AUSTRALASIANHISTORICALARCHAEOLOGY.I7.

I999

The Potentialfor the ArchaeologicalStudyof Clay TobaccoPipes

from AustralianSites
DENIS GOJAK and IAIN STUART

This paper proposes that clay pipes are an'ideal'artefact becauseofa range ofcharacteristics including
cheapness,easeof discard, being marked and dated, and stylistic dffiiences tiat may reflect socio-economic
dffirentiation. It reviews the his.toricaldevelopmentof clay pipes ii-Australia and thi eaity local manufacture
of pipes. It discussesthe Australian tobacco hobits and exa^irns issuesof trade, marketig and consumptrcn
and how that affectedpeople's acquisition and disposal ofpipes. This section includes i discussionon the
'Squatters Budgeree' pipe which was made in Great Briiain
for the Australian market. It examines the
usefulnessof clay pipe remains in dating Australian archaeological sites.

'If archaeologists hadto describean idealartefactwith which
to understandthe past it would needto have the followins
characteristics:
a) be cheapand readily available,somethingcommonly
usedin dailylife;
b) be easilybreakableto encourage
discard;
c) whenbrokenbe likely to enterthe archaeological record
with little likelihoodof scavenging or recycling;
d) be ableto surviveharshdepositional environments;
e) have manufacturer'snames or other marks for easv
dating;
f) exhibitpatternedvariabilityin form throughtime;
g) exhibit stylistic differences reflecting class, status,
ethnicityandpoliticalaffiliation;
h) be depicted frequently in contemporary pictorial
material,to enableinferences
aboutthe socialcontextof
its useto be made.
Is theresuchan artefact?The clay tobaccopipe certainly
fulfils all ofthe abovecriteriayet, surprisingly,few published
analysesof clay pipes are available from Australia and
archaeologistshave not taken advantage of these
characteristics to expandour knowledgeofthe past.This paper
providesan overviewofthe claytobaccopipein thecontextof
Australianhistoricalarchaeology.It is not intendedto be a
definitivestudybut to give somebasiccontextualinformation
and outline directionsin which further researchcould be
excavations shouldbe ableto providea basisfor undertaking
furtheranalysis of claypipes.
Althoughtherearean increasingnumberof archaeological
clay pipe studiesgloballythereremainsa strongelementof
antiquarian interestin clay piperesearch.The mainperiodicals
dealingwith clay pipes,publishingmaterialwith a world-wide
coverage,are the Societyfor Clay Pipe ResearchNevtsletter
(SCPR Neu,sletter) and Clay Tobacco pipe Studies (now
defunct).With the British ArchaeologicalReportsoccasional
seriesTheArchaeologyofThe Clay Tobaccoprpe, thesethree
seriescontainimportantstudieson assemblages, manufacturers
and markets.Unfortunately,few of theseare directlyrelevant
llt
to Australiaas they mainly concentrate on Englishclay pipe
lf
industriespriorto thenineteenth century,althoughinformation
aboutthemajorexporters lil
to thecolonialmarketsis increasing.
!
The survivingevidenceprovidesan opportunityto study |Ii
both the specificsof clay pipe productionand use, and to
lfi
understand the formationof assemblages. The fragility of clay ill
pipes and the resilienceof their fragmentsonce discarded u
makesthem idealfor specialistanalysisto revealsite history lt
andformationprocesses. lfl
.t0
THE MANUFACTURE OF CLAY PIPES
From the startof tobaccoconsumptionin Europein the late m
sixteenthcenturythe most commonform of usehas beenby "
smokingwith a pipe, the earliestrecordedbeing c.1580.3 lil
Tobaccocould also be takenby chewing,in cigar form or as !{

undertaken.The paucity of publishedclay pipe analysis,or snuff. During the seventeenth century local manufacturing fr
evencataloguingto providea basisfor comparativeresearch, centresthroughoutEuropeproduceddistinctiveregionalforms ,t
reflectsa moregenerallack ofanalyticalartefactstudiesfrom of pipe showing a wide range of decorativestyles which ,it[
Australiansites.Oneofthe reasonstherehasbeena reluctance continually evolved.a In 1788,whenthe colonyof New South fli
amongarchaeologists to publishartefactstudieshasbeenthe Waleswas founded,taking tobaccohad becomeacceptable
absenceof useful contextualframeworkswhich place their behaviourfor all classesand was secondonly to alcoholas a
6
assemblages in a broadersocial and economiccontextthat socialnarcotic.
relatesto Australianhistoricalarchaeology.The plethoraof Clay pipesusedfrom 1788onwardsconformedto a basic f
studiesof North Americanartefactcategories seldomengages shape- a hemispherical or egg-shaped bowl on top ofa tapering m
issuesthataredirectlyrelevantto Australianarchaeology. stem(Fig.2). The mouthpiece couldeitherbe mouldedor left il
Archaeologicalstudiesof clay pipes in Australia have unformed. Thebaseofthebowlcouldeitherberounded or have m
generally focused on descriptive typology and the a spur,which was a non-functionalvestigeof a broaderfoot il
identification of pipemanufacturers. Thefirst largeassemblage that had originallyallowedthe pipe to be restedupright.The rfi
publishedwas from the convict barrackssite at Port Arthur, stemwasgenerallystraightandbetween75 and 150mm long, rU
Tasmania.rA comprehensive catalogueof the excavatedclay althoughlongerand curvedstemswere also produced.Clay ffi
pipeswas produced,but the deathof the excavator,Maureen pipesare producedfrom fine clayswhich generallyfire to a ru
Byrne, meantthat a full reportof the excavationwas never creamor white colour,althoughred, brown and black pipes flll
published.z Sincethentherehavebeena numberof majorsites wereproduced as well. Ballclayof a varietyof compositions 1[
excavatedwhich have producedsubstantialnumbersof clay wasusedastheraw material,andneednot havebeenkaolin,as fit
pipesincludingthe Hyde Park Barracksand Royal Mint, the is sometimesstated.5 The temperature of firing did not vitriry
First Government House site, Lilyvale and the clay so it remainedearthenware,with a porous body. ,m
Cumberland/Gloucester Street,all in Sydney,and the Little Because theporosityofthestemcouldpeelskinfromthelipsof IM
LonsdaleStreetsite in Melbourne(Fig. l). Theseand other thesmoker,themouthpieces of pipeswereoftenglazed,coated ru
smallercollectionsproducedby culturalresource management in sealingwax or simplysoakedin beer.6 l8ti
MI
38
 was releasedfrom the mould, was impressed.Stamped
decorationcouldproducefiner detailbut was oftennot evenly
impressedinto the clay. A third decorativetechniquewas
s.A rouletting,which produceddentatedpattemsaroundthe bowl
rim or stem.This was producedby a toothedwheelor special
knife, again after the pipe was releasedfrom the mould.
Occasionally,paint would be used to pick out particular
featuresofa design.
Printingcouldbe addedwith inkedstampseitherbeforeor
afterfiring for additionalvariationor to meetspecificmarket
demands.Brasseyhas publisheddetails of transfer-printed
decorationon over 50 clay pipesfrom the Victoria Hotel in
AucklandNew Zealand.n Thesepipeswere manufactured by
J.G. Reynoldsof London and seemto dateto around1862.
Examplesof this form of decorationare rare survivalsin
archaeological contexts.
&ing Manufacturers'names on pipes were generallyplaced
along the stem, either in full or as initials (Fig. 5). The
pipe-makerThomasWhite,for example,is markedon pipesas
*gical ' TH O W H ITE ' , ' T.W .' , ' TW & C o' , ' WHI TE & CO . ',
;rt of
;;-^t^ 'WHITE'S' and 'THO. WHITE & Co' among other
variations.loThe place of manufacturewas marked on the
.t !dlJ

