CCaleuts Cheat Sheet Limits Definitions Precise Definition : We say lim f(x)=L if for every ¢ >0 there isa & > 0 such that whenever 0<|x—al<& then |f(x)-Z]< ¢ “Working” Definition : We say lim f(x)=L ifwe canmake f(x) as close toZ. as we want by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side of a) without letting x= a Right hand limit : lim f(x)=L. This has the same definition as the limit except it requires x >a Left hand limit: lim f(x)=Z. This has the same definition as the limit except it requires x lim f(x)= lim f(x)=L dim (x)= lim f(x)=L > lim f(x)=L Tim f(x)# lim f(x) > lim f(x) Does Not Exist Properties Assume lim f (x) and lim g(x) both exist and c is 1 lim| of(x)]=clim F(x) 4 lim[ f (x)= e(x)]= lim f(x) lim g(x) lim| £()2(*)]=lim f(x) lim a(x) any number then, Jim f (x) provided lim g(x)#0 Basic Limit Evaluations at Note: sgn(a)=1 if a@>0 and sgn(a)=-1 if a<0 1 2 lim e* limin(x)=0 & lime'= & 0 lim In(x)=—2 3 er>Othen lim 0 x If r>0 and x’is real for negative x 4 then tim &=0 to Ruta mab lamar edu Tora complete so of Calculus notes. "8{ (=) “timate hm ain (ooP =i )P tin[ 7) =0 e* forall x. Inx for x>0 Intermes 7. cos(x) and sin(x) for allx 8. tan(x) and sec(x) provided an mm 3m we TE, 2727272 9. cot(x) and eso(x) provided x#-,-2m,—0,0,0, 2h, fe Value Theorem Suppose that f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and let M be any number between f(a) and f(b) Then there exists a number ¢ such that a 20 3x79? (2Py-90 — ane Increasing/Decreasing — Concave Up/Concave Down Critical Points x=c isa ctitical point of f(x) provided either Comeave Up/Concave Down 1. f'(c)=0 02. f'(c) doesn't exist 1. If f*(x)>0 forall xin an interval / then. f(x) is concave up on the interval IncreasingDecreasing 2. Af f"(x)<0 for all xin an interval /then 1. If ne (#)>0 for all xin an interval then (x) is concave down on the interval is increasing on the interval 7. 2. If f'(x)< 0 for all xin an interval then Inflection Points x=c isa inflection point of f(x) if the er concavity changes at x=c aA is constant on the interval J. f(s) ( f(x) is decreasing on the interval J Sx y= 0 for all x in an interval 7then } Musial mab lamar edu fora compte So of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul DawkinsCCaleuts Cheat Sheet Extrema Absolute Extrema 1, x=cis an absolute maximum of f(x) if f(c)= f(x)for all xin the domain 2, x=c isan absolute minimum of f(x) if f(c)< f(x)for all xin the domain. Fermat’s Theorem If f (x) has a relative (or local) extrema at x=c, then x=c isa ciitical point of f(x) Extreme Value Theorem If f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [2,6] then there exist numbers ¢ and d so that, 1. ase,d f(x) for all x near c 2. _x=e is arelative (or local) minimum of f(x) iff (c)< f(x) for all x near e. 1* Derivative Test If x=c isa critical point of f(x) then x=c is 1. a rel. max. of f(x) if f(x) >0 tothe left of x= and f'(x)< 0 tothe right of x= 2. arel. min. of f(x) if f'(x)<0 to the left ofx =cand f'(x}> Oto the right of x= 3. not a relative extrema of f (x) iff’(x) is the same sign on both sides of x =e 2™ Derivative Test If x=c isa ctitical point of f(x) such that F(c)=0 then x=e 1. isarelative maximum of f(x) if f"(¢)<0 2. isa relative minimum of f(x) if f"(c)>0 3. may be a relative maximum, relative minimum, or neither if f*(¢)=0 Finding Relative Extrema and/or Classify Critical Points 1, Find all critical points of f(x) 2. Use the 1* derivative test or the 2°? derivative test on each critical point, Mean Value Theorem If f (x) is continuous on the closed interval [a,b] and differentiable on the open interval (a,b) then there is anumber a =e Ase (Ca) sT6 y'=0 > y =e Msee Ex. Two people are 50 ft apart when one starts walking north. The angle@ changes at 0.01 rad/min. At what rate is the distance between them changing when @= 0.5 rad? fee Person 30 ft Stationary Person We have @'=0.01 rad/min, and want to find We can use various trig fens but easiest is, = sect? > sec#tand 6 50 We know = 0,05 so plug in 6” and solve seo(0.5)tan(0.5)(0 01)=25 x= 0.3112 Mise Remember to have calculator in radians! Optimization Sketch picture ifneeded, write down equation to be optimized and constraint. Solve constraint for one of the two variables and plug into first equation. variables and