d in £Ms book, • Once you are familial."
I
J
2: 3 'ii, S
It doesn't matter what: you.1 l'ei!~oni$,f(l(r r~:;uUllg .so:meEih:ingw;hcthe.r· it is because semeene receanaesded ~t:(lr s;imply because you wane to - SiS long iIS you hQye' a mason. Th.e fi!'\I''e steps in ithe sysfiCm are
Prepsre,
;;'IS
follow!H
Th.i$.
process lbaf ~im:l?l!f asks you fa. u~~ the ~'Y,Sjt¢ill., YOIll,r: il,inais, to higbl~ght ~reas to,!, .fmt:h~r sm.dl' and elimi.natie those that you
$y.uem.
is based
on
3.
Y()fl.:!
need.
couWc!take between S and 40 mimnes fOJ:!l b.ook ,Q·f 300 pages, Th,e dine thilt Y(HI spead on S[ep .s will depend on .how much.
detailed imQtmatio:n
}I,On Wil.il.t
Steps 1 itO :5v.riU now be QUdira~d Readl [:M:ollgh [h.is section once, .. then l!$~ng ;) :n:o~.~fiai.on book on a subjie<:1 you are ~nn:resrod in trY' the' :SY.ste.lllI out, foil" the mOl!t1Cl1jl1~, fO:.;ge1; ;aoout r-.ry1.llg ['0 ~'e8d f;a:s!t. We s~a[Jget to. matl;i:t"cr.
WHJctbi:ng <'ibout the subjc.:;ct. AfiQt:hl;r~ to use :ill fQiU know rba,[ '~10ndo not know very much •.is ee fQnnuhne q,;!(~~do!il:s[hatwil,1 ' h,dp 1'0'1.4 im.pmve Y{)Ii.u· kuow.I.ci!gc' aJ!Jd ach~ew: 'your objective. The main purpose ('If the pr,ep.uation SI(tCP i$ wi) build the f[,a~ew(lI:k earo wmch 1'01l will fit e!l,~r~'1l:ting yQU learn as you. r~d. The !:r,iull.ewOlik (an be: mad!e up of .fact~. O.l[ qu(!~m:iQ['I$.
Though1; experiment Gompa~e' the exP&iie:i1,090f pmparfng to, R!latl a t~t to, seeing YOLI have nmer seen befo~. When you see· SDmethirig ne-w yot:! may'!lit 'first take $OiIll8 'Iiime to ,es,ta'blish what y,QUi llm looknng at. During thlat 'WOrkingrout' tim,e yw CQIl'Ipare wtnal you
',-6, I ,
something
am :seel:ng 'Nith wh~t you alread¥ know ymil you '~rnd something lnm is,si!ll~lalr; whlcl'l will help, you ma~ sense Oit wIiiIat }tOiJ ai'e, looking ,at Ilf you find .oo'lhlngl that 'comes close you willi begin, to u'k qUI8$~ioO$ nSilmally..
IPrepa:liing to read 11$ Oi'ng Iha 6aJT1e,.Wln.~n you 100111: the 1m.e or d at the, s.ubjed Of wha.t yoo :are iI!Jout to road, a"low your:seff a !Ktle, ~imer'l;Qthink at 'wha1; you a'im.ady '~11CIW ~hat: cernes ck)s.e to what you are looking M~ il1 il"!:o,thl'rngdoas,ask q;i.limons Tn a structu~ool
way.
iJn.porta:nt;wiibollit dlfm j'lOlJl. willi, find .]iliO for ,eve'ry piece of informatien youpiace on yauf' fr,;ullcwork ask qeesdons ~ who. what" whtJC, when. wh,:)1~ow. h Th,erc is 111.'0 stlch ddllg, .aI!,! a s;iUy ,question. Qu'estiQ:llI$ d:!:a,~a:re labelled as such are g.e!ij¢ra;Uythe ones that a:i:¢ d~tfi.ctllit to. a:nswe:r for somc' r~~i)IiiI.. Think :back to whem.you were a ehild and you ,.,sk:~d :3 perfect~y good qucstiQ:n. If your parents could l!(lf-., Olf di.d Il.O['W'8im:t to, ariSWI!~ i['~drud they !!lQf~ '~n~t ;,uk such QlUestwl.1(9 .... re
<IDSiW'(if$;.
$i]ly questions', lleaving you. .feeling bew~lde!l'i::d and-ignorant? Ai:ways ask questions. It is benet' nee 1'10 find the ilI!5W~r than
!:lever toask 'tIll.eq,u,esrion. Themere raukn'Qw ~nd tll.e .m01te qlles,tionsyou a.dt!, rhe moll'e roll. wil 00 abJe to make' seme ,(lif the' subje<:i_
T.It¢pt(lpal'<liil'.ion
S[3ge
Q~
the 1i<lsk:
.' WriH~:down, Wlla( you iii.hi'eady know about the s.ubiect; key words are s:u.Hident:~
.. Decide what you walU from the book. informatiof:l, enough to wd.te a fl:epofit:on answer 00';l specific 'qlilesrion?' • Alwall'lI,~ youne~f ·[hc:sathree qUCSriOillS;
'Of
D, Why. am ~.J¢'~di.ng dl.is i.t1 rile &'S:~plaICe? 1 Wb3.f dol a.lresd,y :know? 3 What do I need rokl!low:
Geu:irlS yotu'self ineo a learning .StaiW is important, This, wi.11help Rlaximum eoneeatrarlon. Chapter 4. which. deals with eoneenrrarion, providesa numbee of methodlst!har wi]rn hel.p y'OlI rocus on whar you. bave to do, whether YO'!l!rc surrounded by a distrnctions at home or in lh~ midst of :nt3yllenl <It: dl,e ofn"Je.
<'i
me
back covers, the inside flaps. and tile: table Ilooka,t the ind~x~glQ.ssil,l)' and
• Det'e.~
of the 'book: chapter headings, stili,.. apd images,. • E!Iiminarfe the I?a~$ of the book that you 8in: 5U['e YOy, d.Qn.'t
p[cwl',es •. graphs, l;;!llWOOS·
n.eed.
u!~' .. IL . ~·
• Re·;af&m your decision ..~bgut what you wan.t nom rhe boot. • If it ·beoorne~.cle;a1:thalli: the book does ri·ot:·CQnra~i1 what :yon n~, put: i,t aW\'liy. You wil bi.lV~ $aVtd l"olliiisdf hour'S of
wOIlIl.::.
of tilitcnages of Y01lllprewiew. Here are $Onrl.e: idctlsa'bolil whilt ym,!! should be lQokingfur during thisstagel
The clOver The I!:over ill die frrsf !;;aUlura book ...Any picture on the front
~$
M~ign{.-d eo artraca yOlI.lll' aU~nti6n; ~t is tlliC'tefQ:r'~ im'pOI:'MlI'ltto ~M!k beY'Oitld the picture to f~rtd our wlu'ldler tilite bo@lIt win be' usefulto you.
IBac!k"page· blurb This sbouLd giv,e a good lmdicaitiotl of what rhe book contains, If' ,ohen coll~,a;inspramlses, such as~![f you t,~d. dtis book you. willi] .ger ••, ,. You may also be able to gauge ~h~ book's .r·~dabl:l.ity; if the ~,k-pag,e .blurb IS written in c.omp~ex ~l1lill.gJllSiSle.,. rest o.f the ooo:kmay be thc ~m.c·.. If on the otne[ ~hc band it is d.eiit., st:r<l'l~gbtJ:D\fWal'd aDd easy to understand; there ~:; .0'1 ~etter chance of the book being ,eas)\"reading. linside fta:J)J M@st hard-back boob, and. even so;tn~ s,oft~·back.s halve inJomiadol1i on the' :insid!eof tmteliOV«S" This usually consists {If
sllmma:r.ies:, biog~O!pbi\~i!.l jil:f".rm,atiof.l and a phowgraph {jf the .a~dlo:r. Readi.ng. this wJn giv'e: y'ou irlfofn'll;a,'tion :tbouli: ll'he· autbo.r <'I!1!d what pomt of viewthe:y migbr be taking.
m fo['ew'Ord~,hardly ev'cr ,n~Old,.is probaMy' the most i.mpormll)t seedon to coves at die prev~ew st':aGe.Another cxp~tr ~Il. rhe field U!iuaJUy w.l'h~$; it. ~t almose always .Cowta:lll :informa,rion .about the a1lJit~o:raJrild th~ir experience in the fieldfhey are WrLtu~g in•.
Foreword
win
thtougba. book and is Uke]y to be tbe section to w.hich you ref!!!' IThQ:!lt: o.ften. When you ma:k¢ .01.first· pass ar d1.e ta:ble g,f eonrenss, make notes' aJ~ yot:! gOo. If you know l.ha.t you do ~t needthe
C:OI!teJllfS
[~ble is
mnlle.ll.die,d!
,contents of a ehaprer, make a no'tJe about why you think y.g~ dg, net need: Ir, Forih~ il,;haptcfs iha:t YOll do want" 1l0['C wh,a,tit Is you expect to find Oil qlll.esrniC}J111, YO;1iID wanrr'aJ1J$Wef,S to.
Th¢5e ,are wdul :~U~can so.mttimt.s be conlusmg wkbout background knowled,ge ;about wha.f they cenrain . Look briefly at the 'tables without .anempting: to memorize or fully undersraad wIllit t'hey cOl:llta:in. If 3. hri.e.f ~xplalfl,OItiJQnis attacfled 00 the table d.1.e'El li'ead. that •.but:w~t]~our s;pellding .m.ilCEi. lime on h. The io.fo:rm~Hio·m. wilm b~omc clc.uer ,at Step 4\ ~ Acriv,~
Tables
reading.
Index
Nexc
the book. Th~ii:1.de~ win ,give you demUea ill.fDlfm,artiQfi in different forma.t from d.1~centenes table:
tQ
~!>
!i~c;ttiQ[I
in
of the
derall
011 },0I1['
subjecr.
Th:i$ ~¢(ti,Qn ~!i useful to skim d'IJ.ri:ng :r.11,1$' ·s~p ,~nd you wm ceil'taiD:ly ~.iRd ~[m.O!!it useful :iQ Step 3- Passive reading, when you are srudying the :langu3.ge oJ d,,~ text. While you are readil'l8 th(;: S~iOIi8 YOll! have sf:lected the' glo.ss;u:y will be invaluable p~ac:ea 1ll3.rk.e:r at the start of me section so rha:1:' when YIl:iu, need ~o determiee the ,me4'lning n[a, word )'Oil]. win be able to find i.t qu:ickl.}'. If y-oy are ~ttldfiDg fmm 'tIu: boolk", eheck whellne.r you may phamcop,y rhe g~,o~ry 00 that you can add. norestQi~
Glliossary
B'lbliography
Th,e' bib'JiQgraphy
are fum:iHar to you, the "book may notbe S-I!llffidendy advanced for yOW' needs, If they are new ro ~'1.11 t!flfill, :it wi]] be a good g!U:id.e further $lilldy. for
O!n the, basis oft-he ]nfol!.'m:!ltkn1. gaw'reiI during this S'~~.P"')1'011 "WiJlbe able to think I.tiOi',e deady ,a'bout wha~ the nnct cosers. At d!iI.sstage, review yO'ulr' puepose. ~8 it still the same as 'YOU stated befoll!'! )loupr-cviewed the book. ()f has, it ch.anged! be,au~ of' whaJ[ you have meal'Pl:t At th_~ st\1:ge' ,YOIl ,sholJldaJw ~giin [0 be able 10 strereh yOUi' know]ll'.d,geand Ulld1il;(',Uan-di.ng of whae dle a!l!.rlilQr 'is tryillg to $ay. If~oow-e,¥leJ~ dite author'is pomt is SAJiUrI.or. 'c::Jear. 'u:y 'to decid.lt;:
may 11lJ.d!k<:ntiesome of the' boo;b [~e a~t.hor durHig dlt: aevdopment of dIe book, It will an .[dea of w.l1at ~eve:1the book Is p.i.t.ched ,at. If the
3in
not b3:ve'bad rhe years. ,of training. res~an:h anA exposere to the sl,lbfll!:d t~at l~ey have hn,d. As, 8. C:Qn!le-qu~!:'ice:. :la.l'IgPi!<:!Ige ...y dle m be c:omplex and basic exp~a.padQns may be: lac:kiDig. If 1M 1S the ;c'a:$~~ rons<~der what qliit'"SlioiiLcS YoOU might need to aJMwer bero!l''e you, coo CQmi:f}iti,t with rhetext, \viili rhose questions inm.i:od"
earO' on to Step 3.
"",halt ;flJ5$i[.lmpdoni'i the author is making, AI. '~OO often,. spe(J~alists 'Will w:rit:C" Oil [:heir p.artIDcldar su bjeCi[ fo:rg.eUiingr:hat: m,any of tbe people who will be .reading, ir win
in the text" the-Ji! the Sforiiies aJIt: tine e!i'idli<llc~ fOf:a;rgumel1~ that the 3lnll!Q"i states elsewhere. , Ad;vantaFS and disa:d,v;m~aGe5 - TI'J' uncover th:issttucruare leek for wor-deS!.ike 'but'~ '00 rhl: orher hand' and'how.ev'cr·,.
S[lOneS
• Qro:mological
by date,
·rij'ore.ss _ A~tivity A leads l:03criv~ty B and O'D t03C1i.v~tY' C. ... MO$:t ~mFi!ln:am.tlilc:~tilil!pgrtWll~ _. Does ~[he'.;:iUdi{lfpnacc· the cor.e of ibe information arrhe start or at the end? Most newspaper :stolt.u~*wiH have the I:nos[im:ponam: lnformi1lti.o.f.1 ~t"th-e stan of rJl:f: SOCII'Y" f:c][owed by thcde,r,ii:j] nece~ary to say mOte abollt, the 3.ct~~.l inc~del'n and perhaps finally eonlm,ent' from. those ~nvol:!,I'~d. cu' the opinion of ~hit
f(lilll.[[l~Ust.
best
if you. thorough.I,
'EO.
lrsheuld rake o.:d" between 10 and 1.5 minutes p~g,e boo:!:- pas,si;vd.y~ ~ Scan the pa,g.e;sat a t"3!tco.f about
read
3.
300·
.. Highlight 'W1r.Idstharstand ou~. They mil}' be namts,.long Qr tedmical werdsoe wOlrds in bo!Jd 01:" italic. •' Decidlt if 'the [an,gua:ge is [~cb.1)li~], :noll1l·-tecb.fl.tca.1cu' Merfriif'ndly.Are you familiar with :ii:? • Look (ll!ll!l' fo.r W'Ofds that wil] give' you. ::3. ~ltJ;e w ~.Qwthe i:nro[jn~ritm ~s s,ttlllctU:redi. St~r[ ]ook~l1g for kiey id.eas. ~ .Ma,ke 3, note o~,where the key 3~mCillC$ $e.em to' be',
An ,@xpmment and an Impgrtam: note
seconds
;l
~fy'Ou ~f,;nO'wWli'iiBt you we rooking for, you 'will'f,lru:! it If you know why YOll: ale readinsl the ,bQo.k'you wFl! kno:w 'w,hst: you·are ilooking for.: You wiiUnotloe words relating to VOw a~ili of interest. ' lilY this. look aroond ,and notio(l ~\i'etYlhmg, tad:. On~y Ired. Ni)~ioe, Iilo,w .1llila:J'lyslh~dQS of ~d ttlme me'. Now, ciooe' your eyes; and remember EI\i',erythlng bllu$ in ~h~ 100m "."Vlilhat did yoo ,no~ic~?'
m~e
Sreps 1 (,0 3 and the clearer your purpose is, [he easier it will "be to .find main ideas .. Theseeend chali.eng,e- is that you rna)' not kno-w where in the text the ma inidees are iikei.y ro be explained, Mt:holligh ehe m:ain idea of [!l·osr well-writren material is in (he first sentence or tlite paragraph, it may be i.n~ht': middle or ar the end lmtead.
Knowing
Q ......
of the text·.
Fo·rmore detail
Thi!l is the Firsl rime
reading!
yOUI
"",(II
be doinS anything
resembling
• Detc·rmillCl the type of material yOti are reading. • Read the firse paeagraphefe ... ry chap[et and the f.il:"st and c last sentence nfevtty paragrn:ph • •. As you progress through the' text, beg,in to idemi.fy whercrile main i.dea isllkdy [0 be and focus mere attention on those
St:CfIOf!Sc,
CrQ$5 om, highlight. uncie'l"llnt,.ci..rde and fake notes as you read. Later in f:hi~ book you will Learn how re mind-map (see p. 75}.
The more thoroughh' you do reaUy need to read WiH be.
Ana1yse your readingl BefQfl! you laun("h into· Step 5 ~ Selective reading, take a lnrle
time to rhinkabaur what y01.l have read
50
far.;
tlh,Cl:book? ,~ Did lilil,e; maoo:r:ial r()~ read eyoke any tboQght"s Of feeii:flp thar W~[~ out (If the (lrdiri:<ilry? • What '\!t:aS y.()~tra,ui,tud,e befor.e yon stareed ~'Cadli:l1:g? as ~~' H cina!l!~oo now:' • As rail wen~ through S~!.'ipS 1 [,04 dfdyou become less :interrest"-oo in ~bc mater.ia~, or mere :i~~ercswd? ,~ Hewmuch timl~did yOll! ~perld?CouM you bal;reredu:ooo it? .. Did you. ~iI: d:l''aiw:u:i:inm 3i:1Ypairtkllil,;,'Ir socti!(iliil? ~, nid j'>O[J ,find, wl:l;O'!I;~'OUwClig ~,ookjQgfor?
cOlltmllt ,olf
~Did
yQ'llW hOlVCOl:rlr
.. Are
yOIil1'
notes (Jea,f,?
Thethisd ques:~iml.~, atl:hilllde~]!!ve:q im,po.rr::u:I,t. If YOIlJ ftld 'O\il negadve a,bollJt [he task. ymlr motti,varionand. conoenrraiti,on w,iU di:m.i!1Jl~hand $~Iecri~:g WhOll you need ~!a !)e"d l"c~'I;.!f, .. ,~elymay ~
!!:HOle
d]ffilcldt~o accOfll"p]isll.
iIleror,eyou be~in the !1!e,x~step, w.u;jw down quesrio~s 1ihat YOiJll. wOIl~d lUte [l(l b8ive answered by wha[ YOll ~n:mrldtQ rei!ld.fOir
l;'l'\':amp!c.
yOy
might ask:
'" Wh<!J~W!e!"e~h¢ main PQi~ts the :a~tlo:r was trying to p~t ~cross?
Step 5: Selle,etivereadiing'
ThQI.!9hrt fiCperiment (dQn't acm:ally d'o this '1.:mIElH W~1'!! ,Ilj greMde!!'ll1 offfmil'iandi ~~~
}!'Q~ W<illi1lt
to,
Ilmag'ine yOI!.!I·;;g to take a 1ilrlp hm Lond!Cn to, EdhlOl!Jrgh. ¥oll.lwim use oQli,Jrntrryoad~ :asrarr ~~ P<l~ibla, Im~gr!1l€l you have !I!~!1Ir r takellli s!!Jelt'la Mp bmera, butstllIl you d'ooide l!1ot to t:akflaJ Ima;p. ~, yourarri'va!11 in Edi~'bilJrgh. meek yourl!!TIe" inch,r,dlnglhe Ime taikro by d~t'QfUrs, a:Jiildi by !;l:;;lidng d~fOO'~IQn$. M!ak:(l ~~~ ~rip~$~Qnd time ~sing a map, and th,en compa~ethe ditfeml'iiCEl in Um.e belW8'e!1lI th!j tw.oioumey$. The :same applies to !r9EI.d'ling. The first fotllr S1i9p5.~mm pmparMion to aCltNe readirIigl,r;lTWie a map f'orr }'IOU to,ftJUow. When you klInow whe~ you are g:o~ngarnd how yoo are golrlJ91to get: 1ihe~e.the task is mu:ch easier to aCQo.rnplf:stn.
Tile purpose .1);( the fl~st f(["!.!if Sll.'1"S is ro aUow you to slldec!: w:ha[ you need or want' to' reada.n.d h!dp 'You. read. it mt~Updy. DuriJ.lg th~fi:fS[ four steps you have decided what i:r is you o;lt.:lIn'[ to re;l,d~ W'hl3t answers )l'f)!,1 are Iookillil; for' <'InC! w.l:ia~ yOIl:ll' inrel."csl1l in the !lubi'f'Ct is.Yo,lIl. have seudied the' 5truCiE!U'e of the book, you ,a:re f<lnlil.i~r with its languag:e~ }'(lll have ·[,ead ,,"ome of ~he(iOlllreilt~ gi.Vltlg. YUill! all1 c,:!!ce1rueilt lI:I.nderstnl1dblg OIf wh3Ji; r:hti book contains. You can now select die' :secdo:!1;s ym!l seaU)' need
!fOil
have missed
"InteLligently' l'eb:!rs to you:r i:ni.ria.lpu[I?QStl. ReadimginteUig,endy win he]~' you distingllish, 'belCiV:e-en what YO;llI: need t'Q know, Whill:f you would llke toknQw and W:113t: it would be fut! lO .know.