rr ide . Erdc Perk Berrrcks 2. Royal Mlnt 3. First GovernmentHous€ 4. Lllyvele

5. Cumberhnd/GloucesterSt 6. Crdmrns Cottrge 7. Sellors'Home oppositesideof the stem.In commonwith mostmanufactured
.etter
goodsthe designation ofplace ofmanufacturewasaffectedby
now '.!ap of Sydney CDB and relevant archaeological siles. (Dratvn by the U.S. McKinleyTari"ffAct of 1891,which requiredthat all
' a
ional - .-.
,.+e ) goodsimportedinto the United Stateshad to be markedwith
three their country of origin.rI Most Scottish and English
urers pipe-makers hadusedtheirstreetaddressor town oforigin but
. :e technologyof pipe making remainedsubstantially
3\'ant centuryonwards.'Thepipe thiswaschanged to either'England'or'Scotland'after1891.
--:-:.rged from the seventeenth
Y'Y - *.. ::.adeby rolling a sausage ofclay to the right lengthand Less common in the nineteenthcenturywas the practiseof
.aiion ':- :.-:.3ss. andinsertinga wire intothestem.This wasput into a markingthe maker'sinitials onto the spur (Fig. 5d). By the
lino
- -- :: Ihree-partiron mould which createdthe final shapeof mid-nineteenth centurythespurhaddecreased in sizeto a small
-
study :-: :.:e. impartingany decorationor legendonto the stemor remnantor was entirelyabsenton many pipeforms.
:id to :,. ^ .\fter it was removedfrom the mould the pipe was The potential exists to identi! a maker's individual
i clay . .;:j up and any flash removed.Stampsfor additional moulds.At the BarrackLane site in Parramatta, New South
arded ::: : -::1.1nor advertisingwere appliedat this stage.The pipes Wales, about 50 pipe fragmentswere found which were
lstory , :-; :.:enarrangedin a kiln and fired.Oncecooled,the pipes marked'J. ELLIOTT MAKER / MARKET ST WHARF'.'2
" - : ]e packedin strawor wood shavingsin boxesor crates JosephElliott wasa Sydneypipe-makerwho operated between
' - --::.slort. at leastl83l and 1837.''Six individualmouldswereusedin
--3 processwas carried out by hand and a skilled the assemblage. Genericclay pipemouldsappearto havebeen
e late : :a-::i.er couldproducepipesat a rateofabout 500per day. cut into with a graver,producingfine angularlettering,which
-- , ::uld be considerablyincreasedby breakingdown the variedconsiderably in styleandspacingamongthemoulds.All
r- : :3: i into separate tasks,or usingsteam-driven machinesfor fragmentsweredepositedclosetogether,suggesting that pipes
;5 80. ',
madefrom the differentmouldswerein circulationtogether.It
or as -- . -i :3ns of the process.Factoriesvaried from a single
:uring ' ::--:.er to the largeScottishexportfirmswhichemployed shouldbe possibleto determinehow manymouldswerein use
lorms : :-: :.undredpeople.Pipe-making was a recognised craft at any one time, which would providea good measureof the
* hich i' : : - :3 distinct from other ceramictrades,althoughsome healthofthe colonialclaypipetrade,aswell asa detailedstudy
South : .r:-. :l:'msdid makeclay pipes. of onepipe-maker'soutputover time. It could alsobe usedto
pnble . :"-J priceagreement list revealsthatthe majorScottish refineotherwiseimprecisedatingof a particularmanufacturer'
:l a s a 1 :{::3:-:eachhadover300 distinctvarietiesof pipesin their Apart from clay, other pipe bowls were made from
-ij; -i,is. andthe firm of William Whitehad produced606 meerschaum, a soft stone suitablefor intricatecarving,or
: basic *.:,,- rarieties.8Theseincludedmanypersonalityor effigy carvedfrom wood speciessuchas briar.Thesehad stemsand
r:E: .rrih the head of a particularindividual,such as mouthpieces madefrom amber,cawed boneand,laterin the
-lerlng nineteenthcentury,vulcaniteand other plastics.A separate
".r
left - :;-:::e. and the commemorationof a particularevent or
: : :;.. :ssue. e.g.'HomeRule'.Otherpipeswerenamedafter Americanstub-stemmed pipeform, with a largeclay bowl and
.r have
:r foot 11,::.: rr:r shorvnon the bowl, suchasbasketwork, a naturalor detachablereed stem, is almost unknown from Australian
'-;-:---s scene,ship, geometricor linear patternor the sites.laThereis alsoconsiderable evidenceofChineseopium
r:. The
*:'.:-r: :esign of a noveltypipe.Pipeswere alsocategorised smokingequipmentbeing used on the Australianand New
r long,
- ::: : -:ize.stemshape,bowl type andoverallform. Someof Zealandgoldfields,and later in the urban Chinatowns'The
:. Clay
:-: -:,: rarietieswere Irish, Cutty,TD, churchwarden and paraphernalia of opium smoking is quite distinctive,but is
:et oa
-i-.r \;rrerous sub-varieties based on size and added unlikely.-to be found outside the mining and Chinatown
. plpes
:,j,. -::.:n rrerecreated, e.g.'largeDublinCutty' and'small context.''
sir ions
' { ' - - , ^: : i\ n P ri n c e(F
' i g .3 ). Clay pipesbreakeasily and thosewith longerstemsare
:ii n ,as
r itrifo '.' . ;: lecorationwasimparted by themould,meaning thata especiallyfragile.Estimatesof how long a pipe survivesin
b ody . -: , -: -.J hadto be createdfor eachvariety(Fig.4). Some normal usage based on contemporaryaccountsrange from
: ii p sof : :tr--:.\3rsequipped theirmouldswith changeable insertsso severaldaysto two weeks.r6Heavierand thicker pipeswere
r*..il-: ', rCualnamesor advertisements couldbemouldedonto producedwhich were popularwith labourers,but eventhese
;oated the
endedup in fragments. If a stembrokenearthe mouthpiece
- : :. -:'rn request.Mouldeddecorationwaseitherimpressed first
- -: ;i: ',rhile stampeddecoration, madeaftertheunfiredpipe pipecouldbe used,perhapswith the stembeingreshaped

