Refrigeration Book 1-250

Refrigeration technical book - Kyriacos Psaras 1
Diploma of Centro Studi Galileo(Italy) in refrigeration &

air conditioning
Diploma in refrigeration & air conditioning certified by
CIBSE & CPD (England)
Member of: A.S.H.R.A.E., M.A de I .I.F. ( Paris ) I.R.
( London )., Refrigeration Service Engineers Society.
E-mail: kyriacos@reftech.com.cy
Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 2

.
– – .
.
.
COMMISSION REGULATION
(EC) No 303/2008
&
Minimum requirements
Study book

1997
, ,
.
:
) CO2
, ,
) CH4 ,
) N2O
) HFC, PFC SF6

,
,
, (CFC's).
2000,
2037/2000,
.
, ,
,
ODS (Ozone Depleting Substances).

,
ODS ,
HCFCs, R-22.
1/8/2008, ,
2037.
, ODS
,
2010 2015 : 1/1/2010
« » ,
1/1/2015
. 2010
2015, HCFCs
,

, 2015,
, 2010 2015
. ,
, ECSLA
EURAMMON,
,
, ODS
, (NH3),
(CO2) (HCs).
,
HCFCs,
,
.
ECSLA – EURAMMON,
2008.
,
,
,
.
, ,
HCFCs
HFCs (F- Gases),
(Global
Warming Potential – GWP). 2011,
ODS,
.

( ) .303/2008
( ) . 303/2008
2 2008
, ( ) .
842/2006
,

,
:
,
( ) . 842/2006
, 17 2006, -
(1), 5 1,
:
(1) ( ) .
842/2006,
,
.

(2)
,
, ,
.
(3)
-
, ,
,
,
,

(4)

(5) 2002/96/
, 27 2003,
) (2)
,
, ,
, .

(6)
. ,
.
(7)
,
.
(8)
, ,
,
.
(9) -
,
,

(10)
,
, ’ ,
.
(11)
, -
-

(12)
-
( ) . 308/2008 -
, 2 2008, ,
( ) . 842/2006
, -
(1).
.

(13)
18 1 ( ) . 2037/2000
(2),
:
1
5 1
( ) . 842/2006, -
, -
, -

2
1.
:
) 3
kg ,
6
kg
)
)
) .
2.
:
) .
) .
3.

3
:
1. « »,
,
-
,

2. « »
,
2 14
3 2 ( )
. 842/2006, ,
, .

4
1. 2
1
5 6 , -
2 .
2.
-
2 1, -
:
)
2 -
1

) II
2 1 ),
.
II
2 1 ), ) ),
,
3 kg ,
, 6 kg

) III
2 1 )
,
3 kg ,
, 6 kg
) IV
2 1 ),

3. 1 -
:
) 2 ,
2 -
1

)
,
2 1
,

)
2002/96/ , -
3 kg,
6 2
, -
-
III -
.

4. ,
5 4 ( ) . 842/2006,
1
-
2 1
5 2 -
( ) . 842/2006.
( ) .
842/2006,

5
1. , 10, -
-
11 -
,
.
2. -
:
) ,
, , ,
) ,
4 2,
) -
.

3.
10 11,
2 ,
10
,
,
.

4.
10 11
,
,
,
11.

6
1.
2 1,
2 3, 2 3,
.
2 3
4 2011.

2.
2 1,
.
4
2.

3.
4 2,
5
2 ( ) . 842/2006,
4 2
.

1.
4 2 :
)
« »
)
, ,
» (P).

2.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 10.
3.
6, 7, 8 9.
, ,
.
4. « »
)
« »,

V
ISO T T - T
, , , ,
: T T - -
( ,
, ,
, , ,
, ),
,
T T - -
): log p/h,
,

I II III IV
T T - -
( , , ,
)
:
) ( , T - - -
, ,
), , )
, )
, ) ,
) , )
, ) ,
)

I II III IV
T T T T
(GWP),
, T T T T
GWP)
( ) . 842/2006,

I II III IV
, ,
P P - -
T T - -

I II III IV
T T - T
,
T T - T
,
( ) .
1516/2007 , 19 2007,
, ’ P P - P
) . 842/2006
,
,
(1)

I II III IV
, P P - P
, ( ) .
1516/2007 ,
— , P P - P
Volt/Amp/Ohm—
, P - - -
( )
. 1516/2007
, - P - P
) . 1516/2007