To select wh~t you need to read 00 V(i'1!l.rs~1fdruiDS; your. plicp.arnrion::
~ :RLe-view' the seres 'yo,'. made 'in Si~P.' l. read:ing;. ~ Answer the question.
for?' .. Add any·r.e]evan[' lllfo·r:m:atiol'l yo'u gained as yut!. we~'
':00
WlIS. l.oo:kil"l,g
- P~~ive Il'~adilng.and :rcpt.a1trhe: ,q,uesrion: '00 Iha!l~ what I w3.nr?·' .. YOlJl millcle ~i,'I)U-~ dilring, Step -4 _. Activ,e J¢~di.iJ:g. R.ecy~ew them .!tnd a,gain ask whe'tiler yuu ha.v.e wbat YoOU want . .. U'roo. decide m"~li'nill need more mfoml!ario:ll~ go. 'Ehrol!Jlgh the boo! and r~d thepieces cf wxt you identiflled as re;]eva.nt:' doong the :6[st' four steps_. •' ]f you decide you needto readthe enrire book. :),uuwi]l be aMe to rca .dkmeeh faster beca!l$~, n;;l\iing, complewd rhe firs!: four ~,teps,of the oV(:i-sl!1ep sY'ster.i11YouW;~U k:n()w what ~he book oo~t~:ilts and what to' c'XPCC[d
;; If you do. :stop . .. U you don'it, Rvi,cw chc k.ey· words highlighoo:d
dlU:il;'lg
S!tI€lP3
By now '1ot1 w.m be fami.Ua.r with the :laY(I!,lIt'~ la.ngu3l~e and ceatem of the book. Y.ouwill have spent .:lJppl:'m::ima:le~,r ,4()"'S'O
nu[!k c<iitefu][y' a;gain a.bouf what 'ro(.act1y you w'I.nr from the m;are:r.ial. The ~'ength'o,ftime you spend ,or!. Step, 5 depends Of! how much }'\OU decide YOIl need. Whedii@f rouw:ant~o readit all or j1l.l;5t QnClparagmph OIl o~epagii in enechaptee; that' wiiil.1be
YOU wi][ Dot
hsve
W;(l.sJ[oo }loll.r
time.
UI,
~mI
~ ;'
bo<lk,
One of the biggest comp:lain_ts PQ()plc :mak!fl ilbou:t s:peed~.I',eadin,g boob is that th~ are toe big and tale 000 Imlg to read, Use I whar you Jearn 3IS,you learn it to increase the ,HUe at which y.c.u !f,e.ad this Ibook. bid )!'.ou kng,w?
o ......
Ilif you know' oottlingi abOut a 5ub]ect befO!'li! yo1i1 stJ1ilitilt is almost. im;POMlble ;,(l' f$membel' what you mad. llIe fl\!lE!;-step system helps you ooitd a framework kinowt&d'g:e, JiIfi~kmg IfEitentl:on and recalll easter.
0'
Readinigl
m d~H~fC[U: WI.1iys.,
The p!l:rp~ of tfie five-step sys'!:,e.m ro eflla,'b~!eOl1l1 eo gather as :is, y H'!,!,:J)cb i:lliOIl'!lnat.ioI13s fClss;iblc' before yOl! select whal),,'Ou W;lll~ or have ro read, Depending on yo!!.!:!:' malerial, ,"'0- ["eason\'l and, !he.~mount o,f tI»ie: you have: ;l,wilable. yo.u can use the s,yst£'m
The more yOI]J u~d~f$,~a.nd COIiI:teIU of what yon are readiing, the tb~ hn~r yOIH' I;omprehension will. be wben you read in moie depth. TIle nanire ·of the meani.ng r'OU gam~r from the five~step process will depend Ori wl:iac you. are lookmg for. YOouean gee d.lffe[:ent le'lels ,of n1e::11ning froma tt!'Xt •. Each level requif(!s .11. diJf~::n:;:llii:type om :reading:
• Uteral This is the ,e,X:<1ICi: meam.:im:g:ef the text+ Et: ma:i~I.y consists of.' mm. ngtU:'fs,. dates and names, This ililrartna,non ma,)" hSiv,etc be m.em,Qriz~dand tfc~.t'inOr be
changed 0[' !:'e1nteI!'PI~[ed. .• :lmpliedl mcming - This irum.ma.tion ~5 not staredl dit,tl:Ct~y. It :may require ,..nal"!ii~s. If the author ~y$, "It was a .bot and beautiful day', they imply that: the SWll was shining lor some
~-amng -
• lnifern:d
me-aming - This lakes a little more ar.ud'ysis. ]t 8I11.uil.ornd e-xa:m.m:e mere d~p~r a
Take this ,sWemoent; 1lIhe human mind is [like a OQmputet;" the OOmBS WJ~h a ~il'umual. cur mi'ru:ls,doni't
'.' Tile Uteral memLll.!g of tills semence is tha~ compore:rs ,com.e with manuals. • The im.pliedmea:.ll!in:g is til:at:lh.cl'c is SD:I11.e:similarity between me' way a ;compllref s~rsre:m works and dlilt: wa.y ,our minds 5~m~o f-~.nic:tiO\llJ . •' The,mf.c~d meaInmg is rhar we know hgw !i], !;9"mpu(~r works because '1\'1; h"ve a manual ,3S a guide bl!lt\ye will n.lil.'Ver know how our minds work becau~ W(i don't Mve 3, ,S'lliLde ta:ke as ito t~:roug'h 'the int!i~<!c~~s of its filJoctkms. ~f~h~re wen,! 21. m3:I:1iUa~, we wouldn't havea problem at aU. lnf~~[ed :~~~i~g ~an b~ as ~Ivc~~s }i'(nl~,i~'al~inarion. lind u'l1pliM metif.liLl:'lg. are I} bnl.le more :!.'f'slncred. Hrend
To d!ell1o'llst:rate howyourreliid.ing differs whC:I1 you look for d:iffenmt levllls of meaning,read the £g]lQw:i[lgf~xt ehreetnnea, F:int, 11:1o:k o:nI'y :for :Iit:cni meaning; then fo.t implied l.tieai1.~fig,. Finally l<e.adl~·Wi:1iI1 y,eul' .mi:mi wide OPCl:l1,for' ink-rlled meaniag,
<'IS I:iI:<'lR}"
different inrerpeerations
:tl; YOI!llC3n.
,j'Ama:nager' needs to undlershn,d "at: ,aUpeople' are diiffemnt~ by Monis Taylor (pirin,led with the author"s pelimission)
ThQse Wiho,ta!ks' psycho:i'ogy aft degroo level wm nonnally sludy (or ,at feast: [00, in Uiesam~, room as) 'wha~ little iis Ikn;()'M'l, 8I\d taught ,about Ule topic of Indwlcrual Dfrf:fere:rnoSis ... a hopefully s~f~
,expl:ana'lory term.
Th~
will also explJore y,ariatio;n'S. on the theme ,of clM$i~1 oomltloli1~ng (a la P,av!{nr"s (1095), aI"Id~hey'win co:ntin1JlEii~Ii!l'Oug'l'I! ' to _, ~Q naITlea 'fEiW- Mhavkmrism. SOO~.a1 l~mTng, ,and ollBf
importantlt!eortes, about :oowand why humans bella",€! ln particular ways.. AM pemaps they will learn ,a: lilUe about
(fnls)ibeha:ve flill' groups, who study fI.l1t1uopdl:Ogy'
abo-ut
_ iln par:tiIOl,llar,
cli.I~lllJ!rall
'Human
Unliv·ersails;: those
observable, (:and non-observable) Ibehavio!iJJS that cam !be [pro-ven (c:al'l we, Q'!;I'.ar'?) as, ooolll7ing inl any and every hY!I1lla:fil,bef:l1Igor. at ~he very I~~, in! broadl Ctlll:tJral:!JJiOUipS< ..
Could It be that', be<:ruJise of IndiV\ldua11[)if!I':!'ininCfi ('and, '['Orthat ms,n,er;, ,eutb.ilral diffemnces). there a:re not as many Human, Unlw~s as we might at tl'r$t think? Karn~ (Who, I hOpei. 'will pardon ,flTY tong;Ule·in·cl'Iee'k: 'good' was only 'good' if iii: was dO-rig, f'Cr llhe sakE!! of doing 'good',
parnphi'oo!r-g) sa~ tioo!t doling
Im«wu.rel
,Anton formandiscussoo H'aywood: ·, ••1rue lintrfnsic m:o,tiVatiotl is, g@I'IEn'MOO the p;s~hol'Ogi~~ am inl:ema!lls&J1!sa1Jlon o1d'eallng Iby' wi~i'I iii ~k '''fur Irts,awn sake ... "' "'. Joh~ :S~ddon said' ' ... 1he biS! ~htnglt,t\a1i wornes me, is llhat wh,en y,oUJr'lltla.cher gives you lEI gold $tali. whire you' mTght t:B$11 ood, ~he g Qlhar children In the C'lass might feel that they Ilost aut,'",
It used to be the, case tlhat 'when psychologists 'talkedalOOut
ot
Shak!f!I~pElar8said '~hingl
it
so:
So oould it be tha~ any' one out 0'81891: ,ofsUcky (7) gold $i~m-s on a sheet has IJilJtIe:or rilOmeantlfilQI ,excap1thlat 'o'Itih::h we as aJ group ~and tlhY$ 'culhiirallY> chQose ~o import to' ;[t.? And wDtdd that allOW me til' ~et1!: s8MftllythaUlhe, !ili!e.anmgl o,f'.a Qtlld star has as. much to do wiHiI cuirWml ~nfi!uences. as It has to do wilt'll any' otlmr ~heQ'Y (l~ human bena.... k>IJr?And d'oeswha:tev,er m9:a:1i1ing we Ilm,poJ!'!:to a, gord star apply lmiversa'lly to ~ryon!l' 1I1Ieconte:ds, ,an;! net 5limilar? all" - as l!lemlng who
I'I"!itii
betwoo:t1Ia1gold star and a ,!'ad bead IIreal!y" do wish II knew ... but ~ OOI'i't
(Souro:e:
from dlrsc~ons
NE!tWa'k: dan.list@d'&mi:fll9'·cea.clem!SOfI,9du)
the key sen~eflc:e? Did the key se~fellcednljl:i:gc whar rn~iln,illg, y~l'1I"! wcr.'c ,]ook~l1,g for?
Oil, what was [he key id!eiJ.in the text? Was the to in.mrm; pC:l'siladc 'Of' en,~~rrnitll },QlIIfWhcl:c' WiIi"
21
dependrlig
on
Thls exeecise emphasizes that y,ou -.val find 'Whalt yall, wan!; ro f.ind. ~It is ~sy to !place y,our own l",lle:rpr:etation on what you are readiing ~nd thenp.r~ ... nt: tl:u'Ugeittingin the way of wi'iyYolU. are e Irea.ding ~Il d!'i.~.lmfsit p]ai;i~~ ~~ is importk'i!1U' to male S:lllre yOUT .. purpose iscleae,
The m'Dr'C defiJ1loo you!!' pmpo.seis,[he eaSt'cryanr read:illg become. He:l"care,~ fmw [Ililll~s (0 keep in mimd as you road. dun will help, l'ol!l.ma:ill:ta,illl and cons:t,andy f(in~e yQ~Hpurpose,
<I'
w~'"
AppUc:a:dioll!- 'Mile ym] .rca,d, r:hink of why you are N;t3dinS the te;;:t. Whi"!:flare YOll ,going, to <!!Jppl.)' it. whOJt wi.]!, applying 'the: I!lE"W informadoill feellike, what will diin.gso I,ook 1:i~ af[el" you h.ave ,app]itd it? How mllcill of yout own knowledge will be :indudied i1:1. what you are [eBlfJiiitig:? '" PNdiedonJ - I\Js yoriJj re'ad~'J?redh:t lO~":lurt you '[irI:im'kthe' ;~Jlu'h(ll:r is going to Sill}'. As a !:ine i)f a:rguRlent begins; predict wbat l'h,(l outoomemipt be. You do. this lllat:tlmUy W]}til you read a good e:etectiv'e novel, Yuu can do j,t .iusrt,l1S effec'Ei.lI'e]y 'w!ilen YOIl read :iiOifi·flction. P.redicr wh.n iLhe ant;_hor is s3.ying arid check yOillr' :predict~(l,n. !hirt~rnctiO!Gi - R~~di.f]g is,a twO"'Wa!y activi.fY. The ifllu":ho:r bas a mcss:l'!!S'C that you ,conld SiJlIpb' accept, butthae would !lOl:: necessarily mean, YOIl ]earllcd :1nydling n,ew.~,'l:era!l;:ting lwitih the 3.11t'ilO:r ~5 the best way it:,O ensuee youl,eaJfD and are Siib,leo t ;appl,y wha,t you read. Be c:r.it:ica~but o,pen-minded, ahout wh:ilIt 'yQU rn3d. ~ Soillrion- Many no[!-fi·~rio·n 'ooo..b arc wr:iUe!l as a. solut:jo:n. to a problem. This ..parueular book is aboar speed read,iIlg. Thill problem is, ~How 'C;Ul ~op]e leaJrn bow w read any malc:ria[ they come aictoS!! eas:i~y, qu~ddy and 'e:ffidellt:ly?' As: you read" try to <L1'I5we:rile qUI:',sriOill without waitiQg. for the' r i!imw~r to 'be m'v~a.led 11;0'yQ~,.'allse for a. mOnlent .•.OW and l ask yotll:'self; _, Based Oill what I ha.v'C leamr SiD fa,r~ whilf~;lnl do. !lOW m read faster, more ,efficiently a.ud [J}OI)e ,easily tnat I didn't do
OJ
What.c~n ~.na1l!g¢;:'I.bo Lit ~be wa,}, I think and read ~har. wiU c 1ll1lb readi!l,g an. ,el1jQ}'l:lb[,~~xpe[iencc?
I
oefo['C:hand?
...What is good llibou~the way I read now!' - Wib,a~ is in~if~ctill'le? .~ Ho,lIi' 'cal'! I solve [Iu~s~p[Qb~ems based learnt so far?
01:1
what I have
!OEV.~JiU,;li1:i(ln -T~ke' So :~frWmam~IIl!'S to stop ~u~ds:ummar~ what: you Ilav,!:; J1ea:mt from eseh C:h:lpc~.f. As you read the bookthink how Wh,H you lcanl1tin each c~ptcr firs in with the cbap,ti~t you ba,ve ,jns,t road .•The more I;in'b YOIl C01.~~teate berwe.en Cb"'P~fS and id,e.as fhe betir,cr yO'ur"lIilde.tstal~dbl!S and recall wiD be"
0.0
2- Preview
~ ,F'a;miJ:ia.rl2!e
'fOI:lI'Se:1J
wiltb
•' Go, ihrOiwghtih,¢ 'book q]il!ickly; tool.stirs ,St1'llcrutf,I):J' p.a:r.o!gra:phs, chapters, rort(JQIIS" _ g!'aphi,cs aad general
,13:?Qiif.
,'JWl
.}.'
1.IJjJ;..ljIl!IiI_
' .•
4 - Active readilng.
.. To .familisfi:re yourself with tile contents ,of tihe patagr.il:ph of each c;na.p.l"Cf and, the first sentence ·(!1·f each palaJilra.ph (it n~S$a:ry).
book
t¢;<'Id [:hIe
first
Iti)
use
~~ • Mst a.pacer .Iis ud how to usa it • h~w KI :sklirn;i'i;Ji1!di ~ • hOW' to ,get Ute· lm&,9.'9;Bge
• what slows d01lYn w'td speeds.
up yo~r!ftldinlg
leanli['gg imp;.rovoo
~Q
V~[:'!i;iOiI1i
:intc!!'Je:re with ll1,e 1i!l~I.':Il:ing Pl'OOtSS.'iOIl will be deve~opmg a tid $~~Il1ti~.g; OQ;W h:ab~[' p!lli['~erfJs.,AlrhoUigh dris wHi require pr:acricc if will be eil:sy and enjoy.able.
COIlu-:aI,t[!i"
~~d f"$f~;ln 'be ch~.I~el:lgfung•. W!i:li]e YO'll,lc'am this of s~ed: Iead:ing. aJlifc,ti:!:I1ie of habit 'wi]]
25
Speed re-<!di~ j$. no,t jULSr aOOii,I~ readi.ng words fa:srer~Il<'llfti yo~J. did. IbeJ!)~e. If's:abou[' being ~,b~e t)o read at ;), speed <!P'P:!'1!Jp:fiate for the materi:lI] you. alEe .reading. ]f YO'lU road roo s~owly your [fI'lilld.wi.l]wal:l.dJl':1', you may become bored and you. won't re.n'Iember .311}'rhil:lg,. U' yml,r:e.fld. too £asl YOIl will :r-.eduC"i".:the chances 0;( :r~'mC'.mberil1g, wh<l.t ]'oQi\.!. W<l!l:1l~(}1i~~rU,'lmber~ wil.1 you l:i~(;Ot!·~~fri.ll~;t'r!'i'~~d <'i:i!J(f $lii'~d snd thus even 'less ~,ikielll'to
IU~'I:'iCI:noo:r~ .
The mQt¢fl¢;lL'iM~ y()l~ .1'1:00: with yonrrellldi:~g! [he [n:ner yml w:iU me :aib,.lcro read and rile mQreooQl!JJi~'~~(ln yml w.iUI'~ta]n .. If yOlli! WaJ~J ~Qi]lJc.r~<l&'I'lyour r.c3ldfllg :ra~e and rnCI'CiUC yuur (ofttlpreh.eJn:Sion, then it is illl~Q!:'rant I,",t) rcad (,.fteD. The mOire YOit! !!'ead'jthe bener you will kcomc at n~cogt1Liz.:iilllg whe~: }!OU ean ~, ..,d f<lisl:'and whenro 51.ow down.
:Fac1orsCointrilbuting to speed
p!l:"e,paratio!l.. AiW:fits kDOw why you ~rere.\'ldillig SO\l11If'~h:il,g;. The d~:ilre.r y'Ollrpl1rpos.e'~. die fast-e,[ you will bc' a:bl~ to mad. .. Mood! _, Ifyuuare £eeJi!l1iltir~CI~ re;sd~.$$~~mp,aidenf0:1:' i.r.rrumhlc you are u:ni:ih:lyHl' b~ abl~ toread as quickly 3iS when you are ;]Ier~. lres.h. h'!,truppy and I:c']a:x:ed.. Hl)w"C;ye~ you mil.)!' not al.waY!i ~c alc'n~ frf,sr.,. hacPVY and nda:x,ed. whea yDlllj have: [1(1 re ..d, L:aJ~fl:il1g ~.ow 00 recQgni,u; and ml.'liIJa,~eo~u' fee~inp $'I) r th;'l'~ }~()i1lJ can con.ce:llit:rntefcgaldi~ss of htYw YOi:lmi~[' be feenlliS; at the. ti~ei~ not ;O'!]W.1liy.s e~sy; The!!!' 3[1e some gt!id~~i[l~\'s in Ch:lLp,.~r4 d.1:atm.~y ih.elp. .F3m~Liar~ty lV:Hbme 51i! I~l..,too tll.Hliliimo.to.gy =U YOIl.l, are <l1:readyf-amm a r wJthr~ ~.you will bil,ve a flame;w{l:!:"l on whkb tn blliHd.Youwill I!ort hf!YC ~Q $rop 00 r.h~Il" about whatt rrhe words m~tlit m~O!~a[ld you ;3iJre:Mo.~~Iti.k.c]y to be able toread q~i~~q'Ui,:ld.y; • D~m . cul)ty Ol[ fhe l.co« _ SOIn:te books ~rc' diffic~k to ['COld even i.f }'o~ .. oe famiH1i:rw~[h tFi,fiWi'm1i1olosy' and cOll:tent. n .. UrgcID'lq' and s:uess:l.e,,¥,el:s ._ DQ },'I;)U !1l1.ltio~ thti[' wht:l'!ii )!Olbl absoh.liteIy :have to feO!d som~~h~ngi.lil'lmooh~tel)'~ youcall't
'~C:Hl~!):nt!; .. dort1l
:read quk:~l:y? Stress wiU slow yOl~ d,own.Th,e chaprers Din a:od !TICIT!OT]i' (Chapte[s,.o4 <'!['!d 5) wiU~oQk <!J~ stress more dO:5c]Yllnd of.:lie:rways for you ~Q' redl:lc~ YQiU:r
stress ]Cll'ds.
ReHil peop$e In the middle of an nerof!5e dUJilng ill speed~.l!Jeadlngolassi one of Iih~ i$trUdel1~$$!1.lid:d~n~y down his book;, sat back aJriId~Cltdiedhi'S pt;rI: arms, .annoyoo., II asked him ~att 'Was w.l'a.rng. He: $ht1!Jgg~d. llooked at ~he indfrvidualll next to lli'l~l'I1Iandaid, 'He"s re.adil!lgfaster s th~1 ~ ~Ii!l,' For tha r&S,~ of the S~iOfl hesat at the, iba.ck of the room :and! rea.d ,9: neW'SiPaper, Spood ro.adirng i~ a lV~ per:ooiJ~1 p~~lti()~.E\I~oOQ mads· wi~h dijtl'wel!'l!t Ileve!s of knowledgE! and expe.rience. ,~~e.n if you are lewnill":lg wl:th SQffi!3o!'!e ,else yo~ wil.l plldbab!y' ~eaJI'n different at rates. Avoid! oompanng ~1JIrskHI wijlilaJtYQnEll 'EllIS~~, P<l!ctOlrnilffc;c:ti:_lJig learni.ns to read qtlkldy: • A gpo!:! ;}[ltimde wlW.illrds r~adi:n!!l. A dftsi~ relaarn how y'Oll can imp.!'"O'I;'e yO'I,U r'C",dmg il,ndmnsidc~ W~UI~ i,t' is r.hat 'yot! wHl g¢~frum. :Sl?c~dr~ ..ding. i F~~J;ni.a:~ity '~~t'b the' :I~,ngu;)~e l:~]13'~ed[0 f:~e snbj:,ocu,' and a
~ood 'i'ocall"']~,<I:r~r. ~ Good backg!l''Ol:Il11,d howledige of' rile subj!ocr 0.':, i.f }IOlil. do not have that yet:,.3 S<t[a:tegy .fo'.r buHCling, the hadkgwund .ktll!owleclig:e qnidl}'; ~ Practice - If YO'1!Ii C'an :set aside 15 mi,llllJties .111 ay .for 30 dil.Ys d )tOi.:! wiUfir'id that the speed atwhi",i'! yOu cOin r,ea d!, the ,I)~]~;I oomprch.ens;iQn <lifildfh,e flllxibi Ii~y . of' Yf):Uf ~'eaditag wml quickly ~miPro"ll'e. There
;,'Itc many wa.}'s w p~.ck:Ol.!lrinf'O[I:n a ~i(lXl,at '1t<lrytng $P,,~,J.$. Rieadl!1g ~,.~:<~ wmd i~ a book O!: article is onJ}~ucce.sstuy "
have a
Sptdf.l(,;f:C:!l5(lnfo,t
r(,ading .frum.
