type excitation frequencies sources determined from the, speed, the number of cylinders for actIOn and twice

the for double-action stages, The natural frequencies should avoided in restraining systems are ~Illf of the rpm, d all up to 5 times the rpm of the equipment. If these an d ', reuuencies annroacn the natural frequencies of the connecte prpmg sysreSOi1lU1CC the form of in pressure sources can appear_ The surge loads can affect the supports, and adjastructures, way to control vibration lind its undesirable effects is to elirnor isolate the source of vibration, elimination and isolation in numerous applications these methods are not possible, so vibration effects should be considered in the system design,
N>,rin.1ic pressure

of the

For most the coefficient of thermal expansion varies the temperature, so (5.22) is not Because of the thermal ill inches per foot between an ambient temperature of 70"F (21°C) and various operating temperatures has been worked out materials, Values for some of these materials are thermal loads on supports is the system. This uf the axial runs lire absorbed

M '" 6E!~

We demonstrated

more most

are added 1.0 II system, the pipe restrained for and occasional loads, when increases in temperature and which is too well restrained will not be able to expand, forces will at the points of lockup, causing large stresses

that as more restraints

where M

developed
= developed

force. III (N) moment, of elasticity of inertia displacement, inJb (rnm-N} temperature, psi' N/mm'l

rl~"",llnn

in the

E '" modulus
moment
;l '" imposed

at installed in (rnm]

ideal restraint condition for thermal considerations is a total lack restraint. Since this is not feasible, other loads, some forces due will on restraints even in the most optimally supsystem. In this section we show how these loads can be calculated. we show how to determine thermal movements for selection and of clearances in restraints,

of pipe. in' (rnm") to direction of growth, in

L = length

of leg perpendicular

The amount of thermal growth absorbed (.~) is portional to the ratio of the stiffness of the to the sum the stiffnesses of all absorbing the thermal The moments and forces must be resisted the restraint system, whether it directly a force of two restraints.
Problem 5.6 The system in Fig. ,,26 is made of carbon steel find operut es :!f)t)°F (177°C) It uses 12;n (:WO·mm) at andard schedule line with = 279 M (1.11; X 10 mm ' 8:,d = 27,7 X 10'; psi 0.91 X lU" N/m'i, From 5.4. the thermal expansion IS found to be 0,0226 in/I! (lilt!:! mm/rn). The system is restrained two anchors (at poillts A and G) and two vertical restraints (at points LJ E), The iirs! step III findillg the ther mul loads is to cah-uls te the pipe ex paus ions and determine the legs which will resist them, The resisting legs are all those perpendicular tu the growth, except in those cases where the pipe is restrained at illtermediate points. The summary of pipe movements and resisting le~, is shown in 'I'ahle f> 5. The stiffness of each pipe segnWll! is calculated as ",,,,"sectional and material p"'I,,'rlies of all II", pipes ill t hi- problem 'H"

direction}.

is of concern primarily to the pipe length axis Thermal expansion can be computed by the following

l?

" d'T ~ " thermal coettieient eapansion ill direction specified hjll~nKlh,

(;),22) in l mm]

pipe length

in dirert i..n of mlrrNlI, in tmrn] of thermal

pipe t e rnpe rat ure,

·.',·CI

ulllln®",n, in/hn ·.'Ilmm/lmm

·("11

-1110 -110
0

0.0180 0.IHS2 0.0121 0.0087 0.0051 0.0015 0.0000 0.0023 0.0042 0'()061 0.0080 0.0099 0.0120 0.0140 0.0161 0.0182 0.0209 0.0226 0.0248 0.0270 0.0293 0.0316 0.0339 0.0362 0.0387 0.0022 0.0000 0.0022 0.0040 0.0058 0.0076 0.0094 0.0113 0.0132 0.0152 0.0171 0.0191 0.0210 0.0230 0.0250 0.0271 0.0292 0.0314 0.0335 0.0357

0.0261 0.0236 0.01!!7 0.0134 0.0078 0.0022 0.0000 0.0034 0.0062 0.0090 O.OIlS 0.Gl4£ 0.0175 0.0203 0.0232 0.0261 0.0291 0.0321 0.0351 0.0380 0.0410 0.0440 0.0470 0.0501 0.0531

0.0275 0.0231 O.Ol!l3 0.0132 0.0079 0.0023 0.0000 0.0034 0.0063 0.0091 0.0121 O.OHil 0.0179 0.0208

0.0267 0.0241 O.O1!~() 0.0137 0.0081 0.0030 0.0000 0.0035

0.0373 1),0310

110
70 100

0.0000 0.0(Wi 0.0084 0.0123 0.0162 0.0200 0.0242 0.0283 0.0325 0.0366 0.0409 0.0452 0.0496 0.0539 0.0584 0.0028 0.0073 0.0717 0.0764