39

Fig. 2: Clay pipe terminologt, showing the mainfeatures referred to in
the text.
(Fig. 6f). However,a crackedbowl, or a stembrokentoo close
to the bowl, was enoughreasonfor a pipe to be discarded.The
reuseof pipeswith brokenstems,eitherby the original smoker
or someoneseekingto savemoney,may be expectedto reflect
eitherpovertyor difficulty in accessing
reliablesuppliesofnew
pipes.No work hasbeendoneon the occurrence ofpipe reuse
to testthis proposition.
Although there are various uses recordedfor clay pipe
fragments,suchas gamingcountersandwhistles,it is unlikely
that scavengingof fragmentswould haveremovedmorethan a
very smallproportionofthe piecesenteringthe archaeological
record." Evidence of use is commonly found on pipe
fragments.Smoking tobacco leaves a black or dark brown
residuewithin the bowl after a singlesmoke.Fowler records
that Sydneypipe smokerstreasuredblack,stainedpipesand
would wrap them in leather or even buy them already
blackened.'"As teethgrip the stemnearthe mouthpiecethey
may chip off small pressureflakesof glazeor ceramicon upper
and lower surfaces.Names were sometimesscratchedonto
pipes, perhaps to indicate ownership but possibly after
breakagein the sameway that ostracawereusedascounters.re
The ubiquity of smoking among both Europeansand
AboriginalpeoplefollowingEuropeancontactis confirmedby
dentalevidencefrom skeletons, which sometimesshow clear
evidenceof distinctivetoothwearattributedto clenchingpipe
stemsbetweenthe teeth.2o
TOBACCO HABITS AND CLAY PIPE
F'ASIIIONS
In Englandtakingtobaccowas widespreadthroughall social
classes,but with considerablevariation.The upper classes
preferredsnuffandcigars.Pipeswerestill popular,buttheclay
pipe was scornedin favourof a carvedmeerschaum or briar.
Cigaretteswere introducedduringthe NapoleonicWars,and
were always around thereafter. In Australia they did not
predominate overpipesuntil the latenineteenth
century,while
clay pipesrapidly dwindledin popularity,with almostno use
40
after World War One. Chewing tobacco is recorded in
Australia but it neverreachedthe samepopularity as in North
America.2lFew,if any,claypipefragmentsarefoundin secure
twentieth-centuryarchaeologicalcontexts.22
Tobaccowas one of the first colonial industries.23 The
moderateclimate,the easeof growing and th6 readymarketall
encouragedtobaccogrowing as a profitable secondcrop for
farmers in the early years of the settlement.It was never
consideredto be as good asthe importedstuff, which was also
usuallytwice the price.Clay pipesinitially hadto be imported
to smokeit, but in l8l I D. D. Mannwasableto observethatat
least one pipe-makerwas operating locally and .the great
propensityto smokingwhich prevailsthroughoutthe colony,
causesan astonishing consumplionof this article,andhaswell
repaidthe original speculator.""Tobaccowas also usedas a
treatmentfor scabin sheepand many pastoralpropertiesgrew
tobaccofor this purpose.
In discussingthe broader context of tobacco use in
Australiain his book Under Fire Walker notesthe association
betweenclay pipe smokingand low socio-economic status.26
Englishsocialdistinctionsin tobaccousewere transferredto
Australia where clay pipes were associatedmost with
labourers, convictsandespeciallythe Irish.The Irish werethe
stereotypicallabourersin nineteenth-centuryEngland, being
employedasnawies in theconstruction of canalsandrailways.
They also formed,as immigrants,a large proportionof the
populationof Scottishcitiessuchas Glasgowand Edinburgh,
which becamecentresfor the export trade in clay pipes.The
Irish were associatedwith a particular form of pipe -
short-stemmed, thickandwith a roulettedrim, robustenoughto
be smoked while doing physical work. The .Emigrant
Mechanic'recordssuchpipesin commonuse in New South
Wales.27
The wholecompanywas dividedinto minor groupsof
twos, threes,and fours, and the dudeen(a pipe with
stemreducedto three,two, oneor half an inch)was in
everybody'smouth.I think therewas not an individual
in theroom,but onefemale.who did not smokemoreor
less,duringthe brieftime we satthere.
Dudeenwas an Irish word used to refer to clay pipes
generally,but was alreadybeingusedin the coloniesto refer
particularlyto the thick pipesassociated with lrish navviesin
England(Fig. 7)." The rangeof pipesfound in Irelandis large
and the navvy pipes are not characteristicof the assemblage,
suggejtingthatthey wereadoptedmainly amongthe emigrant
Irish."
EchoingMann later in the centuryis Fowler, who also
noted with amusementthat pipe smoking was ubiquitous
among Australians.'Everybody has one, from the little
pinaforedschool-boy...to the old veteranwho cameout with
the secondbatchofconvicts'.30
While accountssuchas this make it clear that nearlyall
lower class men and women smoked, contemporary
illustrationsgenerallydo not show womensmokingwith clay
pipesunlessit is the artist'sintentionto clearly indicatethat
thesewomenwerefrom the lowestclassand probablydevoid
of civilisationor morals.Classdistinctionsin takingtobacco,
and whetherwomen were permittedto smoke (at least in
public) can be traced in contemporaryillustrations.The
associationof the clay pipe with lower class or statusis
affirmed throughout the nineteenth century. Portrayals of
tobaccosmokingamongthe middleclassshowit to havebeen
almostascommonplace asthe lowerorders,at leastamongthe
men.Thereappears to havebeenno objectionto tobaccoper se,
purelythe mannerin which it was ingested.
The roleoftobaccoasa cheap,sociallysanctioned narcotic
deservescomment.Tobaccowas a common ration item for
convictsand labourersin lieu of wages.'lAs a habit-forming
din
,Iorth
rcure
Ao-
l"
The
.etall
p for
I
rever
; also
orted
hat at
great
ilony,
; well
la s a
gew

se in
iaion
fus.26
ed to
with
re the
being
ways.
rf the
irgh,
i. The
'ipe -
ughto
igrant
South

of
dl
in
tal
or

prpes
l refer
ries in uatAfrcfAntO /FOfl fttt htfsr Ctrrs.
; large
blage, : l;ge-fromaThomasDavidsonandCo.catalogueshowingatypicalrangeofdecoratedpipeforms(GallagherandPricel9ST:128).Thevarieties
rigrant fl f:R np to botlom) Squatter, Long Meerschaum, Large Douglas, Large Carved Milo, Large Garibaldi, Ileed, My Pipe, Short Congo, Gold Digger,
i crJandGoat Head.
o also
luitous
little
n with

rly all
porary
h clay
twi-ffi1
(2 \g W
rc that
devoid
,bacco, : g ! l;prcal clay pipe bowlsfound in nineteenth-cerrtury
ast in qal;:-i"l;r srteslall examples in thefollowingfgures are
i. The Fm --:;ii.rru Cottage Historic Site, Sydney. (Drawn by
rtus is --c,:r!-c ?zmte )
'als of
c been
ng the
Fr se,

