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9.4

Logic gates as switching circuits in electronic systems

 Security lamps, alarm systems, and washing machines can make some simple decisions.
 The switching on and off operations are controlled by electronic switches made up of logic
gates.
 Logic gates work using tiny transistors as switches. They are manufactured as integrated
circuit (IC), with each chip holding several gates.

A logic gate is a circuit that has one or more input signals but only one output signal.

 For each gate, the input or inputs are on the left of the symbol. The output is on the right
 Each input and output can be either high (logic 1) or low (logic 0).
 A binary “0” represents 0 V, and a binary “1” represents a non zero voltage.
 A truth table lists all input possibilities and the corresponding output for each input.

List, draw symbols and state the action of the logic gates

Gates Truth table Action

1. AND gate For the input to be ON,
both inputs must be ON.
Output in ON only when
both inputs A and B are
ON.

2. OR gate For the output to be ON at

least one of the inputs
must be ON.
Output Q is ON when input
A or B or both is ON

3. NOT gate
The output is ON when the
input is OFF, and vice
versa

4. NAND gate
It is equivalent to an AND
gate with its output
inverted by a NOT gate.
Output Q is OFF when
inputs A and B are both
ON

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5. NOR gate
It is equivalent to an OR
gate with its output
inverted by a NOT gate.
Output Q is ON when both
input A and input B are
OFF

Built truth tables for logic gates in combination for a maximum of 2 inputs

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Describe applications of logic gate control systems.

1. There are smoke sensors and temperature

detectors in hotels. If there is no smoke or
high temperature in a room, the alarm will not
trigger. But if one of the inputs is HIGH or
both the smoke and the temperature sensors
are HIGH, then the alarm will trigger.
Complete the truth table

2. Diagram 2 shows a simple

electronic control system that is
used as an automatic and
manual switches to switch on
the street lights when it is dark.
The control system allows the
street lights either to switch on
manually by a switch at any time,
or automatically by a light Diagram 2
sensor when it is dark. Complete truth table
Light sensor:
daytime =1
Dark /night = 0

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3. A student would like to construct a Input P Input Q Output R

logic gate circuit to switch on an air Night = 0 Cold = 0 Off = 0
conditioner in his home automatically. Night = 0 Hot = 1 On = 1
He has chosen a light – sensitive Day = 1 Cold = 0 On = 1
device to detect daytime and night Day = 1 Hot = 1 On = 1
and a heat – sensitive device to detect
the surrounding temperature. He has
constructed a truth table to show the
function of the logic gate circuit to
switch on the air conditioner.
Draw the logic gate circuit that will switch
on the air conditioner based on the
function stated in the truth table

4. You are given two sensors and a

switch.
(a) temperature sensor A is hot =
ON (1) cool = OFF (0)
(b) Light sensor B is sunlight =
ON night = OFF
Design a combination gate from the
truth table given below. Using any
two of the given logic gates (NOT,
AND and OR), place the gate
combination in the box provided.

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TUTORIAL 9.4 4. Which of the following is equivalent to a

NOT gate?
1. The diagram shows an electric circuit.

Which of the following symbol is

equivalent to the circuit above? 5. The diagram shows a circuit containing
three logic gates.

Which of the following logic gate is

2. The diagram shows an electric circuit. equivalent to the circuit above?
A OR gate B AND gate
C NOT gate D NAND gate

8 The diagram shows the combination

three logic gates.

Which of the following logic gate is

equivalent to the circuit above?
A AND gate
B OR gate
C NAND gate The truth table for the combination of
D NOR gate three logic gates is as follows.
Input Output
3. The diagram shows a logic gate G whose P Q R
truth table is a shown in the table below.
0 0 1
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0

What is the gate X?

M N X A AND B OR
0 0 0 C NAND D NOR
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 1 1

A AND gate B OR gate

C NAND gate D NOR gate

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9. The diagram shows a circuit containing C P Q R P Q R

four NAND gates. D
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0

Which of the following logic gate is 13. The diagram shows a combination of
equivalent to the circuit above? three logic gates.

A OR gate B AND gate

C NOR gate D NAND gate

10 A NOR gate with input signals

M = 01010101 and N = 011010100 . What
is the output signal of the logic gate.
A 01010101 B 10000010 Which truth table is correct for the
C 01111101 D 01000000 combination of three logic gates?

A P Q R B P Q R
11 The diagram shows a circuit containing 0 0 1 0 0 0
three logic gates. 1 0 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0

C P Q R P Q R
D
0 0 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
If the input signals P and Q are 0 1 0 0 1 0
respectively 1001 and 1100 what is the 1 1 0 1 1 1
output signal at X?
A 0001 B 0010
C 1010 D 1110 14. The diagram shows the combination of
four logic gates.
12 The diagram shows a logic gates circuit.

Which of the following truth table

represents output R in the circuit? Which of the following is the correct
(2003) truth table for output X?

A P Q R B P Q R A X Y Q B X Y Q
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0

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C X Y Q X Y Q 17 The diagram shows the combination of

D AND gate , OR gate and NOT gate.
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

15. The diagram shows a circuit containing

two logic gates.
Which of the following is the correct
truth table for output C?