I II III IV
P P - P
T T - T
, ,
P P - -
, P P P -
P P P -
, , P P P -

I II III IV
( , ) P P - -
( , )
,
.
(
)
P P P -
T T - -
, T T T -

I II III IV
: , ,
,
T T - -
, P - - -
,
P - - -

I II III IV
P - - -
,
, T - - -
: ,
T T - -
P - - -
, P - - -
,

I II III IV
P - - -
, P - - -
-
P - - -
,
P - - -
, T - - -

: ,
I II III IV
T T - -
)
P - - -
, P - - -
,
P - - -
P - - -

I II III IV
P - - -
P - - -
P - - -
,
P - - -
,
T - - -
,

: ,
I II III IV
( - T T - -
, )
P - - -
P - - -

I II III IV
P - - -
P - - -
,
T - - -
,
, P P - -
,
P P - -

:
: 99 62 24 25

.
.
.

.
.
3
.
3
.

3-6
.
,
.
.
3 30
30
.
300
.
1)
(Heat)
.
.
-273 C.

First Law of Thermodynamics

BASIC UNITS
DIMENSION UNIT SYMBOL
Length meter m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Temperature,thermodynamic kelvin K
Amount of matter mole mol
Angle radian rad
Solid angle steradian sr
Luminous intensity candela cd
Pressure pascal Pa
density concentration
energy "activity, operation", J

5%
7%.
.
.
Calorie =
Joule =
Phase changes

Second Law: Refrigerator

U=
P=
V=
,
.
H = U + PV
(saturation temperature)
, ,
.
.
.

(Latent heat)
.
.
.
.
t .F to t .C = F/1.8
psig bar
0.6895
Calculation of heat energy
Heat Energy KJ = m x c x (T2-T1)

Where: m= mass Kg
C= specific heat (KJ/Kg K)
T1=initial temperature (C)
T2=final temperature (C)

W = Nm/s
W = 1J/s
P = E/t
P= power in Watts
E = work done, in Newton meters or joules
t = time of doing work, in seconds
S = distance in meters
F = force in Newton
P = Fs/t

KJ = m x c x ( T2 – T1 )
: m= (Kg)
c=
T1 =
T2 =

Volume – mass - density
48
1,3 .
6 261 .
;
3.14
V= D²h =[ ](0.48)²(1.3) = 0.235 m
4 4
Mass of water = (tank + water mass)-(tank mass)
m = 261 – 6
= 255
m 255
( )= = = 1085 Kg/m³
v 0.235

Quality of liquid and vapor
(quality)
.
, , :
=
1 =

X = ( h – hf ) / ( hg – hf ) = Length a / length a + b
h = hf + ( hg – hf )
= ( 1 – ) hf + hg
a h hg
hf
b

Sensible Heat
Sensible heat
.
0C 100C
Sensible heat.
( BTU, KJ,KWh,Kcal )
.
4.187 KJ/KgK
1 4.187 KJ

1kw
0.3kw
1.3kw.
+
T
T2
Q2 = Q1 + W
M W
Q1
T1

:
Win = m (h2 – h1 )
:
Qin = m (h2 – h1 ) Qout =Q in = m (h1- h2 )
:
Qin = m (h2 – h1 )

.
:
.
.
.

2)
,
.
(“ ”)
– .
. “
”.
( ) .

3)
:
(compressor)
(condenser)
(expansion valve)
(evaporator)
.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.( -
)
.
.

( )
(
)

.
.
.

.
, ,
.

.
.
.

37C.
.
.( , ,
)

4)
P/T
P/T

P/T

.
.
(head pressure)
15 C.
P/T
.

P/T.
(superheat)
4.5C 6.5C.

1

.
.
.
.

(blend)
. azeoptropic
azeoptropic
.
r4xxx (zeotropic blends) r5XX
(azeotropic blends)
.