arcotic Ot
em for
-i----_---
orming n6

4l
 rsclon
o lillq l' - a latcov
Dcporri
050
ff-
m.
s+trf
r-
lI - f
Fig. 6: Clay pipe mouthpieces. 6a and c have
been sealed with red wax, 6b has yellow-brown
glaze, 6f has been reshaped following ..O
breakage. (Drawn by Georgia Rennie.)
0F-
e.o
substanceit also had a potentialto serveas a way ofensuring
continuingdependencyin an economicrelationship.In towns
there would be no problem in getting alternativesuppliesof
tobaccoand pipes, but in rural areasthesewould have to be
transportedand bought at substantialcost. The supplier of
tobaccoandpipes,suchasa squatteror religiousmission,could
hold a strong measure of control over their labourers or
charges, as they would have to rely upon the employer
continuingto satis! their habits,andasthey werepartly paidin
rationshad no cashto pay for an alternativesupply.
MarginalisedAboriginalpopulationsreceivingtobaccoin
their rations from a pastoral station, mission or government
agencydevelopeda dependencyupon the supplierthat was as
much physiological as economic. Most descriptionsof
Aboriginalpeopleliving in campson stationsor nearEuropean
settlementsnote that both men and women smoked." This
helpedto reinforcethe commonnineteenth-century perception
of the Aboriginalas brutishanduncivilised.
42
I
tl
Fig. 5: Clay pipe stems, showing typical makers'
t Itol LL marks and other stem markings. (Drawn by
Georgia Rennie.)
O
w
b. o
I
I
I
d.o
-
I
o
I
gto
In the upperand middle classessmokingwas associated
with leisure and contemplation,as a contrastto the working
class,where smoking was associatedwith work and raucous
entertainment.The smoking rituals of the wealthy were
elaborate.The smokingroom enhancedthe exclusivemale
natureof smokingfor leisure,and it was not consideredpolite
to smokein mixed company.Ladiesdid not smoke,although
from the late nineteenthcentury smoking cigarettesbecame
popularas a way of showingthat you were a modernwoman,
with just a hint of feminism." Ceremonywas attachedto the
offering of cigarsaftei dinnerto guests,and suitablyengraved
pipes,cigarsnippers,ashtraysandcigarcaseswereamongthe
most personalof presents. The most lavish of thesesmoking
requisitesweremadeof gold andsilver.Not surprisingly, these
do not commonlyenterthe archaeological record.
While not gender-specific, tobaccoand smokingreflected
contemporaryattitudesto both classandgender,andhad a role
in reinforcingexisting divisions within society.There was
 :.::rsiderablesocialvariationin the way tobaccowas usedin
:.;srralia.Clay pipeshavea very clearassociation with lower
i r{.trecottornicstatus.Particularlyinterestingis thepossibility
---.::rhe habit-formingpropertiesof tobaccowere used to
::.:.:crcepaffernsofeconomicdependence in ruralareas.
TR{DE, MARKETING AND CONSUMPTION
-.: inovementof clay pipesfrom
theirplaceof manufacture
to
---:::larketin the Australiancoloniesis a complexissue,for
'.:::h only fragmentary statisticsareavailable.Archaeological
:. :3nce provides importantsupplementary informationon
;:-:s of trade, marketing and consumptionand has the
:':::ecl of clarifiing and expandingthe availabledata.As
::i:. colony managedits own tradeand imposedtariffs and
:-r-,:es on goodsbeingbroughtin for usein thecolony,andon
: -,:.:suhich werebroughtin for thepurposeof forwardingto a
.-:sequent destination,the study of import and export can
:F-:::ne confusing. General trade figures usually do not
: i-::entiatebetweenexportswhich originatedin thecolonyor
:- - .: hich hadarrivedthe previousweekon anotherboatand
"r
": ;:: riaitingon thewharffor transferelsewhere.
"npronsto the Colonies
,. -:.:l clay pipeproduction
wasnegligiblecompared to the
: --:.3 urf imports. Some import figures are availableand
-: .::. 3 tradethat was eventuallyto be measuredin tons.The
-:, - :uaplier of pipes to Australia was Great Britain,
:-: : , :::.antlvfromScotland. TheScottish industrydeveloped
r *:: ::rir vears of the nineteenthcentury,displacingthe
: :,:-: ;la1 pipe trade from London, Bristol and
-
:.. ----:;pton.'t The relianceupon pipes from Great Britain
v ij i- : : i r h a tD . D . Ma n nn o te di n l 8 l l th at' tobacco-pi pes,
!: :-- :..31evearsago,at the cheapest periodscost sixpence
::.:-.. ::i nou manufactured in the settlementof a very good
; *:. .,. nl areretailedfor onepennyeach'."
: -: :. earliest yearsof thecolony,to about1850,mostof
:"s :€--.31 informationaboutimportshasto be inferredfrom
r-:-.:i-.:Eical remains.Examplesof pipesmadeby French,
.,,i.::-- :.:erican andGermanmakershavebeenfoundat First
. : :-::nI House,Lilyvale andCadmansCottage.However,
'":.:::"- : : rhetime rangecoveredandthepossibleintroduction
- -,:- ..:.:al pipesbroughtby ships'crewinto the port,the
discovery of non-British pipes at places with maritime
associations shouldbe treatedcautiously.'o
Importswere broughtto Australiaby ship in a varietyof
containers.Trade records of the late nineteenthcentury
describeclay pipesin boxes,cases,packagesand tons.37 One
shipwreckin Australianwaters^containing large numbersof
clay pipeshasbeenexcavated.'o The brig Tigresssankin the
Gulf of St Vincentin September 1848(neartheendof a voyage
from Scotland).Among her cargofor Adelaidewere50 boxes
of clay tobacco pipes. Although none of the boxes were
recoveredintact, all of the identifiable pipes recovered
archaeologically were producedby ThomasWhite and Co. of
Edinburgh.The majorityof pipesfoundwereof two particular
designs- an Irish harp/thistlecombinationand a three-masted
ship under sail/anchorand cable combination.Three further
designs- two geometricand one stampedTW - were also
recorded.but werelesscommon.
The Tigressfind suggeststhat in this instancepipes were
imported into Australia as cargoes from a particular
manufacturer, an importantconsideration in understandingthe
distributionof particularclay pipetypes.Pipeswerenot mixed
from diflerentmanufacturers prior to shippingto the colonies.
It will be importantto establish
whetheronly a smallproportion
of eachmanufacturer's rangewasexportedin quantity,or ifthe
full rangeof hundredsof pipetypeslistedin the makers'lists
would havebeenavailablein Australia.
The collapseofcolonialproductionby the 1840scoincided
with the rise of the Scottishexporters,who beganproducing
pipesspecificallyfor the Australianmarket.However,before
they took over the trade there was a period in the
mid-nineteenth centurywhenDutchpipesappearto havebeen
importedin largequantities, andmay haveevendominatedthe
market."
Someindicationof the volume of importsis availablein
colonial statistics.Maclehosesays that in 1836 over one
million pipes('8172 gross')were imported.ao Later statistics
speak in terms of casesor packages,but the number is
estimated by WilsonandKelly to be between5 and25million
per year.o' Victorian statistics indicate 2.9 million were
importedin 1878and4 millionin l88l.a2
The countryof origin of clay pipe importsto New South
Walesand Victoriafor threesampleyears(Tables1,2) is
deceptivein that probablyall of the pipes listedas imported

sociated
e,h-
vdAS/ - F;F
.vorking
raucous
:\ were
'.e male
d polite
!though
became
\YOman,
rJ to the
:ngraved 50
rongthe ff
smoking mm
:ly.these

reflected -,,-.-'.--i:..2 clay ptpes (dudeens)showing the characleristic roulelted rim and thick stem. (Dravn by Georgia Rennie.)
:ada role
'lerewas