~tjtt~Q
fil'1ii!Sh.
needm .know wba~ ioi@'I'nli!t!on ~here.<ldi!J!g miltCI:'];:d CQf!~:<!]Il:!l. Aher.you bave gOllie rirul'(Jugh Sc!'l:PS 1: 00 <4 of G!n,11I[JrcI' 1. (p.Nlpa.ra.t:ioFJ.~ p:re-v~r!1w~p.1I:s~i"'e [c3Id~l:Ig <liind active leading)'. you 'w~U :re<i:C;ytO sel.ecr[wha1i: YOIlli want to read h~ mOIre depdl. Now is ~he time' t'o speed :l:Caid .•
YOll
ymlli decidewbether
be
Whe,re are
YO·IU
no'w?
;2,7
BeIolfc you ("c.''Ill .hu:pl:Ovc so.m,etb:ing you need fO know yg,ut' srarring point, That wi:!] help, 1'0111 'to establish wh,n W'i]i be I'equin:d to' f,,,k~YOLl where you want ro go. One wa')' to do this is 10 <'!!lk yourself rEl.,ese t]wfjeq'ii.l.c:sr~o\l1s: • Where am I now? • W1ie:fll! do. I WSill't to get'm? .' How win I know when I have gOt [here:? To pilr: these' questions another way:
'.' How {astt do yo~. ctll:'nm:[~yre.ad?' ,. How fast do yoa want: [0 [ie",d~'
e
N
}1Q1.1
h:is not easy ttl defe:llnine aooua.tely hm!li' fiasr yo:u rcead;~e-l'yt.hing you read ·is.di:fferen,t. ucll pi(.'(;c of (:b:l9l1e<,r:1;E11 i'l w-ri~ji:1l with If.nymg le\ll,*k 'of COR1pl.exiW .md Y.Ol'l will bereadiiog each oncwitil, a
aJ'iI'ill';ll!g'C
reading
:fa~.
sl~i:[3Metext hai been ilFl.duded ili'.l Chapter nasa speed practice tese, Theexu<].c[ is fmrn The .Emrgy Adva,nta:ge hJl Dr 'Chris tenl!1i (see pp. H2-n
com.p~f'xi;~1!' yo~ should be fumiliar wi.~hthe subjects of each, but 11 )IOU do nm have .ilPPiIDP,.iatc .ma.rel'iialto band and, roo would
For the' purpofle of ['his e'.1!ie[1ci$~"g3,tthc'E" togefh,~~r $i!x: d:i:f[cw.'c:I1It types of marer:hd )'iOIU might read, The exampl .• should vary in es
to
measure Y01.!a![
1. Gether all yg,ur re<tilillg mat:c'lials(li[ go to CDlI<lpte't 1t, 2: Set ,a timer fu,r 2. miQu.~ (;:cdtho:up you are wor.king out your t.¢ad:i.lil8 rate in ~~~m!l of w'o.rds pe'.l' mil'l.1.!a![l':'.you will nesd rime to W<lm! u:p; lmi:nuted!Qf,s, 110£' ,gi.ve you. th~ time but 2 m;inuoos wUn. 3, Then, I:"'ea:dll'lg M yO'll normally read, wlthoue doing <li.nytmng ditffe:r'e<Jld),at -3.1]. reed for good ,eomlp'llehc!!l.$io.n. for 2: Ilrim.:!tes. 4 When t:betimer S:~i)p.;;; you:
'CO'~llt t$l~ numnbe:.1' of WOlds: on tbree full. liaes ,oJ t~Xt; - dh'idic, the' total Hlumbe:r by J;
001l1U: he ~:nmb~[' Qif UIn!~ Y01lirMd; t - [,[,lul!tiply the num:ber o:f lines by the average 1lIrn:tl,Der ·of words
~Iil:l:t;;.
m;m,pl!e: Nu,mbcr o.f wordls Oil 3 filiI!] UllCS lDivi&d by ;3 fm ar.\I',etage""mld~l]ille -.~:fOg. read SO lines (SO X 1. 0), r ~
30
soo
10
""re :Iookiing for yo:!u for 2: minulf~ so' y(li~ need to ,druv:ide the: l:1uluber y'o~ ca:~b.l~:l!In:<l: .abo¥e by 2).
;'OU
<l!V,~[1Ig;c readi!:'!g
by 6. 'This will gi.ve yQili.lia.[\e,f]~tiCJ(l'JJof }I'OIl1l' CIIJIfl'eltlt rate across a ll:!!l1rnbe:r f d~ffe,[\ell:t texts,. o 9iP~o~ YQ~w!)¢~diilJlg t<i,t(lg~ rhe gn!,p~ <If the ¢!'ld
10 chapl1er.
fr
C}ru05C]1,l!'OUr O'WD materiial, doth.e' same wi.th all si:x: ie.Xts you ~in:heudl so~h:1l:~r(lu h,:.yc a w(I!'ds; Pliil" m~llll!te (WfM) :ratoe for all sixtexts, ~ S Thenadd ..U i!:hcfinal WPM!> together and divide the result It'ead~l.lg
·of this
' eek yo~r oompr,ebemi,on. lfyou read dlie extl',lIelt El,tetg}' Adr;umt4ge <!~wcr tnt! ([l!e~tiQrl~ pw'itided. If you used your OlW:1li text5~ rake a few 1:Ililfilitlif!tS - to :r«8iU whar you. ciln fmm C'<lcllil. ~e;xt. CheckY'O!J;lri:n.fQrlTJ!~~i(l·1:! a,gainlsttthe stcrioru; you . read,
R.ememh~r to fill in the date and, more j~pow;ta:rlt~ ,tLl]lJe of the day you :~.\lid.. AIL Qerr<'l~[Itimes of day YOIJi read beuer rhan at other rimJes. When you have d'JIII,fWd 'your s;peed·',llea.dillg pr(lS~~ ({If ... w,ook y'QY. mi;ghit begi!l! to notice ;,l! p...tt~w.. If ~ssib.lc:" read m:at'f:ri8i~ '~ih<1~r,c.qll:iRlSmi1l:!f.imum CloJiii~:iru[l'at.ioi:l3t ene of ~hc rimes you :idelliti:!'y as. bei:lliiJ:.most lP'rod'll!ctii\l'e. PIQln:i~\Il: our r~d:ilil;gra.~~ will gi,l'~:yOy Oi!Ill i:!'IId:i~"fruO']lj_ of your y spee:d!·'K4!d!!1!gp~ogrress. If YOYI n~ad:ing :[a~ ~egim: to drop at any p01!i:'Il~ yOIJi[PitQgf~S5 graph w~n 001[ yO!ilI aC wha:tt'~~mt~ >of th~ day you :arf'[leading InOI!>~ e:f.fecti'i'iel.y:. . S'I!Op reading IrJds boot m:ow and d~f(lEmi!l1~ ),Q'Urf ~rr~I:11iI.'~ding ulte. ~lSi;ngeiti:le[' t~ iSU:: rexts O!f rOiUI[' choJice or. the texrjn C11Japtc'.r 1 [.
Co:mpanSQn: ilI)(e~i!le U YOLI read U"Ei,e.x1_fflC,t '~j'()m'ffle energr Ad.,.a~ you '~a~ do a, ccimpaosone}lillrclse.Whe:n yQ\i h~v@,'f!!iilistledllrreadlng and haw BnSwer,ed as many qU8-stiol'ls as you can, ~read the, ,ql.lesUO:M you dlren't or COIll!d.,'t a:r>swer;then go, thr;O'ugh the te.xt again. ltnis 1ime ttle purpose ot rea,ding to fi!f1d the aJiI~w-ers;te 1h:e q-Ue-stiOifilS. IRemembw 10 tim€l )'(lume'JI.,
29
is
A1tsr
Y,Oli..!1
have dlonethat.
" Were
~ [lid you read mo,re ~ha.n 'W~ !'eql:lir,edl 'tor eru:::lhI nswer'? a ;; Werf!you saiis:fl'ed tha:t y<lu fOllJnd We' ~1;i!! ~!l$wer betcne mov,lng on?
.~ How mych,f.ast,~r did you move tlhrough the le\id ~he second
1im€! (lompered to the· first 'time you !"Qadi it? ~ Was 1ihe Ireadii'ng Msl:er when you had a ,eINrlYd&.fi!'i~d pu~ o:r dldl you 'lind you wsre stil! tem,ptadl tD lread mom than was fel:l,Ulili'ad? _
.~ 'we are
Chaprer 7).
is going
on dris, in
'The Ipaoer
As:imple tool th,~~wHI help rOll e.l:itnlnate mau}' oJ your' speedread:ing p.ro'bl,ruii'ls is 3. paeer, A paeer an be: YOUI: finge:r, OJ c:n.QP,$[i.C:k.3 pencil or ~n ~ ;lll.ydruing YOIl, ean _e to h~l.p, ou y WClIS your artention 011 the words OJI the p~ boy iii1:ovingit' ,9S
you read,
e:xlTai sense .11:'1he I:eadmg, pf'OCe$$. Usi1~g a paar t add~ a .Id.na.esthetic" physic.a] d,tm:tlll:nsiotl t:o your J:ieadi_[Ig. You are actual1y doing ,sQ'medring as well as simply reading. "lou are i.l!lV'OI.v~llgymJ:r hands as we]!,
Using
,<11
• lt encourages your eyes,to foclIs_ on more tllan (IIi.€: wordsra r.ime- this lmrned iatdy increases you.! I:ead~ngrare,
• The' pacer focuse.$ you il'rtraC(S your attention.
011
thae
=
N
Ain mlperlman~
Notice, the >8)18liriovemem.ts. Are~hey smoo1:ti1, Of ierky? DQ tM)I' create arufl cilmle, or does. it IOdlillikJ!1they ~ (:1i,iU1ngcunves,? N'ext, ask: tnem to draw a Ciirel@in 1he air wlthltu;!ifr own fil1gerand 1lhis time to f:(III(1w their finger wi~h~heir'C1W1i1' eye$, WoMChr~hel'r 'eyes. This time, do you notrce that~elr e'y@$ ~ moving ,smoothly,
quicklly and
H~ IS,M e)(per1lmerl~:f(lr 'youl te try. find $gm~~ 'willing to take part .Asklha1: person to draw ti c'~fCleIn the, a£r 1IJS1ng th'9iil' 'eyes.
denberatelfl
~~IlCS:smo>ot:hJy and I.'.tl;sily.. • Prevear you Il)s,io,g }fUilir' place. • Prevent sue-vccalisarion rlt!h,e\fOiu i:r.J:5ide }'O'UlI:' headcau!5cd by :reading w:ith yiJ'UiC ears] hy s:peedi.llg, up th!.:p<lc;e, at wlil.ich you read and 3i~lowiil:lg:you to seemore r.ha:1lione 'word at a rime.
mo'Velt:
i
:tilJ
'ii:I
Si'
ill
Practise tile ",lXl've :::iit lmn ron rimes eo get used to therhythsn,
Ar'~YOIl still f'cadin:g with },oU!rp<!(l;:r.: US'e a pa~cr to read rh,eremainder of d:ris baok, ,8y the time you h;lliVlC finished the book ~:SLng will have beceeae 3, babjt and ir yo~,wm1dlewe11 ollriliig lO'.!"a)' .. 0 becolmirlg an expen spccd. n~d,e:r.,
'Jechnrca~ Imale:rialiUiiid you are laMmar wiIh PI,30e your pacer under every second Iine, This CllC(lI;l:rag,t;5 YoOUto read more dl~n 'QIti.,(l l:m.e :at 8. time ..
methnd
Look
dIan. one line: :at a time' comes willI practice' .. In Chaptf!I!" 7 w,e eXI?~ore the eye~ and how 'they work. You will fin,d an exerelse :imt d1!i1!~l~p'[cr 'pp. 1110-1:!li)that wi!] help :roo read mOire th~Hl d
ene
w.ide. W~le:lli yow learned how ~«;I' read you, 'Weil''f:til.u:gh[oo [0(:1;1$ on oml)" one thing a t <l. time instead of being cnc::o{!!;!:rag~d. see to what. you are capable of seeing in 3 ~iDgl.:glanc:~"Re.adling, more
OiIt
ehe space Itn front of you. Notice rh~u your view is ,qu1te
line
at: ill:
!tim,le.
32
you can run the paeer' down euhee tliJesid:~or the middle' 'Of ~he :page. 'U]rimat'dj',~be' mo,re 'YO~I, ,experim~rJit1 1i1:!~ MQre Aexib'le yout r~,<!Jding win become aml! ],oll1wiH d.e'VLikiP ril,e ability to ch<'!:rig~
Crom one 'tedLQi,ql:u~c lOilnother
:3S
on]y need
Very famliliar 'raarterial If .yt)1,I are ve.ry :fanlilia.:r w~th the .fMdi:ng ma.re'!"ial! i1:nd if you
[0
have
OJ
Oli!l'"e
reading.
you read.
:Hi'!i!ts IQ i'iil.'crease ~'Ours~eedi .I\i:SiIi YO'ti!l'SeU - [t lSI easy to srt:<!!yin ,~(:omfof[' zone of reading dowly. Onee you break thr{l~ rn,e ibauie:r of beI~~wng th<it' 'you, csn on~!i' remember wha.t you read wh~:n. YCfIl.hear 'e~'ry WQ[d~your ,enjoyment 'Of reading and )"01ilJf paee will increas-c. • Pir.actisle oileD - U~ everythi:llig you read ~ a practice medium. Spt>ed read rhe hnonnattion Oil bortle labels 'Or dre
•'
'.
blu.rh ,o,n the back ,of a c.e're<!] p\i,Cke[:. :~S'tc.i]ld o·:f~ust· :f'~'<lidling as YOI1!1 have pre'viQudy, read. wi.t:h, (ae pl!i!:pQ.$~ ci:f pr.actisilJiS reading as t.lst as you can for good (Qi1!rprehe:nsion. Use a p.ac~t.. Builld. thc' ~Jite'.l(t M:s:t ~ 'The' first fo~.r Sif.c'p$ of [he £:'ive-ste:p !i:y!itcm (s:ee Clita,pmer' ) wil~ makeie 2 easier' to. speedread allyrhing 'y'OU read, and to do that severa'i 'tim...esfa~ref dliilnif you wcr'c fcadi:ng .it for the f1!1's!trime. The faster you g,o the less )'Ou wilmvocaHze - [~ lffii.e: next section, on si:+;:im.ming and scanr:dllg~ we shall discuss bunding speed and ma.illta:i[l,ing ~t.flilyw:ifh dl~ exercises d.:a:il)' unti1 yon kel that ~,Ileyare aI na!tm".a~ fi<iliI'C .of your' readi!.1g. stl"'Q:re.gy • .E1imioillte (If d!~eaSle distr.acrloos- 11]Chapter .9 we' mal] discuss distl"il'crions:and S.lilgg~t some solutions to dle:m r:ha.t wi.1l all,ow 'yo!.! tQconC!l:lurate more easily. The more you are able' to COOCe:IiJ.(JI":;u:e" f3ls:~er' YOIJil the able tn read .. R~d acti.vely - Thetechniques you use diull':ing:Step 4 ('.aa:ive r,eading) should be: used. while 'you speed read in. S'tep 5 (&e':lc(:tiv,e maid.i.tn;gJI. Take acres, .marka:l'aid hi;gW ight :re1~v~nr S~!::riOIliS. make C'Q!JIITIen.ts as you read, bui:ld ornind.-ma.ps, (e:xp~ained or'! p. 75~'aad ibi:rdl:: abeut th~arg1!l!rnentc!ias you read. If you must do ,a:ny [a[ki.og, inside ,rour head whileY'Q!;I n:l'~ •.ell. o'Os~ l1o.,'m,rQ:ke it 11. .@h3~~.".r 4ia~og,ue: '~:ma:spetts ~ the' ~ d o repsc wIth ~he auebor, Th,e more ou::tlvdy YOil! read, rhe better Y'Ol!ll( u.lldcIS'randin,g: and Wong~~nn oompre:bension wil[ be.
w~nhe
aoout
speed mBdJIil{J
Now fN"-e a d the inst~io!1's f(!(!; mC<Jsulfning yQO~ lfCa~Hng r~ne f:pp. 27-8} <l1!i!d fo~lm!i! rhem m rake 3:1llodler s,peed·:readlllg lIu·a:Su.relmfVi[. Use the pacing tC"c~iquc.
'li''Ql;lf t'lllOll.bcc.
:1!ri!U:n@ fe')llowingl piece of text there af~SrlX J~se·words l'iu:~ve 5 seconds ~. find 1hem; 4
- you
TIl!\! history o,f speed: readingl date$ Iba¢'k~1;I~h$.b~;lnli'lilng af the oen!ury ne:n the ~l.!mili·of Pl1lnt.ed rna,teria:ll eliCploded. 'Thi~ rKUlted ailk~ In .thea.baJn,d',onm.eI'l!1 of the 1r1.<l.tio:mof IrdJe ,r.eOOfng. IMIOiI'e In~mma~iclll,eogL!1f~d~@~ of~h.e'Ume faw taster than mel!{ could! read Ut Th.elifstdeYeIDpmant In, speed re a~i~1 earns t1romitle, F!O:l!w: .AIr Foroec, 1W3liQ'I,!'~~er nQt~P:i1O'f.$ '!'I~oo:adto be traf;rned to spotefle:rny ~ pl~ before tli'i;W well'ill fnto batlle, training tookp~a~'E!c on III
a1JiI,
barcos devtce 'called a tachistoscope;. TIl~ ma.c!hlnet flashed: bug,eD ~l'I1Jage ~hi1l' :lal'le <lit the p~lot f,O'ra ~I'a.ctlon O'f a second all'ld of p
21
tha' tim-€! all~wedb&Crun.'Ei' SlmaUer and SITialil€)r;~h,ey ~~l!JIl'ldthat ~f:ter a while the pil:ots w.ere ab!Ie to rfK:ogniz.e enemy p!a:nes lro:rll t!U' '9~atef distances, alfar gweatt6rspoods than they. dl'CI bef'Of'e .. The Wchnology 'rItIaS tranS'r~ll'edto lIt:te :sttidy Q~ lreadlng. First a, a.ingll€l 'WOfll was 11l_hed on U:ie taJ;:hi~Qpe" thel1 '!wo ~h&n three and fQYr' ~mar words were~l:ashed ,e~a ,lime. Rei1!diingrates ~!i~d ,to. ,!!.boot ,400'woms a m[lI'1Iute,wilhi the a[t! of the", mach[ne. The great 'dr,awbac.'k of tile, taehistoscOJl(!' was h)rui'lJg 1J1::iat it WOiSIfl,(l1[po!rt.abla" Once people stopped pracUos:ing dasu, Or! ~;tooir readJng rates dropped mp~dly~, l~; wa~ b€t~ieved fer a k)1I1,9:Biliqulil!er tfme si!'i~' tll::lose first EtX-Pift,nmenm that 4i(liI) iN.p.m. was thetas~BSt Iliiek!lJ:1"!\:I [possible madil'l,Q SJp6d, But w'!!: have come to i'&iIlJilil9 thQt~ af@cspaJbJle we of~'ar rlfI1lffl than we' eVe( thooght po,sslb!e, _, ilflf,act we ha.ve no idea Wru.t ~he fas18$t [poo$ibJe madirlg, wale lis bOOal.ll5S we stl'll OOI'i1J'~: IiJnde~tand tih,ezukl infinite c~~ty of ,our mi~,
pa SSIllge.) • Did. )lOU frna 01, word end rea,lIizeir wasn'rEnglish bl][ .~f W35iU't Jap.an,~s~eit.beJ:and niQ,;~c,n wi[~:out (;lQUflitlllg ir, ,or did YOll j:lJSf leok folf'six {ufei.gn words?'
.. .Diid yon pick up any meani.Dg, ffOm. (lie t~xr? ..D~d'tac;hislnscope· get yOUl' iatreli1!tllOllJf .. n.idi)"lOu :notioelhe .factual errol!' in i!:hc :f.irst p.a'ragmph? IFor your inki'.rmati:On
Jalll!m'!~ Wgrc!ls In the ,wt ,~~ blJ¢J; h}itmg;. dasu, nelnJRJ, ZJJkj' ,S,panIsh, words inttl.. kud: baroos. nilmw. afquiler
" Did Y'QU f~ild. [he six. Japu:nese wor.ds [11 4S sl;conds,? .' Did yon find any Sp;1nish words as well?' (There are' thf~ iIi. the
!$ ~~.(\eady expla.in¢d~ '~h~:!l, t~dmique ,ts used when yot! are 'g fer specifie :!nfo.rmao,olt silch as ali ;a:liI$wer tiO a part.ic:ular questio..nor a teJepb:one f11ii1m1OO1' a direC'~(l'ry. You have to km!.O'Wil':K;lCr.]y w'flat you are in [r;o:kiiug !for. If you doo't know japanese or Spaoish ir would hOI;"'"\: een very difIicuh for you to derermise which laDg~~;e! rhe b fo,reig.n words bc[ong to, .
wuro.
OV('l
How' did
yOl!
dor
.. Did '"oil aoelce all nh~e Wreig;l'l, 'WQ,[I!ils? ~ Huw much ofthe text d~d yOIl! read and hu~'II' much didl!'oU d:riir ocV'er? , .' 8!'1e you sOltisf]ed that: YOll hnv!!!, :lI gCLle:ri;1J:~dea or what Ehc' teMt l ~~lIbou:t? ~ Whillt: else did i'ma, pick up?
~ D~d 'racll:i~to!iic(:lpl.l· :etyum: ,00tlCIltnon? g
Skimn'l.im.gis used during Step ,3 (If the f,i'f,e·st-ep &ystem (passive ~eOlding).. You use skimming when, you k.now whitt .rfH1 j,I'B ~ookil1~ for and wan. 3J genc'l'alim,:!"r,nssmQ:n of w.ha~ d~c 'rexit
(10011"<111118.