.
.
40psig

0 – 10 psig
40
psig.
.

probe
30
6 – 8 C. 6–8C

5)
subcooling 45C
0C 50C
P
Temperature
22 bar
5 bar
Enthalpy H

(bar)
(KJ/Kg)
PH (Iso-
Lines)
Iso-Lines: sub cooled liquid, saturated vapor, entropy

line, specific volume, superheated gas, quality line

Iso - line Iso - line
Subcooled liquid Entropy line
3 2
--------------------------
Specific volume
v1
Iso - line
4 1
---------------
--------------
h1
h4 h2
kJ/kg Iso - line

Quality line
Iso - line
Saturated vapor
Iso - line
Superheated gas
1 2
2 3
3 4
4 1

SUBCOOLING SUPERHEAT
R410A 0C 50C 45C 6C

(condensing)
50C 50 C
50C

( )
0C 0C
0C

1 2.
. (entropy line)
6C.
6C superheat.
2
6C
1
6C

Subcooling
50 C
45C . “ ”
45C 50C
50C
3 2
---------------------------
E 45C
5C Subcooling V1
4 1
-----------
----------

6)
.
( ) ( )
.
, ,
( )

100%
100%

(mass flow rate)
, h1 h2.
Qloss = .
5% 7%
.
:
.
W= Qloss + m x ( h2 – h1 )

(mass flow rate)
,
.
W – Qloss = ( hout - hin ) x m
m = Kg/s
m= W - Qloss
h out – h in

Q1 = m x ( h1 – hs )
Q1
Q2
hs h2 h1

Q2 = m x ( h2 – hs )
Q1
Q2
hs h2 h1

Volumetric refrigerating effect (qv)
V=
qv = (h2 – hs)
v

The following formula is used to calculate the quantity
of latent heat energy required to change the state of a
substance:
Heat Energy KJ = m x Ihv

(Latent heat of vaporization)
or m x Ihc (latent heat of condensation)
or m x Ihf (latent heat of fusion)
Where: m = mass Kg
Ihv,Ihc or Ihf = KJ/Kg

COP = dh1/dh2

: , ,
.
.

7) (Vacuum)
(Vacuum)
.
50 200
microns.

15 .
.
.
( )

.

.
.
mineral
POE PAG HFC.

.
.
.

(vacuum pump)
) .

(vacuum pump) ballast system
ballast.

.

&
.
.
10C
13 mbar 20 .
2-3psig
15 .
7 mbar 20 .
2-3psig
15 .
3 mbar 20
-C mbar mbar mbar
0 8 7 3-4
5 11 8 4-5
10 13 12 5-7
15 19 18 7-8
20 31 25 9-11
27 38 35 11-13

SUBCOOLING
.
100% (Flash
gas)
50%.
Flash gas = ( )

(Subcooling)
.
Flash gas:
Flash gas
.
,

Subcooling
Subcooling
subcooling
Qo = m x h
: Qo =
m= Kg/s
h= subcooling KJ/Kg

(Superheat)
( superheat )
.
,
.
.

psig
25 30 35 40 45
6
2
Superheat = Line temp. – suction pressure, converted to temp. - error
1

,
,
.

,
)
0C
100C.

10
0
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

.
0% 100%
.
(suction) (discharge)
.

10:1
45%. 45%
45% .

Flooding-Migration-slugging
Flooding
.
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
Migration
(pump down)
.
.
(flash)
, ,
.

Slugging
.

= Compression ratio
.
.
Absolute discharge pressure
Compression ratio=
Absolute suction pressure

3 .

1
P2&P3
P1.
.
(equilibrium) P1 = P2+P3
.
P2+P3 P1
P1
P2+P3

(superheat)
.
(superheat)
P1.

1 2+ 3
.
1 2+ 3

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .

.
p valve = pc – (pe + p1 + p3 + p4)

Danfoss
. (flash gas).
1 m/sec .
.(cooling capacity)

6 .
6
.
.
.(always is fully open
or fully closed)

:
,
.
.
(coil)
.

Cooling mode:

Heat flow
Btu/hr x 0.252 = kcal/hr
Btu/hr x o.293 = watts
Watts x 0.86 = Btu/hr
Watts x 0.000284 = ton ( refr)
Watts x 0.00133 = HP
Kcal/hr x 1.163 = watts
Kcal/hr x 3.97 = Btu/hr
HP x 746 = watts
Ton (refr) x 3517 = watts
Volume flow
Cfm x 0.472 = l/s
Velocity
fps x 0.3048 = m/s
fpm x 0.00508 = m/s
Pressure
kPa ÷ 6.89 = psi
Temperature
C = ( F – 32 ) ÷ 1.8
F = ( C x 1.8 ) + 32

1 cal = 4,187 J
1 kcal = 4,187 kJ

,
.
.
,

3.3C
.
.
equalizer
:
1.5 C
1C 0C
0.5 C 0C

10 C
3
69 psig @ 4.4C
R22.
10 psig. 59
psig 0.5 C
.
59
psig 10 C.

59 psig 0.5 C
10 C
9.5 C .
– =
.
10 C 85
psig
external
equalizer (85>59+16)

(superheat)
.
11C
2 – 4C
.
= .

