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• Small trailer
• Dropping Weight
• Geophones
• Deflection Basin
Uses elastic theory to predict the deflection basin for the given load. Then
iterates with different moduli configurations until the calculated deflection
basin matches the measured.
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
2. Multilayer Elastic Theory
a = radius
q = pressure
Properties @ A = Properties @ B
E1, ν1 z1
q = pressure
E1, ν1 z1
E2, ν2 z2 Point B
Point A
E3, ν3
z3
Assumptions (cont.):
∞ • Surface stresses
– Circular
– Vertical
Why do we want full
– Uniformly distributed
friction between layers?
• Full friction between layers
• Each layer continuously supported
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
Units Guidelines
• Stress: lbs
– Reported in psi: psi =
in 2
• Strain: in
– Reported in µε: µε = microstrain = × 10 −6
in
• Deflections: in
– Reported in mils: mils =
1000
P 3 1 P
σz = 5
σz 2π z2
⎡ ⎛ r ⎞2 ⎤ 2
⎢1 + ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
σz z ⎢⎣ ⎝ z ⎠ ⎥⎦
Z
r Where:
– σz = Vertical stress
σz
– r = Radial distance from load
– z = Depth
– P = Point load
X
Notice that the stress distribution
is independent of E
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
3.2 One-layer Solutions (Foster & Ahlvin)
Developed charts to determine σz, σt, σr, τrz & w (ν=0.5)
Figures 2.2 – 2.6 • Axisymmetric loading:
2a – σz = Vertical stress
– σr = Radial stress
q – σt = Tangential stress
– τrz = Shear stress
– w = Deflection
• Pre-solved @ radial distances
σz z a
q
τrz 0
Depth
1a
σr σt 2a
r 3a 2a 1a 0
Offset
z/a = 6/6 =1
Figure 2.2 (vertical stress distribution)
r/a = 6/6 =1
3.2.2 Deflection
Flexible Plate Rigid Plate
Rubber q q Steel
Deflection Profile
Ground Reaction
Which deflection is higher?
WRigid ≅ 79% ⋅ WFlexible
W0 =
( )
2 1 − ν 2 qa
W0 =
( )
π 1 − ν 2 qa
E 2E
1.5qa 1.18qa
W0 = W0 =
E E
Basically: δ surface ≡ δ A
∞
For this case (assuming one-layer):
q× a
δA = ×F Get F from Fig 2.6
E
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
3.2.2 Deflection (cont.)
Given:
z/a=24/6=4
r/a=0
Find:
F=0.37
a
q
ε E1 h1
E2 h2
E3
∞
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
4.2.1 Overall Principal Strains
• Based on all 6 components of normal and shear stresses – σx,
σy, σz, τxy, τxz, τyz
− Solve cubic equation to get σ1, σ2, & σ3
1
− Then calculate principal strains ε 3 = (σ 3 − ν (σ1 + σ 2 ))
E
Minor principal strain (ε3) considered to be tensile strain
because tension is negative
a What is the orientation of ε3?
q
Notice the
importance of
stiffness ratio in
reducing stresses.
E1=50,000 psi 6”
E2=10,000 psi
∞
Given:
h1/a=6/6=1
E1/E2=5
Find:
F2=0.6
qa 6(80)
Wmax = 1.5 F2 = 1.5 0.6
E2 10000
Wmax = 0.0432" ≅ 43 ⋅ mils
E1=50,000 psi 6”
Given: ∞
h1/a=6/6=1 ;r/a=0
E1/E2=5
Find:
F=0.83
qa 6(80)
W= F= 0.83
E2 10000
W = 0.0398" ≅ 40 ⋅ mils
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
5.1.4 Surface Vs Interface Deflections
Compare the results from the example:
• Surface deflection = 43 mils
• Interface deflection = 40 mils Top layer compression = 3 mils
Compression percentages:
3
– Top Layer = × 100 ≅ 7%
43
40
– Subgrade Layer = × 100 ≅ 93%
43
E1=500,000 psi h1
E2=5,000 psi
Maximum allowable ∞
σc for clay = 8 psi
Given:
σc/q=0.1
Fig 2.15
E1/E2=100
Find:
a/h1=1.15
6
h1 = = 5.2"
1.15
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
5.2 Critical Tensile Strain
a=6”
q=80 psi
εt E1=200,000 psi 6”
Strain Factor, Fe
E2=10,000 psi
e = εt= critical
tensile strain ∞
Given:
E1/E2=20
Fig 2.21
h1/a=1
Find:
Fe=1.2
q 80
εt = Fe = 1.2
E 200000
in
ε t = 0.00048 = 480µε
in
Nd = f4 ( ε c )
− f5 f4 & f5= Predicted performance to
field observation shift factors
Nd = 1.365 × 10 −9 ( ε c )
−4.477
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
7. Sensitivity Analysis
• Sensitivity analyses illustrate the effect of various parameters
on pavement responses
• Variables to be considered:
– Layer thicknesses h1 & h2
– Layer moduli E1, E2, & E3
hcr
Xw
1
σ ε 3
2
ε t
8.4 Input/Output
• Program LAYERINP creates the input file
• Run KENLAYER to perform the analysis
• Default name for the output file is LAYER.TXT
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
8.5 KENLAYER Example 1
Given: a = 4.5”
• Three-layer system q = 100 psi
• Uniform circular load
h1= 6” E1=500,000 psi ; ν1=0.4
• Elastic material
∞
Where would the critical/maximum values occur?
– Maximum deflection δmax @ z=0
– Critical tensile strain εt @ bottom of AC layer
– Critical compressive strain εc @ top of subgrade
Output format:
• Single wheel load is analyzed in axisymmetric space
• Sign convention: Is there a way to find out?
– Positive (+) = Compression
– Negative (-) = Tension
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
8.6 KENLAYER Example 2
Given:
14” 4”
• Three-layer system q=100 psi
• Dual wheel load a=4 in
• Elastic material x x x x
4” E1=500,000 psi
Calculate: ν1 =0.4
1. δmax x x x x
2. εt
3. εc 8” E2=15,000 psi
ν2 =0.5
x x x x
Where would the E3=5,000 psi Check output
critical/maximum ∞
ν3 =0.5
values occur?
Plane of
Symmetry
Output format:
• Dual wheel load is analyzed in spatial coordinates
• Sign convention remains the same:
– Positive (+) = Compression
– Negative (-) = Tension
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
8.6 KENLAYER Example 2 (cont.)
Output format:
• Results for each point (X,Y) at each requested depth (z)
• Principal stresses and strains
δ σz σ1 σ2 σ3 εz ε1 ε3 εh
1
εz = (σ z − 0.4(σ x + σ y ))
E
1
εz = (6.72 − 0.4(2.04 + 1.47 )) = 993 ⋅ µε
5000
= 992.2 µε (output)
Topic 3 – Flexible Pavement Stress Analysis
8.7 KENOUT
Kenout is a data manipulation program geared to help you post
process your data
Procedure:
• Rename the KENLAYER output file (LAYER.TXT) to something
relevant to your problem (i.e. Example2)
• Run the Kenout.exe program
• The program then asks for the filename to be read (Example2
– no .txt extension needed)
• Then it prompts you to give a new filename to store the
reduced data (i.e. Ex2 – again, no extension needed)
Output format:
• Original file – Example2
• Kenout – KENOUT.EXE
• Modified file – Ex2