Ism T11 C16 A

CHAPTER 16 INTEGRATION IN VECTOR FIELDS
16.1 LINE INTEGRALS 1. r ti b (" c t)j x t and y 1 c t y 1 c x (c) 2. r i b j b tk x 1, y 1, and z t (e) 3. r (2 cos t)i b (2 sin t)j x 2 cos t and y 2 sin t x# b y# 4 (g) 4. r ti x t, y 0, and z 0 (a) 5. r ti b tj b tk x t, y t, and z t (d) 6. r tj b (2 c 2t)k y t and z 2 c 2t z 2 c 2y (b)
#
7. r at# c 1b j b 2tk y t# c 1 and z 2t y
z 4
c 1 (f)
8. r (2 cos t)i b (2 sin t)k x 2 cos t and z 2 sin t x# b z# 4 (h) 9. r(t) ti b (1 c t)j , 0 t 1
1
'C f(x y z) ds '0 f(t 1 c t 0) dr dt '0 (1) 2 dt 2 t 2 dt

1
dr dt
i c j dr 2 j ; x t and y 1 c t x b y t b (" c t) 1 dt
" !
10. r(t) ti b (1 c t)j b k , 0 t 1 t c (1 c t) b 1 c 2 2t c 2
'C f(x y z) ds '01 (2t c 2) 2 dt 2 ct# c 2td " c2 !

dr dt
1
dr dt
i c j dr 2; x t, y 1 c t, and z 1 x c y b z c 2 dt
11. r(t) 2ti b tj b (2 c 2t)k , 0 t 1
(2t)t b t b (2 c 2t) 'C f(x y z) ds '0 a2t# c t b 2b 3 dt 3 < 2 t$ c " t# b 2t ! 3 2 c 3 # 3

"
2i b j c 2k dr 4 b 1 b 4 3; xy b y b z dt
" #
b 2
13 #
12. r(t) (4 cos t)i b (4 sin t)j b 3tk , c21 t 21 c20td #1 1 801 c#
dr dt
(c4 sin t)i b (4 cos t)j b 3k
13. r(t) (i b 2j b 3k) b t(ci c 3j c 2k) (1 c t)i b (2 c 3t)j b (3 c 2t)k , 0 t 1 dr dt

1
dr dt
1 b 9 b 4 14 ; x b y b z (1 c t) b (2 c 3t) b (3 c 2t) 6 c 6t
" !
#
'C f(x y z) ds
c i c 3 j c 2k
'0 (6 c 6t) 14 dt 614 t c t2 614 " 314 # 14. r(t) ti b tj b tk , 1 t _
_ " 'C f(x y z) ds '1 3t 3 3 dt < c 1 " lim c b b 1 1 t
b_
dr dt
i b j b k dr 3 ; dt
3 x by bz
3 t bt bt
3 3t
dr 16 sin# t b 16 cos# t b 9 5; x# b y# 16 cos# t b 16 sin# t 4 dt
'C f(x y z) ds ' 22 (4)(5) dt

1
998
Chapter 16 Integration in Vector Fields

dr dt
1
15. C" : r(t) ti b t# j , 0 t 1

"
i b 2tj dr 1 b 4t# ; x b y c z# t b t# c 0 t b ktk 2t dt

" ! " 6
$# since t 0 'C f(x y z) ds '0 2t1 b 4t# dt " a" b 4t# b 6
(5)$# c
" 6
" 6
55 c 1 ;
C# : r(t) i b j b tk, 0 t 1
1
#
'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds 16. C" : r(t) tk , 0 t 1

1
" # "
'C f(x y z) ds '0 a2 c t# b (1) dt <2t c " t$ ! 2 c 3

" 5 6
dr dt
k dr 1; x b y c z# 1 b 1 c t# 2 c t# dt
" 3
5 3
; therefore 'C f(x y z) ds
5 b
3 #
dr dt
k dr 1; x b y c z# 0 b 0 c t# ct# dt
" !
$
'C f(x y z) ds '0 act# b (1) dt c t3 c " ; 3 C# : r(t) tj b k, 0 t 1

1
#
" 'C f(x y z) ds '0 t c 1 (1) dt < 2 t$# c t ! 3
dr dt
j dr 1; x b y c z# 0 b t c 1 t c 1 dt
2 3
c1c"; 3
" f ds b 'C f ds b 'C f ds c " b c 3 b 3
$ #
C$ : r(t) ti b j b k , 0 t 1
1
$
dr dt
#
i dr 1; x b y c z# t b 1 c 1 t dt
" !
"
'C f(x y z) ds '0 (t)(1) dt t2 c" 6
" #
'C f(x y z) ds 'C
" #
'C f(x y z) ds 'ab 1t 3 dt 3 ln ktk b 3 ln b , since 0 a b a

a
18. r(t) (a cos t) j b (a sin t) k , 0 t 21 cx# b z# c0 b a# sin# t

1 #1
dr dt
(ca sin t) j b (a cos t) k dr a# sin# t b a# cos# t kak ; dt

1 1 1
2 c kak sin t, 0 t 1 'C f(x y z) ds '0 c kak# sin t dt b ' kak# sin t dt kak sin t, 1 t 21
ca# cos td ! c ca# cos td 1 ca# (c1) c a# d c ca# c a# (c1)d c4a#

$ # #
'0 (2x)1 b x# dx 2 a1 b x# b 3
2
$# # !
2 3
5$# c 1
105 c 2 3
0c
c " #
" #0
11 #0 1 #
21. r(t) (2 cos t) i b (2 sin t) j , 0 t

2
2 cos t b 2 sin t 'C f ds '0 (2 cos t b 2 sin t)(2) dt c4 sin t c 4 cos td ! 22. r(t) (2 sin t) i b (2 cos t) j , 0 t 4 sin# t c 2 cos t 1 c 21 b 2
1
'C f ds '0
'C f ds '01 a1 c tb b
1 4 a1 c tb
1 b a1 c tb
1 b a1 c tb# dt ' a1 c tb b 1 a1 c tb4 dt c " a1 c tb2 c 4 # 0

1
1 20 a1
c tb5
" !
dr dt
(c2 sin t) i b (2 cos t) j dr 2; f(x y) f(2 cos t 2 sin t) dt

1#
4 c (c4) 8
1 4
4
dr dt
(2 cos t) i b (c2 sin t) j dr 2; f(x y) f(2 sin t 2 cos t) dt
1 a4 sin# t c 2 cos t b (2) dt c4t c 2 sin 2t c 4 sin td 0 %
20. r(t) a1 c tbi b 1 a1 c tb2 j, 0 t 1 dr 1 b a1 c tb# ; f(x y) f a1 c tb 1 a1 c tb2 # dt #
# #
19. r(x) xi b yj xi b
x #
j, 0 x 2
dr dx
dr i b xj dx 1 b x# ; f(x y) f x x #
17. r(t) ti b tj b tk , 0 a t b
dr dt
i b j b k dr 3 ; dt
xbybz x by bz
tbtbt t bt bt
1 t
x x
2x 'C f ds
a1 c tb b 1 a1 c tb4 4 1 b a1 c tb
Section 16.1 Line Integrals

23. r(t) at# c 1b j b 2tk , 0 t 1
1
999
dr dt
2tj b 2k dr 2t# b 1; M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 $ (t) 2t# b 1 dt dt

1
3/2 '0 3 t 2t# b 1 dt at# b 1b 2$# c 1 22 c 1 # " !
24. r(t) at# c 1b j b 2tk , c1 t 1 dr 2tj b 2k dt dr 2t# b 1; M ' $ (x y z) ds

dt
C
' 1 15at# c 1b b 2 2t# b 1 dt

1
' 1 30 at# b 1b dt 30 t3 b t
1
Mxz 'C y$ (x y z) ds ' 1 at# c 1b c30 at# b 1bd dt ' 1 30 at% c 1b dt 30 t5 c t c48 y
Mxz M
&
c 48 c 3 ; Myz 'C x$ (x y z) ds 'C 0 $ ds 0 x 0; z 0 by symmetry (since $ is 80 5
independent of z) (x y z) ! c 3 0 5 25. r(t) 2t i b 2t j b a4 c t# b k , 0 t 1

1
(a) M 'C $ ds '0 (3t) 21 b t# dt 2 a1 b t# b (b)
" 1 M 'C $ ds '0 (1) 21 b t# dt t1 b t# b ln t b 1 b t# 2 b ln 1 b 2 c (0 b ln 1) !
2 b ln 1 b 2 26. r(t) ti b 2tj b 2 t$# k , 0 t 2 3

2 2
# M 'C $ ds '0 35 b t 5 b t dt '0 3(5 b t) dt < 3 (5 b t)# ! 2

2
Myz 'C x$ ds '0 t[3(5 b t)] dt '0 a15t b 3t# b dt < "25 t# b
2 2 2
Mxz 'C y$ ds '0 2t[3(5 b t)] dt 2 '0 a15t b 3t# b dt 76; Mxy 'C z$ ds '0 '0 10t$# b 2t&# dt <4t&# b
2
38 36
19 18
,y
Mxz M
76 36
27. Let x a cos t and y a sin t, 0 t 21. Then

# # #
dx b dy b dz dt a dt; Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 aa# sin# t b a# cos# tb a$ dt dt dt dt

Iz '0 a$ $ dt 21$ a$ ; M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 $ a dt 21$ a Rz M 21aa$$ a. 21
$
28. r(t) tj b (2 c 2t)k , 0 t 1

1
" Ix 'C ay# b z# b $ ds '0 ct# b (2 c 2t)# d $ 5 dt '0 a5t# c 8t b 4b $ 5 dt $ 5 < 5 t$ c 4t# b 4t ! 3
1 1 1
dr dt
j c 2k dr 5; M 'C $ ds '0 $ 5 dt $ 5; dt
1
" Iy 'C ax# b z# b $ ds '0 c0# b (2 c 2t)# d $ 5 dt '0 a4t# c 8t b 4b $ 5 dt $ 5 < 4 t$ c 4t# b 4t ! 3
Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 a0# b t# b $ 5 dt $ 5 t3