A A B C B A B C
0 0 0 0 0 1
Which of the following is the correct 0 1 0 0 1 1
truth table for output R? 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 1
A P Q R P Q R
B C A B C D A B C
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

C P Q R D X Y Q 18 The table shows a truth table for a

0 0 0 0 0 1 combination of logic gates.
0 1 0 0 1 0 P Q R
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0
16 The diagram shows a circuit containing 1 1 0
three logic gates.
Which of the following is true to show a
circuit according to the truth table
above?

Which of the following is the correct

truth table for output R?

A P Q R B P Q R
0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1

C P Q R D X Y Q
0 0 1 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1

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19 The figure shows a OR gate with input

signals P and Q.

Which of the following is the output

signal of the OR gate? 21 The diagram shows a logic gate circuit
with input signals, K and L.

Which of the following output signals is

produced by the logic gate circuit?

20 The figure shows a OR gate with input

signals P and Q.

Which of the following is the output

signal of the OR gate?

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23 The diagram shows a circuit is used as a

22 (a) The diagram shows a logic gate ,L safety system in a house.
with input signals A and B.

(a) Name logic gate R.

_________________________

(b) Using two switches , two dry cells

and a bulb draw a circuit that
equivalent to logic gate S.
(i) Name the logic gate L.

_________________________

(ii) Draw the output signal C in the

graph below.

(c) The following truth table represents

the logic gate in the figure above.
A B L M
(c) Later , logic gate L is connected to 0 0
logic gates M and N as shown in 0 1
the diagram below. 1 0
1 1

(i) Complete the truth table above.

(ii) What happen to door and the

gate when the main switch is
closed?

___________________________

(i) Complete the truth table below. (iii) Give two methods to open the
door and the gate
X Y Z simultaneously.
0 0
0 1 __________________________
1 1
1 1

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24(a) Figure shows a circuit made up from

a combination of a few basic logic
gates.

Figure (c)

(i) Complete the truth table in the table

below.
Figure (a) State of LDR Input Output
X Y Z K L M S
(i) Based on the arrangement of the
No
logic gates in the Figure (a)
coin 0
complete the truth table below.
10
sen 0
Input Output
20
K L M Bright Dark Dark
sen 0 1 1 0
0 0
50
0 1
sen 1
1 0
1 1
(ii) Name the gate that is probably in
the black box.
(ii) State a single logic gate which
produced the same output as
_______________________________
the output in (a)(i).

………………………………………

(b) Figure(b) shows a circuit diagram of

a vending machine . The vending
machine accepts 10 sen coins, 20
sen coins and 50 sen coins. Three
light dependent resistors (LDR) , X ,
Y and Z are used to check the size
of coins slotted in the machine. The
light sources of the slot machine
where the coins are slotted are as
shown in Figure (c).

Figure (b)

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SPM 2004 No. 7 (c) Component S is a switch that

25. Ali wishes to design a security system in connects the 240 V a.c. spotlight
his house as shown in Figure 1.1. When circuit.
a person crosses the infrared beam at (i) What type of switch is component
night, the infrared sensor will send a S?
signal to a logic gate which then lights
up a spotlight. The spotlight has a 240 V ______________________________
alternating current (a.c) supply and will [1]
only light up at night. (ii) Why is component S necessary in
the circuit?

______________________________
[1]
(d) The following truth table shows the
operation of a logic gate in the circuit
in Figure 26.2

Key:
Dark surroundings : high input voltage
at P, logic ‘1’
Bright surroundings : low input voltage
at P, logic ‘0’
Person crossing the path : high input
Figure 1.1 voltage at Q, logic ‘1’
Nobody crossing the path : low input
The circuit that could help Ali to
voltage at Q, logic ‘0’
develop the security system is shown Switch S is on : high output voltage at
in Figure 1.2. R, logic ‘1’
Switch S is off : low output voltage at
R, logic ‘0’

Input P Input Q Out

Input Person Input put
Surroundings voltage crossing voltage R
at P at Q
Bright 0 No 0
Bright Yes
Dark No
Dark Yes

Figure 1.2 (i) Using the given key, complete the

truth table above. [4]
(a) If the potential difference across
resistor W is 2 V, what is the (ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in
potential difference across the Figure 26.1.
infrared sensor?
______________________________
_____________________________ [1]
[1]
(b) Component X has a high resistance
when the surroundings are dark and a
low resistance in bright surroundings.
Name the component X.

_________________________________

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_______________________________
SPM 2006 No. 7
26. A student wants to build s simple lift
motor control system which operates
using two buttons, A and B, for a two-
storey building.

A: Up button
B: Down button

The lift motor only activates when

someone presses any one of the
buttons.
Figure (a) shows the circuit that can be
used to activate the motor.

Figure (a)

Keys:

Buttons A and B:
When pressed,logic “1”
Not pressed, logic “0”
X Output: Motor is activated,logic “1”

(a) The table is a truth table which

shows the operations of the logic
gates in a lift motor.
Using the keys given, complete the
table.

A B X
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

(b) Why is a relay switch needed in the

circuit?

______________________________

______________________________

______________________________

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