GAS TURBINE EXPERIMENT CALCULATIONS

Induction :

The test engine is a TQ Turbo – Jet Demonstrator. This engine illustrate operation and main
principles of the gas turbine engine. Instrumentation allows to measure pressures and
temperatures around the engine components and other important variables such as air
consumption or fuel consumption.

Different measurements of engine characterisics were taken, over a range of operating

conditions.

Inlet pressure drop

1
Δp= ρ(V inlet )2
2
Thrust = air mass flow * (Vjet – Vinlet)

1, Find the isentropic efficiency of the compressor from

( γ−1/γ )
(T 2 i−T 1 ) T 2i p2
ηisen =
T 2 −T 1 where
T1
=
( ) p1

2, Find the isentropic efficiency of the turbine from

( γ−1/ γ )
(T 3 −T 4 ) T 3i p3
ηisen =
T 3 −T 4 i where
T4
=
( )
p4

3, Find the thermal efficiency of the ideal cycle from

( γ−1/γ )
1 p2
n=1−
rp () where
r p=
p1
4, Find the actual thermal efficiency of the cycle from :
η= Rate of KE dissipation by jet / Rate of heat supplied by fuel
Rate of KE dissipation by jet = 0,5 x (ma + mf) x u6^2
Rate of heat from fuel = mf CV
The jet velocity can be calculated from the thrust measurement T
T =ma (u6 - u1 )
where u1 is the velocity at compressor inlet after the flow measuring venture.
compare results from 3 and 4 – use results from 1 and 2 to explain the discrepancy between 3 and 4
5, Compare the work done by the compressor to the work done by the turbine. In theory, the tow are
almost equal as the turbine drives the compressor, or perhaps allowing for mechanical friction loss the
compressor work ought to be a little less than the turbine work.
Using steady flow energy eqn, with other terms neglected
Work done by compresson on fluid = ma cpa (T2 –T1)
Work done on turbine by fluid = (ma + mf) cpe (T3 – T4)

6, Calculate the combustion efficiency from :

Combustion efficiency = Heat rate in combustion chamber / potential heat rate from fuel
Heat rate in combustion chamber = (ma + mf) cpe (T3 – T2)
Comment upon the accuracy of this result

Table of measured values

Nozzle area setting   100% 100% 70%

Parameter units reading reading reading
inlet venturi p mbar 14.6 36.3 33.4
Temperatures        
inlet air [T1] [⁰C] 18 20 21
compressor exit [T2] [⁰C] 76 139 134
Combustion chamber exit [⁰C] 503.5 599.5 620
Turbine inlet A [T3a] [⁰C] 512 626 650
Turbine inlet B [T3b] [⁰C] 495 573 590
Turbine exit [⁰C] 462 505 536
Pressures        
Atmospheric Pa 1.01 1,01 1.01
Compressor outlet [P2] bar 0.56 1.29 1.22
Combustion chamber outlet [P3] bar 0.48 1.12 1.07
Turbine outlet [P4] mbar 0.34 0.84 119
Flows        
Air mass [ma] kg/s 0.22 0.33 0.32
Fuel mass [mf] g/s 1.75 2.93 2.94
Thurst N 33 67.5 75.2
Rotational speed RPM 70 000 100 000 100 000
Table of excel calculations

Question
γ 1,33 1,33 1,33
n.
         
1, T2i (K) 321,89 355,00 354,99
isentropic efficiency of the
  compressor 55,95% 52,94% 53,97%
         
2, t4i (K) 706,69 732,90 720,56
  isentropic efficiency of the turbine 72,67% 74,79% 38,56%
         
3, pressure ratio 1,52 2,20 2,14
Thermal Efficiency of the ideal
  cycle 11,32% 17,75% 17,18%
         
4, density /kgm^3 0,017 0,044 0,039
Velocity at compressor inlet
  (u1) /ms^-1 408,00 409,40 410,80
  u6 557,52 604,69 648,61
         
  Rate of KE 32902,6273 62691,4545 67927,8677
  calorific value of fuel 46500000 46500000 46500001
  Rate of KE supplied by fuel 79515 134850 136245,003
         
Actual Thermal Efficiency of the
  cycle 41,38% 46,49% 49,86%
         
5, Cpa / J/kgK 1005 1005 1005
  Cpe 1150 1150 1150
Work done by the compressor by
  the fluid 12029,85 40662,3 36340,8
Work done on the turbine by the
  fluid 13147,19 45742,86 19682,58
         
6, Heat rate in combustion chamber 105664,46 188097,80 167487,64
  Calorific value of fuel 46500 46500 46500
  Potential heat rate from fuel 79515 134850 136245
  Combustion Efficiency 132,89% 139,49% 122,93%

Comment of results :
Turbine :
results on turbine differ from ideal joule cycle. This is caused by many reasons.
Frictional loses are significant, caused by high-speed gas flow through turbine
components. As joule cycle is ideal cycle, efficiency is quite high. As this is
real system, our isentropic efficiencies are lower. Actual work out is then
allways less then the ideal.

Compressor :

work which has to be done is always higher than isentropic. If the same pressure
is needed, more work then ideal has to be done. It means if more work is
needed, then real outlet temperature is allways higher than the isentropic for the
same pressure rise.

Efficiency :

average values are around 85-90% and they are usually higher for compressors.
With small machines efficiencies drop to 65 – 70%. From table above our
experiment values varies from 38 – 74%. This small values are caused by
system properties. This system is very small, so small efficiency is usual.

Combustion efficiency :

This value is higher than 100% which in theory can´t be true. This is caused by
calculation attitude. This efficiency is calculated as ratio between: heat rate in
combustion chamber / potential heat rate from fuel. Heat rate in combustion
chamber is higher, then potential, because real combustion depends on amount
of air. So if there is certain amount of air, hear rate is higher than potential.
Potential heat rate from fuel doesn´t think about air.