Iz and Rz M " 3
$
" !
" 3
y Ix 5 4 $ 5 Rx M 3 , Ry M 3
c c c
" c"
60 " b 1 80; 3
" c"
60 " c 1 5
dr dt
2i b 2j c 2tk dr 2 b 2 b 4t# 21 b t# ; dt
$# " !
2 2$# c 1 42 c 2
dr dt
i b 2j b t"# k dr 1 b 4 b t 5 b t; dt
3 #
a7# c 5# b
3 #
(24) 36;
# t$ !
30 b 8 38;
2
2 $# [3(5 3 t
b t)] dt
Myz M
4 (# # 7 t !
4(2)&# b 4 (2)(# 162 b 7

1442 736 dx dt
32 7
144 7
2 x
19 9
, and z
Mxy M
4 7
2
dy dt
ca sin t,
a cos t,
2
dz dt
5 3 4 3
$ 5 ; $ 5 ;
2 3
1000 Chapter 16 Integration in Vector Fields

29. r(t) (cos t)i b (sin t)j b tk , 0 t 21
1
#
(a) M 'C $ ds '0 $ 2 dt 21$ 2; Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 acos# t b sin# tb $ 2 dt 21$ 2
Iz Rz M 1
dr dt
(c sin t)i b (cos t)j b k dr sin# t b cos# t b 1 2; dt

1
2
(b) M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 $ 2 dt 41$ 2 and Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 $ 2 dt 41$ 2

Iz Rz M 1 22 $# k, 3 t
1 1
4 4
30. r(t) (t cos t)i b (t sin t)j b

1
0t1
2 2 3 Mxy M
1
Mxy 'C z$ ds '0 2 3 2 t$# (t b 1) dt
" dr (t b 1)# t b 1 for 0 t 1; M 'C $ ds '0 (t b 1) dt < " (t b 1)# ! dt 2

1
dr dt
(cos t c t sin t)i b (sin t b t cos t)j b 2t k

" #
a2# c 1# b
'0 t&# b t$# dt 22 3

1635 2 2 3
" !
$ %
3 #
2 2 3
1
2 2 7 b 5
2 2 3
24 35
162 35
z
1
322 105 " 4
; Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds
" 3
< 2 t(# b 2 t&# " 7 5 !
'0 at# cos# t b t# sin# tb (t b 1) dt '0 at$ b t# b dt t4 b t3
7 12
Iz 7 Rz M 18
31. $ (x y z) 2 c z and r(t) (cos t)j b (sin t)k , 0 t 1 M 21 c 2 as found in Example 4 of the text; 1 32. r(t) ti b
22 $# j 3 t
1 1
Ix also dr 1; Ix 'C ay# b z# b $ ds '0 acos# t b sin# tb (2 c sin t) dt '0 (2 c sin t) dt 21 c 2 Rx M dt
" " 0 t 2; M 'C $ ds '0 tb1 (1 b t) dt '0 dt 2; Myz 'C x$ ds '0 t tb1 (1 b t) dt t2 2;
$ #
t #
k, 0 t 2
2
dr dt
i b 2 t"# j b tk dr 1 b 2t b t# (1 b t)# 1 b t for dt ; Mxy 'C z$ ds '

2
Mxz 'C y$ ds ' y

Mxz M
22 $# 3 t 0
2
dt
# 3
2 '0 t# b 8 t$ dt t3 b 9 t% 9 Iz Rz M 2 3
33-36. Example CAS commands: Maple: f := (x,y,z) -> sqrt(1+30*x^2+10*y); g := t -> t; h := t -> t^2; k := t -> 3*t^2; a,b := 0,2; ds := ( D(g)^2 + D(h)^2 + D(k)^2 )^(1/2): 'ds' = ds(t)*'dt'; F := f(g,h,k): 'F(t)' = F(t); Int( f, s=C..NULL ) = Int( simplify(F(t)*ds(t)), t=a..b ); `` = value(rhs(%)); Mathematica: (functions and domains may vary) Clear[x, y, z, r, t, f] f[x_,y_,z_]:= Sqrt[1 b 30x2 b 10y]
# !
8 3
32 9
56 9
&
Iy 'C ax# b z# b $ ds '0 t# b " t% dt t3 b 4

$
# t 20 !
8 3
32 20
64 15 2 3
; Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds
Iy 32 29 , Ry M 15 , and 5
Ix Rx M
# (a) # (b) # (c)
&
16 15
, and z
Mxy M
" ; Ix 'C ay# b z# b $ ds '0 8 t$ b 4 t% dt 2 t% b 9 9
# 4152 t&# !
32 15
t 0 #
dt
# t6 !
% 3
x
32 9
# t 20 !
32 20
# !
Myz M
1,
232 45
Section 16.2 Vector Fields, Work, Circulation, and Flux 1001

{a,b}= {0, 2}; x[t_]:= t y[t_]:= t2 z[t_]:= 3t2 r[t_]:= {x[t], y[t], z[t]} v[t_]:= D[r[t], t] mag[vector_]:=Sqrt[vector.vector] Integrate[f[x[t],y[t],z[t]] mag[v[t]], {t, a, b}] N[%] 16.2 VECTOR FIELDS, WORK, CIRCULATION, AND FLUX 1. f(x y z) ax# b y# b z# b
`f `y c"#
`f `z
4. g(x y z) xy b yz b xz
`g `x
5. kFk inversely proportional to the square of the distance from (x y) to the origin (M(x y))# b (N(x y))# F an , for some constant a 0. Then M(x y)
# #
6. Given x# b y# a# b b# , let x a# b b# cos t and y ca# b b# sin t. Then r a# b b# cos t i c a# b b# sin t j traces the circle in a clockwise direction as t goes from 0 to 21 v ca# b b# sin t i c a# b b# cos t j is tangent to the circle in a clockwise direction. Thus, let F v F yi c xj and F(0 0) 0 . 7. Substitute the parametric representations for r(t) x(t)i b y(t)j b z(t)k representing each path into the vector field F , and calculate the work W 'C F (a) F 3ti b 2tj b 4tk and
7 3 dr dt dr dt
.
dr dt
ibjbk F
dr dt
9t W '0 9t dt
1
(b) F 3t# i b 2tj b 4t% k and b2

13 3
i b 2tj b 4t$ k F
dr dt
dr dt
7t# b 16t( W '0 a7t# b 16t( b dt < 7 t$ b 2t) ! 3

1
F# 3i b 2j b 4tk and
dr dt
k F#
dr dt
4t W# '0 4t dt 2 W W" b W#
1
"
"
(c) r" ti b tj and r# i b j b tk ; F" 3ti b 2tj and
i b j F"
dr dt
#$ #
#$ #
(M(x y))# b (N(x y))# a a
k x by
ckx ax b y b
9 #
5t W" '0 5t dt
1
cax x b y
#
and
k x by
, k 0; F points toward the origin F is in the direction of n
2x g x cb y i c x
# #
2y by
j b ez k y b z,
`g `y
x b z, and
`g `z
3. g(x y z) ez c ln ax# b y# b
`g `x
cx
2x by
`g `y
cx
2y by
and
y b x g (y b z)i b (B b z)j b (x b y)k
similarly,
`f `y
y x by bz
and
`f `z
z x by bz
x i b y j b zk x by bz `g `z
ez
y cx x b y i c x b y j c N(x y) x ay y b ky ic j , for any constant ax b y b
2. f(x y z) ln x# b y# b z#
" #
ln ax# b y# b z# b
`f `x
" #
" x by bz (2x)
#$ #
c y a x# b y # b z b
# c$#
`f `x
c " ax# b y# b z# b #
c$#
(2x) cx ax# b y# b z# b
cx i c y j c z k ax b y b z b
c$#
; similarly,
and
c z a x# b y # b z b
# c$#
x x by bz
k0
"
5 #
9 #

8. Substitute the parametric representation for r(t) x(t)i b y(t)j b z(t)k representing each path into the vector field F, and calculate the work W 'C F
#
dr dt
. '0
# #
(a) F t (b) F t
" b1 j " b1 j
and and
dr dt dr dt
ibjbk F
dr dt
" t b1 dr dt
W '0
#
" t b1
1
dt ctanc" td !
#
"
1 4 "
i b 2tj b 4t$ k F
1
9. Substitute the parametric representation for r(t) x(t)i b y(t)j b z(t)k representing each path into the vector field F, and calculate the work W 'C F (a) F ti c 2tj b tk and (b) F t# i c 2tj b tk and
dr dt dr dt dr dt
ibjbk F
i b 2tj b 4t$ k F
10. Substitute the parametric representation for r(t) x(t)i b y(t)j b z(t)k representing each path into the vector field F, and calculate the work W 'C F (a) F t# i b t# j b t# k and (b) F t$ i c t' j b t& k and
)
dr dt
.
dr dt
dr dt dr dt 17 18
ibjbk F
3t# W '0 3t# dt 1