+)
from the other British colonieswere productsof GreatBritain
being trans-shipped.Intercolonial import and export within
Australia was only a small part of the total trade and much of
this appearsto have occurredalong the rural borders,such as
the Riverinawhich,althoughin New SouthWales,hadstronger
economicties to Melbourneand Adelaidethan Sydney.For
example,at Moama on the Murray River, sevenboxesof clay
pipeswere importedfrom Victoria to New SouthWalesin the
last three months of 1864, while nine boxes went in the
oppositedirectionin the sameperiod.as
Althoughthe colonialstatisticsare notoriouslydifficult to
use a systematicstudy should be able to establishgeneral
pattemsof clay pipe importation,re-exportandtradestructure.
Export from the Colonies
In l83l Sydneyclay pipe makerJosephElliott claimedto be
ableto expediteexport orders,oo and alreadyby the startofthe
nineteenthcenturyit is claimedthat pipesmadein New South
Waleswere being sold in Englandand Europe."'Apart from
these early instances,our knowledge of both the export of
colonialclay pipesor ofthe re-exportofBritish pipesto other
coloniesis derived from trade statistics.Typical trade figures
(Tablesl, 2) show that althoughtherewere many individual
destinations,thesewere almostall either aimedfor the Pacific
islands,or to the other Australiancolonies.For the years
1869-1881 the valueofexport pipesrangedbetween4 percent
and 12.6 percentof the value of pipe imports for the same
period.a6
It is unclearwhetherpipesdestinedfor thePacificandother
Australiancolonieswereordereddirectfrom GreatBritain,or
whetherorderswere placedwith merchantsin Sydney,who
filled them from available stock. Some answersmay be
availablefrom a closeanalysisof assemblages in the Pacific
islandsand work on the recordsof key merchants.
Productionin the Colonies
DespiteSydney'searly developmentof a potteryindustryto
caterfor local demandthere doesnot appearto havebeenany
commercialproductionof clay pipesin.Australiauntil William
Cluerbeganproductionin about1804."'
The dataon localproductionis scantyandreliesheavilyon
the 1828Census.Systematicwork by Wilson indicatesthat
therewere at least I I pipe-makersoperatingin Sydneywithin
the periodfrom 1804to before 1850(Table3). The reliance
uponthe 1828censusmay falselysuggesta peakaroundthat
particulardate.What is clear,however,is that therewas a real
declinein localmanufacture in the late I 830sand I 840s.
The causeofthe declinecanonly be guessedat. It may have
coincidedwith the generalcollapseofthe colonialeconomyin
the early 1840s,or may have beenbrought about becausethe
small local pipe-makerscould not competewith increasingly
cheapScottishandpossiblyDutchimports.In December183I
JosephElliott advertisedthat he was reducinghis wholesale
priceof pipesfrom 5 shillingsto 4 shillingsper gross.A week
iater the-price was reducedfurther to Z-sliillings6 pence.a8
Elliott survivedto operatefor anothersevenyears.
Among the namesof known Sydneypipe-makersare two
Cluers and three Elliotts. The family relationshipsof the
individualsare unclear,but it was common in Britain for
severalgenerationsof the samefamily to continuea trade in
pipe-making, in succession or operating
-either
simultaneously."'According to Wilson the operationsall
appearto be small, some of the pipe-makershaving products
appearingunder their own nam-e,while a few worked as
employees of otherpipe-makers.so
The presenceof Mary Cluer, also known as Mary Morgan
(Table 3), is not surprising,as many women traditionally
workedwith their husbandsin the smallerpipe-makingfirms,
perhapswith several apprentices.Mary (Morgan) Cluer's
experienceof continuingto operateas a pipe-makerafter the
death of her husbandswas a common one in the nineteenth
|
centuryamongpipe-makingfamilies.5
Tradefiguresfor Victoria in 1864note that locally made
pipes were being exported to New South Wales and New
Zealand.No mentionis madein Victorian productionstatistics
of the presenceof clay pipe manufacturers, but this may be
becauseof the small size of the industryor becauseit was a
minorsidelineof the largerpotteries."
Consumption
This is the leastunderstoodpart of the life-cycle of clay pipes
and the one wherearchaeological evidenceneedsto be relied
upon the most. Having already noted the general social
distinctionsin the consumptionof tobaccoandthe useof clay
pipes, it is possibleto examine in more detail particular
situationswherepipeswere used,to get an understanding of
how the archaeologicaldata reflects social or economic
behaviourin particularcircumstances.

Table1: lmportsand exportsof clay pipesin selectedyears,NewSouthWalesonly.(SfatisticalRegisterof /VewSoufhWales,1864'

1878,188'l.) Figuresrepresentnumberof casesperannum.

I 864 1878 18 8 1
lmports Exports lmports Exports lmports Exports
(cases) (cases)
Great Britain 1290 294 2955 5862 I
94
,| 455 4 292 7
Victoria
Sth Australia I 212 7 114 26
Queensland 10 2 310 5 397
Tasmania 1 2 21
New Zealand 577 1 57 2
Pte. De Galle 9 1
USA 1 J

SouthSea ls. 3 55 o 175 18 440

Chin a 2 4
New Caledonia 't83 't84 308
,l 4
Honolulu
Cape Gd Hope
43

44
d that rable2: lmportsandexportsof pipes(clay,woodan:firr9:[r:::ift[",,;;fff$ii"rs, Victoriaonly(sfafisficatResisterfor the
a real