125 150
175 200

0.0064
0.0093 0.0123 0.0152 0.0183 0.0214 0.0245 0.0276 0.0308 0.0340 0.0372 0.0405 0.0438 0.0472 0.0506 0.0540 0.0575

225 2lIO 275

300 325 350 375 400 425

0.0238
0.0267 0.0297 0.0327 O.035S 0.0388 0.0419 0.0449 0.0481 0.0512 0.0543

4110 475
500

525

550 575 600 625

650

0.0411 0.0436 0046iJ 0.0486

0.0379 0.0402 0.0424 0.0447 0.04£9 0.0491 0.0514 0.0538 0.0562

0.0562 0.0593 0.0024 0.0056

0.0574 0.0607 0.0039 0.0071

0.0010 0.0645 0.0680 0.0717

0.0810 0.0857 0.0903

6i5
700'

725
750

775
800

0.0537 0.0563 0.0589 00016

0.0719 0.0750 0.0783 0.0815

0.0736 0.0768 0.0801 0.0834

0.0790 0.0826 0.0864 0.0902

825
850 875

900
925

0.0097 0.0725 0.0753

0.0634 0.0658 0.0683

0.0880 0.0913 0.0946 0.0979

0.0900 0.0934 0.096, 0.1002

0.0978 0.101~ 0.1056 0.1096 0.1135 0.1173 0.1216 0.1257 0.1298

950
975 1000 1005 1010 1015 1050

0.0808 0.0835 0.0862 0.0889 0.0895 0.0900 0.09(i€ 0.0946 0.1004 0.1057

0.0732 0.0756 0.0781 0.0806 0.0811 0.0816 0.0821 0.0855 0.0905

0.1046 0.1080 0.11l4 0.1148

0.1071 0.1105 0.1140 0.1175

1100
150 1200 1250 1300 1350

0.1162 168 0.1216 0.1284

O.UlO O.ll66
0.1222 0.1278

0.1420 0.1488 0.155£ 0.1624

the felolill~ .tilfne""

of lhe lobi d'.placement

of uch leI( i. ~iven hy ilL'. Therefore. absorbed by ..ny liven I"IJ " i. defined

the l''''l'orl'''''
80

.. n.ueu~.

eIi.placemont

.'_bood

by ~ n, in ,,,, .. I
......... "II opeci~ed '''''pl.cement,lIlml

100226)( iO U226 )( 100226 )( 10.0226 )(

151 ~ 0 ~4 ,WI ~ ()~ 601 - I :16 :~I) - U6i!

in I~ 6 m"'~ in 117 :1 rnm] in 1:14 5 men] in (17:1 IIl",1

II 1', ('

n,

r.
F·V

A It HC,

L. ~ 1"."lh H( lew ", fa ("" L, '<"lflh o( ch .,."". ~

{!AT w

tolal diapl

1 W be oi>enrbood,0" I...... '

rwm Eq. 15.231, ror se gmen'

;1Il •

A II,

Iorces

0""41 the di.pl.""ment llboao.be<i by the 11M momentll csn boa fooM by ."""'m'~l'''''''. m"m«ontll ,'" til4> , .. u.intll in FiJ· 6.26 cAn he fOl.lM:

now 11, the shear Lt.i... alf, the forces snd

M au ....--...IIj,C.....

AI

IUt

f" so

J5lt:lO'1:l(J' -_:J.6(:i.()-1,

6(277

x HtH~7Y)

~ nS,987 Th.,dore til" approumate thermal

10

III 125,6\19
011
In

N~

load.

the ... cnor ~. pomt A on' t II> 12~,H99

III

f \ ~6611>

nJO

NI

M, - 228,987
M, • •

NI

114,4!!:! on 11,019<1 on NI :189,096 'n II> (n .•~7 m NI ;

r, Sim,j,,,ly,

1172

tb 15<;61 NI

M,

the loed.

can he (ound

on the vert ns! re st r amt a a ,

1'''''''' lJ HI"j

Ii

The

15 ml

,.·,

n~omenh at J>i-pint& [) BlIHi ,.~' are rt"~'!ited ..... 18 The 1011,,1 r"r.· •• cell be round hy:
,,,. :1210 :tlll,liil, ;'47.411

} 1'.