1
i b 2tj b 4t$ k F
t4 b
%
t 4
4 b 9 t* !
"
11. Substitute the parametric representation for r(t) x(t)i b y(t)j b z(t)k representing each path into the vector field F, and calculate the work W 'C F (a) F a3t# c 3tb i b 3tj b k and (b) F a3t# c 3tb i b 3t% j b k
dr dt
12. Substitute the parametric representation for r(t) x(t)i b y(t)j b z(t)k representing each path into the vector field F, and calculate the work W 'C F (a) F 2ti b 2tj b 2tk and
1
dr dt
.
dr dt
dr dt
ibjbk F
dr dt
6t W '0 6t dt c3t# d ! 3
1
"
(b) F at# b t% b i b at% b tb j b at b t# b k and
i b 2tj b 4t$ k F
"
W '0 a6t& b 5t% b 3t# b dt ct' b t& b t$ d ! 3
dr dt
6t& b 5t% b 3t#
'
"
"
(c)
dr & $ # dt 6t b 4t b 3t c 3t 1 " W 0 a6t& b 4t$ b 3t# c 3tb dt <t' b t% b t$ c 3 t# ! 3 # # r r r" ti b tj and r# i b j b tk ; F" a3t# c 3tb i b k and ddt i b j F" ddt 3t# 1 " r r W" 0 a3t# c 3tb dt <t$ c 3 t# ! c " ; F# 3tj b k and ddt k F# ddt 2 # W W" b W# 1 2
'
dr dt i b j b k F and dr i b 2tj b 4t$ k dt
F# i b tj b tk and
dr dt
k F#
dr dt
t W# '0 t dt
1
" #
.
dr dt
3t# b 1 W '0 a3t# b 1b dt ct$ b td ! 2

1
"
"
(c) r" ti b tj and r# i b j b tk ; F" t# i and
dr dt
i b j F"
c1; F# ti c 2j b k and
dr dt
k F#
dr dt
1 W# '0 dt 1 W W" b W# 0
1
dr dt
t$ b 2t( b 4t) W '0 at$ b 2t( b 4t) b dt

1
dr dt
t# W" '0 t# dt
1
W W" b W#
"
"
(c) r" ti b tj and r# i b j b tk ; F" c2tj b t k and
F#
dr dt
0 W '0
" t b1
dt
1 4
.
dr dt dr dt " 2t c 2t W '0 2t c 2t dt < 4 t$# c t# ! 3
1 1
4t% c 3t# W '0 a4t% c 3t# b dt < 4 t& c t$ ! c " 5 5

" dr dt
i b j F"
dr dt
c2t W" '0 c2t dt

1
" 3
5 6
c 3t 1 W# '0 dt 1
1
"
"
(c) r" ti b tj and r# i b j b tk ; F" t
" b1 j
2t t b1 W r and ddt i b j
2t t b1 r F" ddt
dt cln at# b 1bd ! ln 2

" t b1
; F#
" #
j and
dr dt
" 3
"

" "
(c) r" ti b tj and r# i b j b tk ; F" ti b tj b 2tk and

# #
F# (1 b t)i b (t b 1)j b 2k and
dr dt
k F#
dr dt
2 W# '0 2 dt 2 W W" b W# 3
1
dr dt
i b j F"
dr dt
2t W" '0 2t dt ";

1
13. r ti b t# j b tk , 0 t 1, and F xyi b yj c yzk F t$ i b t# j c t$ k and F

dr dt
2t$ work '0 2t$ dt

1
dr dt
i b 2tj b k
" #
t 14. r (cos t)i b (sin t)j b 6 k , 0 t 21, and F 2yi b 3xj b (x b y)k
F (2 sin t)i b (3 cos t)j b (cos t b sin t)k and 3 cos# t c 2sin2 t b <3 t b 2
3 4 " 6
cos t b
sin 2t 2
" 6
sin t work '0 3 cos# t c 2 sin2 t b

" 6
dr dt
" (c sin t)i b (cos t)j b 6 k F

1
2
dr dt
" 6
cos t b
" 6
sin t dt
sin 2t c t b
" 6
sin t c
cos
#1 t !
15. r (sin t)i b (cos t)j b tk , 0 t 21, and F zi b xj b yk F ti b (sin t)j b (cos t)k and
dr dt
(cos t)i c (sin t)j b k F

t 2
dr dt
t cos t c sin# t b cos t work '0 at cos t c sin# t b cos tb dt

1
2
<cos t b t sin t c
sin 2t 4
b sin t ! c1
#1
t 16. r (sin t)i b (cos t)j b 6 k , 0 t 21, and F 6zi b y# j b 12xk F ti b acos# tbj b (12 sin t)k and dr dt
work '0 at cos t c sin t cos# t b 2 sin tb dt <cos t b t sin t b

1
2
(cos t)i c (sin t)j b " k F 6
dr dt
t cos t c sin t cos# t b 2 sin t

1 3
cos$ t c 2 cos t ! 0
#1
17. x t and y x# t# r ti b t# j , c1 t 2, and F xyi b (x b y)j F t$ i b at b t# b j and < 3 t% b 2 t$ c" 12 b 4 3

# 16 3
c 3 c 2 4 3
45 4
18 3
69 4 dr dt
18. Along (0 0) to (1 0): r ti , 0 t 1, and F (x c y)i b (x b y)j F ti b tj and
i F
Along (1 0) to (0 1): r (1 c t)i b tj , 0 t 1, and F (x c y)i b (x b y)j F (1 c 2t)i b j and dr dr dt ci b j F dt 2t; Along (0 1) to (0 0): r (1 c t)j , 0 t 1, and F (x c y)i b (x b y)j F (t c 1)i b (1 c t)j and
dr dt
cj F
"
dr dt
t c 1 'C (x c y) dx b (x b y) dy '0 t dt b '0 2t dt b '0 (t c 1) dt '0 (4t c 1) dt

1 1 1 1
c2t# c td ! 2 c 1 1 19. r xi b yj y# i b yj , 2 y c1, and F x# i c yj y% i c yj F

dr dy dr dy
2yi b j and F
dr dy
2y& c y
3 #
20. r (cos t)i b (sin t)j , 0 t F

dr dt
1 #
, and F yi c xj F (sin t)i c (cos t)j and

1
c sin# t c cos# t c1
21. r (i b j) b t(i b 2j) (1 b t)i b (1 b 2t)j , 0 t 1, and F xyi b (y c x)j F a1 b 3t b 2t# b i b tj and
dr dt
i b 2j F
dr dt
1 b 5t b 2t# work 'C F
22. r (2 cos t)i b (2 sin t)j , 0 t 21, and F f 2(x b y)i b 2(x b y)j F 4(cos t b sin t)i b 4(cos t b sin t)j and dr (c2 sin t)i b (2 cos t)j F dt
'C F T ds '2
c" " " " " dy '2 a2y& c yb dy < 3 y' c # y# # 3 c # c 64 c 4 # 3

1
'C F dr '0
dr dt
(c sin t)i b (cos t)j
(c1) dt c 1 #
dr dt
dt '0 a1 b 5t b 2t# b dt <t b 5 t# b 2 t$ ! 2 3

1
dr dt
"c
dr dt
i b 2tj F
dr dt
dr dt
t$ b a2t# b 2t$ b 3t$ b 2t# 'C xy dx b (x b y) dy 'C F
dt ' a3t$ b 2t# b dt
dr dt
t;
63 3
c 39 #
"
25 6

c8 asin t cos t b sin# tb b 8 acos# t b cos t sin tb 8 acos# t c sin# tb 8 cos 2t work 'C f dr
dr dt
1
'C F
dt '0 8 cos 2t dt c4 sin 2td #1 0 !

2
23. (a) r (cos t)i b (sin t)j , 0 t 21, F" xi b yj , and F# cyi b xj F" (cos t)i b (sin t)j , and F# (c sin t)i b (cos t)j F"
2
dr dt
(c sin t)i b (cos t)j ,

dr dt
F# n 0 Flux" '0 dt 21 and Flux# '0 0 dt 0 (b) r (cos t)i b (4 sin t)j , 0 t 21 F# (c4 sin t)i b (cos t)j F"
dr dt
1
2
Circ" '0 0 dt 0 and Circ# '0 dt 21; n (cos t)i b (sin t)j F" n cos# t b sin# t 1 and
dr dt
dr dt
0 and F#
sin# t b cos# t 1
(c sin t)i b (4 cos t)j , F" (cos t)i b (4 sin t)j , and
dr dt
1
2
15 sin t cos t and F#
#1 < "25 sin# t ! 0 and Circ# '0 4 dt 81; n 417 cos t i b "17 sin t j F" n
4 17
cos# t b
4 17
15 sin# t and F# n c 17 sin t cos t Flux" '0 (F" n) kvk dt '0 417 17 dt
1 1
2 2
#1 15 81 and Flux# '0 (F# n) kvk dt '0 c 17 sin t cos t 17 dt <c 15 sin# t ! 0 2
24. r (a cos t)i b (a sin t)j , 0 t 21, F" 2xi c 3yj , and F# 2xi b (x c y)j
dr dt
(ca sin t)i b (a cos t)j ,
F" (2a cos t)i c (3a sin t)j , and F# (2a cos t)i b (a cos t c a sin t)j n kvk (a cos t)i b (a sin t)j , F" n kvk 2a# cos# t c 3a# sin# t, and F# n kvk 2a# cos# t b a# sin t cos t c a# sin# t
t Flux# '0 a2a# cos# t c a# sin t cos t c a# sin# tb dt 2a# < 2 b t Flux" '0 a2a# cos# t c 3a# sin# tb dt 2a# < 2 b
1
2
N" a sin t, dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt Flux" 'C M" dy c N" dx '0 aa# cos# t b a# sin# tb dt '0 a# dt a# 1;
#
'C M# dy c N# dx ' a 0 dt 0; therefore, Circ Circ" b Circ# 0 and Flux Flux" b Flux# a# 1
a
" "
26. F" aa# cos# tb i b aa# sin# tb j ,

1
dx ca sin t dt Flux" 'C M" dy c N" dx '0 aa$ cos$ t b a$ sin$ tb dt

$
Circ" '0 aca$ sin t cos# t b a$ cos t sin# tb dt c 2a ; M" a# cos# t, N" a# sin# t, dy a cos t dt, 3
dr dt
dr dt
(ca sin t)i b (a cos t)j F"

