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Defect sizing & reference blocks
In UT the relative size of the defect is
compared with a known artificial flaw or
reflector.There are many methods of sizing
in practice, and the common most methods
are DGS SCALES, AND a reference block with
a SDH hole.
DGS STANDS FOR DISTANCE, GAIN, & SIZE
ASME BPV CODE AND API, AWS THE SIZE IS
ESTIMATED WITH SDH
ASME REFERENCE BLOCKS
FOR WELD DEFECT SIZING A DAC CURVE
IS DRAWN WITH A KNOWN SIZE OF
SDH. THE SAME HOLE SERVES AS A
REFERENCE REFLECTOR AT DIFFERENT
PATH SHOWING REDUCED AMPLITUDE
AT INCREASED BEAM PATH.
DAC CURVE.
ON A CRT SCREEN
SCANNING TECHNIQUES.
SIN = ID/OD
THE THE LIMITING ANGLE
SHALL NOT EXCEED THE
CALCULATED VALUE, BUT
CAN BE LESS.
r
T H
S
ZONES
T= TOE,S= SIDE, H=HEEL PROBE IS
TRAVERSED ESSENTIALLY
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES;
TANDEM TECHNIQUE;(ONE BEHIND THE
OTHER) to detect vertical cracks.
y x O
d
t
R
TOFD-DIFFRACTION AT THE
END OF CRACK TIPS.
DIFFRACTION-BENDING OF WAVES OVER
AN OBSTACLE (SAY THE CRACK) WITH IN
THE MEDIUM. TOFD TO LOCATE CRACK
TIPS.
SIZING THE DEFECTS FOR
ACCEPTANCE/REJECTION.
ACCEPTANCE CODES SUCH AS ASME, API,
AWS,DIN, BS SPECIFY THE SIZE OF EACH
DISCONTINUITY CONSIDERING THE TYPE
OF LOADING/STRESS DIRECTION ETC.
SO THERE IS NO COMMON ACCEPTANCE
CODE FOR ALL THE ENGG. PRODUCTS.
IN UT ACTUAL SIZE CAN NEVER BE ESTIMATED.
BUT THE ESTIMATED SIZE IS SMALLER THAN
THE ACTUAL SIZE.
BECAUSE: 1. DEFECTS’ REFLECTING CHARACTERISTICS
DO NOT MATCH WITH THE REFERENCE ARTIFICIAL
REFLECTORS.
THE PERCENTAGE OF REFLECTED INTENSITY IS HIGHER
FOR REFERENCE REFLECTOR – SMOOTH MACHINE MADE
SURFACE, STEEL-AIR INTERFACE,NORMAL INCIDENCE OF
US WAVES.
DEFECT-ROUGH IRREGULAR SURFACE, NOT STEEL AIR
INTERFACE ,PERFECT NORMAL INCIDENCE CAN NEVER BE
ACHIEVED BECAUSE OF ORIENTATION.