Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
KEYUR D VASAVA..
Module 1
Definition of Globalization
• Expanding sales
• Acquiring resources
• Minimizing risk
Globalization
Global Sourcing
Firms purchase products and services from around the world for local
use.
International Business
2. More customers
3. More capital
Importing
The process of acquiring products abroad and selling them in domestic
markets.
Licensing
one firm pays a fee for rights to make or sell another company’s products.
Franchising
a firm pays a fee for rights to use another company’s name and operating
methods.
Joint Venture
Strategic Alliance
The decision of how to enter a foreign market can have a significant impact on the
results. Expansion into foreign markets can be achieved via the following four
mechanisms:
• Exporting
• Licensing
• Joint Venture
• Direct Investment
Exporting
• Exporter
• Importer
• Transport provider
• Government
Licensing
Licensing essentially permits a company in the target country to use the property of the
licensor. Such property usually is intangible, such as trademarks, patents, and
production techniques. The licensee pays a fee in exchange for the rights to use the
intangible property and possibly for technical assistance.
Because little investment on the part of the licensor is required, licensing has the
potential to provide a very large ROI. However, because the licensee produces and
markets the product, potential returns from manufacturing and marketing activities may
be lost.
Joint Venture
There are five common objectives in a joint venture: market entry, risk/reward sharing,
technology sharing and joint product development, and conforming to government
regulations. Other benefits include political connections and distribution channel
access that may depend on relationships.
• the partners' strategic goals converge while their competitive goals diverge;
• the partners' size, market power, and resources are small compared to the
industry leaders; and
• Partners' are able to learn from one another while limiting access to their own
proprietary skills.
The key issues to consider in a joint venture are ownership, control, length of
agreement, pricing, technology transfer, local firm capabilities and resources, and
government intentions.
• Strategic imperative: the partners want to maximize the advantage gained for
the joint venture, but they also want to maximize their own competitive position.
• The joint venture attempts to develop shared resources, but each firm wants to
develop and protect its own proprietary resources.
• The joint venture is controlled through negotiations and coordination processes,
while each firm would like to have hierarchical control.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the direct ownership of facilities in the target country.
It involves the transfer of resources including capital, technology, and personnel. Direct
foreign investment may be made through the acquisition of an existing entity or the
establishment of a new enterprise.
Direct ownership provides a high degree of control in the operations and the ability to
better know the consumers and competitive environment. However, it requires a high
level of resources and a high degree of commitment.
Conditions Favoring
Mode Advantages Disadvantages
this Mode
b) Technological Forces
A global institution to promote free trade and open markets around the
world.
MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS
Transnational Corporation
2. BP 7. Toyota Motor
Protectionism
A call for tariffs and special treatment to protect domestic firms from
foreign competition.
Corruption
• Indonesia • Nigeria
• Tajikistan • Bangladesh
• Haiti • Paraguay
• Myanmar
Currency Risk
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION
Industrial
Financial
– Emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external
financing for borrowers.
Economic
Informational
Competition
– Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity
and increased competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide,
companies in various industries have to upgrade their products and use
technology skillfully in order to face increased competition.
Political
Ecological
Language
– desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and
ideas
– loss of languages
Social
– UN, Red Cross, Greenpeace, non-governmental organisations as main
agents of global public policy, including humanitarian aid and
developmental efforts
Legal/Ethical
Productivity:
Globalization allows the benefits of productivity developments in one
nation to move more quickly to other nations
Consumers
Employment
The Environment
Many of the most desired resources are in the poorest areas of the world
where people can benefit economically from exploiting these resources
On the other hand, concern is high over the depletion of finite resources,
potential climatic changes, and destruction of the environment
Sovereignty
• International business will grow primarily along regional rather than global lines.
• Forces working against further globalization and international business will slow
down both trends.
Defined Culture: the specific learned norms of a society that reflect attitudes,
values, and beliefs Major problems of cultural collision are likely to occur if: -a firm
implements practices that do not reflect local customs and values and/or -employees are
unable to accept or adjust to foreign customs.
(1)Culture is comprehensive. This means that all parts must fit together in some logical
fashion. For example, bowing and a strong desire to avoid the loss of face are unified in their
manifestation of the importance of respect.
(2)Culture is learned rather than being something we are born with. We will consider the
mechanics of learning later in the course.