$
Flux# 'C M# dy c N# dx 0; therefore, Circ Circ" b Circ# 0 and Flux Flux" b Flux#
" "
27. F" (ca sin t)i b (a cos t)j ,

1
Circ" '0 a# dt a# 1 ; M" ca sin t, N" a cos t, dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt

a
#
dr dt

1
Circ# 0; M# 0, N# t, dx dt, dy 0 Flux# 'C M# dy c N# dx ' a ct dt 0; therefore, Circ Circ" b Circ# a# 1 and Flux Flux" b Flux# 0
c
Flux" 'C M" dy c N" dx '0 aca# sin t cos t b a# sin t cos tb dt 0; F# tj ,
F # t# i ,
i F#
dr dt
t# Circ# ' a t# dt
a
F # ti ,
dr dt
i F#
dr dt
t Circ# ' a t dt 0; M# t, N# 0, dx dt, dy 0 Flux#

a
dr dt
ca$ sin t cos# t b a$ cos t sin# t a$ ;
4 3
2a 3
; M# t# , N# 0, dy 0, dx dt
4 3
dr dt
a# sin# t b a# cos# t a#
"
"
25. F" (a cos t)i b (a sin t)j ,

1
dr dt
dr dt
0 Circ" 0; M" a cos t,
sin 2t #1 4 !
t c 3a# < 2 c sin 2t #1 4 !
sin 2t #1 4 ! a #
c1a# , and
#1 sin 2t #1 4 !
t csin# td ! c a# < 2 c
dr dt
i F#
4 Circ" '0 15 sin t cos t dt

2 2
1a#
a$
dr dt

Circ" '0 aa$ sin$ t b a$ cos$ tb dt
1 1
" "
28. F" aca# sin# tb i b aa# cos# tb j ,
dr dt

4 3
dr dt
a$ sin$ t b a$ cos$ t a$ ; F# t# j ,
a
a$ ; M" ca# sin# t, N" a# cos# t, dy a cos t dt, dx ca sin t dt

# #
Flux" 'C M" dy c N" dx '0 aca$ cos t sin# t b a$ sin t cos# tb dt Circ Circ" b Circ#
4 3
Circ# 0; M# 0, N# t# , dy 0, dx dt Flux# 'C M# dy c N# dx ' a ct# dt c 2 a$ ; therefore, 3 a$ and Flux Flux" b Flux# 0
dr dt
2 3
dr dt
i F#
dr dt
29. (a) r (cos t)i b (sin t)j , 0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j F (cos t b sin t)i c acos# t b sin# tb j F
1
(b)
<t# c 2 t$ ! 3
"
" 3
Flow Flow" b Flow#
2 3
" 3
1
"
30. From (1 0) to (0 1): r" (1 c t)i b tj , 0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j <t# c 2 t$ ! 3

" " 3
F i c a1 c 2t b 2t# b j , and n" kv" k i b j F n" kv" k 2t c 2t# Flux" '0 a2t c 2t# b dt
1
dr dt
ci b j ,
;
#
#
From (0 1) to (c1 0): r# cti b (1 c t)j , 0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j Flux# '0 ac2 b 4t c 2t# b dt <c2t b 2t# c 2 t$ ! c 2 ; 3 3
1
dr dt
ci c j ,
F (1 c 2t)i c a1 c 2t b 2t b j , and n# kv# k ci b j F n# kv# k (2t c 1) b ac1 b 2t c 2t# b c2 b 4t c 2t#

"
F (c1 b 2t)i c a1 c 4t b 4t b j , and n$ kv$ k c2j F n$ kv$ k 2 a1 c 4t b 4t b Flux$ 2 '0 a1 c 4t b 4t# b dt 2 <t c 2t# b 4 t$ ! 3
1
"
2 3
Flux Flux" b Flux# b Flux$
at (2 0), F j ; at (0 2), F ci ; at (c2 0), F cj ; at (! c2), F i ; at 2 2 , F c #3 i b " j ; # at 2 c2 , F Fc

3 # 3 #
i c " j ; at c2 c2 , F #
31. F c x yb y i b
# #
x x b y
j on x# b y# 4;
i b " j ; at c2 2 , #
3 #
ic "j #
From (c1 0) to (1 0): r$ (c1 b 2t)i , 0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j
dr dt
2i ,
" 3
ci c a2t# c 2t b 1b j F
dr dt
1 c a2t# c 2t b 1b 2t c 2t# Flow# 'C F
0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j
dr dt
ci b j and F ci c at# b t# c 2t b 1b j
dr dt
"
"
"
dr dt
(2t c 1) b a1 c 2t b 2t# b 2t# Flow" 'C F
dr dt
"
(c)
sin 2t 1 1 4 c sin t ! c # r (1 c 2t)i , 0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j dr c2i and F (1 c 2t)i c (1 c 2t)# j dt 1 " dr # F dt 4t c 2 C F T ds 0 (4t c 2) dt c2t c 2td ! 0 r r" (1 c t)i c tj , 0 t 1, and F (x b y)i c ax# b y# b j ddt ci c j and F (1 c 2t)i c a1 c 2t t #
'0 ac sin t cos t c sin# t c cos tb dt <c " sin# t c 2
dr dt
c sin t cos t c sin# t c cos t 'C F T ds b
(csin t)i b (cos t)j and
'
'
'0 2t# dt
1
b 2t# b j
2 3
; r# cti b (t c 1)j , '0 a2t c 2t# b dt

1
2 3
2 3
" 3

32. F xi b yj on x# b y# 1; at (1 0), F i ; at (c1 0), F ci ; at (0 1), F j ; at (0 c1), F cj ; at " # at c " # at " c #
3 # , 3 # , 3 # ,
" #
ib
3 #
3 #
j;
Fc"ib # F
" #
j;
ic
3 #
j;
3 #
at c " c #
3 # ,
Fc"ic #
j.
33. (a) G P(x y)i b Q(x y)j is to have a magnitude a# b b# and to be tangent to x# b y# a# b b# in a counterclockwise direction. Thus x# b y# a# b b# 2x b 2yyw 0 yw c x is the slope of the tangent y
a line at any point on the circle yw c b at (a b). Let v cbi b aj kvk a# b b# , with v in a
counterclockwise direction and tangent to the circle. Then let P(x y) cy and Q(x y) x G cyi b xj for (a b) on x# b y# a# b b# we have G cbi b aj and kGk a# b b# . (b) G x# b y# F a# b b# F . 34. (a) From Exercise 33, part a, cyi b xj is a vector tangent to the circle and pointing in a counterclockwise yi direction yi c xj is a vector tangent to the circle pointing in a clockwise direction G x cbxj y is a unit vector tangent to the circle and pointing in a clockwise direction. (b) G cF 35. The slope of the line through (x y) and the origin is
# # #
y x
v xi b yj is a vector parallel to that line and
pointing away from the origin F c
xi b yj x b y
is the unit vector pointing toward the origin.
xi 36. (a) From Exercise 35, c x bbyj is a unit vector through (x y) pointing toward the origin and we want y xi kFk to have magnitude x# b y# F x# b y# c x bbyj cxi c yj . y
# # # # # # # # # # # #
(b) We want kFk
C x b y
where C 0 is a constant F
dr dt
C x b y
xi x c x bbyj cC x i b yj . by y
2
37. F c4t$ i b 8t# j b 2k and 38. F 12t# j b 9t# k and

dr dt
i b 2tj F
dr dt
dr dt
12t$ Flow '0 12t$ dt c3t% d ! 48

#
1
3j b 4k F
dr dt
72t# Flow '0 72t# dt c24t$ d ! 24

" dr dt
39. F (cos t c sin t)i b (cos t)k and

1
Flow '0 (c sin t cos t b 1) dt < " cos# t b 2

dr dt
(c sin t)i b (cos t)k F

1 t !
c sin t cos t b 1
" b 1 c " b 0 1 # #
dr dt
40. F (c2 sin t)i c (2 cos t)j b 2k and Flow 0
(2 sin t)i b (2 cos t)j b 2k F
c4 sin# t c 4 cos# t b 4 0
41. C" : r (cos t)i b (sin t)j b tk , 0 t F

dr dt
1 #
F (2 cos t)i b 2tj b (2 sin t)k and
dr dt
(c sin t)i b (cos t)j b k
c2 cos t sin t b 2t cos t b 2 sin t c sin 2t b 2t cos t b 2 sin t

1
Flow" '0 C# : r j b
1 #
(c sin 2t b 2t cos t b 2 sin t) dt < " cos 2t b 2t sin t b 2 cos t c 2 cos t ! 2

dr dt
1#
c1 b 1 ;
(1 c t)k , 0 t 1 F 1(1 c t)j b 2k and

1
c k F
dr dt
Flow# '0 c1 dt cc1td " c1; !

dr dt
1
1 #
dr dt
c1
C$ : r ti b (1 c t)j , 0 t 1 F 2ti b 2(1 c t)k and

"
icj F
2t
Flow$ '0 2t dt ct# d ! 1 Circulation (c1 b 1) c 1 b 1 0

dr dt
42. F
dx dt
by
dy dt
bz
dz dt
by the chain rule Circulation 'C F rabb raab, thus the Circulation 0.
` f dx ` x dt
` f dy ` y dt dr dt
dt 'a
` f dz ` z dt
, where f(x y z)
b
" #
ax# b y# b x# b F
dr dt
d dt afaratbbb
d dt afaratbbb
dt farabbb c faraabb. Since C is an entire ellipse,
43. Let x t be the parameter y x# t# and z x t r ti b t# j b tk , 0 t 1 from (0 0 0) to (1 1 1)

" # dr dt
i b 2tj b k and F xyi b yj c yzk t$ i b t# j c t$ k F
dr dt
t$ b 2t$ c t$ 2t$ Flow '0 2t$ dt