!~,O use
d.e-pendi1;g
01'11 wil,tlt:
• Sldnlm~tlg.[O overview - TIle' pmpoliic of tb:is 111.e,tbo.iIis '~l) ,~ct an outline; of whirl! thematerial is a bout. lou wi]] be ]oQking mOJJ~ stnl!crUf{: th1i1li C(Ultenf" nilS mcrlhrod. is tlJS!:d. m()'S'~l:y i.n at Step .2. (pl:cvicw) of d~e £~,~·.sme:pyste.m. s ~, Skim:mi,ng to· PfitV~;(~:v Thisis used ""hem yonkllow 1lOti are 'g:.oJ:ng re re-read Jnce marerial, You;," purpose :hs to ga~hc:r as mucn bia,ckground infmmatian as 'yUU.Ctlfl on the sybiOC!: w~rhC:M!.u' s.r~nd:t!l1:g' t!oomtlcb ti:meon .It. • S:kil~mi:ng to rev.iew - ¥ouWlotild. use t~:is :method when you have :aJ~e;j!dy .:ead the lit!~t,(l:riaJa!:ld}'·Y;.Hl[ PU[pQiS~ I;!>1',0 refnmlliariztl )"'Oulrsc]f with ~he connu'lJf..
Suco,ssful 5i~dmml~ng
Skimmlng fQril'llmriTI;'jltuFlis el'i,i;4~rwl!!,en you know wh.e;re.ttiu~ infoil:'mall'ion is IIl.cely ED bewtdll.i:1lI the' Qve,ral] scheme oft'ne pie(;c you are ~'Cadi!]g.. While' yQiUl aee ~,pl;\~dte-adi~loolk fo..r ~h~ core irnt]'Ot:ll1Jado:ll. Onee OY01l.l. hoa.V8 da,rHiC'd yonr pllu:po;se: fOor s.ki:mmirng~nd }lut) lialiow what you al)e[(lo.ki~g fOI;You wi!] b~' a!b]e I;.Q identify t.rigg¢l words tlh~t hold rE1¢.r~I¢v"'i:I~infurmari(m, ~, who
, WhiH
~, where
,~ wh,y
'" wh,en
~ how,
a cO!lt[',adkrion
o:ra:rsulneot
;; burt
.. Hone the I~ss ;; how{:ve:r •
'"
yClt
'Q~
IPnlCiI'C:8 oo'x: Plraclise uSir1!g 'lJ;iesB, w,olds by '901n9 through news:paper or Iirlaga_z[ne at1i!cl'es wUhthe, PlJfpo!i!E!' of id€!nt~ng the' 5Ws and how, Md ;m,y co:ntradli:ctlons, .as qut'Ckty as you can.
an
Your b.rain is alliwl'l,Ys il:rying~Q make sense ·af ~n:Fm:mat.ion it n:cl;i\1~-$.When the inlo:rma.don you are .rcadi:ng is nOlI: complete )"oM brain 'wiU lliarurnUy fill til! dr..@: 'lanb and (I!!'ganiU' rhe b in:folrm:a1ioifi so [:aat you 'C<'I.D make sense of it. Plrat, read the
ic]l.()wlng !>ellli':e:I1ICCS, mn
'i;l'U[
Now look at [he next batch ot sentences aad get the meaning from rhem asqu DckIy as y~m can by looking mrhe whole sentence and idenlit-ying the key wOi'ds: • Speed- n:ading have if you a puepose is easy. • Have' )r,er holida.y you been on rhis ye.u? • The improve is to best 'way to practise. cycs?
Which was quicker, reading with
}'OIa C.. rs i
un
In tharQ~nowlrn9 senL'eifice: An effective speed nt,ad~r nellM mads withQutI. so-mathlrlQ to ..... with, allways, reads with a purpose and flU3lVer'reads every rit.e 'Word. If you miss, out the wOIrd 'never"., you get: An effet::tiv~sPBed ~adel' rea.ds without something to write wi~h. a.lways reads with a purpose and mads '!\!v@ry w·o:rd.
TI1C
but the':'message is conrrary to ehat the fivc-,s;u:p system will help yon understand the meaning, .
St'l]SC!'
i.ntendll~d. Practice, a
sentence makes
themselves
because
they
were
mla'M,e' to read
their
second
as. ~ilM as their f:irs:r language. Spcak~l:lg. a second language is di(JeH:nt from reading. Yuu can choose thr: words you use when }l'OU speak, butnut rhe words 'yo~ f'l1'ad in. a new
passage, S,pccd reading a second languOl.gt: is f~dl of challenges. The firs~ is vocabulary, t\.I'IOnhrf UP("(:[ oJ re~ldli!liga secend language th,H will slow you down is u:aflsllU"illg into your firs[ language <I.S you go. A~ ]engas you do this you will not be able to reach high speeds,
language
There :J re 3. few 'th il'lg!l you can do to begin incn:as:lI'Dg your rCad~"i'lg rate for ,1 fnr(:"~gUiJlrmgllJa;g,e;
• Learn rhe roots"suffix!es and prefixes ·of thenew Ianguage. '. Practise speed-reading i:~dl!r~~p.H:s n vtry simple book: ... o - Selecr a. f,cw children's boo·ks and! speed readthem using tools and techniques )'em are presendy dcvdoping.,
l~l\roid moving [0 another 1,t:"Vcl undl you. arcccmfcrtable with the spe'Cd nt whic.1':!you are reading and sure that )'011 unclerst::'Il:a.(l whar you a'r,e ["t':idill£; without havi:n!; re rrenslare it in['o),oll!" first l:iiflguage.Whcn you can do that you are rcad}' to move on to more complex marerial.
• For practice, use the (ivc-s(e-p system with. every book, even novels, This win give you .'In clve'1'a.11 picture of WP<l[ yon are :reading and will make ~{)mprcht"ns~olli much easier; • Read as many novels as rem can, The story wi.1I ofEcn distract you f!"om tile complcxity of lilelaligl.iage. .. SCI: our wirh the iIn~'m of cnjoy1ng the I,~.i1:nlh~gprocess. Frustration causes stress {mel!S]O,V5 YOll down,
Trea,! these exercises as gam~$ <),ndchaUenges., .Don' do ehem for ,UIY more than 1. (I minu-r,es at a 'tilme lJl'll.esspon I'ea.l]ywant eo,
39
i
,III CI. ;S" '!til
'harm-up ,stretching
This is • Read •
ii shorr
fOf
:;
:&
~,'lilt
• • •
~ •
good 'f)roP[~tli:[1$iml fer 1 .m~nUite. ia,t the pOlflt you ,re,ached. .Ackl hOiIf .. pag~!,iOwli:u:: vou .b::nre al1"e~d:y read amd ms.dk: that pollm. No'w go back to the bcgll!l!l'i.i.tl:gand. read (for good eornprehension] rothe second Inaikim, "l! minute, Make sure you make your mark, Once you. are ('omfonabl.eru-aJching the second maJ]':k ...d!d anorher haU page and read fmm the bcgirmi.ng to the rhird mark in! mi»ute. Add ,anomer i1<l!]f p.ag~. Read to d:le 'fo'l_grthmark in 1 wntne. .Add another half p~ge~ Read eo the :fi.&hmark in 1 minute. .If at ,t1tis ,point YOul :fi.nd, d13t 'you are not 'reading' ~ ke'Cp hi mind Itil3t'tb<lif is In.e ~int or d.i5 't~erds~.M~k{t sure rb:.u' you Si:C ,eV'!;n" wo:r-d jusr si;lfiici.C1ldy to N!'OO,gll~Zie tbat .it is. an E1liglis1l1wofcl ntis. exercise wiU he~I?' y'Oug.et used [0 seejng/recol.'llflis![lg mere than one word ata time,
3. mark
1 Using. a pacer,
2. Stop. and
foom wllHlt you [use read, 3· Read five pages Uke: this ,eve'ry d.a,y~g,mdually inCI!~a,$~ng dliC
wr.i.'~edowl1eve.rrthing:
fas'[
read. 4 Stan: with a su:bject £amUiar to you, tIii,ell!- ;i1IS, yOIJil: noticethee your ,ability; confidence ,iifid. ,co,mfort'i'i:r,e :imp.rovtng - take on !roOf'1! ,thal.lensing trulrer.ial
),'0'1(1. St'QP
ro re~~1 whae
yO'lll,
i
:1
:~
"l ]n [he inext m:iHuM read lour Iines more lh<li'iJl you did in (~e firsr n1:uruJitc,then si:ll':,w,l)i['i ei:gbt. thea ean, 8, Mwa:ys read for gotJdi co.mp![~h'm:lsion :and Jioc;aU.. As soon as you think you don't !JIl:'idersta:llId er Ii~meilllboe[ the' text. cUlJoolid!;:ue !air. rha'~ lc\'li:11until you ilt,c 'C{)mfofta.M,~~rh.€'n speed
up graduaUy~ Read:it1g quicl!:lY[\ll\Iquires
iCI
and ;perhaps
As ,your Ic:olllo~nr.r;lti!oni:mp.oves. sreerch yoursdfby ¢xiteflld;ln,g the l~min~lc :rrip to 2. :m.iliilUt'ies. then flO 4" and. 6" ,;'I.nd :8 ,..... nd 8'0 en.. ,
This, teChl;[ique is. good for the parts of I;:he rexi: that yOu. ate al:ready l... :familia!: wirh when you ilist w.llnt" to be sure you itl)f b~ve n1.fssed nothingo,uu:: .. !Read the Drslt SeD$eoe@' of tile p;a!ta!?;rnph. .. Skim 'rue ~I:'estof t~e pa'[<!!~caph f,or key_wo:rd$.and read the l:ul Senfeoce of the paragl'rII.pl'i.
if nec~"Ssar:r
.im.prQve
}'OtU'
:flexi.biJity~
.. ~Ject ,a t'C"'!; on:i subject tamiU:u,toO you. .. StaJ't .rea.dingslowly· oar first, atmo:Sll word foil' word .. .. As you .fLnjs.h th~ £:irsr p<ln'lgrtapl" speed up raDii:' rea!d:iRg rase until 'you are reading as fa!st as YOIl cen fo,.r good compreheaslon, .. Once you ihilil:k 'you aJre bcgil)ni~g to read J3ste:r than YQIll can oonlp[·ebend, slow down .3. bit. • Then begin 10 practise rJexi'ble re:a,d:lng:. To do dlb,r'¢arl the r:i.rs'tsentence of the p.arafljj'ap.h ,relativel.y slowly andspeedup as }fOU g.o throughdllC' p31',agRph. onJy sl.owifl~ down when ,YOU come to secdoru you a:r~no'tt'fa!!ti:ilia-r wHh• ..' When you ba,'~e.:~ea!d a book ona familb.1r" su.b,ieee fOir a while, chnng,c to a book on an unhu:nibar subject and st!.uiI:,again. Colnp;l!~ rhc: two eXpil'ri~nces. What did 'you ~lQr..iC"ii? id you D fimd mi31f reading tirl.e f~uuillal" book was !ItluCb easier than reading the uIlJ3:miJia:r book? Did the speed lilt: which you read
10
book increase as you began to nonce wh,]! wm.. easier or more ch~k~lcnsln:.gro rc~dr du: uufamiliar 'Practice box - noltel ,exer.c;!lse
Nove~s are a good SOI.WI:;:(! of pracl!ioB to d,~\,Ie:lop,flexiliJilirly in IPI<lcin9,At tha~tart of ti'1iI11 rnovel y,QU m~g,htrind1 th,[lt you pase unc:lare·verylil!1!G; as you g:et familliar willh thee plo,t yol:,l'm.ight paoe ul'l!der every t.WQ liinEll>, hen ~~];e W story ~"Ity gI~t$ gQirl9 ;lina ~u tin!! I:Dti!king lor ths 6>;:criti,r'I9 bits In be~weenthe dlese:rlp,tion }'Io'll rnl~ht fInd th,at you mn the pace'! do'W!ll the midd~a of this pa;gI~ until ylO\':! cemsto the sec:tuons of ~hll[lbooik tMt realily carry the ~tony" Your eJljoyme:nt o,t the bMk: is nol I'essened ln anry way at all; in, 1act you m.ay find thlOlt you actYOlJlty 1i!ilIl:5h more iI1ovei:s th2f!!r'I
yOY I,J!SOO to,
41
Metronome pa,c~JlIg
You
Can.
;l
'tick' ~hat IS not: too loud.} at ..ny music stnr~ qJu.uted:u~aply - .it
merroaome
II
will be
1 St'trhc
metronome. The metronome win reach (1. s.peed ,l~wilu~h yQ~ win nfH be able to ;'C"Jd e¥~ry wo.rd. This (~x.e[eist 'pushes' rour e'yc!1lud b.ra~l1 to st'Il;'lilid abserbmore rhan one word ar " rime,and ilr.ilduiIUy
stretches
]J
your }~bi]it)'.
m.OWi"'l'!'fI}' ·[:IIf 85 miles per hopr "n;d ..s YUill a town you suddenly have to n::ducll yOm speed to 30
you. drive on a.
[night thi:nk ycm are rrjJveJ1ing,~u 30 lmtil dl}C' po!ice soop you and inform you [hat rou were 1iravel.ling at ':l0 Or 50 much faster [han youth(li~lght. The s:~mi.b.[ity~n¥('ti'l drilt'I!il;g and speed reading dots[I'r st:Oprhcrc:.Whctl u:n\l'dling ar 90 m.p.h, you have to concentrare and don't have t:imc to look at the soenery; Wh~Fl sJiced reading YOtJ are re.ading sobst tha~)'ol!l[ m~nd doesn't want to wander a:!> much as lE cnn.n '30 rn.-p.h.'.
l'I1J.pJl •• Y(HI
approach
R(!'~dil1g speed
,
I
I
I
I
I
i I
I I
lW:I-11GO, mOI-l roo
I
I
9Dl-lOOO 1301-900
!
I
I
I
7(H-SOO' 60]-700
I
50:1-600 401-500
,
I I
3$1-400
I
I
I
3Q1-350
Hi.-300 -_ :Wl-250
I
I
I
lS()-lOO
Dlltc/(im.e
....
ru
well 8S providirl,g you with information on your speedreading p.rog(es;s~ "lilil spe.ed"read:ing. graph win h-rlp you [Q remain morivated. Put as. mach informario» into ir as YOIl need. Measure your readingrate for rhe duration of your 21""dar (see Chapter 12, What Next?; pp, 160-J)
43
'l~
.
programme
II
,In the bottom :row enter the dale and time when mea:lijj~n~-ing your re.<lding, • Each rime you measure bow many words per mi.nute you arc readingplace a markin the- appropria.re box. Add any thoughts or ideOl:SaOuiJryoo.l progress ~n a notebook s]Xcifi.cally kept for' yom rc~lding.development. . • When your reading rare surpasses 1200, write your own numbers :Iri1.rneb!ank spaces above ] lOl~1200 to record ir, • Take speed-reading measeremenrs ee differem times of the day and under d:ifrerem conditions (tbese inclllJd~ meod, rime
pressure and so on).
i ac i
'
Summalry
What sl!ows 'you down?
The following arc examples of 'speed stoppers', with suggested
• S,'~b-v~(;dzing [reading with. YOUf ears] is u.s,im.gthe voice inside your bead. The faster you make yourself read, the less yQU will !lub··vocalire. • VocaIiizUig - ]f your lips move as you read you are vOCSIJiz.in,g your text,. literally speaking silently te yourself Thi;s slows you down even more than SIl~voc8Iizingi' you arc limirea not only by the pace at which you can $~ak" bur a lso by how f.ut you can move your tip.;; and keep s.ilent. • Habit - M(l-$t habits ale below the level of your coascicus awareaess (you are not aware that: YOil have them)" They are ,easier ee :rcctify when 'YOti become awa te of them, To extinguish vocalizarton, read with a spoon between your teeth and you will soon srop trying to move your lip!; while you read, Don't allow children to do thls as it could be dangerous.
What speeds you up? t Increase concentration by bl(]c.. idng our noise or intt?rfercnce (:for more about'~his, ~ Chapter 8. Dislnu:nO[is and Solunons),
44
i I
" focw 00 the task, !Using more than one sense by .re:ading, a<;cively ,~for more abQiut tb~~ ~ec Cbapter S, Me-matt). ., Push yourrea.ding speed 'ED f8SR:ll" than you [hink ycu can ;readi (use a pacer), . • Don't: worry about m.:issihg oue tQO' many wot'lfi (:Maidwirh your eyes ~!1$tt!1do,f yrl<1:lr ears or-yout Hps~., • Have ~ dictionary handy to look. up words you, are unfamiliar with before you~an sp~ reading .(for uchruques ro increase yonI' vocabulary. see Chapw.r 3~ It"s: AU :in the
Wb-rods).
You don't bave to read words in ,the right orderro "get rhe yOu do have (0 m_akesure YOll cau:h the words that O1lrtytbe n1eSsage. _
message' but
leami,[l~ ho-w to, speed read a second language I,S eas,y" it just
y;OiIlI.I:'
rim!;!roc;oO!itder aaorheraspeca ofincreasing your reading rare. The advice in the: next chapter is es:peciaUy useful If Engliish :is yQu:r secend lallgua,ge Q,[ if yQU w(lu]d like to "Ilatase yoill'"
vQf\;abulary.
base speed-readingraee,
it is
I ::::s
.
'<
o
C
...
Q'
ie~;
• how kl irnc:r:ease yoor • how· words are made up • how toj:!e;al Withl 5peciat~ed
~~
wm
• If yon like reading a lot (and you have the rime), then read
books with eomplieated language, Use a diroWlary as YOIl go but before you k!Qk an unf ...miliar word up [ry to .f~guil'eout whar it .Il1e'.UlS yourself. This w~l" you 'Will learn the language as you go. Make rime of the new words you learn as you do this, .
rOl.l.[ faveurlte activity hut oomm.Wl.ica[~llg ro people is, then aimto meer people who you know have a good vocabulary and r.a.lk ro them, You. can pick op a. ]o-t 'ill ccnversation, [f you hear a wnrd you do nor understand bu. don't want to ask the person who says it what ir means, then make a menral nore ro look ie up later. 111: is worth remernberiag thar :many 'people use a word because rhf:Y know ir fits: the context 'but do om re-aUy know what the word means. U you bear a particularly obscure word think twice about asking for a definition; the speaker .might feel ;iwkward if they ar-e not entirely sure about its meaning. • If.. third W.;3iY of inc:I't!'.1sing your. vocablLl.lary is to, use new language .. Pick 3. word a day and use ir whenever it is appropriare, Try not to make it obvious that you are trying out a new word by lli;§;in.g in every sentence unless you are ir in an environment where you can relax and pla,ywith language, • A good way [Q increase your active awareness of language is ro C;;'I,rry a. vocahulary notebook wieh you. WhrneV'eTYo!.) hear Dr read a word that you do nor understand at mall is tmfumil.i.!.I:. wrire down the word, YOl1r understanding of it and ehe context you heard Or read it ill. Then, when you have the c:n~nct\ look the word. lip to check whether your guess
~ If reading is not
and speaking
,i·
~t
'
11.'J i
1
~'
1 [be meaning, of. rr .. • Relax while YOIl learn. If yO'll get a,wo:rdWl'ong~ don·lI: WQ,rry ... about lr, The more youpractiiic~ read and use new language in conver,sationtl:be: berrer your vocabulary will booQm~ . ... ~ Use yout imagination while you learn new language, Imagine y,ourself us.in,ga new word and thjnk ahoue the response y?U
was accurate, This is an ~~danr good exercise fo,r turning passive vocabulary info active voca bul,a,ry;it: encourages YOIl ((I think about the definltion of a wi)rd you think you know
m~ght expect If you used ~r ~IlapprQlpriatel;y: Imagine wh:1.t[)'tit~ word might mean. basing that 'Of! year knowledge of other words, Imagine what tbe W(I,rd would mean if you could give it' 8r1y definition you like, Take time to pl,ay wit.h langua,ge.
W,3YS
of learning
more
language
and of
many
from
words WG 1,j!ii8. iHowever. much otthe .Engllsh lang1uage originates irl, Latlm, or Greek. ~ mots,sufflX95 and pl'efhc,es 1hat form the baSIs: of our language are almost all Latln and Greek. /HoW'much, ,easier :It ;15 to learn a new word :11ou know the mots ot the word. y Here Is a fact you might not. ooawar:e of: 22 roots ,and 13 pr:af!xes arE! found rn 100,.000 words in Wi ub'l$bridged dictionary: That: mean!!. that If yeu know 22 1'1)01$ and 13 prefi)[es you may be ablE!; to work cut the rneanlog Qr too,,ooo words .. To get you started, in the table opposite there are twc~\I't' toor
words, their d(lfi.l'I~tions and some words made from the root words with their definitions. Yc,u will noriee that a particular rom, prefix or suffix may be used in several words. U you know the ,[,oots, working out the rest of the meaning can be easy. In
Chapter
of roots,
suffixes and
Root ob
D.eflnltion
VQeabUlaW
obloquy eoctmdlte
agaf.nst
'OLl1'
O"fiildtlon
ob-agaln8t
ru~elchref
8Q31rl$t
~ a1"!tipathy pathology
:path-t~~ng pa1t1
,E\,
an
.apathy
egregbu$
etJptnQoI(;lYS eulogy cacophony etocuUon drcum!oquacloos
greg ptlon
et:.I
eu - we1Vgood
log-talk
.caQ)-noI; ~ pho:l'l ~ sound
a-OUi!
caco
,P:IOOSar1.t
to<: - talk
circum - around
loc-talk
Car.l)' the p.rdb::W$uffi:«s and roors llst around with you: fen' a few weeks - make a copy of tf if your prefl;r, lnsread of lOQk~ng up an unfamiliar word :in. the dictionary,. uy [0 lise your knowl.M~ of pre.fixes. suffixes and roots to week our Hle meaning of the word.