; have 1864
rny in lmports Exports lmports
se the
singly 3: Britain 27825
r l83l 563
\SW. 1474
rlesale
, week S:r Aust. 88
q
:nce.ot
160 809
re two rrZ 570 480
of the 67
rin for
Kong IEQ
ade in -:ng
rating Sa-rca 908
ns all 4
oducts ;:cerdam 42
led as
-ar-Curg
,{organ
l.-a'erte 63
ionally
:f i r m s, I
lluer's ' r*:ie denotes
Victorian
manufacture
fter the
eteenth Clal pipeswereprobablydistributedfrom a widevarietyof thereis a very restrictedrangeof pipetypesrepresented.
iri:Es- pubs and other outlets.Tobacconistswere a major An exampleof deliberatechoicein pipesis from Cadmans
r made s:lnc.::rof pipesandsmokers'requisitesandaccountfor most Cottagein the Rocks..Anumberof pipeswererecoveredfrom
d New : j ---: kno* n examplesof Australianfirms advertisingdirectly excavations in l988.toA largeproportionof thesewereof the
aristics ,,tr{:- clal pipes. Examples marked 'DIXSON' and dudeen(lrish nawy) variety- thick-walledandshort-stemmed
may be i r"':':,\.ELL',both tobacconists, are common,and are found with a roulettedbowl rim (Fig. 7). Severalof thesehad Irish
tw asa ;n :rrned pipes,meaningthat Scottishfirms producedthe slogansor symbolson the bowl, suchasshamrocks and'ERIN
r,r€-s:r order.Advertisingfor particularbrandsof tobacco, GO BRAGH'. Someof the stemswerestampedwith theword
:i.rr- :s 'Conqueror'and 'Sunflower',is alsocommon. 'CORK', a varietyfound in severalpipe-makers'catalogues.
.: sdditionto specialist suppliers, therewouldprobablybe Thecontextofthe finds,manydatingfrom the I 860sandI 870s
ry plpes rr: :r:!lem in buying a clay pipe in any pub, cornerstoreor duringthe useof the Cottageas part of SydneySailorsHome,
e relied h :rr :irran's establishment. Many English pubs supplied was from the height of sectarian violence between
social tre: ::- to drinkers,a practicewhich may alsohaveoperated Anglo-Saxonsand lrish in Sydney. So intense was the
of clay m :* :.-lonies.Fowlerrecords: sectarianism that in 1868the travellingPrinceAlfred was shot
rticular ':. cuttv is of all shapes,sizesand shades.Someare by a would-be assassin,the-self-confessedFenian (lrish
ding of liberationist)Henry O'Farrell." Ironically the assassination
'e=o heads,setwith rows of very white teeth- some
:onomic attempttook place at a fund-raisingpicnic for the Sailors
ir: :rermaids,showingtheir more presentable halves
re frontof the bowls, and stowing awaytheir weedy Home.
-:
s, 1864, :-::3ments underthe items.Someare Turkishcaps- While we haveno documentaryevidencethat therewere
i: r : 3 a reR u s s i asnk u l l s ...5 l Irish occupants at CadmansCottage,the predominance of Irish
the diversityof known pipe pipesstronglysupportstheir presence. The sailorswho stayed
^':-.e rhis clearlyexpresses at the Home were both from internationalvessels and
-,:re-o ::.,i the range found in some assemblages, at othersites
inter-colonialships.The Irish-bornformeda largeproportion
of the transportworkers and labourersduring this
-oe 3: Pipe-makers operatingin NewSouthWalesbetween -c-olony's
period.'o
fromWilson(1988).
'!C4 and18/t4.Basedon information
Theparad_ing ofan identitythroughpipes,in this caseIrish,
Knownworkingdelgs is very clear." Pipes,like otheraccessories, canserveasa clear
andunambiguous identifierof a person'ssocialaffiliationand
1804- 182'l
* d s- gl
hencehave-animportantrole in sociallydivided societies.5s
/m 6- 3t'^ 1828 Occurringin a time when there was sectarianviolence,the
.,ar-es I c<ens 1828 displayof Irishnesscannotbe seenas a neutralact, but one
k:rp E 'ctt 1828 chargedwith the desire to identifl with a faction and to
confront.
.r:s€ar I c:: 183 1- 1 8 3 7
Interestingly, no lrish pipesarerecordedfrom PortArthur,
iar-+ I ctt 1832 - 1837
which coveredthe same period, nor are they common in
-*Eres :'cst 1828 Canada.The Port Arthur authoritiesmay h-avedeliberately
.i:raa- 1822 - 1839 suppressed theiruseasa provocative symbol.'"
-eak
rlllga-"lt:-:3n 1821 -1832', consistentdifferencebetweensome
Thereappears to be a
-rg-es R:,,gLand 1828 sitesthatexhibitlargenumbersof pipeswith a greatamountof
' \:rE Llal rLlorgan)Cluer,wife of WilliamCluer,operatedhis variability,while othersitesseemto be dominatedby one or
:l'cErr.,:.s:-nng his absenceoverseasin 1821'2,and from after two types of pipe, with a small number of other types
n*R ^ 'A24 Revertedto the nameMaryCluerin 1832. represented. Whetherthis reflectsa differencein sitefunction
-::
45
and consumption patterns or represents vagaries in production.Effigy pipes of a much finer standardwere M
archaeologicalsamplingis unclear.It is an issuethat needsto producedby French and Dutch manufacturersand imported il
be exploredfurther. into Australia,includinga fine shroudeddeath'sheadbowl 1f
found in the demolitionlayersof the First GovernmentHouse n
THE COLONIAL MARI(ET si tec.1845.65 il

A uniquecolonialmarketfor particularclay pipestylesexisted From the mid nineteenth century the Scottish
from at leastthe 1830sonwards,in the senseof a group of manufacturers also beganproducingpipes for the colonial rtr
consumers in a particularplacewith preferencefor a restricted market.McDougallproduceda varietyof pipesfor this market, Ilnr

varietyoftypesof pipedecoration. Walkernotesthatoneof the includingavarietycalled'Sydney', in small,medium

available iL
reasonsthe Scottishmanufacturers had suchextensiveranges and large sizes, as well as 'Carved Sydney', 'American rn
was to be able to cater to the diverse tastesof the different Sydney' and 'Sydneycutty'. William White producedshort !h
colonies,suchasthe WestAfrican preference for largebowled and long 'Australian','Bent Squatter','Kangaroo'and many u
pipes.60 otherexamplesareknown.- The earliestof thesepipescanbe ,t

Evidenceof a distinctAustralianmarketconsistsof certain

datedto the 1850sfrom the manufacturers' pricelists,andthis q
pipe typeswhich were clearly producedwith the Australian coincideswith the dramaticpopulationincreasebroughtabout t
by thegold rushes.Fromthenon all ofthe Scottishpipe-makers
coloniesin mind.Oneexampleis of pipeswith a stemmarked
regularlyaddedAustraliantitlesto their range. fr
'SQUATTERSBUDGEREE',which has beenfound on a
number of Australiansites (Fig. 8). The term 'budgeree', The existence of a colonial market with particular *t
meaning good, was derived originally from Aboriginal preferences promptsa numberof questions, includingthe need ,l
languages aroundPortJackson, andeventuallyenteredcolonial to betterdefinewhatthosepreferences were andwhetherthey r[
slang.o'Onemakerhasbeenidentifiedfrom a field suweyof a wereuniformthroughoutcolonialsocietyor differedaccording m
pipe-makinglocationin Rainford,northwestEngland."'Astem to classor origin.Of interesttoo is how well did thepreference
fragmentwhich featuresa partial'SQUAT...'/ '...GEREE' for particulartypesofpipe relateto otheraspects ofthe creation 1[
was foundamongpossiblyredeposited kiln wastein a field. It of a colonial,andultimatelynational,identity."' 'il!
hasbeententativelyattributedto David Swallow,a pipemaker il
DATING
who operated in the areafrom c.1860to 1880. il
Furtherevidencethat localconsumers hadparticulartastes, Clay pipesare routinelyusedto datedepositsthroughdirect h
whichrnayhavebeenconsidered unorthodox,canbe foundin a determinationof terminuspost quem,generallybasedupon fr
reportprepar€dby GovernorRalphDarling,on the bushranger their manufacturers, but there are other datingortechnigues 1L
JackDonahoe,the Wild ColonialBoy. In Septemberl83l whichmayproveusefulin theAustraliancontext.' .l(

Donahoewas killed andDarlingnotes: The first datingprocedureis typological,basedupon the I

A pipe makerwas permittedto take a castof his head identificationof the productsof individualpipe-makers, who
showinga bullet wound in the forehead...The pipe are able to be dated by referenceto trade directoriesand rL
makermadeclay pipes,the bowl bearingq facsimileof censuses. As nearlyall pipesaremarkedwith makers'initials fi
the cast,andthesepipeshada largesale.o' or namesthis is feasiblefor a largeproportionof assemblages. h
Althoughthe pipe-makerreferredto is not known,Sydney Duringthe lastthird of thenineteenth centurytherewasa trend fr
pipe-makerSamuelElliott produceda pipeshowingtheheadof awayfrom markingeverypipetype,andmanyexamplesfound 1r
King William at about the same period.* Whether this in Australia carry no maker's name.The work of Oswald
monarchhada particularmeaningto the colonialsmokeris not providesanencyclopaedic overviewofthe claypipeindustryin o
known,but the productionof sucheffigy pipesappears to have Britain,andresearch is continuallyrefininglocalchronologies
ld
beenquitecommonin the Australiancoloniesin the 1830s. of claypipemanufacture.o"
lll
Many fragmentsof effigy pipeshavebeenfound on colonial The work presentedin Davey is especiallyrelevantto il
sitesof this period,and the designsappearto be stylistically Australianclay pipe researchas it deals exclusivelywith H
similarto the King William pipe, possiblyindicatingcolonial Scottishpipe-makers, many of whoseproductsdominatelate Lllu
rp

ld
tr
n
lIu
'til
il
1:

F
II
rn
h
m
.ilu
IN

020
th
'4t
-l
mm 0:
x
,l:
Auslralian sites. (Drawn b\'
Fig. g: The 'SeUATTERS BIJDGEREE' pipe, producedfor the Australian colonies, and commonlyfound on nineleenlh-cenlury
rf
Ceorgia Rennie.)