1
44. (a) F axy# z$ b F
dr dt
45. Yes. The work and area have the same numerical value because work 'C F dr 'C yi dr 'b [f(t)i] <i b
a b
'a f(t) dt Area under the curve 46. r xi b yj xi b f(x)j from the origin F
dr dx dr dx
'C
F T ds 'C F
dr dx
dx 'a k
b
d dx
x# b [f(x)]# dx k <x# b [f(x)]# b a
k b# b [f(b)]# c a# b [f(a)]# , as claimed. 47-52. Example CAS commands: Maple: with( LinearAlgebra );#47 F := r -> < r[1]*r[2]^6 | 3*r[1]*(r[1]*r[2]^5+2) >; r := t -> < 2*cos(t) | sin(t) >; a,b := 0,2*Pi; dr := map(diff,r(t),t); F(r(t)); q1 := simplify( F(r(t)) . dr ) assuming t::real; q2 := Int( q1, t=a..b ); value( q2 ); Mathematica: (functions and bounds will vary): Exercises 47 and 48 use vectors in 2 dimensions Clear[x, y, t, f, r, v] f[x_, y_]:= {x y6 , 3x (x y5 b 2)}
# (a) # (b) # (c)
kx x b y
kyf (x) x b y
kx b kf(x)f (x) x b [f(x)]
(b)
'C F dr ' 1 1 1 1 dt
21
'a
` f dx ` x dt
` f dy ` y dt
` z dz ` z dt
df dt
, where f(x y z) xy# z$ )C F
dr dt
dt
d dt afaratbbb
dt farabbb c faraabb 0 since C is an entire ellipse.

d dt
axy# z$ b dt cxy# z$ d """ (2)(1)# (c1)$ c (1)(1)# (1)$ c2 c 1 c3
#"c"
df dt
j dt
[On the path, y equals f(t)] [because f(t) 0]

k x b y
i b f w (x)j ; F
(xi b yj) has constant magnitude k and points away k

d dx
x# b [f(x)]# , by the chain rule

{a, b}={0, 21}; x[t_]:= 2 Cos[t] y[t_]:= Sin[t] r[t_]:={x[t], y[t]} v[t_]:= r'[t] integrand= f[x[t], y[t]] . v[t] //Simplify Integrate[integrand,{t, a, b}] N[%] If the integration takes too long or cannot be done, use NIntegrate to integrate numerically. This is suggested for exercises 49 - 52 that use vectors in 3 dimensions. Be certain to leave spaces between variables to be multiplied. Clear[x, y, z, t, f, r, v] f[x_, y_, z_]:= {y b y z Cos[x y z], x2 b x z Cos[x y z], z b x y Cos[x y z]} {a, b}={0, 21}; x[t_]:= 2 Cos[t] y[t_]:= 3 Sin[t] z[t_]:= 1 r[t_]:={x[t], y[t], z[t]} v[t_]:= r'[t] integrand= f[x[t], y[t],z[t]] . v[t] //Simplify NIntegrate[integrand,{t, a, b}] 16.3 PATH INDEPENDENCE, POTENTIAL FUNCTIONS, AND CONSERVATIVE FIELDS 1. 2. 3. 5. 6. 7.
`P `y `P `y `P `y `N `x `P `y `f `x
`N `z
`M `z `N `z
y ,
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
z
`P `x
`M `y `N `x
Conservative sin z
`M `y
x cos z c1 1 01 0
`N `z
y cos z
Conservative
`N `x
`N `z
Not Conservative Not Conservative
4.
1 c1
`M `y
Not Conservative
`M `y `M `z
`P `x
`N `x
cex sin y
`f `y
`M `y
Conservative
# #
2x f(x y z) x# b g(y z)
`f `z
`g `y
3y g(y z)
#
3y #
b h(z) f(x y z) x# b
3y #
b h(z)
8.
`f `x
hw (z) 4z h(z) 2z# b C f(x y z) x# b

`f `y
3y #
b 2z# b C
`g `y w
y b z f(x y z) (y b z)x b g(y z)

`f `z
xb
w
`g `y
xbz
z g(y z) zy b h(z)
f(x y z) (y b z)x b zy b h(z) (y b z)x b zy b C 9.

`f `x
x b y b h (z) x b y h (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z)
eyb2z f(x y z) xeyb2z b g(y z)

yb2z
xe 10.
`f `x
b h(z)
`f `z
2xe
yb2z
b h (z) 2xe
`f `y yb2z
xeyb2z b
w
`g `y
xeyb2z
`g `y
0 f(x y z)
h (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) xeyb2z b C x sin z b

w `g `y
y sin z f(x y z) xy sin z b g(y z)

`f `z
`f `y
x sin z
w
`g `y
0 g(y z) h(z)
f(x y z) xy sin z b h(z) xy sin z b C
xy cos z b h (z) xy cos z h (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z)
Section 16.3 Path Independence, Potential Functions, and Conservative Fields 1009
# # #
11.
`f `z
z y bz `f `y
f(x y z)
" #
ln ay# b z# b b g(x y)
" #
`f `x
(x ln x c x) b tan (x b y) b h(y) f(x y z) 12.

`f `x " #
ln ay# b z b b (x ln x c x) b tan (x b y) b h(y)

#
`g `x #
ln x b sec# (x b y) g(x y)
ln ay b z b b (x ln x c x) b tan (x b y) b C
y 1bx y `g `y `f `z
f(x y z) tan
c"
(xy) b sin
(yz) b ln kzk b C
`P `y
13. Let F(x y z) 2xi b 2yj b 2zk exact;

`f `x
f(2 3 c6) c f(! ! !) 2# b 3# b (c6)# 49 14. Let F(x y z) yzi b xzj b xyk exact;
`f `x `P `y
`N `z
`M `z
y
`g `y
`P `x
`N `x
z
`g `y
`M `y
yz f(x y z) xyz b g(y z)

`f `z
`f `y
xz b
xz
0 g(y z) h(z) f(x y z)
xyz b h(z)
xy b hw (z) xy hw (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) xyz b C
15. Let F(x y z) 2xyi b ax# c z# b j c 2yzk M dx b N dy b P dz is exact;

`f `x
g(y z) cyz# b h(z) f(x y z) x# y c yz# b h(z)

f(x y z) x# y c yz# b C ' 0 0 0 2xy dx b ax# c z# b dy c 2yz dz f(" # $) c f(! ! !) 2 c 2(3)# c16
123
4 16. Let F(x y z) 2xi c y# j c 1 b z k
9 c
27 3
c4
1 4
c (! c ! c 0) c1
`P `y
17. Let F(x y z) (sin y cos x)i b (cos y sin x)j b k M dx b N dy b P dz is exact; cos y sin x
`g `y `f `x
sin y cos x f(x y z) sin y sin x b g(y z)
0 g(y z) h(z) f(x y z) sin y sin x b h(z)

(0 b 1) c (0 b 0) 1
18. Let F(x y z) (2 cos y)i b " c 2x sin y j b " k y z M dx b N dy b P dz is exact;

" y `f `x
2 cos y f(x y z) 2x cos y b g(y z)
c 2x sin y
`g `y
" y
g(y z) ln kyk b h(z) f(x y z) 2x cos y b ln kyk b h(z)
f(x y z) sin y sin x b z b C
' 100101
sin y cos x dx b cos y sin x dy b dz f(0 1 1) c f(1 ! !)
y 3
x# c
c 4 tanc" z b C ' 0 0 0 2x dx c y# dy c
331
4 1cz
f(x y z) x# c
y 3
b h(z)
`f `z
4 hw (z) c 1 b z h(z) c4 tanc" z b C f(x y z)
dz f(3 3 1) c f(! ! !)
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
cos y cos x
`f `y
`M `y `g `y
cos y sin x b
`f `z
hw (z) 1 h(z) z b C
`P `y
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
,
`f `y
`N `x
c2 sin y
`f `z
`M `y
c2x sin y b
`g `y " z
hw (z)
M dx b N dy b P dz is exact;
`f `x
' 112
350
yz dx b xz dy b xy dz f(3 5 0) c f(1 1 2) 0 c 2 c2
`P `y
c2z
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
2xy f(x y z) x# y b g(y z)

`f `z
c2yz b h (z) c2yz hw (z) 0 h(z) C
`f `y w
`P `y
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
0
`f `y
`f `z
hw (z) 2z h(z) z# b C f(x y z) x# b y# b z# b C
`N `x
# #
# #
# #
z 1 c y z y 1 c y z
g(y z) sinc" (yz) b h(z) f(x y z) tanc" (xy) b sinc" (yz) b h(z) b hw (z)
y 1 c y z c"
" z
hw (z)
" z
h(z) ln kzk b C
`N `z
`M `P `N `M `z 0 `x , `x 0 `y `g `f # ` y ` y 2y g(y z) y b
M dx b N dy b P dz is h(z) f(x y z) x# b y# h(z) 2x dx b 2y dy b 2z dz
' 02030 6
M dx b N dy b P dz is
2x
`g `y
x# b
`M `y
`g `y
cy# g(y z) c y b h(z) 3
# #
# #
# #
# #
f(x y z) tanc" (xy) b g(y z)
`f `y
y y bz # #
b sec# (x b y) b hw (y) sec# (x b y) b
y y bz
hw (y) 0 h(y) C f(x y z)
x 1bx y
`g `y
x 1bx y
z 1 c y z
`M `y
x# c z#
`g `y
cz#

' 021
1
h(z) ln kzk b C f(x y z) 2x cos y b ln kyk b ln kzk b C

1
22
2 cos y dx b " c 2x sin y dy b y

1 #
" z
dz f 1 1 2 c f(! # ") #
1 #
2 0 b ln
19. Let F(x y z) 3x# i b zy j b (2z ln y)k M dx b N dy b P dz is exact;

f(x y z) x$ b z# ln y b h(z) x$ b z# ln y b C ' 1 1 1 3x# dx b

123

`f `z
#
2z ln y b hw (z) 2z ln y hw (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) dy b 2z ln y dz f(1 2 3) c f(" " ")
z y
(1 b 9 ln 2 b C) c (1 b 0 b C) 9 ln 2 20. Let F(x y z) (2x ln y c yz)i b x c xz j c (xy)k y M dx b N dy b P dz is exact;