Oi,.EnngSlep3 (passive reaclin.g)and Stop 4.(active reading) of too fWe-,step system jo¢k fO( ynfaml~J{l.r W«d's as'IPillit: of the skimming exerciSe, then lock them up be10re you beglti St.ap 5 {selective roodir19~+
50
Specialized 'vocabu:lary'
De'll!"]oping an unde:rstanding.·o.fspccialmd voca bullary nctdi!; to be dealt wiith ~n ,away dWeE'¢Jl[ from. uom;iall voca,'blllary. ~~~ta~I¥) words you, do not understand in the text make senSe W'lftti_iI; i!ibeoonk:Xt of the sentence.. Usually you can read on
1.1:' ,<
, ,&:,' ... ,
undelTSmnding 5peciali~, 1a:nguage, can make j,t im~i.ble to understand SIny o.ftbc text, especiany if ibeelltU:e picce rev<i!ves.
word. .
or par,apiapn,
WG~
:n:iC!lS;
The more ,familiar you ;are wilh t~ specialized; «xr~ the &;stet youwiU be able toread.lkGo,mlng" fa.miJ.ial' with rhetext miig~.t take some tim~ dcptmd:ing OiR ,the ·,level Q.f knowledge: yOU a~ready ha'le.[f. you foUl)wa few simp]!} steps, the leatnin.g process can become much, easiee
• During
.. l£.you art: anowed~ ('GPYtm:glossary nom 'me book Ul there is one). If (heEt isn·f~use Ii good 5J*iia1!ist d.i:tti.oDary (most' sl;Ib,iectl han Qn~}.lftihe dimonary belongs to yQU~ycu'oouJd higlilighr ~~ch~rd y~u.h. 3d. di!.~.· ~'uh:Y"W.jth •• cAI~ce.ma ..'liv.el.Y~ whenwod:.ing hont a dlcu-ona:ry you ,could wnte the word ill. a 5:ep.ilJalJe oook 'o:r p]ace OO;l.rlrersoo. the pages: so' that· you. can go back and :findthe. dc.Bnitinn ·qui(:lc:1.,)" a,gain (you should. a:nalnly do this: ~ftic dictiumu:y is. DOlt YClluproptllrty). .. Once you 2.fC familiat Wirh the vo¢abut.uy; 'taIc,e'a bit of tinti!! to tbiDk bow ea-ch word fit5 ·in with. any ideas: you have an. the sll:bject. Think about h.'?W else y"QU could, \lISe·the' vocabll!laF)'~ Coosider how the wotd .is made up. noe:s the reet, ~uffix or p,refUl:: give: yQlU <'in idea of what the. meailing: eo~ be? 'bli what Othet C(illltext mi,gh~ you COJll'C: aClO" the word? • Ifyoii. ha,,~. the; time" ].ook'l1.p tbe specialinoorocabwacyw'u ordinm:y di.aionary" You. may be surpriSed ,by differences m. RI~jn8 and mte:rp,mariQl!JI fromth-o;t; in tbe speri .;llJjst did.ioil1:=ilry. Do this' especially ,if you do not. understa.n.d .the definition in. the speci:alisr. dictiona:ry. Vezy ,oft,eo. :3, I.cvd of kllowl~dg:e' is assumed in the s~ist' dictionary' and definirioillS may not be ootliplm; .Ari m:din"ilZY dktipnary
:OH(:t
part of a sp~~ist
Srep 3 (passi,\'e r,ea,diogJ, bighJ.ight"aR me: words YQl,l do, not undC"l'stand especiaHy :if th,ey look as ·if they OOa'y be
vQ(';Jlhuia:ry.
assumesa bare knowledge Qfth~ SUbjecti so if the word ism me definItion may be' mm:c' b.e'pfuJ. Enq-clopaedic.
dictiol1ar1CS :lire good because they very otten have pictures tiAOxf ee the defill:ition •. YOIl can explore :and hase ,fun With these, .. Can you :fi:nd a picture rM,t illustrares the word? If 00, remembeeing the ddiniti.QQ wiD be easier; .. The more you readen the s:u,bi,ecl, duo;more tiil:mili<1f YOIl. wi][ become with the I'anguage' of ehe subj:t:Cf. tl'1bat doea"' wotk •..,
language. att'end as many talks and leclufa$ Qf'I the 5'UbfectasyolJ can, SPMk to, experts on the $ub~C'! and, fnmead of asking them onty what a
••' and If YOLIstilll ha.ve problems withspooiallst
'woi'd meiilt.s, (you will more 1h3JfllIIk.elY gat a dtctIonary d.ellnl1ion). ask them how the word fits: Intoth9 subject as,a: whole.
Summary
1 Pay attention HI new words. 2. Kec~ ;lsm,aU }1?"t::book in, which ro wrlre down flew ~(:rm~nology (with lts m~amtlg) r:har you come acress in
readingand conversation.
vocabulary,
4 Become familiar w~rh the roots of words. If J(I!;i. understand the I'oor. you wil1 be able to work ourthe meaning of many words. Many' good dictionaries s.ho.w d,e roots"
o
o (I) :::s r+
'-I
()
:::s
m -. o
:::s
...
of
}I<I1l1r
._en::~
,ooncentliltion
to Inc~ co~;tration,
WirhoUl'OOOe4:'!tr.atiol'!: dlueis no
to
mitQ1l~O'ty. Some ~dea!l on how oonee:ntrnte :alldavpjd the dlstmcrion~ that break up YOM[ coru:ent'ra[tioDwlU be presen.ted in. Chapte'l 8. D.1S'tnlCrlO:DS' nltd
Soh:u;:iqns.
1Weciu:I
fOir
two rea:sOD~:
focused attention
Attenlioo bas (;ertain definite pmperties:
• Iii: is dynamic_ Try foclJsing on on.e tMng o:n.lyand aoelee how long it is bef9re your mind wander..:,-,The aim 'Of m.edlitaticin ls to ,~nab]e ¥O1.'l! tQ fucl,1$l}n ojH1:~l¢m~i1t ~g~ing .pf without losing. atJbention •.People train and practise .£'O.r yeusto achieve this, . AtteOlti.on. is uI'I.dlvid,ed. If you tned. to listen '[0 more than. one' conversati,on at a time 0\1" '10 .read a book and drive a ear !iimultaneoU!Sly' you would find .I'lhat.fairly challenging. • Attention foUows In.terest. Boredom will emngui:dl attenrion
'II
~. Atte'nrion is :m:aii:l.tained bye. seri:es·of djsco·vmcs.Be·a:wa;r¢ ·pi what is new <loou;t w~at you. are l.earning, How oJwn d,Q )'Q~
~e:[ mat
in a m,omeot, AWwa.y-$ keep In :mind 'What hi. in i~for me?~ <Aha!' .reeJin.g? .
t.elnfot\O(id.
Sometimes we have to f:QlCC cur,sehres to pay atte'ntlon.This ean be Ilnpt~sa.nt and i.i1'elkdive: ,~lll'lliam~tiQ!R Ja.s:r;s fOfMly a k:w secon~sin these circumstances and has r~ be ,eonSt'.ant]y
nothing. When you voluolarily p:1!y :atte.n.tio!lto someth:img you do so. nann;any~ YQu. dOD.·'t' bave to force your~]f to concentrate; you find youm=lf absorbed inthe task. • AUlOpilo.1 .". This ooc!lf$when you find yUum1f 01.[' '~ou:r destlnation bu~ do nor know how y(!P got there, It also happens wmwn yon reach ebe epA ,of book and realj~ yeu have not r¢rn:embe:red ,anydtmg <]ihhough you know 'Y0ll read every word, • llis;pene:d atle:nnOD. - Unfortmlatcly most of us, suffer from tbJ5 more than we would lib. Having toomanry tb~llg5,going
of mterest.. ·When. tIlls happeM you fee~ ss t'hOUigh yoP C<"IM01: C(IlU;C)nlttateat a]~teverything attracts 'Your.att~Jition.and YOIl can't: focus on anythin,g for longer rhan a few moments. The aim is tube' able m oontfolm,hmtary amotion so' t~;at even in 5,jtuarioo!ii whe:n~: you would normally find h diffkult ~Q con~lUIf~ yo!.'! 11II:e able to fOcus your ane,ntionwilLingly and.
all
as
does
,II lack
fuUy.
doesn't
Attention is a linear activity. If YOIl arl.!:llread:y carry!:[18 out a task u~jng one sense olif you. are doin.gso.mething that requires a high level. of attention,~ yon witl be aMe to do only one thhlg, at: time. for lnsesnee, i£you O!i.rc: dri.,.r;ing in dangecolU conditions you will notice: that },'ow:a,ttenrion tg' driv.mg is, total. If me radie ls QII1,rOll will. probably not heat it..If. on the .other hand, the {-<ladits deaf' and the conditions are good, you m:ay be able to drive. listen, to the radio, and have a cQ[)ver.satimli at' the' same time, The moment a dO@:runs into the read rOIlT attention will shift (;m::il'ely £:0 drIving, wi a fraction of a 5e~O'nd.
min.
Divided attention does nor a~wi1Yswork while you are reading, Reading uses ml.! 'I".isui1,I, Sind~ fQ:1; many peopJe',ilie ;;!!Mhory sense. It Iimies ooB'Versation" inhibi:ts other auditory actl'(iti':5 like listening to the: radlo and pwrenu f'OOUSing other visual on acriviq because your eye.5 ,Ul~' fCoCused 00 a, pag.c'. One r~~.$on we find c:once.otxahon wh~tereading cballenging is because :i,t is so singly focused. As a resule it c~n become tedi!OIilS fairly quickly, especiaUy if w~a:tt is being. read is: ullllil.teresring.
7
Reading and carryiing out another acli.vlry at tbe same time Is almostim.pos:si.ble, 1£ only ~o dc.mDnstralte the pOinf, iris 'worth makingan experimei'iJ~
ElpGI1mG1l1t 1 Selec.'l: ,8. falrly Ifght bpol(, ,pula reoo.idtlig tape in a cass&.ttep.I8YtiJ'50 that you canrooord What: you aA) listefllng, to and
2. Put iii radlccn fa.lrIy loud, th9l!'11 begiln to reed. 3 Try to mad and listen to the radfo a<tlilhe'same tllifi'l€l, 4 After 5 minutes iS1tQP ~rng. stop the tapa and swl10h aft th&
mdio.
remembered what you' read. 7 R'apl'ay the 'lape and Check how ,accurately you remQm~ed
what you Ilheard.
5 Write down '~iJ19 you can remember 1'ml'lili the bopk and from 1t1eradlo", keepIng the :two ~. 6 Coun~ the number of Y!ierct!;you re.acI a:nd ch,ecik how {as! you read. Then skim the :boo:!o: to c~ how at.:oor.ately 'YOLI
10,
I'_'"
and wa.tchin,g ~elevis~(}n;,re2ild.ing and haYing aCD:Il:ve:rsati.orl. Srim.e c:ombinati'ilil'iS wi]1 be mare d~ffirulr
than
o~hr$.
The: purpose of this experiment is [0 nonce wh,a.t distracrs your att't'ririon most. If you discover that YOn.! can read and ,omplc~e anotber taskat the same time, men. you wiH have developed another $kiU that!, if Iloth,illg; else. wi.U aid y(mr: time management,
MOil! in:ip()rlalltly~ C'Jllioy the game'.
56
Wf eumple, rhan
I
o ;I
8:
YO'lilf goali:'). to Enish this task as quickly as possibl\e. • Your motiv:at:ic;m is tha.! ym;l csn g(l~ hont¢ $QQ:Ql1lror ~~ ·gn w.it:h a rrrore inte'restin& task. . • Your iD~e.r·estis Geve10plfig :I. sYStitm that w~1I.allow yO'u to get through ooriog material fl1srer and nrlOl'C dflX:ri vdyevery rime you arc faoed with .it.
There are; two main ways in which concl:lr.u:.(anon can be ii11~ttiJJPt~d! oyintemal distta..::tio!ls and e:x:temal distractions. In Chapter' .8, Uisn:acrlons and Solu[~oR~~ we sharnl discuss exte.!:nal di&lracciom in detail. Here, we ·wili look a!in[e'l'nald.istrru:;[~on.s and ho!w w redu('e stt~-$S - one of the gre:.:utst contributory fact>@fSrolack of concentration,
can be iStl'MSful; d'ealingwith mass inicrmatTon !by using pawarfulc:tlOosEng and reading st~!IJfegiB$ redt,:u;$$ ~. V&r:y oftlffl til" prob4!m1 wool what we have to dc, but the rneM:9 we MVEi at OUr df$~ to do it' (the how).
bleedsrream
wod.
ofW':a:y.s~depcnding on :l:bcamount .rdea~.d your. booy <lit rime. Cortisol destroys glucose, your brain.'ssollfce .of
hig,h ]eveJs of eerrlsol into your herrnone that affects you in a :numOeJ'
moo
the, incident atte:..wards. Bio~ogicany spealic:in& fOil WOiUild have experienced. an. enormous amount of stress, and yom body would ha.¥e released large quanr.ir:ies ,of cortlsol 'ti1af'!;V(!!itf 5ilr.t~t ro your hi:ppocampus and destroyed the glucose. With reduc.eCl food your hta:in did net kaye what was nel!e,:sary ~o lay the memo.ry down.correcii'.ly. so although yO!l saw ¢\"eryrhiirtg and maybe even spoke to peopleand walked around. - rhe mC:IniOlL'ies, .m~ not laid down in ;lin}' form that Can be zecalled w or th-ey were d.istorted or encoded .inwha.t is kn.o,wnaS" 'state-
I! you have ever been in an ,a:cddent or witaessed sometning rrauma:ti.c: Y(HI. may ilal'e: gOt through the eM\peri,ence.~ whoUyor partly aware Df it, but be- ullabJeto .r~me.m~t a:nymmg abQ'llt
dependent memlJry~.
State-alepoodMt mamQry OOOllrs When you ~mb.Elr:so~ng inl a particular sta:I:.e. and can mty recall It ·when you am ina sTmm·aJ'· state. :111' yeu dosorndliog wtmilfflY,CU 3J1& drun.1i!, for i~. ylllI.I may haY$' '·klrgot,t:ElO' your Eilm~rfilg behaldOi;:!f by the morning; but tine next tim.e·you are ootm:ld IMiNe orfe. too many. YQU wiil.probably be abtelo rretall the·ewnm oUile prev:tous night
Extra Inklnnatlbn
67
i
a:
out
State~de~ndant: m~rno,ry has much to do with thel:aw ·PElt1~CEI ~h!Uf~l~ $Om$! p.eop!e dl.!riI'1g exams, They s1udy in too CQl'I1fort of their- home; and then wrwte U1e exam in sO blg •. fl.ill. offk;~I-looking hall.The':stErte' they were inlwhetl'l the:y ..., $'Iudied is differen1; from tM o.nEl~hey 8iii in dmng the exam.
An(lth~r,. <lind less e'X:Ufme:~ insf<l!IiI~OO(;UrS 'Wl:ien you;:Ire unde-I s: :m.odemte. amount .of· stress. If yon are Oloout to gjJW.3. sp.r;ech~ m.e-e~a laq;~gJ:m~p of people >or introduce .your partne.r itOfUU! bO$$tQ.r the lir$t ti~¢, yQ~ may ~el a $1!i.gb:t £nNli~. ~!1 }'Qur b.ram-you ha.ve aU the dft3:ils that YOU: need for the occas.iQ[I bue youc:an't quilegerthe ideas, names erwords .:stralsht. Some medIcal upenll beHeve that cortisol can affecr"ymlr brain
Becau~ ·o.frhe leve~ of :S:lUSS :In mose (if our liv·~ .~ ..ha.vel' ;it constant drJp of co.rtisol. into OlU'· bodies -,This corrJsol goes round our sysremalld inw, our brains~ dcsn:oysglucose and
lnslde out. This can cause age-reJated memory loss, Peopl:e ber:w«:1l 40 and S01~a'$ old ~ay £«1 that the.y ~ nQ.t thJ;nking as (HI: and dearly as rAe)!' dLd befere, If mLS Sliwa.uon IS lefr unchecked, h: CQu1d have seeious consequences. No ma:rre.rwn:a"[age you3:re:,. jf YOIl eake care of yOlll hody and rnindby·taklng :rciul:a:r exeecise, eati:ng·h,ealrhily~ exei[C~iDg YOUI: m::ind;tielaxmg andejj]opng life.,. ypur .mern.o.ry will ibeccune more .dear"mole cre.ative~mol'e ac:tive:md more aCCU1'.aIre.
turns cakiu:m
jn;("Q
'J'h.osc w.ho a.;ia_pt ·m.en:Uf.esry1ewiU find. veT}" .l'irde will happen tha.1i:they· notia: overnight. but CO".D:5tamt ,and. ~~~ined. aCoo.9 wil!l.berewar.d,ed. ·nere Is no magic pilltha:t can be mel] lOIf instant rn!!!mory- if one were' put on tbe markee youshouJd appmachiir. warily ot.evcn avcid. it, You hay:e the Mtllral capacity to be brilhlant if you chOOse.All ~ttakes Is alit1le dflOrt; "om~O:!1 sen$~and hiowledgt andbr.litf thait· you Mlile w.bat I.t rakes,
me
Reac;tingl to stress
Stress arises whenyoli:r situaticn o1ili~jghs your ~'reC'hVOO a,bility to deal with it. Perception of your ablilitt will v.a.ryday to daYt moment to mo-ment. 'Perception' istne operadve word here, You may have no more to do on Tuesday than you had on Monday but becsase yom mood O~ your environment 15 different, what you have to do may seem more than it :really 'is. The perception rhar youcann-C)l: cope wiJUincrease, regardless of the realitY gf }!"'!,if Cil~rcntsllmlu,ndl,ng,s.
Imagine two· peop:le' waJlidngl d'own a street Both of ~:em see the same street, lpeople andl events. Boths'*! a bus, narrowly mlssingl a cyclIst, both see, SO«I80oegettE!'l(I1h6Ir bag snatched. boll see a CXM:Jple flghtlng and a child cr:Ylng. WllElfl' they ~ch Itre Md of the !;ltmet, one Is tense and tluStrat-ed and the other slhrugs and sa.ys 'That\; life." 1lhe very next ·day, the ,same two peopJ~ wa1k down the same sheet. notice 1he same ttJings and their reactions are oPfXlstte. b 009 whof~t q.~tte< !'Olaxed ~he day before, liotioe:s the $8IlI'IEI evemsend'reelS upset: by them • .and thi1l (lne who pmviously was agitated remains qolte calm,
Thought. experimant
S1ress lis GllIet.ad by' tt1.e. way you ~pond to a stiuaUoo ra1hertllan It&elt ThEi fI'lm In a potentJaJly mressfi!J1environment i$ totocU$ on tJ(i.W you can deal wllh the situation and Improve it, ·raUlel' than] fOCllsingon how not to get :~ Iby it.
lM&ilua.tlon
'::i·treSS!)';$; that
may
affect
your
., En.virooment _, Noise, chaos and pelluelon . •' Socia] _ Peopl~~ dlladlncs, financial problems. • Phys:ioJQgica~ _ Ache~ pains, poor iUIi:cit[o,n.t la.c:k of exercise.
are your thou.ghu,. The inte:lp!l'etation.we place on asit.uation incr·eases stress, .As Shates.peare wrote, "There is !1Qd1:ingeither good lar bad, but thinking makes :it so! .
Insome s:iUlSItions. we respond to our na.lUral instinctS and from streSStU:J ~~ruaJiOflS. Most stress eemes frcm s.iruatlOill.S C300.or nm. £[.o.m or figbt w1th~ .instead W~ have to sit: mil smile wbile we lIbooi] it'l$.id:e.This is when dama&= .maY'0iX"1Ji1' run we and
By far ehe
OlD-Sf
deminant
and potenrially
damaging
srressors
and
to 'oon«ntralle hd~y
.
reinterpredng
are differ-col ways '0.£ dealin.g wi[hand st.esshd siruariens and improving your
concentration.
:2
rot to d,C) .iii: 1;5 better to take p!lenty of little breaks and have small snacik:s ['ather than wo.rking waugh the whole morning and ,$Wpping fen; -;1 fuU lunch .. :If you do that you m~y have more cGncenrratioll p.rohlcms than you nOfr:QaUy do }!I'II the an,ernoon.
Yow: boor is hormone driven and. works all a cycle ~h:rough,Qut i::bt! day; When YOlliced thae you 'need a cup of tea 01' c()f~ or you, stan' ya,wning O~ making miisrakC$ y.oru-bedy is telling you it is,time to stOp and r~t. Lisien to your body~ but don'~ tab tbe coffee (see Chris Fenn's book The EncTg'j Advant~). The tonger you put a break (liU~the more difficult tt will be to get back to' work airel' you nnaUy decIde 'to lab one. If you. ~ ...e a
CafT01 or stick.
well. )f you work iI), a co-nvcnuo,nal environment' you may Dot fee] mat you are fully
is to make sure that: you, l'll!ward yourself
One way
to
yOUf'
oona-ntr.adon
[ecognizcd O[ rewarded for your e£fom,lns~d waiting for a reward fot 'YQut wO.r.l te eeme from somewhere eilsc~take the responsibility of giV*DI!! ),oll!l.rseLf reward, At the bill.ginn~ng of a the day determine what you are goililg to accomplish and what )'o.U1 reward to y()u~e]f be. Vary your rewards .. Make rhem .things mar: are goodfo,[' YOIl and rhings that you [liEaUy WOlll.tanydi:im:gZ:.1Ingiing an e''Ii''eningarthe ehearre or In a steam
of
wm
.rlom
room. to a.proper holiday far Jiillisninga. b~ proiect or'! rima . .If Yoll, find reading achon.t this kind of :incentive is ¢speOal.1)' useful, Make sure you have plenty of reasons to treat yourself. 'You wal ..Fed ~apl"iier" your morivation wiU ~Ilcrca~ and YI;I:V
is
R$\l! pe.opfe A del:egale In 009 of my classes had s. nove] me1hod of ~ing effectively with unread ck:l:tter. He WOl!ld place ·everyH1ang that came onto his desk into '01\"$ pile tn. a nay in the comet. If" he ,needed it. he took it out of 'itle p~le and then rep1ac&d !ton h'p If 'he, Iknew he would .need it again. Gnldua!ty all thE! p{i~ iUld dOcuments that he dkj oot need and dldi jI'lot.have to read wOl1<ed 1heir W8¥ to 'the ooUQmiof ,the pile. Every three months· he would take the oottom half of the pile and. withoot gotng tlirollQh ,It, throw It awa.y. HI$ argum.€lrttwas 1hat If he did not n&€id lit In three months he would not need ,It: at all. and 1tIat if it was fIIaJly· Imponant someone would !have sent Ihlm: another copy. $0 the naw :copy ·would belfn lila· mp hiIH of the pire. he has quartered t.he ~nt of' reading h@ does lbecause people know that ,if they want him to pa.y attootion tosome1hing they. must take Uletime to call ~Im" Asa result. :hi$ desk is ,always; olemr '-sols his mind.