verify that they are mim/max as needed. Find critical points of equation in range of Ex. We're enclosing a rectangular field with 500 ft of fence material and one side of the field is a building. Determine dimensions that will maximize the enclosed area. Building » x subject to constraint of 100. Solve constraint for x and plug Maximize A xt2y into area A= y(500-2y) S00y-2y" Differentiate and find critical point(s), A'=S00-4y > y=125 By 2" deriv. test this is a rel. max. and sois the answer we're after. Finally, find = 500-2(125)=250 ‘The dimensions are then 250 x 125. x=500-2y > Ex. Determine point(s) on y=." +1 that are closest to (0,2). (0,2) ord x-0) +(y-2) andthe constraint is y= x’ +1. Solve constraint for x? and plug into the function. sy-l> fax+(y-2/) (0-2) Differentiate and find critical point(s). fi=dy-3 => yad By the 2" derivative test this is a rel. min, and so all we need to do is find x value(s), Yag-lsb > xoty ) and (- -3y+3 The 2 points are then to Ruta mab lamar edu Tora complete so of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul DawkinsCCaleuts Cheat Sheet Integrals Definitions Definite Integral: Suppose f(x) is continuous Anti Derivative : An anti-derivative of f(x) on [a,b]. Divide [a,b] into n subintervals of —__isa function, F(x), such that F'(x)= f(x) width Ax and choose x) from each interval, Indefinite Integral : { f(x)dx=F (x)+c Then f° f(x}de= lin Ss fssjax where F (x) is an anti-derivative of f(x) Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part I: If f(x) is continuous on [4,6] then Variants of Part )= vin {f(t)at is also continuous on [a,b] al 7 (e)ar=n'(x)s[u()] and es) Ef F1)e= 416) sels atv (x) f[ 5) Part I: ea ree is of ona u(x)f[uo]-¥ (x) Fo] an anti-derivative of f(x)(ie. F (x)= J f(x)dx) then” f(x)de= F(b)- F(a) Properties Jf )£e(x)de= J f(x) dee Je(ejav Jef(ejav =e f(x) de, cis a constant fife a(x}ar= f° f(x) det fiel=ja ffi (x )de= ef’ f(x) x)dx, cis a constant [r(ajar=0 Sif s)ar= [flat Jif lejae=[i s(x )e [reife fi[r(s)]ae If f(x)> g(x) onasxsbthen f f(x)de> f"g(x)de Iff(x)20 onasxsb then f’ f(x)de20 I ms f(x)sM on asxsb then m(b—a)s [. f(x)dxsM (b~a) Common Integrals Jk de=kxve foosudu=sinu +e Jtanu du =In|seou| +e Je aeae tone-l Jsinu du =-cosu+e Jscoudu=Infseow+ tana|+e Jride=f4de=Infxf+e Jsce? udu =tanu+e du = Stan" (£) +e Sate a= thers dre Jscoutanu du =secu+e du=sin"(")+e finudu=uln(u)-w+e Jescwcotudu=—escu+e Jeduse'+e Josc’u du =—cotu+e Vist Lito tito matn Jamar edu fora complete set of Caleuus notes, © 2005 Paul DawkinsCCaleuts Cheat Sheet Standard Integration Techniques Note that at many schools all but the Substitution Rule tend to be taught in a Calculus II class u Substitution : The substitution w= g(x)will convert f° f(e(x))a' (x)ae= ye “f (u) du using du = g'(x)de. For indefinite integrals drop the limits of integration. Ex. ['5x? cos(x)de uax > dus3x'dx > ds du xsl Sp usP=1 s x2 => ua2=8 Integration by Parts: [udv=uv—[vdu and f° udv=uv|?~[° vdu. Choose w and dv from integral and compute du by differentiating « and compute v using v= [dv Ex. f Inxdx usInx dv=dx => du=ide v=x fine de=xtnaf$— J? dx=(xin(x)-x}}; Sin(5)-3In(3)-2 Products and (some) Quotients of Trig Functions For fi sin” x cos” xdx we have the following For fi ‘tan” x sec” xdx we have the following 1. nodd. Strip 1 ne out andconvert resto. 1. n odd. Strip | tangent and | secant out and cosines using sin’ x=1~ cos’ x, then use convert the rest to secants using the substitution = cos.x tan’ x= sec’ x—1, then use the substitution 2. m odd. Strip | cosine out and convert rest u=secx to sines using cos’ x=1—sin? x, then use 2. meven. Strip 2 secants out and convert rest the substitution w= sinx to tangents using sec’ x=1+ tan’ x, then 3. n and m both odd. Use either 1. or 2. use the substitution u = tanx 4. nand m both even. Use double angle 3. nodd and m even. Use cither 1. or 2 and/or half angle formulas to reduce the 4. neven and m odd. Each integral will be integral info a form that can be integrated dealt with differently, Trig Formulas : sin( 2x 2sin(x)cos(x), cos (x)= 4(1-+c0s( 2x)), sin’ (x)=+(1-cos(2x)) Ex. [ tan’ xsec’ x dx Jtar’ xsec' xdv = J tan’ xsec! xtan.xsee.xdx Gin? x)Psinx = J{seo’ x I)sec* xtan xsec.xde - acess) iS =J(w-1)wtdu — (u=seex) (u=cosx) =4sec! x—4sec'x+e ito sora mah lameredy fora complete se of Cals notes. © 2005 Paul DawkinsCCaleuts Cheat Sheet Trig Substitutions : Ifthe integral contains the following root use the given substitution and formula to convert into an integral involving trig functions = x-gsing | Viva > x-Ss000 | Vere > x=ttnd cos? @=1-sin® 8 tan? @ =sec? 6-1 =1+tan?