(4)Conscious awareness of cultural standards is limited. One American spy was intercepted by
the Germans during World War II simply because of the way he held his knife and fork while
eating.
(5)Cultures fall somewhere on a continuum between static and dynamic depending on how
quickly they accept change. For example, American culture has changed a great deal since the
1950s, while the culture of Saudi Arabia has changed much less
The Nation as a Point of Reference The basic similarity amongst people within
countries is both a cause and an effect of national boundaries. National identity is
perpetuated through the rites and symbols of a country and a common perception of
history. Subcultures may link groups from different nations more closely than certain
groups within nations.
Cultural Formation and Change Societal values and customs constantly evolve in
response to changing realities. Cultural imperialism is brought about by the imposition
of one culture upon that of another. Certain elements introduced from outside a culture
may be known as creolization, indigenization, or cultural diffusion.
Language as a Cultural Stabilizer Isolation from other groups, especially because of
language, tends to stabilize cultures. Some countries see language as being so important
that they regulate the inclusion of foreign words and/or mandate the use of the country’s
official language for business purposes.
OR
• When people from different areas speak the same language, culture spreads more easily
• Among nations that share a same language, commerce is easier
• Isolation from other groups, especially because of language, tends to stabilize cultures.
• Some countries see language as being so important that they regulate the inclusion of
foreign words and/or mandate the use of the country’s official language for business
purposes.
OR
Social Stratification Systems Ascribed group memberships are defined at birth; they
may include gender, family, age, caste, and ethnic or national origin. Acquired group
memberships are based on one’s choice of affiliation, such as political party, religion,
and social and professional organizations. Social stratification affects both business
strategy and operational practices.
Factors Affecting Work Ethics The desire for material wealth vs. the desire for leisure
(Protestant Ethic) The expectation of success and reward Assertiveness (Hofstede’s
masculinity vs. femininity index) Needs satisfaction (Maslow’s Hierarchy) Motivated
employees are normally more productive, and higher productivity leads to lower costs.
Host cultures do not always expect firms and individuals to conform to their norms; in
some instances they may choose to accommodate differences in traditions. International
firms should make a concerted effort to identify ideas and behaviors in host countries
and foreign cultures that can be usefully applied across the whole of their organizations.
• Accommodation
• Cultural distance
• Culture shock
polycentric
ethnocentric
geocentric
• Value systems
• Cost/benefits of change
• Participation
• Reward sharing
• Opinion leadership
• Timing
• Learning abroad
Cultural factors affecting international marketing
• The relationships among institutions, and the political norms and rules that
govern their functions
Political Ideology
• The system of ideas that expresses the goals, theories, and aims of a
sociopolitical program
Democracy
• Five types:
Parliamentary
Liberal
Multiparty
Representative
Social
Totalitarianism
• Types:
Authoritarianism
Fascism
Secular totalitarianism
Theocratic totalitarianism
• Engines of democracy:
• The risk that political decisions or events in a country negatively affect the
profitability or sustainability of an investment
• Types:
Procedural
Distributive
Catastrophic
– Subcontract
• Employment of Nationals
– Intermediate technology accompanied by additional labor
– Promotes goodwill
• Shared ownership
– JV, partnership
• Political neutrality
• The mechanism for creating, interpreting, and enforcing the laws in a specified
jurisdiction
Types:
Common law
Civil law
Theocratic law
Customary law
Mixed systems
• Common law
• Theocratic law
Intellectual property
• Intellectual property rights refer to the right to control and derive the benefits
from writing, inventions, processes and identifiers
Legal issues In IB
Different business cultures, legal environments and languages increase the risk of confusion
when you trade internationally. It's important to have a clear contract.
With trade in goods, attention often focuses on responsibilities for delivery, set out using
internationally recognized Incoterms. Other issues, such as what is being supplied, are usually
relatively straightforward.
For trade in services, it's almost the opposite. It can be difficult to
specify exactly what services are to be provided, to what standards. It
can be helpful to focus on what the desired outcomes are - i.e. what
the service should achieve. This can be part of a service level
agreement in the contract
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Module 2
1. THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS FACING BUSINESS
Economic…..