He Is'very w¢¢$S$ful in business. S!nce headop1.$d this strategy
'61
3:r!lCxtfcm.es;, thcu: Is agreat d~3J. of va ria tion between them. response varies a:swill; a sOllg might come on the r,adi.{!one dayand without hesitation W~ switch it(lff; OJ) (!!nQthe-r Q«;O)siQU we :fuel the urge to turn it up nil .fun brast and sing a]Qllg.
OUI
noise that
;:11
i
,
If
Muieis O! pbe:!1:omelfl,anypo.w,edu[ force - so much $(I that at one l~m(: in 'Cni:I'J:a certain ohortis and .sQunds; w~r.e banned by t~,efUiEerf> of II'he tiHleOOcause tbey reared the effect the ~und had OQllepupuJariOcIl (froro. T1Je &~r:t:t '·ower .of ,Milr$l·c by
[)aviid 'fame~ Turnstone Press., 1.984).
;I! t ,music mntwill lbelo,w are a few pieces of to aid com;:el;l~r.itioo and win enable y{;l~ 'oore[,,~
5:,
Tile im~QrtaHt thiwg about music is th.u you should enjoy Ol:od ·app.r~iate what ispEayi.ng., If YOIl. play mU5ilc. ynu. d:on'f like w,~ilC'. you try. to Concelltr3t'C, an )'Q!iJ w~U a.;hieve: will be
<l;g!tah,Qr.'! <iI!!ild
~netea!\cd
$tr'¢'$~.
£,trings
112
I
I
Every
(en
practise dl:ffarent memory tec:hntQ,.les have ibiwnl 1n.cr:ud'etI,They am ,about f;ood and energy. 'Pay pardoular att·entlon to, them ,and .ma~e :Wr9 that the m~ tachnl.ques yOu U~Eiwork on them becaiJ$Q ,they COfiIta:ln us8fullnforrnailon.
Oh!aptefS,
Memory. a
number
of passages
to
allow
you
to
Breath~ng
.A1mou,gh m05t: of your brain ce:lI,swould die widlin 3~5 minutes without QXfg,cll~yOUi ean Ii.... wbo:lelifeti:me withm:n breadting ea
properly and not be foUy aware ofdtccorueq:uenccs.
YoUr' body
uses ymu breathing as a signal 00 tell yuu Whcfisom.ed:dng is wrong. When yon are recii:ng stressed or threatened younotice it first in ,.'yoU! breathing; wilteD you arc ,feellJllg rired Y?lli ya:wn ventilation it is not long befor,e }'OU !feeliUneasy.g,et a 'headache or £«J tired, These :5i~]s should nor be iJg;n,ored. Correct bIt3d:d:ng relteves a number of ()omplaint:s. including stiffne-ss~tension;' j,rrrrabitity, headachee, fatigu,e and depression, Good brea~hi!l.g h a bits conr:ri,bul'C ,r;Qruidemblyoo 'Yom ability to eencemrare and [0 redneing yo.u' stress: Jeev.els.
t,O take m more .ur; w:hen yQua.re
rn a t()Qm wlth
poor
ilrc.a.trul:1gexercises that doo'ttalCe loog to .do and dttit, you can do in ,3ny eJl.viJlOnmell~) all of whi~Jh will he1p you. increase and maintain eoncenrration, These exer'dses are quirk to lea:m.Pr.i!cti~ them for a Jew minutes every day.
bU3rn.in,g
63
A. good habit: to de've1o'p is to practisea. :beJore you begin <II ~ding sessimi:
exercise
I
.
If :l!
.. " .. ..
Select one of the exercises outlined MJO'W. Sit for a momenr and relax, Practise the b,'Cat:hiIlG ,ex.ercisc' seleeted, State what yot:! W<'!~f ~() Olch:ieve and what your purpose is. .. Bsgin relldill'l.g. This, routll1lewiJI
DJaereet b:reatblng ~ercl$o J.f YOUl are in a -.situ,niQi1 wb.-t~e irc;tn.'t' be obviou!ithat
you are
.. Hold i:t' f.or the count of'S and slowny exila]e. • At each i..Q-br~,ath make SflJlI'rl you are breathing into YOW" abdomen. rather dum your chest. To check this youwollM normallyplace your hands em YOW' abdom.ea and find out
whether
siruarion to do this. focus your awar'C!leSS ,l}nyOili' w:tilir'- 3;S yeu breathe ),'OU should feel a: ti,ghtening of your clothmg. • Take thl'e() or ifol1f breaths lfke 'this and thenrcLax. • Accompany the b.readting with a good s:rutch if you. an.
;Reallpeople
Scmetfmes
m~a isa
!l1'Qi,iPS olf
trainer and ooooh who l"G'Qularlyglves talks to large poopTa. When she feels a little, n&r'V()ij$ 01' e)i:C~9d .she
gets an, o.veIWMlmllAg urge to, dretch.II"Ii$Madof deprtvTng' Mr'!.etf of 1hiBpleasure. ~9hegets the whoI'e room tosland liP mdstrelch wJth Iher. 11"te group al'ways feels that thislia part of tt1e courso, and slnce they tand to feel betIalr for il'l 00 ,000 .oompafn5.
1J yot!' can't 'find a qurel: place, get QIIeryone to ,joIn in. Try it at the next a;pproprtate Jneetingl. UgeI ~ 9XC?JS8lil!!:,e 'It's warm li'l hemland we've aU beef! sltting for a while. let'S get someen8lgy by ~mO\dng. standtng up, for ill whiie W1d .sIret.chlllg, It w~ ~ 'tlme.
I
'Qu~ckbreathing o,eitclu· If you have only- a: few m~nutes~ rhis yoga, b[ea:thing exercise is wolllfur.fu.l fOi. re1:iJ)[i~g ;;Jirl.dfocli$i(Jg~~t is especjSJ]I.y good if yO'll have beenrushlng, ;and h;ll.ve a rime Umiil: to stick te:
yOil1f'~ .fora. .few.mQ'metu.$" .. Pla.ce your dghlll'bum,b on your right nostriland block lr.
,~ Close
'e,1
1.-.'
,~ IBrealihe:in deeply and slowly through Y>Pu.r,Ie'h nostril (o.r 6 seconds, .. Block beth no:rtri:lsand hold for .6 seconds, .. UnM(jCkyour lei:[ nOSiuH on1y and slowly exhale. _. Pawe fOf 6!1leconds, Then OOO'l'i:mlC by breathing in thfOUg~ your right llo5tdl. dosing bot',h~a.nd {J'xhalng through your right nostril.
II
iO
Stimulating
.fo;Uow.ing e'.lGe[\d.sewiU b.eJp increase your alertness you up, You can dothis eeeereise in pub.lie.
an(lw;lu
do, du::
.. Srand O[ S;~[Ill' :str:a~ht. -Breathe il!!! oomplelely and naturaU,. (iaro YOUf abdo:m.e:~). .. HoM you[' breath for 3. count of 6. , Purse ~our Ups and blow out short bursts ofsl:ir faIrly fOI«iuUy uatil you bve {(IraUy exhaled. • Breathe' to. diee.ply as:ainand mpeal! tll.e e:x!er,cise seven] time!!.
tfthat dQ8Ui1't wor:k .••• n bruthl'ng eUf(:;ls8$ don't work b YCU, don't pUSh at H:Jern. When you 1e€t!. you noodto .relax a bit, just 31tback and OJoiSe )'O'ur
QY.eS
for ~
moments.
BEI[IOg present ,alildlin perspective Is. wandefin,g mindis a symptomofl.<IIc:k of a:t1cmdol'l and
coml«ntratioll. B~.ingp.r~~m:doesn't ~]wOlly$,oome ~ a tt!lany., It is easy for ym.u mind :to wander off ttl fo:re:ignland,s snd times, The only way to rearn h9wtO remai.nplI'cflc:nr 1S to become aware of when YQU arenot pr~ef!,~.~{~i$ a~,~eff;i~e yQU. can do :iOl p:ub~i.cor in priV:3,te. :hiis very .re]axtngand 'vcilyefrecti'ft.
~,Q.w
., Sit or ,$tmd
stU] for a
moment,
are, how would you describe: them? .Pinally, appred.ate your sur.mnndings.
~, First. close yQur e)"¢$ if you can and notice what you' C3in ooar., How many conversations, can you make· out?Wbat are people S<lying;? Can you heal' <lilly traffid What is,rhefunhest sound you can hear? What is the c]osestround yQU can h~r? Wbat,is:di.e most famiJ.iar er dle masl; fotcign or uRns,u3.1 wund?-What is tn,'!: most Of ~ea&tp}(lOli$i:tnt sound? Id.entify ~very sonnd you can bear. Next', notice what you can fed. How dose arc peQpte- tQ' YOIl? What doe$ tlilt! ADm benes·tll rQUr feet: fcern like?Wl\i3E do your. elethes fed like on YCII.'!,? Is rherea breeze? 1£ SOJ' what direction is it c,om:ins from? 'Ii! With your eyes open now, notice the colours, How ,many cliffe,rentshades ofred Of bh:i~or mange can you sed What ,is tbe moot common colour in your view: What is the least comrrroncelour 'in yoarviewl Now notice the :s;hapes you can see, If Y()luo<wcrve-d yow nuroull.din,gs and had to des(:ri~ them in tennS· o.f slll.apes o!li'l:ly~ 11.01.'what 'i!h~ obji@!Ctsrealmy and
OI'
You m8Y notiee[!ha~:~ matter how noisy Of' chaotic your 'no surroundings mightatfirst seem, when you really pay ~uen'!iQn and beeeme present you are surprisedar 'rhe ~ewd of comfort ;iI.nd re1axation you generate, This could sim,ply be the resuh: (If knowing. yo.ur !iiuu(n:mding$, for what ~hey are' msteadof m<1king intetp[ie[arion~ of them.
[10. this e:x;,er-:cis-e Q&~n, especiaUy -when yo.U are fcel~[jgth.a.t your euvi:r:onmenf ~s to be getting out of ,control.
Delibera.te action
and can"t-seem
This e~li.e
3,
• Carry ,out one of the breathing exercises, gi,vlng},!purseU' time [0 sit still. for a w-Me and·g:arhel',.yclJ.r .thoU!ghts .fi!r,sr. .. Then, take the material you want ro read and for 5 minutes f~ad as slowly ,liS you call without allowb~g your Itlwd [0
wander. :If yOu, lccl your mln,d is dt,i:fting~ brin~g ~t'back. " If ro'uc mind drlift;5 'Very .mud'!" read eur !ou,d f:O·ra sborr. time, After a whiJeyour ,anemion wiJI fOcus. 'Your nateral ·d~ire [0 get throu.gh Ihem;u~rf3:1 and .finish what you started win take (lV~ and yoor rcad:ing speed \!tin mc:;rl!nse.
Mienia,l numbers
YO!!!
eas]~rYOl1 CSill be
distr~cred w.irilo(Jt:
~~s
!:r:iW' yOil.!il'
h£'Oia.
M,Ul¥ people: wHI ha,!!'e ,t:llThorhe;r tl:lolJg~r ~n tffiteir In'rlds by the time il:hey reach j,. When you are (lOliUlti:rlfg it is ea:sf ee i~h~llk of orilcr: r.hi:ngsana sr.i]lktll!:p going b~(msec()l1n1:i.ng Jnutl 1 fill 26 iSi ;a simp.I:e: exe~cIDse'.,W1l!ell rOitli are .rc:;'Idi.ns, thJi'tmf!(llra]~Ile:rgy ~ded to foclls yOil.l!f anenrlon inc:re.1lses ~d d.rifri.ag Ii'hO'tlS;11U ~ can oon.t[i.b~t~ ~C) a tll,ck (:If 'C:;QI)!~t)([lit:r atio'~. You Hliglnlih o!l~mtion; too Uged!!e lQ,UOMng ,experiment to lll'Crease )'Our
~ $Lm.ldt;;'ll'loousl,y,count fmm '1 to .2.6:aad ,!;O thQo~h 't~.e !l,lpll:ah!:I:fro:m.A to Z: 1 .,,;A - ,:2; - B- 3- - C -4- D - s- E !Iud so Gn. ,~ ]:m;ag~.nc"-he mil.!lmhft[s ;1$ or! the tigbt side of YoOlrlIbRin 3nd~h.e .lelt[cfSOililJ rElic .lcJr si
C
.~ Tbc~ SfW~ll;:h~des;~magiIaie
'lI'Ql;ll'
ebe numbers
]~tIV~1;1l Oil
the, rjghJ~'
Y:0I1!l
How fast
yOijJ[
you
{lQt
Y()!l1I.['·eal:ize
~hrul,llgh IDUi
yQ'll:C~:f1 gOiit.l~.
forwards,
riy. [his
},ollrcoooentf3[iliJiIllJ dlrUrti~!
Time olul
The stress J:ieacrnon p.reventsco.llc!,m,tJ'a:don and :inbiliMts HI.emory. Wbef! yO!J! ~e] Y'IIJ'U.!.lie ~e<J,~tir!g a lltl1~Sllf!l~ $i~,,!~iQn, ('II) '. Sit back m.rn m,omentilJl!d do r!()~'bj~g;. J usr b[Cathe <!l~d relax, ,~ Take stock of what needs to be done. ,t !Be aWll!re oJ the time you hOlye aV<li~".bw. "', .I[)Gc~dc W.ha:f C'.ollrsl'!ofac[~on you l.1iI::C' gOling ee t1'lke. >t' :[1IirepilI>e yourself •
..' .AC!l:. WOny~flg, about
disrrnction
inits~~f 3.nd~lchiJe\l'l:lsllrtl.~.
~.
y,()U h<!v1:l~Q
dQ ~SOl
Sumlmary
Tips tQrelieve srress and fa~ilita:t¢ concentration:
] Take breaks.
2, FoJlow the brea[hi:ng ...nd r~l<l:xi:lilg exercises, :3 K.f],OW your goal and purpose, 4i Manage your enyiron!lW!e:nr. S Be fin~ with pcopl.e w'hQ dema,nd yonr attemi.on unnooes~arHy. 6 Devc:lop 0'1 I(l,ut:ine llliaar ~[lc]lJdifl:l;;rcS[ and recovery in rOllr r,r:.u:liingaod worki:ng. 7 E!'l~oywh::.tyou do ~ ;r1YW<iu:d yO'uf$df ohell and gen~mu:'lly. 8 Pr:icrisc king present,
,. ~'I~pooess
.. the dlffer9nt'~ 01 memOl".\i .. how mem.ory 'WOIb and whim It does:lr~ ... tedhnlqUM;fQr fflmamberillg wMt you read! • ,how'to in,'oIObie, ~r~ses ,a:syou read
Good concentration is 'rh.e first step to ill good memory. Ar-the end of .. paragraph, chapter O{ entire ~ok. have you ever' had to go back to the begLnl'lin,g because you. could notrernem her what you read? NQ matter hew fan yOiU !reading speed" unless )"'OiL!. ren:u:lt!~ what you read rQ;i~ ha.ve wasted your rime'. w~n To, remember
Revision ~ 10 be fast. If would be&ustrn.nn,g '(0. find. )!onrself spending.as much rimenyipg ro f:eVise a~d recall what YOllread as you did ,reading it in il'he first place,
infnrmarion
In this, chapter we 'look at the· memory pr~$S. how it w'Od:$; and how to get ahe best from,' your memory while yo'u read,
Memorym~hs
There is a da.t.lge:r rha,t modern livi:n;g ts ov~doading the human:
memory system. With maSS ,communication growing" more being p,ri~ted rha,n ever bcfm::e and the emphasis, of SUCCflSlS moving from physi.cal strength ro menta] ])o,wer, we have to devel:op $kUIs tba:t help US k~ up - 'let: alone get ahead, The main factor co,nrriDllr.in:g to overload is 'oot ne'C'C'SSari.ly the amount of information we sre fa~wi[h. but raehee 'Om attimde wwafds; it.
NOImaily we oruy become a'Ware of our memory when we :FO'rgctsomething. This iisa. big issue in. readiR$' because most peopJe find that remem.beriog'what dt~ want from what 'they read is e.h<:liUenging. This is ma~n]yboca,usethey' .. roeU()T Ils,lag an appropriate reeeneion and reesll strategy.
There are some basic prindpL~,s abOlltmerno:ry th<lit sflOl.dd be ool1si.dered first: • M.cmo.ry ~5 not 8i stan.d.a~Il'ne systie,m•. It relies' on perceptioa,
alt:ent~on and reasoning. • Memory 1$00t a system
Q,D assoc~a non. The mere organized your memory iSl die easier it' will be to r:ecaU inior.mari.on. ... New lilionnadon_ is no,t stored sepal'"uc::ly rJ:om Qid .informadon. Old knowledg,e helps; Plake sense of fleW in~ormiloon <3:lld 'vice ve:rs:a,which is one reason. wby ~fis easiee to read materialy.ou kn.ow' something about,
to other pieces 01
.. ~,e'mory Is :not mdl" designed to store' ~nforma'l'iorl;, ~t :LS designed for me. WI!!'5~:di: abour.m,emo.ry' as if ~[' 'Were an objec[. We describe ourselves as haviog 3 goed, bad or average memory!. like having good or bad ]un.~, Your memory is not a lhj~g - at lcast. his; a:.rraillly nor <'I. single thiag, Ir Is .<'1 series of processes rh.at are tl1Ilingpill!::c inyoul' brain, all the dme. • 'YOUlt memcrrcan betraiaed, It has beensaid that there are no good or bad n'1~m.ori~s~ill!lt trai:ntld crunrralned, Wldl very few ,ex.cep'tioM. and harrins ollanic damagc. cve,rycille Is born with a memo,y (hatean :bt dev-eloped.
0;
The more J'ouuse your memory. the st.ronger it will become, ~ny (,:If IM- :plrQMem ~ople hilv'e with their memories as they age are dtlJe[o lack of: meatal exerd.sfi Jack .Qipl'i:ys:i(:al. e:X¢t(;iSt\ poor mll.trl:ltion.exctssive stress and pom c:op.ing !nrntegfes.
j
The basic ,guiddme for [mp.mving 'YOllt !It'IcmolY<ind abilitY il!O coacenerate is that what is good £'o.rthe ~ody is aJlso good for the mind. $tTessis a major' fa~fOt in memory loss, (You may want [\0 review [he information about stress ill. Ch:1l.pte:r 4~ Concemearlen.]
Did ~UI
!(nnw? Memory seems ~c be trans~erab~. An intellesting'9xpenment
bean camed outon rats. Sciemtl:Ms made the ratsmght8f1w of the d!8I'k by :swiJ;chfng off the ligli!1s andgMng them a mild e!actrfc 5hack at tiIi1elHmlltUme" AHw s, whme. every trmllJ the lights went out thtirats "'an for cOvet. A smelll amount or protein thought to carry memory was ~hen extl'acted tn::rn the 'frlghtenecl' rats' brajn5 and injected in.to rats witli1 a, normal response to 1ha dark l(Jley didn't romd it ~. all). The normal rM:$ then \l'6f'Y quickbr becemetrl:ghtened of the dark" witham eYer having bee.rIi exposed to theelectrk: shook.al the same tin:1e.
has,
,Short-term, intennediate·and
memory
long-term
Almose all of us at some point feel thst auit memory i.s .most e.ffective ~n the snort term. SOilIlfti:mes. we go 't!l:trOrulgh phases or rimes of the day wl!efl we seem I:Q be urnablc Htt'elaLn orl'OCQU anytmng. .
Short ..term memory TMs pan of t.he memory syssem holds information farooly ,;'i ~ew seconds, U y,o,u did Dot haw this facil:iqr. e.very piec:e of inf.o:rm:ation yOllgained by sight. he.a:ri.ng, smell,; touC'hor tasre would be remembered and accessible, This. woul.d make galh¢ri.ng new in.f,o:rttUItion very diffiC!lilk because of ~l1t'erktence. 11you want ,w' remember wha.E Is if) your short-term memory
),ou ha:vc ropay remember it foil'
<II
71
3 3
ell
ever d!oneQr noticed semething, been interested ill it and decided th~f ),ou were going m remember ~t bttause it was
luatte.t
of hours, Have
}'OU
!.-II
sa,
s:tQred in. tbis, proCI;$$. As soon as it is no ]OIiF required, it is discarded. This is wh.~u ha.p.pens when 'yOU forger people's names, 'You meet ilienl(l,1lCCl:. theya:re remembered while yau see them, but afrer the event you might' not (blok about. diem. tor' a while arrd when you meet. them again you canacrremember rn.dr name, You mighl;rccaJI. where YQ1;Ji met them and wha:r they were wearIng. beci;lust: your visual m.emory is stmn~r than YOU[' ,md.it:orY .memory (mo[e on [hiis Ia:le.'" but' you may 'WeI.! have
i:nt:eresli:l:'Ig. only to find a few hours later that yon could nor quire remember what it was: This is:lhc intermedia.1;e memo,ry at work. In:foTm.arlon rhar is necessary f'Or' the time being js
L,ong-term memory
This is rhe aim for most' reading. YOUI: shorr-rerm memory will fCtain informacion long enough: .for )"on iI1) .make sense of what 'you, are n';;lding.'ntcnncdi~lte memory win !I"~tain infQrnlaJt.ion lQ~ enQug'h for' yoP. to make sense of the c:haprnj'~ but: your i'OJlg-u:,.:.m luemo.ry win .belp you remember and make 'Sen~~ of ,tho¢:whole book.. L~g-wm m.emoryt~uires revision and applialti.on .