#
`P `y
cx
`N `z
`M `z
cy
`f `z
#
`P `x
x y
c xz
h(z) C f(x y z) x# ln y c xyz b C ' 1 2 1 (2x ln y c yz) dx b x c xz dy c xy dz y f(2 1 1) c f(" 2 1) (4 ln 1 c 2 b C) c (ln 2 c 2 b C) c ln 2 21. Let F(x y z) " i b 1 c y z
`g `y x y

`g `y
0 g(y z) h(z) f(x y z) x# ln y c xyz b h(z)

211

cxy b hw (z) cxy hw (z) 0
0 22. Let F(x y z)

`f `x 2xi b 2yj b 2zk x by bz `N `z
and let 3# x# b y# b z#
%
`3 `x
h(z) C f(x y z) ln ax# b y# b z# b b C
23. r (i b j b k) b t(i b 2j c 2k) (1 b t)i b (1 b 2t)j b (1 c 2t)k, 0 t 1 dx dt, dy 2 dt, dz c2 dt

c
' 111
23
'0 a12t# b (3 dt) b 9t (4 dt) '0 54t# dt c18t# d ! 18 # 25.

`P `y
`N `z
`M `z
2z
path independence
$ # $ # $ #
26.
`P `y
yz x by bz
"
`P `x
`N `x
`M `y
M dx b N dy b P dz is exact F is conservative
`N `z
`M `z
xz x by bz
`P `x
`N `x
xy x by bz
`M `y
24. r t(3j b 4k), 0 t 1 dx 0, dy 3 dt, dz 4 dt
c c c
y dx b x dy b 4 dz '0 (2t b 1) dt b (t b 1)(2 dt) b 4(c2) dt '0 (4t c 5) dt c2t# c 5td ! c3

1 1
'
222
2x dx b 2y dy b 2z dz x by bz
f(2 2 2) c f(c" c1 c1) ln 12 c ln 3 ln 4
' 000304
x# dx b yz dy b y dz #
f(x y z) ln ax# b y# b z# b b h(z)
`f `z
2z x by bz
b hw (z)
2x x b y b z f(x y z) ` g 0 g(y z) h(z) `y x b 2z b z hw (z) 0 y

# # # # # #
ln ax# b y# b z# b b g(y z)
`P `y
c 4yz 3
`M `z
c 4xz 3
`P `x
`N `x
c 4xy 3
`M `y
f(x y z)
x y
y z
b C ' 111
222
" y
dx b 1 c z
x y
dy c
y z
dz f(2 2 2) c f(" 1 1) 2 b #
`f `y
x 3
`3 `y
y 3
`3 `z
z 3
2y x by bz
`g `y
2y x by bz
" z
g(y z)
y z
b h(z) f(x y z)
x y
y z
b h(z)
`f `z
b hw (z) c zy hw (z) 0 h(z) C

2 # " b C c 1 b " 1
`f `x
" y
f(x y z)
x y
b g(y z)
`f `y c zy
x cy b
`g `y
j c zy k
#
`P `y
c z"
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
1 cy " z
`M `y x y
`f `x
2x ln y c yz f(x y z) x# ln y c xyz b g(y z)
b ln 2 c (0 cos 2 b ln 2 b ln 1) ln
`P `y
2z y
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
0
`g `y
`M `y z y
`f `x
3x# f(x y z) x$ b g(y z)
`f `y
g(y z) z# ln y b h(z)
`N `x
`f `y
2x y
cz
x y
`M `y `g `y
c xz b
b C
"
Section 16.3 Path Independence, Potential Functions, and Conservative Fields 1011
M dx b N dy b P dz is exact F is conservative path independence
#
27.
`P `y `f `x
0
2x y
`N `z
`M `z
0
" y
#
`P `x
`N `x
c 2x y
`f `y
#
`M `y
# #
F is conservative there exists an f so that F f;

# #
28.
`P `y `f `x
cos z
x
`N `z
e ln y f(x y z) e ln y b g(y z)
x x
y sin z b h(z) f(x y z) e ln y b y sin z b h(z)
h(z) C f(x y z) ex ln y b y sin z b C F ae ln y b y sin zb 29.

`P `y `f `x
`N `z
`M `z
x# b y f(x y z)
" 3
f(x y z) x$ b xy b
B
(a) work 'A F 1

B
" (b) work 'A F dr < " x$ b xy b 3 y$ b zez c ez "!! 1 3 "!" "!"
B
" (c) work 'A F dr < " x$ b xy b 3 y$ b zez c ez "!! 1 3

B
Note: Since F is conservative, 'A F dr is independent of the path from (1 0 0) to (1 0 1). 30.
`P `y
xeyz b xyzeyz b cos y

`f `x
that F f;
g(y z) z sin y b h(z) f(x y z) xe b z sin y b h(z)

yz
(a) work 'A F dr cxeyz b z sin yd "!"

B B
hw (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) xeyz b z sin y b C F axeyz b z sin yb

"1#! "1#!
(b) work 'A F dr cxeyz b z sin yd "!" (c) work 'A F dr cxeyz b z sin yd "!"
B B
Note: Since F is conservative, 'A F dr is independent of the path from (1 0 1) to 1 1 0 . # 31. (a) F ax$ y# b F 3x# y# i b 2x$ yj ; let C" be the path from (c1 1) to (0 0) x t c 1 and y ct b 1, 0 t 1 F 3(t c 1)# (ct b 1)# i b 2(t c 1)$ (ct b 1)j 3(t c 1)% i c 2(t c 1)% j and r" (t c 1)i b (ct b 1)j dr" dt i c dt j
1
0 t 1 F 3t% i b 2t% j and r# ti b tj dr# dt i b dt j 'C F dr# '0 a3t% b 2t% b dt

1
'0 5(t c 1)% dt c(t c 1)& d ! 1; let C# be the path from (0 0) to (1 1) x t and y t,
"
1
#
'0 5t% dt 1 'C F dr 'C F dr" b 'C F dr# 2

c
# "
(b) Since f(x y) x$ y# is a potential function for F, '
11
11
F dr f(1 1) c f(c1 1) 2
"
f(x y)
x y
c ,
b C F x 0
`P `x
c1 y `M `y
`M `z
`N `x
ex y

`f `y
ex y
`P `x
,
" 3 " 3
`N `x
`M `y

`f `y
x$ b xy b g(y z)
`f `z
xb
" $ 3 x b xy " $ z 3 y b ze dr dt
b y$ b h(z)
B
" " " dt 'A F dr < " x$ b xy b 3 y$ b zez c ez "!! 3 b 0 b 0 b e c e c 3 b 0 b 0 c 1 3 "!"
hw (z) zez h(z) zez c e b C f(x y z) " " c ez b C F 3 x$ b xy b 3 y$ b zez c ez
`N `z
`M `z
yeyz
`P `x
`N `x
zeyz
`f `y
eyz f(x y z) xeyz b g(y z)
(1 b 0) c (1 b 0) 0 0 0
"1#!
'C
f(x y)
x y
b g(y)
x c y b gw (y)
1cx y
gw (y)
" y
g(y) c " b C y
`g ex `y y `f `z y x
b sin z
w
`g `y
sin z g(y z)
cos z b h (z) y cos z hw (z) 0
`g `y
y# b x
`g `y z
y# g(y z)
" 3
y$ b h(z)
`M `y
F is conservative there exists an f so

`g `y
xzeyz b
`f `z
xzeyz b z cos y
yz w
`g `y
z cos y
xye b sin y b h (z) xyeyz b sin y
F dr" '0 c3(t c 1)% b 2(t c 1)% d dt

1

32.
`P `y `f `x
`N `z
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
c2x sin y
`f `z
`M `y

`f `y
2x cos y f(x y z) x# cos y b g(y z)
cx# sin y b
`g `y
cx# sin y
`g `y
0 g(y z) h(z)
f(x y z) x# cos y b h(z) (a) (b) (c) (d)
'C 2x cos y dx c x# sin y dy cx# cos yd !" 0 c 1 c1 "! 'C 2x cos y dx c x# sin y dy cx# cos yd "!1 1 c (c1) 2 c" # # 'C 2x cos y dx c x sin y dy cx cos yd "! 1 c 1 0 c"! # # 'C 2x cos y dx c x sin y dy cx cos yd "! 1 c 1 0 "!
`P `y
hw (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) x# cos y b C F ax# cos yb
33. (a) If the differential form is exact, then all x, and

`N `x
`N `z
2ay cy for all y 2a c,
`M `z
`P `x
2cx 2cx for
`M `y
by 2ay for all y b 2a and c 2a
(b) F f the differential form with a 1 in part (a) is exact b 2 and c 2 34. F f g(x y z) ' 0 0 0 F dr ' 0 0 0 f dr f(x y z) c f(0 0 0)
`g `z

xyz
xyz
`g `x
`f `x
c 0,
`g `y
`f `y
c 0, and
`f `z
c 0 g f F, as claimed
35. The path will not matter; the work along any path will be the same because the field is conservative. 36. The field is not conservative, for otherwise the work would be the same along C" and C# . 37. Let the coordinates of points A and B be axA , yA , zA b and axB , yB , zB b, respectively. The force F ai b bj b ck is conservative because all the partial derivatives of M, N, and P are zero. Therefore, the potential function is fax, y, zb ax b by b cz b C, and the work done by the force in moving a particle along any path from A to B is faBb c faAb f axB , yB , zB b c faxA , yA , zA b aaxB b byB b czB b Cb c aaxA b byA b czA b Cb aaxB c xA b b bayB c yA b b cazB c zA b F BA 38. (a) Let cGmM C F C
#& # # #
function for F. (b) If s is the distance of (x y z) from the origin, then s x# b y# b z# . The work done by the gravitational field
" # " # "
16.4 GREEN'S THEOREM IN THE PLANE 1. M cy ca sin t, N x a cos t, dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt
`N `y `M `x
0;
1 1
Equation (11):
R
)C M dy c N dx '02
R
[(ca sin t)(a cos t) c (a cos t)(ca sin t)] dt '0 0 dt 0;