– Level of development
– Inter-sectoral linkages
• Economic Conditions
– Income levels
– Distribution of income
– Price trends
• Economic Policies
– Industrial policy
– Trade policy
– Monetary policy
– Fiscal policy
• Global linkages
• Developed economies
– Replacement demand
• Developing economies
– Increase in income
OR
Objectives
• To understand the importance of economic analysis of foreign markets
Gross domestic product (GDP): the total value of all goods and services
produced within a nation’s borders over one year, no matter whether
domestic or foreign-owned companies make the product.
Adjustments to GNI
• Growth rate
• Economic sustainability
Other features of an economy
• Inflation
• Unemployment
• Debt
• Income distribution
• Poverty
• Labor costs
• Productivity
• Balance of payments
• Types:
Market economy
Command economy
Mixed economy
• Countries with the freest economies have had the highest annual
growth and a greater degree of wealth creation.
• Trade freedom
• Monetary freedom
• Fiscal freedom
• Property rights
• Investment freedom
• Financial freedom
• Labor freedom
Privatization
Deregulation
Antitrust legislation
Learning Objectives
• Need to consider relationship between those who make foreign investments (MNEs) and
possible effects on receiving countries
• Areas to consider:
Stakeholder trade-offs
Cause-and-effect relationships
Individual and aggregate effects
• Balance-of-Payments effects:
Net import effect
Net capital flow
Home-country losses
Host-country gains
Host-country losses
• Relativism vs. Normativism: do truths depend on the values of the groups or are there
universal standards
• Negotiating between evils
• Respecting cultural identity
• Legal justification for ethical behavior may not be sufficient because not everything that
is unethical is illegal
• The law is a good basis because it embodies local cultural values
• Laws will become similar in different countries
• Sustainability
• Global Warming and The Kyoto Protocol
National and Regional Initiatives
Company-Specific Initiatives
ETHICAL DILEMMAS
OR
Ethical dilemmas, also known as moral dilemmas, have been a problem for ethical
theorists as far back as Plato. An ethical dilemma is a situation wherein moral precepts or
ethical obligations conflict in such a way that any possible resolution to the dilemma is morally
intolerable. In other words, an ethical dilemma is any situation in which guiding moral
principles cannot determine which course of action is right or wrong.
*Personal self-interest
* Company profit
* Operating efficiency
* Individual friendships
* Team interests
* Social responsibility
* Personal morality
OR
Globalization is not new, but the present era has distinctive features.
Shrinking space, shrinking time and disappearing borders are linking
people's lives more deeply, more intensely, more immediately than ever
before. Globalization is a complex process which changes as well as has the
potential to change the various events in the world at multiple levels. And
globalization is a process of integrating not just the economy but culture,
technology and governance. This era of globalization is opening many
opportunities for millions of people around the world. Global markets, global
technology, global ideas and global solidarity can enrich the lives of people
everywhere, greatly expanding their choices. The growing interdependence
of people's lives calls for shared values and a shared commitment to the
human development of all people.
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Module 3
1. INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND FACTOR-MOBILITY THEORY.
Chapter Objectives
Country size
Factor proportions
Country similarity
• Trade competitiveness:
Porter diamond
1)Mercantilism
2)Absolute Advantage
• views trade as a positive sum game countries will benefit from trade if
they have an absolute advantage in one product
3)Comparative Advantage
• even if a country has an absolute advantage in both products it should
Specialize in production of that good in which it has a comparative
advantage
• proposed by Ricardo
• Full employment
• Perfect competition
• Mobility of resources
Theories of Specialization
full employment
economic efficiency
division of gains
transport costs
services
production networks
mobility
• How much a country will depend on trade if it follows a free trade policy
• Countries with large land areas are apt to have varied climates and natural
resources
• Large countries’ production and market centers are more likely to be located at
a greater distance from other countries, raising the transport costs of foreign
trade
Factor-Proportions Theory
• A country’s relative endowments of land, labor, and capital will determine the
relative costs of these factors
• Factor costs will determine which goods the country can produce most efficiently
Country-similarity Theory
• Most trade today occurs among high-income countries because they share
similar market segments and because they produce and consume so much
more than emerging economies
• Companies will manufacture products first in the countries in which they were
researched and developed, almost always developed countries
• Over the product’s life cycle, production will shift to foreign locations, especially
to developing economies as the product reaches the stages of maturity and
decline
demand conditions
factor conditions
• Production factors and finished goods are only partially mobile internationally
• The cost and feasibility of transferring production factors rather than exporting
finished goods internationally will determine which alternative is better
• Capital and labor move internationally to gain more income and flee adverse
political situations
• To explain the rationales for governmental policies that enhance and restrict
trade
Protecting “Infant-Industries”
• Trade controls are used to improve economic relations with other countries
payments
preventing potential enemies from gaining goods that would help them
achieve their objectives
• Governments give aid and credits to, and encourage imports from, countries
that join a political alliance or vote a preferred way within international bodies.