46
 were - :.:Ieenth-centuryclay pipe assemblagesin Australia.T0 The creationoffurther datingtools baseduponthe formal
Ported - :.:onunately manyofthe majorexporters to Australia,suchas characteristics of individualpipe typesor assemblages require
: bowl '.i:)ougall andWilliam White,operated for long periodsand more development. Opportunities exist to define the
l{ouse :: :rav not provideusefuldatinginformationon the basisof a introductiondateofidentifiabletypesofpersonalityandother
-:-::facturer'snameon a stem. pipesthat actastemporalmarkers.
:ottish .{ secondapproachis alsotypological,but reliesuponthe Datingpipesby stemdiametersdoesnot appearto operate
llonial -:::-rnation available in the pipe-makers' catalogues. well in the nineteenthcentury,but further consideration and
:
rarket, -:unately, completeprice lists datingto 1900are available systematicrecording of other gradual changes,such as
edium ':: all of the Scottishexportingpipe-makers."These lists diminutionof spursor changesin the letteringof makersmarks
:erican :-:" ide a sequentialcataloguenumberfor eachtype of pipe, may provideimportantdatingcluesfor usein archaeology.
I short --: :ame of eachpipe variety and price per gross.Assuming This paperhasbeengeneralbothbecause
im any ---.: :he cataloguenumbersweregivenas new clay pipetypes it is attemptingto
canbe describethe socialcontextof clay pipe use,and also because
"::: introduced,the personalitypipes,representing popular
nd this there is a real lack of availablematerial on clay pipes in
';-:es or, occasionally,political issues, to provide
: about datesfor the introductionof all types. Australia.Few studies,whetherdescriptiveor analytical,have
nakers -::..rimate everbeenfully published, anduntil this is reversed thepotential
:. comprehensive list of all identifiedpersonalitypipes that clay pipesoffer as ideal artefactswill not be fulfilled. We
- - : :neScottishmanufacturers' pricelistsis beingprepared." would certainlyarguethat far more effort needsto be spentin
'ticular - j ::3 sequenceof personalitydatesidentifiedto date are
making the resultsof archaeological excavationsaccessible,
:eneed :=-::alll consistent with the numbering sequence theycanbe
and that this is especiallyimportantfor clay pipes,which are
er they -..::. albeit with caution, in extrapolatingthe dates of
rording - : : : : : ; t ion o fo th e rp i p ety p e s . foundon mostsites,andhaveabundantanalyticalpotential.
:. lhird datingtechniqueis basedupon the calculationof Nearly every topic raised in this paper requiresfurther
reation -:::. iates from a sampleof clay pipe stemfragments.This research. Most of the examplescomefrom New SouthWales,
::-:.:;ue rvasoriginallydeveloped andit is reasonable to askwhetherthis wastypicalof the other
by Harrington, who noted
colonies.There are quite good reasonswhy it would not
"-:: ::.3 averagediameterofthe stemboredecreased through
-: Dating an assemblagewas done by producing a necessarilybe so at all. We have shown that productive
' :::;:3m of stembore diameters,and comparingit with the research on claypipesfrom Australiansitesis possible,andthat
l direct
J upon -:- ::ron histograms. Binford developed a regression the archaeologistis not confined to the production of
'Jlrques - - .: * hich usedindividualpipestemdiameters anda mean typologies.The potentialexiststo conductresearchon the use
of claypipes,themechanisms ofthe trade,theirsymbolismand
-.. - - ::ed rvhich produced a single mean date for an
__
theirarchaeology from sitesall overAustralia.This framework
rcn the : _. J YC.
is thereforeofferedasa startingpointto allow futurestudiesto
s. who ".,.:--Hurn.useda well-datedsamp-le of clay pipe stem
'--;-i:rs to test the Binford formula." The formulaonly bebetterdirectedtowardsquestions thatmatter.Nothingin this
es and
paperis considered to be definitive,nor is any of it likely to
initials -i:..:: :o nork well only between1680and 1760,probably remainunchanged by laterresearch.We beganthispaperwith a
blages. ':-:-j3 at the latter date a practicalminimum stem bore
a trend : r-_::3:* as-reached.
Experiments descriptionof the manyreasonswhy claypipeswereworthyof
on Australianassemblages
s found _ - - - . : : is . ' study.lt is our hopethatthis paperhasgonefurtherin showing
Osrvald how such studiescan be done,and how they can build up a
ustryin - _i- I \ CLf SION S betterpictureof Australiancoloniallife.
ologies ': : :r .rf this paperwas to provide a contextfor further ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
': "::::- into clay tobaccopipe assemblages from sites in
\ ant to - -:---: : and elsewhere.While generallydescriptiveit is We would like to thankGrahamWilson,for discussions over
.1 rvith ' :':: :.,i: enoughinformation on thesocialandeconomic role many yearsand allowing us to use his unpublishedresearch,
3relate : :.. :rpe use has beenprovidedto assistin providinga andGeorgiaRennie,for drawingthe illustrationsin this paper.
::pth of interpretation than has been previously Hilary du Crosdid thework on theLittle LonsdaleStreetpipes,
-*:..:-
- . ...: underthe supervisionof JustinMcCarthyandDavid Bannear.
We werealertedto obscurereferences by JohnMeredith(Bold
I -.1 ontt beenpossibleto sketchsome of the social
: r: , -;: jpsri'hichcanbe investigated by claypipes.Clearly,
Jack Donahoe)and Martin Carney(Fowler's account).Bill
Jefferyprovidedus with a copy of the unpublishedlr'gress

II . : - :':; had a use as an indicatorof class.and from this

- - -- :;;ked up a connotation
:.: :: ::rd stereotype
of low statuswhichwasused
people.Within Aboriginalandother
report.JeannetteHope,GilesHammandBrianEgloff provided
usefulcommentson earlierdraftsof this paper,as did several
anonymous referees.

I - -i'j -=. ;ommunitieswhich existed on the fringes of

i': ]-::.: or in dependentsituationstobaccomay also have
",:-:'-: : - -. of socialandeconomiccontrol.
ABBREVIATIONS

I - - ::.-nonriccircumstances withinwhichclaypipeswere
- ::adedandusedwerealsoonlyabletobestudied
AND
HCTPS
AustralianNationalDictionary

1l ,'- :--::.
i- :': -: tarticular examples.These showed that the
asa
SCPR
HistoricClay TobaccoPipeStudies
Societyfor Clay PipeResearch
l - - ' : : , - : . ::l e v i d e n c w
".'.-::
e a s a b l eto u s e fu l l ysuppl ement the SH SydneyHerald
: e ;o rd a n d to d e v e l o pa n u n d erstandi ng of the
:-. -;:ii! .:.r".lvedwhicharenot available from documentary NOTBS
,--.. :s:E;iallf importantis theidentification of a colonial
- --1:- . -.:h preferred certainproducts andwascatered forby I DaneandMorrison1979.
'' : - -::' - : particular types of pipe to appeal to thatmarket. 2 Jack1986.
-': -.i
- , - s : 3 ra ti o no fth e d e v e l o p i nsge l fi d e n ti tyofA ustral i an 3 Walker1977.
- ': --::: :.ndtheir use of tobaccopipesto represent their
4 Fresco-Corbu1982.
- :.. :- ::.rrical attitudesand affiliationsrequiresfurther
, -, r -r :..sbeenshownto bea particularly promisingareaof 5 Walker 1977:211-244.
).,ztrn b),
6 Oswald1975,Walker1977.

