FORMULA SHEET AND TABLES FOR HEAT TRANSFER MWX410

ACKNOWLEDGEMANTS: MANY SKETCHES AND TABLES FROM CENGEL (2006)

Continuity

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

Navier-Stokes:

( )

( )

( )

Energy equation:

̂
( ) ( )

* ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) +

̂
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( ) | |
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Q  kA
dT Q  hAs (Ts  T ) Q   As (Ts4  Tsurr
4
)
dx   5.670 E  08 W/m2 K 4
k Q  mh  mC p T For water at 1 atm:
 hif  333.7 kJ/kg
Cp
h fg  2256.5 kJ/kg
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  T    T
   T  T
k   k
  k   egen   C
x  x  y  y
 z  z  t
1   T  1 T  T    T  T
 kr  2 k   k   egen   C
r r  r  r     z  z  t
1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
 kr  2 2 k  2  k sin    egen   C
r r 
2
r  r sin      r sin      t
Conduction Convection Radiation
Wall L 1
R R
kA hA 1
R
hrad A
hrad   (Ts2  Tsurr
2
)(Ts  Tsurr )

ln  2 
Cylinder r 1 1
R R
R  r1  hA hrad A
2 kL A   DL hrad   (Ts2  Tsurr
2
)(Ts  Tsurr )
Sphere r2  r1 1 1
R R R
4 r1 r2 k hA hrad A
A   D2 hrad   (Ts2  Tsurr
2
)(Ts  Tsurr )

k 2k
rcr ,cylinder  rcr , sphere 
h h
m  hp / kAc Ac  cross-sectional area
p  perimeter
Very long fin: Adiabatic fin tip:
T ( x)  T T ( x)  T cosh m( L  x)
 e mx 
Tb  T Tb  T cosh mL
Q  m(Tb  T ) Q  m(Tb  T ) tanh mL
Convection fin tip: Q
A fin 
Lc  L  c Qfin,max
p
Qfin Qfin
 fin   tanh mL
Qno fin Qlong fin
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T  t   T
 hAs 
 t Q  t   hAs T (t )  T  Bi 
hLc
  VCp 
e k
Ti  T
t
With Lc  V Fo   
As L2

For Bi < 0.1

n tan n  Bi 
4sin n
   An e   cos  n X 
2
n
An 
n 1 2n  sin  2n 
T  x, t   T T  r , t   T
 wall   A1e 1  cos  1 x / L  ,   0.2 cyl   A1e 1  J O  1r / ro  ,   0.2
2 2

Ti  T Ti  T
T  r , t   T sin  1r / ro  T0  T T0  T
0, wall   A1e 1  0,cyl   A1e 1 
2 2
 sph   A1e 1    0.2
2
,
Ti  T 1r / ro Ti  T Ti  T
T0  T  wall  x cyl r  sph sin  1r / ro 
0, sph   A1e 1 
2

 cos  1  ,  J 0  1  , and 
Ti  T 0, wall  L  0,cyl 0, sph 1r / ro
 ro 
 Q  sin 1  Q  J1  1 
   1  o, wall    1  2o,cyl
 Qmax wall 1  Qmax cyl 1

 Q  sin 1  1 cos 1 T  Ts 2
  1  3o, sph   eu du  erf    1  erfc  
2


 Qmax sph 13 Ti  Ts  0
k Ts  Ti  Specified surface temperature, Ts = constant
qs 
 t T  x, t   Ti  x  k Ts  Ti 
 erfc   and qs  t  
Ts  Ti  2 t   t
Specified surface heat flux, qs = constant
qs  4 t  x2   x 
T  x, t   Ti   exp     xerfc   
k    4 t   2  t 

Convection on the surface, qs  t   h T  T (0, t ) . Energy pulse at surface, es = constant.

T  x, t   Ti  x   hx h 2 t   x h t 
 erfc    exp   2  erfc   es  x2 
T  Ti  2 t   k k   2 t

k  T  x, t   Ti  exp   
k t /  2 t 
 k c  T
p A, i   k c  p B TB ,i 
T  T
(Table 5)
Ts  A
Ti  T
 k c  p A
  k c  p B

hLc V 2 v cp
Nu  Ff  C f As Pr  
k 2  k
VL VLc 4.91 4.91x w
Re  c    C f ,x   0.664 Rex 1/ 2
v  V / vx Re x V 2 / 2
hx x  4.91x
Nux   0.332 Pr1/3 Re1/x 2 Pr  0.6 t  1/3
 1/3
k Pr Pr Re x
Re L C f ,x hx
C f ,x  Nux Pr 1/3 or  Pr 2/3  jH
2 2  c pV
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FD 4.91x 0.664
CD  Laminar:  v , x  and C f , x  , Re x  5 105
1 V A 2
Re1/x 2 Re1/x 2
2
0.38 x 0.059
Turbulent:  v , x  and C f , x  , 5 105  Re x  107
Re1/5
x Re1/5
x

1.33 0.074
Laminar: C f  R e L  5 105 Turbulent: C f  5 x105  R e L  107
Re1/L 2 Re1/5
L