• To sustain this collective identity that sets their citizens apart from those in other
nations, countries limit foreign products and services in certain sectors.
• Trade controls that directly affect price and indirectly affect quantity include:
tariffs
subsidies
customs-valuation methods
special fees
• Trade controls that directly affect quantity and indirectly affect price include:
quotas
administrative delays
reciprocal requirements
restrictions on services
Move abroad
Chapter Objectives
• To discuss the pros and cons of global, bilateral, and regional integration
• To describe the static and dynamic impact of trade agreements on trade and
investment flows
• To describe other forms of global cooperation, such as the United Nations and
the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
GATT
• The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), begun in 1947, created a
continuing means for countries to negotiate the reduction and elimination of
trade barriers and to agree on simplified mechanisms for the conduct of
international trade
WTO
EUROPEAN UNION
• The European Union (EU) is an effective common market that has abolished
most restrictions on factor mobility and is harmonizing national political,
economic, and social policies
intrazonal trade
Commodity Agreements
Chapter’s Objectives
Foreign Exchange
• The Bank for International Settlements divides the foreign exchange market into
reporting dealers (also known as dealer banks or money center banks), other
financial institutions, and nonfinancial institutions.
• Dealers can trade currency by telephone or electronically, especially through
Reuters, EBS, or Bloomberg
• The foreign exchange market is divided into the over-the-counter market (OTC)
and the exchange-traded market
Some Traditional Foreign Exchange Instruments
• Spot transactions involve the exchange of currency on the second day after the
date on which the two dealers agree to the transaction
• Outright forward transactions involve the exchange of currency three or more
days after the date on which the dealers agree to the transaction
• An FX swap is a simultaneous spot and forward transaction
• Options are the right but not the obligation to trade foreign currency in the future.
• The US dollar is the most widely traded currency in the world (on one side of
86% of all transactions)
• Foreign exchange dealers quote bid (buy) and offer (sell) rates on foreign
exchange
• If the quote is in American terms, the dealer quotes the foreign currency as the
number of dollars and cents per unit of the foreign currency
• If the quote is in European terms, the dealer quotes the number of units of the
foreign currency per dollar
• The numerator is called the “terms currency” and the denominator the “base
currency.”
• An option is the right, but not the obligation, to trade foreign currency in the
future
Futures
• Dealers also work with each other and can trade currency through:
voice brokers
• The major institutions that trade foreign exchange are the large commercial and
investment banks and securities exchanges
• The CME Group and the Philadelphia Stock Exchange trade currency futures
and options
Chapter Objectives
• To describe the International Monetary Fund and its role in the determination of
exchange rates
• To discuss the major exchange-rate arrangements that countries use
• To explain how the European Monetary System works and how the euro came
into being as the currency of the euro zone
• Objectives:
IMF History
• The Bretton Woods Agreement set a fixed exchange rate against gold & the US
dollar
• The Jamaica Agreement (1976) eliminated par values against gold and the US
dollar and permitted greater flexibility.
• The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is a special asset the IMF created to increase
international reserves
• The value of the SDR is based upon the weighted average of a basket of four
currencies: the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen, and the British pound.
EXCHANGE RATES
Countries that do not but rely on heavy Central Bank intervention and
control
The Euro
Africa
• Currencies that float freely respond to supply and demand conditions free from
government intervention
• The demand for a country’s currency is a function of the demand for its goods
and services and the demand for financial assets denominated in its currency
• Fixed exchange rates do not automatically change in value due to supply and
demand conditions but are regulated by their Central Banks
Central Banks
• Central banks are the key institutions in countries that intervene in foreign-
exchange markets to influence currency values
• Many countries that strictly control and regulate the convertibility of their
currency have a black market that maintains an exchange rate that is more
indicative of supply and demand than is the official rate
Foreign-Exchange Convertibility
• Fully convertible currencies, often called hard currencies, are those that the
government allows both residents and nonresidents to purchase in unlimited
amounts
• Currencies that are not fully convertible are often called soft currencies, or weak
currencies
Exchange Controls
import licensing
quantity controls
• purchasing-power parity
• differences in real interest rates
Factors to Monitor
• Major factors that managers should monitor when trying to predict the timing,
magnitude, and direction of an exchange-rate change include
fundamental analysis
confidence factors
events
technical analysis
Marketing
Production
Finance
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Module 4
1.THE STRATEGY OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
Chapter Objectives
• To examine the idea of industry structure, firm strategy, and value creation
• Competitors’ moves.