2
' ' ``M b ` N dx dy ' ' 0 dx dy 0, Flux x `y
F is work 'P F dr x GmMb z by

# # #
#
P
"
GmM
GmM
GmM s" c
"
, as claimed.
0,
`M `y
c1,
#" #
#" #
h(z) C" f(x y z) c
C ax b y b z b
b C" . Let C" 0 f(x y z)
#$ #
#$ #
#$ #
0 g(y z) h(z)
`f `z
zC ax b y b z b
b hw (z)
zC ax b y b z b GmM ax b y b z b
#$ #
#" #
#$ #
some f;
xC ax b y b z b yC `g `y ax b y b z b
`f `x
f(x y z) c
C ax b y b z b
b g(y z)
#& #
#& #
`P `y
c3yzC ax b y b z b
`N `z
`M `z
c3xzC ax b y b z b
`P `x
`N `x
#$ #
#$ #
#$ #
x ax b y b z b
# #
ib
y ax b y b z b
jb
z ax b y b z b c3xyC ax b y b z b
k
`M `y
F f for b
`g `y
`f `y
yC ax b y b z b
is a potential
`N `x
1, and
Section 16.4 Green's Theorem in the Plane 1013

Equation (12):
R
1 1
%
)C M dx b N dy '02
c
[(ca sin t)(ca sin t) c (a cos t)(a cos t)] dt '0 a# dt 21a# ;
2
2a
1 #
1 #
2a 1, Circulation
2. M y a sin t, N 0, dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt Equation (11):

1
)C M dy c N dx '0
1
2
`M `x
0,
#1
`M `y
1,
R
`N `x
0, and
`N `y
0;
a# sin t cos t dt a# < " sin# t ! 0; ' ' 0 dx dy 0, Flux 2

R
2 #1 t Equation (12): )C M dx b N dy '0 aca# sin# tb dt ca# < 2 c sin 2t ! c1a# ; ' ' ` N c ` M dx dy 4 `x `y
#
3. M 2x 2a cos t, N c3y c3a sin t, dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt

`N `y
c3;
Equation (11):
1
2
' ' ``M b ` N ' ' c1 dx dy ' ' cr dr d) ' c a# d) c1a# , Flux x `y 0 0 0
R
t '0 a2a# cos# t c 3a# sin# tb dt 2a# < 2 b

1
2 a
)C M dy c N dx '02 [(2a cos t)(a cos t) b (3a sin t)(ca sin t)] dt
#
Equation (12):
1
2
#1 '0 ac2a# sin t cos t c 3a# sin t cos tb dt c5a# < 1 sin# t ! 0; ' ' 0 dx dy 0, Circulation 2
4. M cx# y ca$ cos# t, N xy# a$ cos t sin# t, dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt ` M c2xy, ` M cx2 , ` N y# , and ` N 2xy; `x `y `x `y Equation (11):
R
' ' ``M b ` N dx dy ' ' (c2xy b 2xy) dx dy 0, Flux x `y

R
Equation (12):
1
)C M dx b N dy '02 aa% cos# t sin# t b a% cos# t sin# tb dt '02 a2a% cos# t sin# tb dt 2 4 %1 a '0 " a% sin# 2t dt a4 '0 sin# u du a4 < u c sin42u ! 1# ; ' ' ` N c ` M dx dy ' ' ay# b x# b dx dy # 2 `x `y
%
5. M x c y, N y c x
R
Circ ' ' [c1 c (c1)] dx dy 0 6. M x# b 4y, N x b y#

`M `x
1 1 1 1 " " '0 '0 (2x b 2y) dx dy '0 cx# b 2xyd ! dy '0 (1 b 2y) dy cy b y# d ! 2; Circ ' ' (1 c 4) dx dy
'0
'0 c3 dx dy c3
1
2 a 2 '0 '0 r# r dr d) '0
a 4
d) 1,
1a #
, Circulation c1,
`N `x
`M `x
`M `y
c1,
`N `y
1 Flux ' ' 2 dx dy '0

R
2x,
`M `y
4,
`N `x
1,
`N `y
2y Flux ' ' (2x b 2y) dx dy

R
)C M dy c N dx '02 aca% cos$ t sin t b a% cos t sin$ tb a4

1 1
)C M dx b N dy '02
[(2a cos t)(ca sin t) b (c3a sin t)(a cos t)] dt

R
' ' c1 dx dy '0
'0
cr dr d) '0 c
2
a #
d) c1a , Circulation
`M `x
2,
`M `y
0,
sin 2t #1 4 !
t c 3a# < 2 c
2
sin 2t #1 4 !
21a# c 31a# c1a# ;
cos% t b
a 4
sin% t
#1 !
'01 2 dx dy 2;
c#
a
' ' ` N c ``M dx dy ' ' `x y a

c
2 dy dx ' a 4a# c x# dx 4 x a# c x# b 2
a
a #
sinc" x a
a a
`N `x
0, and
0;

7. M y# c x# , N x# b y#
`M `x
c2x,
`M `y
2y,
`N `x
2x,
`N `y
2y Flux ' ' (c2x b 2y) dx dy

R
3 x 3 $ '0 '0 (c2x b 2y) dy dx '0 ac2x# b x# b dx <c " x$ ! c9; Circ ' ' (2x c 2y) dx dy 3 3 x 3 '0 '0 (2x c 2y) dy dx '0 x# dx 9
8. M x b y, N c ax# b y# b '0
1 x 1
`M `x #
1,
`M `y " 6
1,
`N `x
c2x,
`N `y
c2y Flux ' ' (1 c 2y) dx dy

1
'0 (1 c 2y) dy dx '0 ax c x b dx
; Circ ' ' (c2x c 1) dx dy '0

R
'0 (c2x c 1) dy dx
x
'0 ac2x# c xb dx c 7 6
1
9. M x b ex sin y, N x b ex cos y
R
4
`M `x
1 b ex sin y,
4 4
`M `y
ex cos y,
`N `x
1 b ex cos y,
" #
`N `y
cex sin y
R
y x
R
#
12. M c sin y, N x cos y

R
1# Circ ' ' [cos y c (c cos y)] dx dy '0 '0 2 cos y dx dy '0 1 cos y dy c1 sin yd ! 1
'0 a$ (1 b cos ))$ (sin )) d) c a4 (1 b cos ))% 14. M y b ex ln y, N

b%
1 1
#
ex y
`M `y
1
1b
#
15. M 2xy$ , N 4x# y#

$
`M `y 2 0 3
1
6xy# ,
"!
`N `x 2 33
8xy# work )C 2xy$ dx b 4x# y# dy ' ' a8xy# c 6xy# b dx dy

R
'0
'0
2xy dy dx '
#
dx
'
'x
c dy dx c ' 1 ca3 c x b c ax b 1bd dx ' 1 ax b x c 2b dx c

%
1
#1 !
c4a$ c ac4a$ b 0
x
ex y
`N `x
ex y
Circ ' ' ey c 1 b

R
% #
" 1by
" 1by
Flux ' ' 3y c
dx dy ' ' 3y dx dy '0
'0a 1
13. M 3xy c
x 1by
, N ex b tan c" y
`M `x
3y c
" 1by
`N `y
" 1by
cos
(3r sin )) r dr d)
ex y
dx dy ' ' (c1) dx dy

R
44 15
Flux ' ' (cx sin y) dx dy '0
`M `x
0,
`M `y
2
c cos y,
2
'0
(cx sin y) dx dy '0 c 1 sin y dy c 1 ; 8 8

2
`N `x
1 '0 3x #
3x #
dx ; Circ ' ' cx dy dx '0 'x cx dy dx '0 acx# b x$ b dx c 1"#

" 5
1 x 1
cos y,
`N `y
cx sin y
11. M xy, N y#
`M `x
y,
`M `y
x,
`N `x
0,
`N `y
x by
2y Flux ' ' (y b 2y) dy dx '0
Circ ' ' x 2x y c x b

#
dx dy '0
'12 r cos ) r dr d) '0 cos ) d) 0 r

1
2y x by
#
Flux ' ' x cyy b b

# #
dx dy '0
'12 r sin ) r dr d) '0 sin ) d) 2; r
10. M tanc"
, N ln ax# b y# b
`M `x
cy x by
`M `y
x x by
`N `x
2x x by
`N `y
1c
1c
Circ ' ' a1 b ex cos y c ex cos yb dx dy ' ' dx dy '
1c
1c
Flux ' ' dx dy '
'0
cos 2
r dr d) '
" " cos 2) d) < 4 sin 2) 1% # c1%
;
" #
'0
cos 2
r dr d) '
4 4
" cos 2) d) #
2y x by
'xx 3y dy dx

16. M 4x c 2y, N 2x c 4y
R R
`M `y `M `y
c2,
' ' [2 c (c2)] dx dy 4 ' ' dx dy 4(Area of the circle) 4(1 4) 161
`N `x
1
`N `x
2 work )C (4x c 2y) dx b (2x c 4y) dy
17. M y# , N x#
c
2y,
2x )C y# dx b x# dy ' ' (2x c 2y) dy dx

