Warasinee Apirakdacharchai ID 5080048 DataCom HW4 1. List three technique of digital-to-digital conversion.

Line coding Block coding Scrambling 2. Distinguish between a signal element and a data element. Data elements are what we need to send; signal elements are what we can send. Data elements are being carried. Signal elements are so called the carriers. Data elements represent in a form of binary number where signal elements represent in a form of digital waveform. 3. Distinguish between data rate and signal rate. Data rate defines the number of data elements while the signal rate is the number of signal elements. 4. Define baseline wandering and its effect on digital transmission. The severity of the baseline wander is dependent on the HPF cut-on frequency and the PSD of the signal around DC. The output of the high-pass filter will have equal areas (a=b) above and below zero volts. If the pulse repetition frequency is low compared with the time constant of the input circuit, we'll see some "droop" in the waveform, indicating the discharging of the input capacitor 5. Define a DC component and its effect on digital transmission. DC Component or Direct current component are frequencies around zero.InDigital transmission when a voltage level in a digital signal is constant for awhile,the spectrum creates very low frequencies.These frequencies aroundzero,called DC components which present problems for a system that cannotpass low frequencies or a system that uses electrical coupling(Transformer) 6. Define the characteristics of self-synchronizing signal.

 I am not be able to do this question. 7. List five line coding schemes discussed in this book. Unipolar Polar Bipolar Multilevel - NRZ - NRZ, RZ and biphrase - AMI and psuedoternery - 2B/1Q, 8B/6T and 4D-PAMS

Multitransition - MLT-3 8. Define block coding and give its purpose. Block coding provides redundancy to ensure synchronization and inherent error detection. Block coding is normally refer as mB/nB coding; it replaces each m-bit group with an nnit group. 9. Define scrambling and give its purpose. Scrambling provides synchronization without increasing the number of bits. Two common scrambling are B8ZS and HDB3 10. Compare and contrast PCM and DM. PCM is the most common technique that convert analog signal to digital signal. DM is created to reduce the complexity of PMC. PMC finds the value of signal amplitude for each sample. DM finds the change from previous sample 11. What are the differences between parallel and serial transmission? In serial transmission, the data is sent bit-by-bit with serial communication. (More than one cable) In parallel transmission, the data is moved multi bits at a time. (Need only one cable) 12. List three different techniques in serial transmission and explain the differences.

 Asynchronous - send one start bit (0) at the beginning and one stop bit (1s) at the end of each byte. There maybe a gab between each byte. Synchronous send bit one after another without any start or stop bits and gabs. Isochronous -provide synchronize for entire stream of bit must. It guarantee that the data arrive at the fixed rate.