• Government policies.
• Changes in economics.
• Technological developments.
• Value is the measure of a firm’s ability to sell what it makes for more than the
cost it incurred to make it
Creating Value
• Interpreting the firm within the context of the value chain provides a strong tool
to improve the accuracy of strategic analyses and decisions
• The value chain lets managers deconstruct the general idea of “create value”
into a series of discrete activities
• The function of the value chain is shaped by how managers opt to configure and
then coordinate discrete value activities
• Support activities that aid the individuals and groups engaged in primary
activities.
• Profit margin reports the difference between the total revenue generated by
sales and the total cost of the activities that led to those sales.
Orientation—namely, whether the particular activity takes place upstream or
downstream.
• Configuration is the way that managers arrange the activities of the value chain.
• Coordination is the way that managers connect the activities of the value chain.
• Firms pay close attention to location economics when configuring their value
chain
Types of Strategy
• The firm entering and competing in foreign markets can adopt either an:
international
multidomestic
global
transnational strategy
• Often, firms use a mix of these four types due to company, industry, and
environmental situations
Location
Scanning
• Opportunities:
Sales expansion - Economic and Demographic Variables
Resource acquisition - Cost Considerations
Factors to Consider in Analyzing Risk
• Companies often evaluate entry to a country without comparing that country with
other countries
• This is because they may need to react quickly to proposals, to respond to
competitive threats, and because multiple feasibility studies seldom are finished
simultaneously
Chapter Objectives
Advantages of Exporting
Characteristics of Exporters
Pitfalls of Exporting
• Companies new to exporting (and also some experienced exporters) often make
many mistakes
• One way to avoid mistakes is to develop a comprehensive export strategy that
includes an analysis of the company’s resources as well as its export potential
• Companies can also improve the odds of export success by working with an
experienced export intermediary
• Those looking for any product around the world to import and sell.
• Those looking for foreign sourcing to get their products at the cheapest price.
• Those using foreign sourcing as part of their global supply chain.
Types of imports
• Specialization of Labor
• Global Rivalry
• Local Unavailability
• Diversification of Operating Risks
Customs Agencies
• Customs agencies assess and collect duties, as well as ensure that import
regulations are adhered to
• A custom broker helps by valuing products to qualify for:
more favorable duty treatment
qualifying products for duty refunds through drawback provisions
deferring duties by using bonded warehouses and foreign trade zones
limiting liability by properly marking an import’s country of origin
• Direct: goods and services are sold to an independent party outside of the
exporter’s home country.
• Indirect exports: goods and services are sold to an intermediary in the domestic
market, which then sells the goods in the export market.
Indirect Selling
• Exporters may deal directly with:
agents or distributors in a foreign country
indirectly through third-party intermediaries, such as export management
companies
other types of trading companies
Direct Selling
• Through distributors who usually deal with retailers instead of end users
• To retailers and end users
• Internet marketing is a new form of direct exporting that is allowing many small-
and medium-sized companies to access export markets as never before
Export Documentation
Export Assistance
• Trading companies can perform many of the functions for which manufacturers
lack the expertise
• Exporters can use the services of other specialists, such as freight forwarders,
to facilitate exporting
• These specialists can help an exporter with the complex documentation that
accompanies exports
• Government agencies in some countries, such as the Ex-Im Bank in the United
States, provide assistance in:
terms of direct loans to importers
bank guarantees to fund an exporter’s working capital needs
insurance against commercial and political risk
Countertrade
• Countertrade is when goods and services are traded for each other. It is used
when a firm exports to a country whose currency creates barriers to efficient
trade
• Common types are: barter, buyback, offset, switch trading, and counter
purchase
Chapter Objectives
• To clarify why companies may need to use modes other than exporting to
operate effectively in international business
• To comprehend why and how companies make foreign direct investments
• To understand the major motives that guide managers when choosing a
collaborative arrangement for international business
• To define the major types of collaborative arrangements
• To describe what companies should consider when entering into arrangements
with other companies
• To grasp what makes collaborative arrangements succeed or fail
• To see how companies can manage diverse collaborative arrangements
• Companies have a wider choice of operating form when there is less likelihood
of competition
• Internal handling of foreign operations usually means more control and no
sharing of profits
• MNEs want returns from their intangible assets
Licensing
Franchising
Management Contracts
• Management contracts are used primarily when the foreign company can
manage better than the owners
Turnkey Operations
Equity Alliances
Negotiating Process
• In technology agreements:
seller does not want to give information without assurance of payment
buyer does not want to pay without evaluating information
Performance Assessment
Chapter Objectives
• Decision making should occur at the level of the people who are most directly
affected and have the most intimate knowledge about the problem.