0.074 1742
Cf   5 105  Re L  107 2.5
1/5
Re L Re L  
Rough surface, turbulent: C f   1.89  1.62log 
 L
hx x
Laminar: Nu x   0.332 Re0.5
L Pr
1/3
Pr  0.6 hx x
k Turbulent: Nu x   0.0296 Re0.8
x Pr
1/3
0.6  Pr  60
k
5 105  Re x  107

hL hL
Laminar: Nu   0.664 Re0.5 Re L  5 105 Turbulent: Nu x   0.037 Re0.8 0.6  Pr  60
1/3 1/3
L Pr L Pr
k k
5 105  Re L  107

  0.037 Re0.8
L  871 Pr
hL
Entire plate: Nu x  1/3
0.6  Pr  60
k
5 105  Re L  107
hx x 0.3387 Pr1/3 Re1/x 2 Laminar (uniform heat flux): Nux  0.453Re0.5
x Pr
1/3
Nux  1/ 4
k 1   0.0468 / Pr 2/3  Turbulent (uniform heat flux): Nux  0.0308Re0.8
x Pr
1/3
 
SD  SL2   ST / 2 
2 Vmax D Vmax D ST
Re D   Vmax  V
 v ST  D
ST
Staggered and SD   ST  D  / 2 : Vmax  V
2  SD  D 
hD NuD, NL  FNuD
NuD   C RemD Pr n  Pr/ Prs 
0.25

k
Ts  Te   Ts  Ti  Te  Ti  Ah
Tln   Te  Ts  Ts  Ti  exp   s 
ln Ts  Te  / Ts  Ti  ln  Te  Ti   mc 
 p 

Vmax
2
mP
P  N L fX Wpump  VP 
2 
( )
( ( ))

( )
( ( ))

( ) ( )
( )
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m  Vavg Ac   u (r )dAc 4 Ac Lh,laminar  0.05Re D

Ac Dh 
p Lt,laminar  0.05Re Pr D  Pr Lh,laminar
Lh,turbulent  1.359D Re
1/ 4
Lh,turbulent  Lt ,turbulent  10D qs As
Constant heat flux: Te  Ti 
mc p
Constant wall temperatures : Te  Ts  Ts  Ti  exp  hAs / mc p  Te  Ti
Tln 
ln  Te / Ti 
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L Vavg
2
64 64  65.492 
PL  f f   
 DVavg Re  Re 
Circular tube, laminar:
D 2
hD
Circular tube, laminar (qs  constant): Nu   4.36
k
hD
Circular tube, laminar (Ts  constant): Nu   3.66
k
0.065  D / L  Re Pr
Entry region, laminar: Nu  3.66 
1  0.04  D / L  Re Pr 
2/3

0.14
 Re Pr D   b 
1/3

Entry region, laminar, viscosity variation: Nu  1.86    

 L   s 
f   0.790 ln Re  1.64
2
Smooth tubes, turbulent: 3000  Re  5 106
Smooth tubes, turbulent (Chilton-Colburn): Nu  0.125 f Re Pr1/3
 0.7  Pr  160 
Smooth tubes, turbulent (Colburn): Nu  0.023Re0.8 Pr1/3  
 Re  10 000 
Smooth tubes, turbulent (Dittus-Boelter): Nu  0.023Re0.8 Pr n
n  0.4 for heating and 0.3 for ending
Sieder and Tate (smooth tube, turbulent, viscosity variation):
0.14
   0.7  Pr  17, 600 
Nu  0.027 Re Pr  
0.8 1/3
 
 s   Re  10 000 

Second Petukhov: (smooth tube, turbulent, 10% error):

f / 8  Re Pr  0.5  Pr  2000 
Nu   4 6
1.07  12.7  f / 8
0.5
 Pr 2/3
 1 10  Re  5 10 
Gnielinski (smooth tube, turbulent, more accurate than Petukhov):
f / 8  Re 1000  Pr  0.5  Pr  2000 
Nu   6
1  12.7  f / 8
0.5
 Pr 2/3
 1  3 10  Re  5 10 
3

Fully developed, laminar, transition or turbulent: Meyer et al (2009) – see page 25

Annulus: Dirker and Meyer (2002) – see page 24
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Dirker and Meyer (2002), Heat transfer coefficients in concentric annuli, Journal of Heat Transfer,
Vol. 124, pp 1200-1204, 2002.

0.14
ho DH
1
  
Nuo   Co Reo,DH Pro3  
P

ko  w 
 Error uncertainty is 3%
 Outside wall is adiabatic d D
 Reynolds number is based on the hydraulic diameter,
VDH
Re o,DH 
 a
D
 Nuo and Pro at bulk temperature and w  w,o at inner d

wall temperature (on annulus side)

1.2

1.1

P  1.013e0.067 a
1

0.9
P

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
1 2 3 4 5 6
a

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1
0.003a1.86
C0 
0.063a 3  0.674a 2  2.225a  1.157
C0

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
a
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Meyer et al (2009): Fully developed laminar, transition or turbulent flow

 25

g  (Ts  T ) L3c RaL  GrL Pr

GrL 
2
 26

m 1 1 1 1 1
Mass flux, G    R  Rwall 
A UAs U i Ai U o Ao hi Ai ho Ao

Ch  mh Cph Cc  mc Cpc
Q Qmax  Cmin Th,in  Te,in 

Qmax
Cmin
c
Cmax

Average heat transfer coefficient for refrigerants condensing at 40˚C to 60˚C (Oliver,
Liebenberg, Thome and Meyer, 2007)
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