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A Second Feminist Wave

• Stirred self awareness and dissatisfaction among educated women


• JFK exploited women and had many love affairs before and during his marriage
o Established the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women:
report that documented occupational inequities suffered by women were
similar to those suffered by minorities
o Women received less pay than men in comparable work
o Less chance of moving to managerial careers
o Only 7 % of Doctors were women and less than 4 % were lawyers
o Urged that Civil Rights Act not only be based on race, but also on gender
• Women dismayed by EEOC reluctance to enforce ban on sex discrimination in
employment
o Betty Friedan, Bella Abzug, Aileen Hernandez and others formed National
Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966
 Liberal change through political system
 Lobbied for equal opportunity and filed lawsuits against gender
discrimination
 Mobilized public opinion against sexism
• Feminine Mystique (1963): written by Friedan, deplored traditional role of women
as wives and mothers
o “Velvet Ghetto”
o Wanted women to pursue careers and establish their own identity
• Involvement in civil-rights and anti-Vietnam movements
o Gained confidence in their own potential, an ideology to understand
oppression
o Given menial jobs by male activists
o Activists Mary King and Casey Hayden drew parallel “between treatment of
Negroes and treatment of women in our society as a whole”

Women’s Liberation
• “Consciousness-raising” transforming women’s perception of themselves and
society
• Began to understand the power dynamics of marriage, the family, and the
workplace
• 1968 radical feminists crowned a sheep Miss America to dramatize that such
contests degraded women
• “Freedom Trash Cans” were women would discard high heels, girdles, and other
symbols of their subjugation
• Insisted on being included in the Boston Marathon
• Est. heal collectives and shelters for abused women, founded abortion counseling
services, and women studies programs
• Equality in workplace and education
• Women’s Strike for Equality: 1970, largest women’s rights demonstration ever
o tens of thousands of women nationwide to parade for equal employment and
safe, legal abortions
• Controversy over the “pill”
o Gave women greater freedom in their own sexuality

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