Horizontal Differentiation
Assign authority and authority relationships to make sure work gets done
in ways that support the company’s strategy
Contemporary structures
• Contemporary structures, like the network or virtual formats, arrange work roles,
responsibilities, and relationships in ways that eliminate the horizontal, vertical,
or external boundaries that block the development of knowledge-generating and
decision-making relationships
Coordination Systems
• Coordination can take place via standardization, plans, and mutual adjustment
Approaches to Coordination
• Coordination by standardization:
Control Methods
Control Mechanisms
• Reports
• Visits to Subsidiaries
• Evaluative Measurements
• Information Systems
Organization Culture
• The set of fundamental assumptions about the organization and its goals and
practices that members of the company share
A system of shared values about what is important and beliefs about how the
world works.
Importance of Culture
Traditions.
Ethical standards.
An organization’s culture often shapes the strategic moves it considers.
• Managers from different countries often have values that differ from those
endorsed by the company
• People in an MNE often have slight exposure to the values held by senior
managers
• Evidence suggests that mixing national cultures on teams does not necessarily
improve performance
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Module 5
1. MARKETING GLOBALLY.
Chapter Objectives
Marketing Orientations
Production
Sales
Customer
Strategic marketing
Societal marketing
Production Orientation
Commodity sales
Passive exports
Other Orientations
• Sales orientation: a company tries to sell abroad what it can sell domestically
and in the same manner on the assumption that consumers are sufficiently
similar globally.
By country
By global segment
By multiple criteria
• Government intervention
• Market diversity
• For each product in each country, a company must determine its promotional
budget as well as the mix between push and pull
Translation
Legality
Message needs
Branding Strategies
expansion by acquisition
nationality images
Distribution Strategies
• Distribution is the course - physical path or legal title - that goods take between
production and consumption.
It is difficult to change.
When there is a need to deal directly with the customer because of the
nature of the product.
Financial capability.
Other resources.
Trustworthiness.
• Although the Internet offers new opportunities to sell internationally, using the
Internet does not negate companies’ needs to develop sound programs within
their marketing mix
• The difference between total market potential and companies’ sales is due to
gaps:
Coverage.
• Supply chain - the coordination of materials, information, and funds from the
initial raw material supplier to the ultimate customer.
Logistics
• Logistics, or materials management, is that part of the supply chain process that
plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective flow and storage of
goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of
consumption in order to meet customers’ requirements
Compatibility
Manufacturing Configuration
Information Technology
Quality
Supplier Networks
Outsourcing
• Under the make or buy decision, companies have to decide if they will make
their own parts or buy them from an independent company
• Companies go through different purchasing phases as they become more
committed to global sourcing
Supplier Relations
• When a company sources parts from suppliers around the world, distance, time,
and the uncertainty of the international political and economic environment can
make it difficult for managers to manage inventory flows accurately
The Purchasing Function
Transportation Networks
Chapter Objectives
Accounting Objectives
Financial Statements
• Investor orientation.
• Global integration of capital markets.
• MNEs’ need for foreign capital.
• Regional political and economic harmonization.
• MNEs’ desire to reduce accounting and reporting costs.
• Convergence efforts of standards-setting bodies.
Translation Methods
Corporate Governance
Chapter Objectives
• To describe the multinational finance function and how it fits in the MNE’s
organizational structure
• To show how companies can acquire outside funds for normal operations and
expansion, including offshore debt and equity funds
• To explore how offshore financial centers are used to raise funds and manage
cash flows
• To discuss the major internal sources of funds available to the MNE and to show
how these funds are managed globally
• To describe how companies protect against the major financial risks of inflation
and exchange-rate movements
Capital structure.