Leng-renn m~mory works
memory. As you. n:ad you are :relying on. 'ald" lalowl.edge stored in YOW' .Iong-temt memory to enable you [0 make links and associatioos witb new ,1nform:ati.on. AU three systems are Wtal[y jnter]iDk~ and gaps or weaknesses in. ;any ene of them .w:i~l
~, Acqllli5~tiDD - Absorbirig infonnation .. -", .Ret:corioo. -KeepinginfurmariQJ} in yo'ur bead. • B:ecncval- Gettmg ~nformation outagam.
The- .m~m_o.ry may booornc ttllavailable at .<tll}' pomt. The uQub1e is. you 01:.:11 .know if is una vai13blt: when you t.ry toreteieve somtthmg - perhaps wbell you are stand!ing ~n.fro.llt of'a peJ:son whose n~uru.~ Y'O'l1 hav~ (Q'il'lQrren,.ry.ing w· introduce them to t someone else wbos:enamc youba:ve also forgotten,
to
POl,)'
-5m11,ewheM~@., The same ph~JH)fi'h~,lionOt:Xur$ when you read. If you have inter.osl. talk going on. imide yom head! $lcing yomseLf whether you are like[y 'te :rernemi'6oe:r what you are
ride of a book. m11y to ~aHze two seconds later IDa!!: :Y0ij have fotgo'tt-en. it? The cham::e:s:are tha.r _yuur attention was
1 The sooondr_u]e oJ acquiSition lS; Plan. .Befon .you he~. tl-'l!l1i!koiw.bc~ ycn.nue likdy to' use the :inio:nn3tLon yuu ate reading .. Then:)decid~ wh.ich m!nnorytooJ (dbc~edlaft't in ~be cba~.[) .win he·]p best when. the time: co-me:$"to usc: the:rnfo:rma:hcn In the fufl-llie. 3 The third. rule of acqll~S!iri(}n ~s~BemterestOO.. Even. if d1il: mareil'ial'1 seems dull, find something in it tb:at:intere!iu YOIl, If you are bo(\~d,[!h.en. p~ru of yoW:' b:r~inwin g.o to sleep and lOde pa.ylD[g atltenti.o.n e:Yell mm:e difficult. 4 The .flt!ai mleof aQ)wsitionis: Be ,attive. Read a·cti¥el.y~ Think about Wh;3~YOIlMi:l.d. Wh~n you. laUow. tile £i.ve-srep system and you pn:panto[ead. speDd so,me time- thi.nking abQilt what Y(lu aJr-eady knQW en the subic:ct. As we saw at rhebeginning. Qj this clIapre-r, your ~e-morydoes not work tn iscrnatiio;n,.The [l')llIe CQnnecrions you .male.1! between new and (1M :i!niQfmaliQ~ :culer it will be' to understand what you arere:adi:Qg_., Undeil'stand:ing.is the ,key eo ·U::Il'le~~ring ..
me
!Mem,ory nrte.nition
ICe,epiing imotJI1;atiO.n in yoW' head Jsone tJUn:g; keeping .it mere in sud], iI w.ay war. ·YOIl. can Rtri!):ve :i,t Lakl' is a d:i£fe~1: matteL Yourmemo.ry thrives; on assoQariOl) and ord~[; The better or,ganize:d your memory ts, ~h~ easier kw:iiI be :1:0 retrieve informafion wben.you, need it. You do not: have to keep ,everything,.in yClllI head. You can be [ust as orgaDlzed. on paper, 50 r:hat you win know where to find .infurmation when YOIl.n.ced it.·The siQ'lplc: memory tools outlined ill the· t!~ section wiD help yoo organize y01U" i/'Ca:din,g so that remeval is easy;
when we an,empted to memorize te.Xl :Co:r xams or rests. Thil$.iis e 'iindfccri.ve· because' <1S soon. SiS the memo",' is int·enere:d wi!th in any way the information dis;lppoea:rs. ,Fg,r iRSt:3.nce.wher.i someone gins YOIl a ~eI,ephonen.um:ber aJid t~ asks youwh~m since the faa that you have lOStdl'e keys, wiU take: your mind in several .different" directions. M~:QtO!Yinterference and fotge1:tmg
hoi! discussed later in dU.!l chapWI'. you put the key~, you will probab1y forget the telephone number
can aehieve ehis, The least effeqivC! IS. rote rehearsal. Unf~)[tufia.tely~most of' ll!$ ttSed, this method rh.wugb school
Rebear-sal I1.M revislen ate needed before :inro.rmatioD can be eifecriv¢lYl'ctained in rhe memory, There are several w,a.ys you
.s:
win
The mere Dm.t you have to think about,punderstand and work at what you arettyi:ng [.0 remember; mtl better :the dtance you will
Memory retrie~1
One .rtUl)nwhy '\VC: have dJ:ffi.cu.lty retrieving infmmatio!l is [hiU :be rerrieval method u$~d i~ inappropriate. Memories ~e:s~C)re:d 10 several pam of our bmw. When we tty to r¢me.mber what our .front door looks liik~, sc:veral,a:re.as of our bmiD will be activated, "We might:
• ~ an mtllmal pi¢t1:iR: of th.e door (visual). • Hear' the scmnd of it ,d~os:ing ,(auruJt.ory). • RecalJ the last ,time W~ wa.1ked. through .it ~kj[laes.tberic and
pro'priooeptive}.
• Reme:nibet the .feefin,g 0.1 the ]351: rimewt locked oW'seif our. (emGti..onal). • SmcD 'the' fresh coat of p.nnt· wh~n, we painted it Ian
(olfactory) ..
When we trY to !retrieve :hlform.nic!11 we oft:en use emly one rOll. carl re'1';teafe the w.hQIC' e'l(perieill~ as }!'Ou reme:m.bcmd.it. ~r wiU be e;l5~cr f'Or YOI1 10 n:call, more
access poinr..lf illl_fQr,manon.
There are difkrellt types of memQry n~l:rie\pa:!" depend:ing on how tbe iMcrmartion is p.rcSlcnted to, you. The casi,cst ]n.f(lrll'nlliO'D to. ~(lmemb~ris ~nfo:rJUa!l:iQIly(lucanr.::~~. The muhipJe~hojce ~ecr.ionin. all exam .may be easier rhan~q!lesd:oil1~ where' you have :to provI,de the ,answe:r,.!Recognizing someone"s ra.cc l!i o.ne:n ,easier dl:E!nrettlil,llT:l~fing their flame. You m~Ght notke I!:h:u :s:onlf'times:wheIlVou are lookmg forinfmmaf~o:n, yQU know you havefiead before, fOil might know whereie is~
yDIU
i.tseJf.
recogni:re
ue:an
the ~ll:form;3dol:l.
ehe page
y(l!il,
Rccal!l!is: wb£nyCitl :life-given no ']116 :at .1111.If relates, for example, to. a pcrron'~ name rather ~hanllle.ir face. Mosr
read
ner.e are ma~.ywaY,$i wr>l;':menJiJet what you read. Some art': listed !below:. The aim i$ f(J be C:Qmfo~tablewIth. aU of them and be able to use the :rigbt one fDr the. :ma~~riiliyou are rcading,
EveryOJ1(l is diffcrnnt;
SQI1X~ti:m~ii[
Linear
Ma.b notes as you Mad OJ' arre,r each S!N:[10n. These should i:ndllde rOOf' ewn thiOllp.ts. :ideas and erose-references, The more you inelu de YCill![ Q\Vn ideas, the stronger your loug-teem memory will be.
nates SepanIrdy. eIii5u:re~hekey wordsare cerreee -you do not want it li:stoJ wo:n:h that make no ,$CrlSe to you when Y(ll!lteview dtein€onnation in f!l[U[¢.
me
, warnlngl
Be ,carefulI when youl lilghllght. TI'ie«l is a ,dangerlhal as you go U1rougilthe text YOUI will highllglh,t (Nerythfng. whichl means H'iat aU you will hava is, the same text underlined. ,coloured. dfrdled and theretOire mere difficult to read. Try to $'Iiok to highlighting only a few WOfds p!9f ·S$fi!~OOQll and perhaps only one seliteflee par
75 ~
o
I~
paragraph.
Margin reading
.Many
people are brought Up' 00 believe rbar books are to be kept itt per:fect~ondiriiQn.. Unl~ll book is being presented as a priceless antique, it is .i'i form of communica,tion from We a."l.nhUf to the reader. You. nan W fake. ownership of a book by writing in it or ma:ikIDg it. As '\11CIIJ as undulining., circling :and bighlighting CSSMtial aeeas, )lOll can note your opinions, whelh.er:"you. ~ . or disegree with what is written and mark what 'YOU do or don"t understand. Then you. can dosomethi[lg: about that "not ~randing·. This should on[y be done if the boek belongs to YOIl, of eeuese,
This technique
order to recall the informat~on lak.~ all you ha v,ero do. is ask the questions again and the answers w.illibe 'triggered.
Contexl-ma!pp):ng is based on quesdons and answers .. As you go thrQugh the rext, look for the answers to the when, wbtt wheIie. who~ why and how questions. W:r.ille the allSWeil:$ on an index card. or on tbe text itself. You wiU oft·en.discover that you have all the il)f(lmu.tib:D y,l).u need wben you. :reach the end of it.Wn
Mmnd..:mapping
TMs Jill another W<!!y
page •.
00
make .notes:
• Wri:tc' the key Idea in the c.t:iu:te o,f a horizontal (landscape) • The' main ideas form thick branches, from.m~ centre. 01 Secondaty ;d\e:a$ flow hom the main. Ideas. Tertiary Ideas ,flow from the. seco.ndaQ ~deas'f • Continue until you ilieacb finest relevant derail
!II
need at least), and. use:9Ymbo~ words as far as P<luibl~. • Use one word 01' idea per lme.
!!
Use as milny
me
n'lfe
C()~0<1l1'5
as possible
76
I
~.
I:ndexing
This technique lSigood for researchr Drswa Hn.e down. the middle 0.£ alliumber of AS cards . .~ Write 'QCR'lic:pt' on the 1eh and 'definition' on the rigln. .. .A.s YOIl read amd you comaacress the: key CQna[JpIS~ wr:ire ill f~w :key WQ.rds; t.bat surnmad~ the eencepts Oir idess and in diQ other column note down any tefmi.no]qgy (with de£lnid.ons) [hafis TIl'll»Hl yUll. • File the cards under subject neadin,gs.W'hcu }''Ouread i'lllotne.r book on dIe same ~liJibjCCf, use the same cards and add! ~o and expand Q\Hi r.he ill:formsf;ioD. you h3:",.e;llrt;ldygarmu~roo.
.:i!
U'I
·.AvQid u1!~nga .memary .stnnegy you are already filmi]iiu with; you ll~rca:dy .!mow how W(lU ihu works or othetw.i8~. .. Apply mlerec~ulique to eaehseeelcn of text. ~. Giv¢ y(!ltJ:r.$~Wfa m<l!~mym ,~.f1 minute ![:g·read ~~c'h pitte;o:f
·~eXJt.
e,
more dct<!~1:s eaareeall, the better. Once yuu are saeisfied, you. move on to the next one .. The most i:mportant pan: of any .memory technique is to make sure mar youa:r.ra:llge the kmow1cdge· yonan!: g::1.rheringintO 010 order that suits you; Theaut:!mr wru~1srnllCl'Ilair,e i.nronnation in 3i way fb,u; ma~-es!lensc to tbem; you ha yea diffe.r·ern ~eve] of knowJedge and <l:dil[ercm: ba..ckgrollndl.. Mak(l: sure mar: me n~w information is incorporated .into wha~ you already kn.ow and is; <li'_ - iR such a way rharlarer (>:n~wh;e!lyuu want to use if,
W~en. you hav~:. c!Omp]~~ed~, readi~g ..and. followill~. the g~lIde,hil'l(t$ fnr C2ch. oochnlqu~\~ t01ke SOniC' nme ro wnre .as mUlChas you can remembee :about each piece of text. 11Ie
They g.-ive yQ~ an ~m~ight into. the body .rhythms a~.d eyel¢$; tffil;a,t have an im:mell5e ,effect ,OIl. your' aMity to concenerate :at different times of ·the day; ERjoy the exercise. Remember to Rad 3;S fast as you call. f.or good oompr.ehensi(m, and 00 use a pacer ..
QfnrXf
..
Extract ~rom .Th~ Energy Advantage ,!3Y JDr C;hris Fenn (pnn,ted 'with the auihon permISSion)
'Text 1
Syncl1forlj:ae your bio.togrool rhyithms It's atamilfaJ" pan~e«l<.There.am times during the day When YOOiQI'Q firing on a'l cyUndei's - feeling particularly aJlvEi and {DOUsed, ~oo,pIJl'}lg $1l With YQur 'work and sh~nlng at b1iJsiness meetings. or W oomehow coping withtlie &!m-aiids of $OlaI1 chirdmn that WOiUld otherwise leave you fr:anJM. Yet. ft1ere lUll olher times in, the !l"Mle day - ·whe{l. you find yourself making :simple Inexplicable errors;. and unable to ccncen~me Of ihJnk Glearly: The perl:O<d of faUgl.lo and yawnrr:l.QI that can dEl!S(l:end around mid~aft~, Js ,21 commoo 1)(:Cutii'9nc9. but a. couple ot' ho1:Jr's later we seem tohalra ,pepped up aQE!ln and round! a 9Qooncl. wind. Mosl 'pec;pTe biitli&1J8 '!hat this spaced-out 1.-I[ogl re:stJ1ts 1rcm the h!lrg:e mEial 'they hru:l fur lunch, !his is, true. to sam!,! exteM - a fullstQ~ac:h d''OOscause 9i di'ilerslon of blood. supply .he fnt·as'Une, whTch ,cuts back on lltie fIIew tattle brtW'R. But tnave you ever notwed that you don't get qui:le the same eff~ :after <Ii I'mge br:eaidast,?' "Jh.e mid-afternoon leth9lgy also occurs if' you omy have asmaa snack fOr lunch. So What's going 'On?' What 'we eal is only partly to 'blame for the cl"lange [n eer mood and ,energy 1911181'5 thl'01lJghoUl; Ule day; cur mind -and body ootMtie6, i!If'e also lrulad b,y Mtural cyd:es and thythm$.
Q U'I
.Q
Since the b9g1nnll'!g of Ume, o:MllSatlCns ,have s.ettheir rotItines and pace of life b.y the external cycles of the SUn im.d Moon. Only ~ lI:1ave'we' realised that we have our own internal crooks whi~ aTso playa. vital role in our ev,eJydayUves. Our'bodias foruQW 8 Pl'&-Pf'OQrarnmed s~nce so tl1at the essentlid fi.motiOM of sl"p,.wakafulness., growlh\ "",parr and rMillb(l11sm occur during U::iElmost apflroprlate times oJ day ,or i:':Ilghl You may' be,'amllf~lI" 'with the term cin:::adianrhylhm whlchrewrs, to the biolo,glcaJ cycle that ooQ.jf.$ over 34 hoU1&. OriginallY it was, ttlougittltlat our circadian rhythm w,as :slm,ply ,a dallY ~t.nalIoo bEltwMn be[(qg ~ and asleep, but ~ now shows that tt1ai'98f9 other rhytlnrns wiNch haiol'€li a powerful ried on how we 'reel and how emc.ent!y w'e 'perform throughoot the day. So, Ito maximise yoor ~IlY perfcrmance" you shou1a tune In to your in,;ernalolock.l
The
ex:aC'l: sUe
~umaM
Ihasyet
to be
but In mtSi and. other mammals it is. located inl two smaJi: gro1.llpscd cells" one oml either s1de aithe brain, cWledthe ~J,Ip~llhasmJl1jc !1Iu~el (SeN), The s~h19 OIf t\h.EI. Q!o~ in 1h!:sarea is s!lgnlflcam,t because the ·cell$ are part ot a.large. aJi'OOI known as thehypothalJamus, a region o~ the bm'ln that alSo ,controls lbody lemperallum,.tood and water, int~ke. hormone secretJ.or;iemd detanrllnad,
.se(JWaI.drtYe. When the SeN were 1mrJ1101Jled, H: wast"O'Uflidthattha l"aits' cycle<s (l·f fQ&C;Iing, drirnk~n.g and s.oaxual activity wer!!!'
destroyed.,
Ted 2
[;s ne d'cubt that It !sa ~I$tl.'¢ated d~cei ''tickfiig' away and (;(lntr'Ollli1g what we feel ~ and Wilh.erl we faGl. lit ih€l $~ ·c:yole is ·OM ·of the body's most iPOWooJJli mylhms 1:tIat makes JJS ~·9i9~,ruertdur,[ng the da!!l .and $.!$~ 1Mn!gllt Howe\ll8f:. a Biitishstudy carried oUt at Moo.emster lJIoivenJty· :SiJggestsrJM!8t our cycle. dooo not QXac~Jy cO[lnc[da with the planet's 24-hou.r day. Kept Ina. ruQm with
Tune h'i!tOy¢lur bioJogical clodk(continued) Wherwer the ci'eek is IbealEWJrn cur bodies, there
·asa
Thrts happens .to mElny of IJsat waekendSi.W.tooutalatm clocks, deadHnes and appOintments, sta.ylng up late ot1l Frfdayor spending hall 01 .~nday In bed,ow rhyIjh!1lS f'ree-rl.!!'l into 1t!.e n9Jtural 2§.tlQur cyCle. POOple- who are' p.Qrt!clJfsl'ly OOI'lsitiWl find themseM!s f:eefilng sluggish wllh the 'Motu:lay morning blue'S' as 1hey ~ tqwoi'k ~ightly' 'i~Hag9edi'" p~rEl $~r'fI:'ag~m
blindness caused by
retJnaI
dlseasi:l ofian
~ose synchrony
With
Is
because durl~' ea.c'IlI compr.eta oycl&, body tempemh:lre, urine produdfon, IS\leds of glucose,cholesterol and other· substances aU Me and fa:Il: OlifJillood. mInd amd 00dy :ar&~stam~~lng ~l'uQliJgh(llm the ·da_y ~nd night.
Putting it aU together - a'l:ypic:al day WQyld beg~ ~g7 a.m, Hsvln·g $unkto Its Iowe:stPQ~.nlsom9 time between 4 a.m. and B a.m" our body t'emperature begins tortse, rapidl:y.Th~ affac1s our I
metabolism, which also sums to speed~p because emyroos (controllingl \lario!Jscheml<;:al IProcesses in the body) wotik footer when the temper.arure is higher, 'Th!3$E! in tum kick-start tll1e
release of 1he
mental. ~rformanC:EI $():me time !between 1 a.m. and 12 noon, This is the bast time fer tackling probl'Elms, - the OOSS()r an [mportllllt piece o~,work After midday is not B good time for making decisIollS. Our body tern perature starts to coo.1 off again. hweis at adrar.alinta ,and other I\mmc:mes 'decrease, and mental !ilb~itY' gl!lflen;lll.y g,ats put on the, back-burner, This !!:l:Vllhen m05~ people foeel l'etnarg!lc and ootr:(ifl 9J d9finf:te drop in e1'flcler.cy. P,oopfa, Who warik ill Medi'terr8Jletm (;ountries liav,e the lligl1t idea, when they break,,off and halr'e a,slesta., It happerlsto CQiru;ide wilth t~ holt,$${ part of the day- but It makes sense to s.yncmmntse wi~ your bodf~eyelesramher thaI'! ftghti:ng agaTnst them. After 3 p.m. oW' mmtal abil~ b$9i'i19, to pIck up agaIn and we 'can wOr:k W$II. From 4 p.rn, to 7 p.m. we are at our physical pMk, thm'iks to a rise in levels of the hormones oo!'adrenaUn and oo!renaJfne {tll1e new names fer theGEI ~ ii"lor.eplne,phrine andeplnephrille}. Th6$EI affoot opUmaB neMlrunrn.ioningand ITIIJscte 00-0 Klinatio n which h&lp:!il, manuall workers to lperform W&'I , oot. thls, is tll1.e tIme, to I ctlaJlmge f·or a game of squash or ~ngage in st1fl1eform 011 ex8f'Oise. From '7' p.m •.onwa:rdis. the body cocls down ,along wftth the metebollC rate and Imls ,of varioos hormones unlffl we we back tcour !0W$S.1 ebb at ,3 am, With. Ut11i knewludge It is 'poS3~bla to oo·hadu!e imporl:al"llt. bus'lness J'li.H.thig:5 (lr conference calt:s to take adVantage of these .peaks. As, well as cIrcadian rhythms, there are01iher cyeloo wl;Uoo lInay ha,VI!lI a ~Of19 immediate eflect
on eur mood and overall heatlb.
roi.J'$jng hormone'
cortlSol,and
0' en
Text' 3
Forget the fake fats In between Indulgingi In theso...ca!lled fllrbldceII'I! foods, manY' ch.Js go on the diet trindmill, which. until recent~. meant E!i,Ming asa PEI~EI oordboardrllke' faHroo foods. A few yearo; ago., IRks lowcalorie manna. from heaven; came; th€lfaka hit revoIutlon. These ,t:ake fats are substariOO$ {$i)me aresyn1hesU;ed from sJ.igQi$ or Prot,ajos) that ca.n provide too creamy mouth-feel of fats but without 4th. Cafories, Suddenly tho€! su.permarket she'lves [held no fears and tMI'8 were no 1TI()f'e')o:rb[:dd!!ln ~oods. 'ChOcolate. cream cakes, bisooits,gat.eElux, ice cream. custards and puddings Inow came without the. fat. ThetheolY Is that ihesefOods would replace
:aLlet'MUwaS and we coula IndurQe In all sca!es In cheek. The· l~aJlly Is·ft'lat it hasn't: worked ol!l:t: Illke this. 1iIntl food IMustl)l has been exparnllng 00 the profits fn:lm the liow-fat rev,oiution but lJf1!fortun~1y $Q have we. .AccQrdmg to UK gOll«nmlm~ :statistilcs, 16 percent cfwomen and 1·3pei' cent of men am now obese - double the ~ncldElnci9 fiv.e years ago - whirs! almoS'! haM ttie po,pl.t1:Mlon is overwelgtlt.