47
7 Walker 1977 provides detailed accountsof clay pipe 53 Fowler1859.
manufacture. 54 Gojak1989,1995.
8 Gallagher1987. )) Amos 1988.
9 Brassey1991. 56 McConville1984.
l0 Gallagher1989. )t Gojak1991.
ll Godden1964:ll. 58 Wobst 1977.
12 Higginbotham1991. 59 DaneandMonison 1979for Port Arthur. For Canadasee
l3 Wilson1988. Walker1983,with Kraemer1988andAlexander1986for
14 One examplewas found at Lilyvale, The Rocks,Sydney. a contraryperspective.
G. Wilsonpers.comm. 60 1983:18.
l5 Etter 1980,Ritchie 1986,Wylie andFike 1993. 61 AND:102.
16 Walker 1977:3. 62 Gojak 1995;Dagnall1996;Ron Dagnallpers.comm.
17 Huey 1974;Walker 1976;Parker1988. 63 Quotedin Meredith1982.
l8 Fowler1859. 64 WilsonandKelly 1987:18, Type012.
19 King andPogue1987. 65 WilsonandKelly 1987-cover illustration.
20 M. Greenpers. comm., also a seriesof papersin SCPR 66 Gallagher1987.
Newsletter50 (1996). 67 Gojak1991.
2l Walker 1977. 68 E.g.DaneandMonison 1979.
22 Authors - personalobservation. 69 SeeOswald 1975 SCPRNewsletter,theArchaeologt of
23 Walker 1984. the Clay TobaccoPipe seriesandHistoric Clay Tobacco
24 M ann18ll: 43 . Pipe Studies.
25 Kiddle 1962:63-64. 70 1987.
26 Walker 1984. 7l Gallagher1987.
27 Harris 1847:5. 72 Stuartand Gojak in preparation.
28 Sharkey1988:38. 73 Walker 1972.
1A
29 Walker 1977:327. Walker 1972.
30 Fowler1859. 75 No€l-Hume1970.
3l W alk er1984 :1 5 -1 9 . 76 DaneandMorrison1979.
32 E.g.Birmingham1976:313-314. BIBLIOGRAPITY
33 Walker1984.
ALEXANDER, L. T. 1986.'Clay pipeswith Irish affiliations',
34 Arnold 1977,Gallagherand Sharp1986,Walker 1977. Historic Clay TobaccoPipe Studies 3:69-75.
35 M annl8l l: 4 3 . AMOS, K. 1988. The Fenians in Austalia 1865-1880,
36 Studiesof shipwreckmaterialshowthat'odd' pipesseem Universityof New SouthWalesPress,Kensington.
to be commonitemsamongcrews' personaleffects,e.g. ARNOLD, C. J. 1977.'The clay tobacco-pipeindustry:An
VerguldeDraeck - Jack(1990),HMS Pandora- Davey economicstudy,' in D.P.S.Peacock(ed.)Pottery and early
(re8e). commerce:Characterization and trade in Romanand later
37 StatisticalRegisterof New South ll/ales, 1864:Table4l . ceramics,AcademicPress,London,pp. 313-336.
38 Harris 1986. Another wreck the Blencathra,wreckedat BIRMINGHAM, J. 1976.'The archaeological contributionto
Currie, King Island,also containsa largenumberof clay nineteenth-centuryhistory: SomeAustraliancasestudies',
pipes made by Davidson. Some of these have been World Archaeologt 7:306-317.
collectedby local divers and one of the authors(IMS) is BRASSEY,R. 1991.'Clay tobaccopipesfrom the siteof the
studyingthe collection. Victoria Hotel, Auckland, New Zealand', Australian
39 Wilson andKelly 1987. Historical ArchaeoIogt 9 :27-30.
40 Maclehose 1839:183. DAGNALL, R. 1996.'Squatter'sbudgereepipe',Societyfor
4l WilsonandKelly 1987;1. Clay Pipe ResearchNewsletter50:53-55.
42 StatisticalRegisterfor the Colony ofVictoria. DANE, A. and R. MORRISON. 1979. Clay pipesfrom Port
Arthur 1830-1877,Departmentof PrehistoryRSPacS,
43 StatisticalRegisterofNew South l4/ales,1864:Tables 86, AustralianNational University,Canberra.
87.
DAVEY, P. (ed.) 1987. The archaeologt of the clay tobacco
44 sH 26.t2.1831. pipe. X. Scotland,British ArchaeologicalReports,British
45 Lawson1971,quotedin Wilson andKelly 1987:.l-2. SeriesI 78.
46 StatisticalRegisterof New South Ll/ales,1869-1881. DAVEY, P. 1991. 'Stone pipe from the wreck of HMS
i1
Higginbotham 1987;Wilson1988. Pandora', Society for Clay Pipe Research Newsletter,
30:23-24.
48 SH 26.12.1831: 3: SH 2.1.1832:3.
ETTER, P. A. 1980. 'The west coast Chineseand opium
49 Walker 1977.
smoking', in R.L. Schuyler (ed.) Archaeological
50 Wilson1988. perspectiveson ethnicityin America,BaywoodPublishing,
5l Walker 1977:174. Farmingdale, pp.97-101.
52 Arnold Levin operatedas a pipe maker in Melbourne FOWLER, F. 1859.Southernlights and shades,quoted in B.
from 1872to at least1888. Kris Courtneypers.comm. Groom and W. Wickman (eds),Sydney- The i,850s:The

48
 Lost Collections, Historic Photographs Collection,
Universityof Sydney.
:3.ESCO-CORBU,R. 1982. Europeanprpes, Lutterworth
Press,Guildford.
- LLLAGHER,D. B. 1987.'The 1900pricelist of the Pipe
\lakers' Society',in P. Davey(ed.)Thearchaeologyof the
:la\, tobaccopipe. X. Scotland,British Archaeological
iadasee Reports, BritishSeries178,pp.142-164.
986 for : l.LLAGHER, D. B. 1989.'TW pipes:Their originsand
development',Societyfor Clay Pipe ResearchNewsletter
22:\-7.
: iLLAGHER. D. andR. PPRICE.1987.'ThomasDavidson
andCo., Glasgow',in P. Davey(ed.) Thearchaeologyof
:)teclay tobaccopipe.X. Scotland,British Archaeological
R.eports,BritishSeries178,pp. I l0-138.
J:.I-LAGHER, D. B. andA. SHARP.1986.Pypesof tabaca:
ldinburgh lobacco pipemakersand lheir pipes, City of
District Council Museumsand Art Galleries,
idinburg
-dinburghh .
j - )DEN, G. A. 1964.Encyclopaedia of Britishpottery and
::rcelain marks,Barrie andJenkins,London.
clog of
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