Long-term financing.
Capital budgeting.
• The CFO acquires financial resources and allocates them among the company’s
activities and projects.
• Capital structure of the company is the mix between long-term debt and equity
• Leverage is the degree to which a firm funds the growth of business by debt.
creditor rights
• Companies can use local and international debt markets to raise funds.
• Two major sources of funds external to the MNE’s normal operations are debt
markets and equity markets.
Eurocurrencies
Countries such as Germany, Japan, and Taiwan that have large balance-
of-trade surpluses held as reserves
International Bonds
• A foreign bond is one sold outside the country of the borrower but denominated
in the currency of the country of issue
• A Eurobond, also called a global bond, is a bond issue sold in a currency other
than that of the country of issue
Equity Securities and the Euro equity Market
• The three largest stock markets in the world are in New York, Tokyo, and
London, with the U.S. markets controlling nearly half of the world’s stock market
capitalization.
• Euro equities are shares listed on stock exchanges in countries other than the
home country of the issuing company
• Most foreign companies that list on the U.S. stock exchanges do so through
American Depositary Receipts, which are financial documents that represent a
share or part of a share of stock in the foreign company
• ADRs are easier to trade on the U.S. exchanges than are foreign shares
• Offshore financial centers are cities or countries that provide large amounts of
funds in currencies other than their own.
• OFCs offer low or zero taxation, moderate or light financial regulation, and
banking secrecy and anonymity.
• The OECD is trying to eliminate the harmful tax practices in tax-haven countries.
• Capital budgeting is the process whereby MNEs determine which projects and
countries will receive capital investment funds.
Payback period.
• MNEs need to determine free cash flows based on cash flow estimates and tax
rates in different countries and an appropriate required rate of return adjusted
for risk.
• Two ways to deal with the variations in future cash flows: determine several
different scenarios or adjust the hurdle rate
Loans.
Dividends.
• Translation exposure arises because the dollar value of the exposed asset or
liability changes as the exchange rate changes.
Exposure-Management Strategy
• Forward contracts can establish a fixed exchange rate for future transactions.
Location of operations
Loose enforcement.
• With a value-added tax, each company pays a percentage of the value added to
a product at each stage of the business process.
• In the separate entity approach, governments tax each taxable entity when it
earns income.
• Foreign branch income (or loss) is directly included in the parent’s taxable
income.
• Tax deferral means that income from a subsidiary is not taxed until it is remitted
to the parent company as a dividend.
• In a CFC, U.S. shareholders hold more than 50 percent of the voting stock.
• Active income is derived from the direct conduct of a trade or business. Passive
income (also called Subpart F income) usually is derived from operations in a
tax-haven country.
Transfer Prices
• The OECD has set transfer pricing guidelines to eliminate the manipulation of
prices and, therefore, taxes for MNEs.
• The IRS allows a tax credit for corporate income tax U.S. companies pay to
another country. A tax credit is a dollar-for-dollar reduction of tax liability and
must coincide with the recognition of income.
Chapter Objectives
• HRM is more difficult for the international company than its domestic counterpart
due to:
Environmental differences.
Organizational challenges.
• Research and anecdotes show that the MNE whose HRM policies support its
chosen strategy creates superior value
• An expatriate is an employee who leaves her or his native country to live and
work in another.
• A third-country national is an employee who is a citizen of neither the home nor
the host country.
Staffing Policies
geocentric approaches - seeks the best people for key jobs throughout
the organization, regardless of their nationality
• Companies may use elements of each staffing policy but one type normally
predominates
Selecting Expatriates
• The improving sophistication of MNE selection procedures has reduced the rate
of expatriate failure.
Training Expatriates
cultural sensitivity
practical skills
• MNEs usually anchor training programs to transfer specific information about the
host country as well as improve the executive's cultural sensitivity.
Compensating Expatriates
• Compensation must neither overly reward nor unduly punish a person for
accepting a foreign assignment.
• The most common approach to expatriate pay is the balance sheet approach.
Repatriating Expatriates
• Repatriation, the act of returning home from a foreign assignment, has many
difficulties
Financial.
Work.
Social.
• The principal cause of repatriation frustrations is finding the right job for
someone to return to
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