~js guilt 'ree goodness and keep the bathroom
In 'tM' [I'ast 1We. years;, the average UK dress si.ze f'Or women has i'o~aood fro~ 14 t'o 16. llte, food Industry has; done an elOO&llent J;ob lin braTn~washln:g liS to aeespt jus.t one' me~g€l; fat'is bad. As a result we have ditched QV'8fY arlher hea:lth or il'1l!1triUcmaJ co!lsideraUon in pursuit. of the IbeUeUl'lat i!.I'lythrng 'tow fat' maJ(es U$ thin and. that fake tats, are somehow ·healthy' foodS" ThetO(ld Iindustry feeds this bel~f by spending a fortune ,onttie' l'esemoh and ~el'opment ,0" an ever increasing number ofsyflthetic fats and "at5Ut1s1iltutas 'with which to PrOOu(;9 new foods Md add 'to the ever expand!lng range. of fat-ff&EI d€Jlrghl:;i.
lhela'l.est Mdpolentlaily most dwmlagl.llQI of the fake fsI:es rs called Olestra, It is, I1lad~ 'from. vegetab~ oil .a.nd ~; but~h.e mtllet!:ul'es are too lru'g:e an<J1tf9htJy' packed tD be absorbed by 'the body. so it ,passes straight thl'OOglil. Whijst other fa'kfli fats Can"! be heated beyond a certain perot befOll'Ei' breal<Ing d'own, Olastfa can be ,used In fryi:lg. ma1':!lng f(l(J(ls as greasy as you like butwilh 1he reassurfng 'I!mowladg!f) that mt w61 pass sUaight through yo .... body. Olasim.ll1as I"eCEIOtly ·beeo. app!"lJiied 10.' YS!EI. Q!l~ in SflaQl< f,oods rn .America (although it may ·soon !be pennitt·e(j for <II range of ol!ti1etfried foods and a cookIng 011 for home USle). This approval ocooil'ed despit.e a blaze, of contn:l\ftIrSY ,WId op(Xlsition tram he8ltih professionals, but ,IS.yet to IOO-sarlot!Qnad b~' 'It:ie UK Minjs1ry of AgriOi.iIbJ~ R'st!:ef1oo and faod. wn,y all the furore, ·YOOI :ma_yask.
Olestra's uniqU9 sell1ng peNnt Is ~ha!t:.It passas &tralght tlhi"ough your body, but Wlnen eaten in large quamltl8s. I.t: esuses what is channmgly desmbed as 'ana] leakage'. IndiViduals, woo Oa,ve beentryilllg Olestm have complained Ihat It teaks, leading to' stained! underwear ,arndian oily toffal. Ne¥ertOOl$$$" tI!~ US food and IDIllQ Adminl$tnition has allowed its IJ&I!!J provided that Ol:esl:.ra·oorl.!&lnlng foods carry the governmmt health warning 'OIas1ra may cause abdominal cmrnpir1lgland[ Ioo$e' stools'. What rs more. it takes with it Ule valuable fat~S(:lh.mle vtl:amins A, D. E; ,and K a$ WGII as thoa camt.en.cld5, Io"JIiIiIlch, Iptay sueO a v!1aJl Im1e in protecting the bodyag;a~$t free radloaJ d.aJrnnage.
~4
Forget fake fats (~ontlr:ruedJ &, tleI'Q we l:1avea ;:;y(l~h&tic Sl.Jj:lstanoowl1l()'I1. beca,U$'l' it is not abS(lrb$d itsaH" inhibits the, ~tlon of other nutrients wht:eh am lIU5hed ow of the, 00dy and down the toilet !lilhat a CI'alY S'liluatioJil~ QIas!ra and otheitake fatsshcM.Jlld ~Clt !oe 'Seen as the
Ib:raI~li, The messages, to our OlPpet!t:E! C$iI\t!'(!o g$t garbl!ad and! confused wMn ill food WijI ~ia.te witlii,fat doesn't corl!a[nany: W&IQsetcn,l(:h wJth mBlhunget' becal!JSe1iha5fignals" released after mirade CUIle forthe growil'l;g oOOsity prdbl!emL ,Synthetic fpoos,arsi (la$pl,y uMulinlUl'IilIg because they sendtheo W~15pi:a 'to the
.a
'I
tood choices. We iJoo upeidlng 'mi:lntally', relying on low-fat label$; to guide IJ$ thmugtitoo 1000 maze.SWdles have shOWll
~haUhe '1Ite"andfat.;fiee l00dsam $I.) d~~ng tt:Jat W~ @:I'l.d up eatt.ng $(Ii"J'HiIlhing to oompensate, (ID'he same is true otfood's ~faC1.med usrng arI1fi1ci1al swseteIUI's. Sema people becO:n1e add~lad to theml in an effOrt ~o sat!lsfyl!helr I1!Md for sweetness. The solution ~i8S rot 'ill another can of diet drill'l~, or :sugar~~ yoghtut,but to ,machrot' mal' foods w!I1icll are ,nawraliy $'w£tet.) Many of 1fie fiood's eontaining 'fakafats are, h~1y prooassed. fQCjl:Jilirlgt a oocldall of ,emulsifiers, s,tabllis:ers:,. Umi~nand
~avO'iJ1iI.ngsto il9p1icarlel;l}e mooth·1ool i!Ild UISte· of the lost
and dlreet
us
tow,ams
making
tlie
best
U1
whiCh fs af!,Q'Iher reason filOt. 'to eat them. itrs time to cpt~fo'r a quamy dl~ amd net dlsph:v;:e real foods. with jXlcrmitdlm of .~~ goouine arilcfe,. . The be$t way to C()fiItro~ fat intake is to, Imak& tile nawrally IrOII!\H:at (but mJl!ri~t·rich~ foods woo! as, m.:~s and v~bles:. cereal's, bread$. p.uta and rice the comers,tcoo ofyoyr "ling habit" 1'h!m a>(id In and enj.oy smaller,amounts of foodswhk:h ~ h~hl inral but p;rovide as many of those OI'!'il.9ga.,.;3 fatty acids as possible,. Finally. if yoU enJoy f,L'){Ids wIth saturated, ~ats,.there is :00 need to e:limil'l!l1iettIam from your diet - Gr worse, 'eEll glll~ty w,h~myou do eat them. SlfI1i.Ply cho-o$.e the best. Wh.y ootHefor" ,11 chemlcaliy sw-eetened lW'uood tat dIilC!CO'Iate; bar whTch taetes ~art!flclal whan ~ (lat1 mUsh f91. top qUality Bel:91&il·ar SWiss cttooolate7 OJ1ewingl onl'1iJbberis&<i. half.:fatchMS9 is an insu1t to yow taste budsoornpan;!d with enJo¥lng a r:eafJyexeelh:rnt bLltsmali pjecEI of yOW' favc:n:.ll'ita ·~and:~heftMSl: - ChEldljar. StiRon, Brie' (l'r Parmesa:n. We mourd bEt:ta!kfng ;en over our focd, Ilks H1e Italians and Fmnch, cooking ,iI; wlith 10'll'a. ap~liating lin; qy,aJi:iy
and 'aatilng ~tfer Ills flavour!
1st -
Now answer r:h.erol1owi:ngqu~stions: • How did you do? technlq1!leS? ., Did you find that you were stipP'lnS back ro old habits? .. Did any of the' teehniques slaw' your reading dC.WOf
When s¢Jecr.ing the best :mcthods for remembering what you read. it is impoiil\~nt to ttm.mnhcr dtat everything ygu read i;$ diffe.rent aQd 'I!acb rype of reading material needs .:.1.diff.ercl'I:t nt¢moty' a.pprDacn - depending on what· yourprupose is. how
c.n
Iacilitate fjoodr~caUand ffiI.igh reading spceds.Pr;u;:eise :and e'xp~·dmenr w~th different types o.f text. Remember that th,e more involved you au; WirhY'OI1I reading the bener your recall, understanding andeeraprehension wiU be. The way to do this is, to readwith more than just your eyes.
.sensory reading uses, as many of yOUII' senses 3.5, 'Possible to belp you make sense .1)£ and absorb i,morma,t1lon. Here are some ideas 'On h,ow w, i.nvollve yoOm ot:her senses as you
~~
.
'" S~gbt-[mlligine what you are reading til your m:lrud, create a
~. Hearing~· Speak to people about the' subject, 3skquesriOll;5 as you read ..teach ,some.(l!!l!C' else".make up rbymes and srories, .. Touch. - Draw p.ictures and .symbols :rep.rcsen'tin_s; the: informat:ioD. U the illfQtrrtlaDOO issometMng you can dO:,do it instead of j'ust tCadiog about It ..
The: more senses you involvciill. Eeamilllg newm£armaril)n~lhe easier ir win be to recall ~r because the information wnt be ae,c'ess,lble mote than one function of YOut brain. v~a
The five-step :sY,Stem.and memery-supporr t<echn:iq.ui,lS work if you. si.m:p~yusc them., Ute more you practise and the more you become 3.warc' of memory" the better you wi]] became at spe-ed readli:ng ..
Vi'sua.1and auditory memory Most people remember films far more accurately than books.
m.emory. To acti.,,~~(! your visual m.emory fOr what you read, U$I'l you:r imaginadon to pictur·e what you altre-ading in as much, detail as p055~ble. This can b~ pan"ic:u:Iarl'y' ,chan~ging with non-
can p£Grure what you read" the easierit will be to. rec.;-a;Ulatea:·Clr.I. .Aliso, you winrea]ize' as you deve[op YOllr VlsI,13dmemor)i" that 'tbe 'picture iJecu:me-s clearer as your andersraading of the $UbjliC[ grows.
fiction Dla~e:fial~de~i1d:ing
011
Y()U
Forg~Hing
Uli$ul'ptisingly, Your a,bUity
to
forgening [5 the most fru$tr,ahog pan oJ reading, eencemrare ~nd the memorj' eeehniqae you.
(we know we have rc~d soIti.Mhiil3,; or seen it; we esn remember where we were when. we encountered i1 ia the first place" bu[ is!til~th~y are noraccessible (we [usr canner quite remember i,r :fully·). This phenomenon is $OilH~rime$ called 'on the tip of the tongue'. The lcng-rerm memory is .organiz,ed in caregcries, much like a mind-map; one thing :reminds you. Qf dte lU-X[ and. so on. If the :Iinks between the a."sQciar:ion!l are broken" information may becomei~l;a~(:ce,~ibli(l or you may :forg,et: it entirely;
diffi~hiesin
T,!);tri~ving inJormBtlOn
glV<:IlS
avery
gcod
me
• Work 3rOWid- Increase yourcoooeotradon. Chapter 4 p:ro'Vided rOll with 3. number of exercises and ideas on how Y(l1l.!i an do II:his. Chapter .9 will give· YO'll. ideas on how to c diminish distractions,
Interfie:renoo
• P1i(lblem
thisjs invonvedi when you ca!1.filo'!: remember your new IllUUbex because your old one keep.llcom.ing jure YOUf mind instead . ., Work around ~The best way to work around. retroactive and proactive ~nterfelence is to -rest between different pieces of work..Thts gives yOUI mind lime eo consolidate new woormation, separate out oM .and ~haps i:ntegTlUe ntW lnfClrma.tioo with ruttCDr know]ed.ge (unless h is yoar ·[e~ephone Hum.ber).. Amr you h:ave taken. a break, revise the text to maka suee that: you. b!lvt no~ .i;onrused. oM and new information. Lack 01 ilnt:&'fest or .liQotivatlon
ProactivB imerfei'ent:e is whm old in:loimlati.on mrlllderes wiID new informarien. T1Unkin,g·of your telephone number again,
reading. If you· dunk of telephone numbe.,(.:s. u:ttoacnrvc inrerre.rer.II,;e; is involved when you CIHlnQt rem.cmber. YOlllLlr O:Jd mlepb0 ne DW11.ber becays(: your IiI.¢W one has taken over.
~ buc:rfe.r·ence can be rcuoacdve or Pl:'oilcri.ve. Retroactive .interferenu oom~ from new information }tOil arc:
-Problem - If you are nelfher im:etesred nor motivated, rememb~riillg what y·ou :readwill be a.lmo5timpoMiblc:. TIredness contributes; to this. Even .if you are working Oil. something fOil are in.te.rest,edin~tharintlltes[ will soon f.uie ~f yOY arc tiud.. • Wo.rk ;around - It is important to find SDHlCth:ing to motivate you, no P'ia:fli'ii' ho.w 5maU or ~mingJy untebted to the task it is. There mlilStbe K1roeiliiing in it: for you. And rake breaks. Take them as often 3iS you feel you need them, but for at lease 11)..15 minutes every hour to heur and a. half.
Insufflden1: Unks or 8i88OciatioM ., ProbJem- If the subject is particularly new '0 yO'iJ~maJtiD.g sense .0£ the ideas may be difficu[t. If Y'G'Ucanil\ot:makesense
,of ·th¢: ideas yOIlJ. wml!J find j~ .~ diffjcult to .remembt:J:. .• Work around - As you foUow me five-step system. you will. be bu:ilding a inuncwol'k of knowledge. Theb,ggel' th·e framework. becomes, dl.e easier it win be to form. links: <ind :associations new knaw~edg~.S.pend as much time as you
roc
II,
Ensufllcient: revision
~ Prob[cm - Memories are made of mem{H'), traces. They fade i:f fhe-y are not reinforced, • WQrk al'ound- A basic guideLin(:is to revise. seven times in ten days -o.r develop ;1, very good ft.1ingsystem. 'To ~emetnbc!t what you read in the :Iong term, use the hlfOirm;lt~(l'n. A:s mentioned under MemQry m,yth~ lilt: memQry process is designed forr-lum. not jliSt fot storage., '
Summary
1, ,Mos~ of what we beli.eve about how our m,f!inoties work is based on myth. 2In.fo.rm,adon ove.]oo:d Ilas become a SOUfCCO.( ~~ b~'Ulse we have not' learned new cuping. strategies, 3 The fogt rurue.sof memory acqlli:sil~on= = Pali' a~[clldon - Plan when Y'O'l;l! have to dio. Be interested ln 'What you are do:ing ~ Be active - use aU of YQy:r senses wheT! Y:O!l read. 4 Ur!der~tand:ing ]s the k;(fY :1:0 ..ooll'l.e,mbei:iing what fOg aee readi"n,g. . S E:;;:pedmem with diffen~r!t way$; Qf rem~:mber~ng what you te<i!d. Eo!!(:n text ty.pc shol1ld be a.pp:roached differently.
c.n
melerial s:
17
This
writing
i~W~U srrucrured,
ofre,",ding
Ii ..
fI
I
I'
(Ij
documeor, Before YOIl read anyt'hi:ng - espociaUy if it is Long,and think ir may take you a while Or jf it seems ro land on your desk o.ften - ask a few- qU~dOflSi:
)'(lo1,i
.. Who wants you to read it? • Wby do tht;l"y W!Uli: 11'0.11eoread It? .. What are you likd.y to bave to do with- the information as a result of reading? O~ ;'OU Ilav,e estahllshed thar there ,Ol~ geod reasons fur rca,ding documents take the foll-owing $[~PS: . .. Dcdde how m,ucb, tUlle you will de'Vl)l~ U) reading i.n.~ming mail or memos, ~ Pr~view documents with one thing in mind: can this .go in the b~D.~ Then sort them into two piles, one of which gees straight: ]nto the bill and the other requiwei\i further anenrien, .. p,usiVII! read or skim. all of the doc~n[S In rhe further attentiQnpil,e and ask caequesdon of' each: can thIs be filled or does it r-equire a.;tion? Pur the pUe fo·r fIJin; aside t~..ady Ito
me
file.
.. Acdvely read the remaining pile. Use 'Post-it acres or: wdw the actions, tbat <'I.E"¢: to he taken dir«il:ly onee the docnmear, .. Fln311y~plan the acrimu into your day or WC'Ck.Then put the relevant dQc;um~nf$into the appropriate file SO 'that y~i!J!can. rudiiive t~ easily when you need them.
Rerni801bw'thE! dear de!Jk policy - OI1~have PClptlfS on your desk for th9 jnb you am CUrTWltly wci'king on..
Newspapers
Hare tha.t t'hisS(:Crion doo~ not apply' to thecasual, relaxed read of rhe Sunday mQJ;.mns pape[ unless you. want i~ to. Read~l'Ig 3 .newspaper shou1d beapproa.ched with the same p.re.p;aration as any other reading:. The five-step system works very wen for papers, bowey.e.~ it may not 00 necessary to' use: all five 511:eps,lnorder:. You. can rHd ;;1 pa:pnve,ty qui¢k~y ib-y foJlowing three Y'~l'y simple :steps: . 1 State y,oUfptttpose - Are you .readin.g to gain ian ovemew Qf the wholcrm.pe'.r ,or are you looking fur; api1lrticiular story? :2 Pre:v:icw and p;l$sivl! read. the mti:re paper by looking: iIi[ t:ht: headlines ad .reading the fint paragra,h ·ofany story' d:Jat I.oots interesting. Cir<;le meanides Y0l:li wou1d like to return to.
• S:i~
first few
broken lnt'O parlS qu:ite usny .. A. na1.rat~vetsJkcs you from ehe <beginning ofa Slory to 'we end ilnd. ~{ pans <f£Te!TIissed OU[ $(1I;nc of meanwng g~s with it. .A .newspap<ris not as unified ;15 l,Bat •.A sto.ry can be. read willi sectioas m~sed! out of ie - you ttl""}!' ]~ <~mc detail but me' ~tl)ry wm lifilfi;lln. S3mL'l •. Vt![j' iinle interpretation can. be ma:deOifmoS[ newspaper stories; they :iI~ rea]even_ts involving rea] peop!e- - often gm';en an edli$DI,iai, (flarvi)-ue'J styJe or angle by fhl: paper Olnd the writer.
me
me
Magazines
Maga~ne'S ~es~i~lly~iP¢Ci;l.l jn:oor~s'[ or :trade magazines] are slightly different from newspapers ..Anewspape:r ~s'One of many soutce~ ·of news. If YQU. miss anything frOl1l me Pdper~ you will prQbaibl.y b¢ ~!bl¢ it:<J g~t tb.e ~ory £rOm the ~elevJ5~On~radio 01 Inrernet. MOl'lt magazines come 'Out nn[y once :a :montihor osce a quarter. A magazin.e· sh.ould be treated Jikea shortrtxtbook. FolJow ;tU the S1~psof th(!fi~swp ~d:ing system to gee tile:best out of it. If there is informadon In the map zlne YOU, are likelyro need apin there ate :SeVetal things YQUcan do to m.a!k:e
w.n
~feMHy a~iblle;
I': r8
~ I'
III
92
8'
1!f' II
I'
• Read the magazine with an adhe5~ve lIotepad to haad, As, you findarricles jnu are interested in, note the page n.umber and dtleand write a. brief SWll:ma:ry (i I;IS1 a senteace or two) on a adhesive note. Slick dl('t .n.ote on. 'the 'front ·of the magaz.inl!' and file the magazine in 3, file dedieatedto 'interesting a:rti.des·. ., If y.ou don't want to keep the: whole ma.gazine~tear out ~he relcva:nr pa.g~ or photocopy the articles you wanf and flle those away with. a brief su_mma.zy ot what tbe article is about. .. A v,ery useful '(lIOOC'of iiltfOrn:1:a.tiOD you could put on an ad.hesl"Ve' note Is .wby you r:i1Jm.lg:n,ttile' ani.c.1e'mi,ght be useful
J
IQ
en
the-file to see what you n.o ionge'l' requireand can t]u,(jwaway wil.1 also. beeasier with this cxtta :informatio,n .(i·neach. • Be p'icky~ Most:maga:zine reading. i$ for inter'e.s,tt. YOU3Ie unlikdy to be tested on :it bllt' 'YOllmay want to talk about" it. Select rhe articles that in:terest you and think about bow wbat 'YOIl read fits: into y·cur existing knowledge,
JareT,Olli.When you retur! to arncles at alarer date YOll will find. it easier to'place them ln order of pr'iodty. Going thrQugh
Novels
The mose y>o~ read, the faSler YO''bliwill become. Speed-reading skjlls will give you thil choice to read ass]ow.ly or asquickly as you like.
YOIl.enjoy Hovels and you want. to l'ca.d more of them, you may find tbis smu:cg,y tlseh:d:
., Preview the book ,thoroughly (excluding 'the actual ~tQry) loot at the front and back ce..vent read any aililhor~s.notes, bi,ography or foreword,. tilk,ca. good look at the author's photograph if-there is one. Do you ILke the aut:ho;['s stYle~Do you Liike the 100k of tbeaurnorr :DOC'S the bac:k pag·e blurb intrigue: you? Wll;at ·you dollatrhi$ p'oint '.ViMshape your aUh:ude to'war'lh the book Your :aH'itud\e win affect Wh.elhcT you. are Uk¢ty to enjoy the book or 1I0~. • N1ext •.read thefint pag.c. Does it' grab yOW' a:ttention? • If j;t does and the book passed yOW' preview teSt, then read on and enjoy the book. If no" tfJen skim: thtt book pidcing up key words and reading the fmt few senreaces of each cbapte,t; :11 tiM beok sriU doesn"t ca.tcb you:r imagmation, you. ,an,hoa:sc not 1:0 read .it. • U YOIl do decide to lead thenovel b1ll1t you. don't have much
'-on-line selective
reading' (see .~
box