@ i r sin“ 6 sin@ => de=2cosd0 = fi2esc? do =-12cotd+e V4—9x? = V4—dsin’ @ = y4cos’O = 2\cos6] Use Right Triangle Trig to go back to x's. From BT — Recall fx" =|x]. Because we have an indefinite substitution we have sind = integral we'll assume positive and drop absolute > value bars. If we had a definite integral we'd eo dae need to compute @’s and remove absolute value 6 bars based on that and, ra [x ifx>0 oe Is] feco From this we see that cot@=2" So, x ifr< © 6. aioe In this case we have \/4— 9x" = 20s late x te Partial Fractions : If integrating ie where the degree of P(x) is smaller than the degree of Q(x}. Factor denominator as completely as possible and find the partial fraction decomposition of the rational expression. Integrate the partial fraction decomposition (P-F.D.). For each factor in the denominator we get term(s) in the decomposition according to the following table. Factor in Q(x) Termin PFD | Factor in Q(x) Termin P.F.D 4 +b “ a+b AxtB ax +bxte + ax there Ta Ex [A ae ae Set mumerators equal and collect like terms. Tt +13x=(A+B)x +(C-B)x+44-C Set coefficients equal to get a system and solve aie’ ad}estani(z) | toget constants Hn(s’ + 4}+8tan”(3) A+B=7 C-B=13. 44-C=0 A=4 B=3 C=16 Aln|x-1| Here is partial fraction form and recombined. An alternate method that sometimes works to find constants. Start with setting numerators equal in previous example : 7x? +13x= A(x" + 4) +(Bx+C) (x-1). Chose nice values of x and plug in. For example if x=1 we get 20=54 which gives A= 4. This won't always work easily. Vist Lito tito matn Jamar edu fora complete set of Caleuus notes, © 2005 Paul DawkinsApplications of Integrals Net Area: [” f(x)}dx represents the n f(x) andthe >, et area betw: x-axis with area above x-axis positive and area below x-axis negative Area Between Curves : The general formulas for the two main cases for each are, ° . 2 yeflx > =f) [spoee tuncnae]— [tower sucnon] dx & x= f(y) => A sighs fonction] — [let fonction] dy Ifthe curves intersect then the area of each portion must be found individually. Here are some sketches of a couple possible situations and formulas for a couple of possible cases y yt) » reg yre(s) Af p(xatelee Af P(y- ay) anf p(x) elx)de~ Pols) s(a)ar ‘Volumes of Revolution : The two main formulas are V = [ A(x)}dx and V = [A(y)dy. Here is some general information about each method of computing and some examples. Rings Cylinders AHA ((cote mas]? ~ (emer tas} ) A= 2M (euins)(wiat nas] Limits: x/y of right/bot ring to x/y of lefttop ring | Limits : x/y of inner eyl. to x/y of outer cyl. Horz. Axis use f(x), Vert. Axis use f(y), | Horz. Axis use f(y), Vert. Axis use f(x), a(x),A(x) anddx. —g(y),Adv)anddy, | ely) Aly) anddy, a(x), A(x) and de outer radius: a— f(x) outerradius:[al+ g(x) radius: ay radius :|a[+» inner radius : a g(x) innerradius:[al+ f(x) Width: S(y)-g(y) width: f(y)-e(») ‘These are only a few cases for horizontal axis of rotation. If axis of rotation is the x-axis use the y=a<0 case with a=0. For vertical axis of rotation (x= a>0 and x= a <0) interchange x and y to get appropriate formulas. Musial mab lamar edu fora compte So of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkinscots Creat shot Work : Ifa force of F (x) moves an object Average Function Value : The average value . 1 ina<.x g(x)>00on [a,) then, 1. ff” f(x)}dx conv. then J” g(x) conv. 2. Tf” g(x)dx divg, then |” f(x)de divg Useful fact : If a >0 then ft dx converges if p >1 and diverges for p <1 Approximating Definite Integrals For givenintegral { f(x)de anda (must be even for Simpson's Rule) define Ax =44 and divide [a,b] into n subintervals [,.%,]. [5.5]... [%,-:.%,] with x =a and x, = then, F(x)dew Axl F(a, J f(g) +4 (a2), af is midpoint [x6] Trapezotd Rule : [reece SU r (ma) 275 J t2F Oa) 42F a) F (0) Simpson’s Rule : [ir ()ae Sh r(0)+ Af (5 + 2F (x Je + 2S (5,2) 4F (a) F05)] Midpoint Rule : Musial mab lamar edu fora compte So of Calculus notes. © 2005 Paul Dawkins