:
=
. .
,
.
:
=

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

.
(
) .
– .

.
.
, ,
.
.
.

.
.
1) ( )
2)
3)

.
,
(compression ration)
.
.
1
1 .

.
( )
.

: ( heat of vaporization)
.
.
: (specific heat)
.

: (specific volume)

.
.
.
.

.
(sub-cooling).
.
100%
.

.
).
100%
.
(superheated
vapor).

( )
( ).

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

.
.

.

R-410A
R-410A
(500 psi
800 psi ),
800 psi,
.
R-410A
680psig.
R-22
R-410A
R-407C

R-410A 50%
R-22.
R-410A
( )
15 .
.
.
.

R-407C
R407C R22
-7C 10C.
R22
.
R407C
.
5 C (temperature glide).
R407C

.
.
. .
.

13
.
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
.
.

.1
(Shut-off and ball
valves)

.2
(Schrader valves)

.3
(Mechanical joints and
flanges)

.4
Flare joints

.5
(Pressure relief valves and fusible
plugs)

.6
(Shaft seals)

.7
(Condensers)

.8
Line tap valves

.9
(Pressure switches)

.10
O-rings

.11
Capillary tubes (pressure
couplers and expansion devices)

.12
Return bends
on evaporators
and condensers

.13
Condensate tray pipe work

.

.
0.95 .
24 .
1.3 .

.
.
.
.
.
.
HFCs, .

.
.
:
,
, , , .
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
, , AMPs , .

.
,
, .
15 20
(condensing pressure) P/T
.
.
P/T
.
R410A 25 bar
40C.
P/T 25bar = 44C
40C.
.

.
.
.

.
. 40 C),
27 C
. 0 C),
21 C.

.

:
) (fixed plate
exchangers)
.
2.5 12.5 mm.
.
.
.
40% 60%,
.

1.
2.
3.
4. P/T ( meter)
5.
6.
7. (Amps
meter, volts meter, megger etc.

Single Voltage
External WYE Connection
L1 L2 L3 Join
1 2 3 4&5&6
Single Voltage
External DELTA Connection
L1 L2 L3
1,6 2,4 3,5

Terminal Markings and Connections
Part Winding Start 6 Leads
T1 T2 T3 T7 T8 T9
Motor 1 2 3 7 8 9
Leads

Single Voltage
WYE or DELTA Connected
Operating Connection L1 L2 L3 Join

Mode
Start WYE U1 V1 W1 U2&v2&w2
Run DELTA U1,W2 V1,U2 W1,V2 -------------

= VOLTS / I = AMPS / R = OHMS / P = WATTS
E=IxR Black = 0
I=E/R Brown = 1
Red =2
R=E/I Orange = 3
Yellow = 4
P = I² x R Green = 5 RESISTOR COLORS
Blue =6
Violet =7
P = V x A x 1.73 Gray =8
White =9
Gold = 5%
Silver = 10%
None = 20%

.
(V)
(k )
(mA),
mA Ampere

Refrigeration Book 1-250

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Refrigeration Book 1-250

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Refrigeration technical book - Kyriacos Psaras 1

Diploma of Centro Studi Galileo(Italy) in refrigeration &

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 2

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 4

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 5

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 6

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 7

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 9

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 10

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 11

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 12

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 13

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 14

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 16

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 17

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 18

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 19

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 21

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 22

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 23

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 24

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 25

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 26

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 27

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 28

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 29

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 30

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 31

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 32

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 33

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 34

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 35

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 36

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 37

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 38

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 39

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 40

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 41

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 42

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 43

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 44

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 45

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 46

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 47

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 48

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 49

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 50

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 51

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 52

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 53

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 55

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 57

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 58

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 62

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 63

Electric current ampere A

Amount of matter mole mol

Angle radian rad

Solid angle steradian sr

Luminous intensity candela cd

energy "activity, operation", J

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 74

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 76

Refrigeration technical book by Kyriacos Psaras 78