""

4fWi7

::'!_4:_~~
:l40

f-

fl47.4:!.1 l4U

H4~11

ih U7,fi4.JH NI up (ul(uitbteo .!:It t he Hndwr

Similarly

Ih. - rHr Ce'Stifh I inUfHrul.'i •

nUl lIt'

pOint

s;

guided-cantilever method dues fully accurate result» the intersection free to rotate to some redistributing the rnurnent. In most CSIleS ,I; is conservative results: however, in many casea greater accuCharta have been developed for the the design ..,,'''''', ••••with accurate load celeulations for III range of contigurations. Table 5.6 presents III !leriell of chlllm by the I'IT Grinnell lind reprinted here with their permission. The full series lUI! IIvaillible in ITT Grinnell's De,ign and Sutli nro-vld.>d to the engmeer the configurations IIIfe of eapansicn Iocps. Through of and proper of aupports, escessive thermal stresses may be reduced. My support IOClllillll1l which direct the expansiun 10 areas of greater stresses can be CUIlsuch all those shown ill 5.27 are used to increase the flexibility of hot piping systems, Theile loops are designed to accommodate the thermal espanaion plpmg operation 5.270 illustrates the free thermal movement of the piping. wiLh terminal lucaliml!l of representing equipment nozzlee. The uncontrolled expansion of the can cause IOCllliHIlB A lind G to become overstressed or over loaded by eacesaive moments lind forces on the nozguides lit locatione C lind F and a limit slop or rigid restrain! 1111 location R. Il8 shown in 5.27 b. the thermal expansion can directed into the expansion Thus the III! the terminal COIlnections can be reduced 1I~:nllflciml
U!Ie

Over

<,

Ire~~ed

(UWlt."<t!On

or the Grinnell

Ib I

ht_iMlion

@, Thenmil MollltfMftlll
Poilll I'oi", t': Puim 9-':
PHill'

ment,

thermal movements may be estimated at intermediate pointa ill a a linear variatiufI between points of known displace. !,'or example. if the movement uf It point located [) fa (I _5 rn] fwm (toward Rl in Io'ig. 5.26 were desired, it could he computed by the ratioli the lit poinl Ii determined in Prob
/!;IiJ.:l4)
.1 Y

2 ill (5(U! rnrn] UP. cold '0 I... ,

iJill

4 ill 001.1; mm] down. cold I" hu' I rn C25A mm) 111'. cold to ho'
Uill
(I

1''';111 L CU I ill (~!.II mrn]

1'00111114:

ill

t!;W.:lO:';) ~ tWin ill 11.1 mml "' U.U:'!? in 10.69 mm)

lither sources or vertical movement lire the r isere fj·D d!.J . uillUl/ fr T hi < A L . II" -. WIHeh e<p."d . urn II e ".~ we see L".. I the UPIll1l8U"l i... IHJ1U7 ill/fl (0005 m), IKl the rsser up"nslOns Gre curnput ed .... (011" .. ,,: . :I ...ml

movements are most uften hunger selection. All '", .... '1''''' verticel di~;pll~cf:mjent.s

the y direction for use ill the method tor deter-

I..,.
L", =

,o.01071{151W()71l7H:101 10 070111101 -

1t16101269mmlull
212", I17UI 15:1 ~ mml d .. wn

on 11M II mm l

TUUS.6

ElIPIlnllUml

IItmlllMllI

(Expansoon

filetOf'

C·moly and Low

Temperature. Carbon

T. of 70
100

:5

steel, 0.30'(. 0

Carbon steel, C > 0.30'(. 0

Cr.vmoly

Cr. :s; 3r~

0 40 106

Cr.vmoly sec .5 Cr.

Mo
S;

Austenitic

Cr. 1It4inI ess steell! 12

atainl ess
steele 0

9r;

Cr., 17 Cr., and 27 Cr.

0 34 90 145

25 Cr.-20 0

Ni

Wrougb iron 0 44

15(1
200

37 98
16<l 228 294

40
106 171 244 315 391

0 35

5.04
143 232

92 149 212
271 335

47 125 204
287

120 195 273 352

434

25(1
300

35(1
400

305
436 510

315 391

z«

17!

323
414 509 6<l3

204
264

368
455 54] 629

326
389

467
547

450
5(I(J

584
664

550

626 711

467 547 626 711

396
465 531

699 794
893

455 520
590

514 598
6ill

716
809

603

768

600 650 700

?is
BOO 875
850

75(1

743 084' 909

996

796
8S6 974 1068 113

796 886
974 1068

,~ 6"°
714 815 89J 929

989
1089 1189 1292 1395 1448 1500

1038

1113
1159

659 730 799 874 009

946 983

901

995
1088 1186 1235

855
946

nzs
1171 1216

1035

120B
1256

967
1005 1043

1284
1335

875 900
925

1303 1351 1398

1445 1492 1538

1081 1121 1161

1200 1240 1278

1552
1605

1022
1061 1097 1134 1174

1384 1435
1484 1533

950
975 1000

1659
1713

1766
1820

1212

1585
1634 1681 1781

1050
1100

1639
1737

1928

1150

l ; "" moment of