R
# $ "
'0
'0
(2x c 2y) dy dx '0 ac3x b 4x c 1b dx ccx b 2x# c xd ! c1 b 2 c 1 0

`M `y
18. M 3y, N 2x
1
3,
`N `x
c'0 sin x dx c2 19. M 6y b x, N y b 2x

`M `y
6,
`N `x
2 )C (6y b x) dx b (y b 2x) dy ' ' (2 c 6) dy dx

R
c4(Area of the circle) c161 20. M 2x b y# , N 2xy b 3y

`M `y
2y,
`N `x
2y
)C a2x b y# b dx b (2xy b 3y) dy ' ' (2y c 2y) dx dy 0

R
" #
21. M x a cos t, N y a sin t dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt Area

" #
aa# cos# t b a# sin# tb dt
" #
22. M x a cos t, N y b sin t dx ca sin t dt, dy b cos t dt Area

" #
aab cos# t b ab sin# tb dt
" #
23. M x a cos$ t, N y sin$ t dx c3 cos# t sin t dt, dy 3 sin# t cos t dt Area

" # 3 16
a3 sin# t cos# tb acos# t b sin# tb dt

sin 2u %1 4 !
" #
a3 sin# t cos# tb dt
3 8
sin# 2t dt
3 16
<u c 2
3 8
1 c t dx 2t dt, dy at# c 1b dt Area

" # " #
8 5
3
`M `y
25. (a) M f(x), N g(y) ' ' 0 dx dy 0

R
(b) M ky, N hx
R
' ' (h c k) dx dy (h c k)(Area of the region)

`M `y `N `x
26. M xy# , N x# y b 2x
R
' ' (2xy b 2 c 2xy) dx dy 2 ' ' dx dy 2 times the area of the square
R
" #
t# at# c 1b c t3 c t (2t) dt
0,
`N `x
0 )C f(x) dx b g(y) dy ' ' ` N c `x

R
`M `y
k,
`N `x
h )C ky dx b hx dy ' ' ` N c `x
R
2xy,
2xy b 2 )C xy# dx b ax# y b 2xb dy ' ' ` N c `x

R
'
24. M x t# , N y
t 3
)C x dy c y dx
" 15
'
3 3
" 3 t% b t# dt
1 2
$ 1 1 < 15 t& b c 3 t$ c $
93 b 153
`M `y
dx dy
`M `y
dx dy
'0
'02
'02
'0
'0
)C
a# dt 1a#
" #
)C x dy c y dx )C x dy c y dx
sin# u du
ab dt 1ab
" #
4
'0
'0
2 )C 3y dx b 2x dy ' ' (2 c 3) dx dy '0
'0sin x c1 dy dx
x dy c y dx
'0
`M `y
dx dy

27. The integral is 0 for any simple closed plane curve C. The reasoning: By the tangential form of Green's Theorem, with M 4x$ y and N x% , )C 4x$ y dx b x% dy ' ' ``x ax% b c ' ' dx dy 0. a4x$ c 4x$ b
R R
` `y
a4x$ yb dx dy
0 28. The integral is 0 for any simple closed curve C. The reasoning: By the normal form of Green's theorem, with
` ` $ $ M x$ and N cy$ , )C cy$ dy b x$ dx ' ' c dx dy 0. ` x acy b ` y ax b
0 29. Let M x and N 0

`M `x
0 )C x dy
`M `y
1 and
`N `y
)C M dy c N dx ' ' ``M b ` N dx dy x `y

R
' ' (1 b 0) dx dy Area of R ' ' dx dy )C x dy; similarly, M y and N 0

`N `x
1 and
0 )C M dx b N dy ' ' ` N b `x
R R
`M `y
dy dx )C y dx ' ' (0 c 1) dy dx c )C y dx
R
' ' dx dy Area of R
30.
'ab f(x) dx Area of R c)C y dx, from Exercise 29

My M
R '' R
31. Let $ (x y) 1 x
#
' ' x $ (xy) dA

$ (xy) dA
R '' R
' ' x dA
dA
' ' x dA
R
Ax ' ' x dA ' ' (x b 0) dx dy

R R R R
)C x # )
" C 3
" dy, Ax ' ' x dA ' ' (0 b x) dx dy c ) xy dx, and Ax ' ' x dA ' ' 2 x b 3 x dx dy 3
x dy c xy dx
" 3
" #
)C x
dy c)C xy dx
" 3
)C x
R
dy c xy dx Ax
" 3
32. If $ (x y) 1, then Iy ' ' x# $ (x y) dA ' ' x# dA ' ' ax# b 0b dy dx

R R
)C
" 4
x$ dy,
' ' x# dA ' ' a0 b x# b dy dx c ) x# y dx, and ' ' x# dA ' ' 3 x# b " x# dy dx 4 4 C
) 33. M
R R
" C 4 `f `y
x dy c x y dx
`f , N c `x `M `y
" 4
" 4
)C x
#
dy c x y dx
#
" 3
)C x
dy c )C x# y dx
#
)C
#
x$ dy c x# y dx Iy dx dy 0 for such
curves C 34. M
" 4 " x# y b 3 y$ , N x " 4 `M `y
the ellipse
" x# b y# 1 work 'C F dr ' ' 1 c 4 x# c y# dx dy will be maximized on the region
1 4
x# b y# ,
`N `x
1 Curl
R
`N `x
`M `y
1 c " x# b y# 0 in the interior of 4
R {(x y) | curl F} 0 or over the region enclosed by 1 35. (a) f x

2x by
" 4
x# b y# ; since M, N are discontinuous at (0 0), we
compute 'C f n ds directly since Green's Theorem does not apply. Let x a cos t, y a sin t dx ca sin t dt, dy a cos t dt, M
1
2
2 a
cos t, N
2 a
'0 < 2 cos taa cos tb c 2 sin taca sin tb dt '0 2acos2 t b sin2 tbdt 41. Note that this holds for any a a
1
2
sin t, 0 t 21, so 'C f n ds 'C M dy c N dx
i b x
2y by
j M
2x x by
,N
2y x by
` f `y
`N `x
` c ` xf )C
`f `y
dx c
`f `x
` dy ' ' c ` xf c
` f `y

a 0, so 'C f n ds 41 for any circle C centered at a0, 0b traversed counterclockwise and 'C f n ds c41 (b) If K does not enclose the point (0 0) we may apply Green's Theorem: 'C f n ds 'C M dy c N dx ' ' `M b `x
R
`N `y
if C is traversed clockwise.
dx dy ' ' ax2 b y2 b2 b

2 y 2 c x 2
2 x 2 c y 2 ax 2 b y 2 b 2
dx dy ' ' 0 dx dy 0. If K does enclose the point

R
(0 0) we proceed as in Example 6: Choose a small enough so that the circle C centered at (0 0) of radius a lies entirely within K. Green's Theorem applies to the region R that lies between K and C. Thus, as before, 0 ' ' ` M b `x R Hence by part (a) 0 ' M dy c N dx c 41 41 K
`N `y
dx dy
'K M dy c N dx b 'C M dy c N dx where K is traversed counterclockwise and C is traversed clockwise.
'K M dy c N dx
'K f n ds. We have shown:
'K f n ds 0
41
if (0 0) lies inside K if (0 0) lies outside K
36. Assume a particle has a closed trajectory in R and let C" be the path C" encloses a simply connected region R" C" is a simple closed curve. Then the flux over R" is )C F n ds 0, since the velocity vectors F are tangent to C" . But 0 )C F n ds )C M dy c N dx ' ' ` M b `x contradiction. Therefore, C" cannot be a closed trajectory. 37. dx dy N(g# (y) y) c N(g" (y) y)
d
# #
"
'c N(g# (y) y) dy c 'c N(g" (y) y) dy 'c N(g# (y) y) dy b 'd N(g" (y) y) dy 'C N dy b 'C N dy
d d c
)C dy
`M `y
)C N dy ' '
R
b
`N `x
dx dy
38.
Because x is constant along C# and C% , 'C M dx 'C M dx 0

% % # $ # "
c 'C M dx b 'C M dx b 'C M dx b 'C M dx c )C M dx 'a
'cd
`M `y
dy dx c)C M dx.
39. The curl of a conservative two-dimensional field is zero. The reasoning: A two-dimensional field F Mi b Nj can be considered to be the restriction to the xy-plane of a three-dimensional field whose k component is zero, and whose i and j components are independent of z. For such a field to be conservative, we must have `N `M `N `M ` x ` y by the component test in Section 16.3 curl F ` x c ` y 0. 40. Green's theorem tells us that the circulation of a conservative two-dimensional field around any simple closed curve in the xy-plane is zero. The reasoning: For a conservative field F Mi b Nj , we have ` N ` M `x `y (component test for conservative fields, Section 16.3, Eq. (2)), so curl F
`N `x
`M `y
0. By Green's theorem,
The circulation )C F T ds is the same as the work )C F dr done by F around C, so our observation that circulation of a conservative two-dimensional field is zero agrees with the fact that the work done by a conservative field around a closed curve is always 0.
the counterclockwise circulation around a simple closed plane curve C must equal the integral of curl F over the region R enclosed by C. Since curl F 0, the latter integral is zero and, therefore, so is the circulation.
"
'ab 'cd
dy dx 'a [M(x d) c M(x c)] dx 'a M(x d) dx b 'a M(x c) dx c'C M dx c 'C M dx.
b b
3
"
"
'gg yy
"
`N `x
'cd 'gg yy ` N dx dy 'cd [N(g# (y) y) c N(g" (y) y)] dy `x
"
`N `y
dx dy Mx b Ny 0, which is a
"
"

41-44. Example CAS commands: Maple: with( plots );#41 M := (x,y) -> 2*x-y; N := (x,y) -> x+3*y; C := x^2 + 4*y^2 = 4; implicitplot( C, x=-2..2, y=-2..2, scaling=constrained, title="#41(a) (Section 16.4)" ); curlF_k := D[1](N) - D[2](M): # (b) 'curlF_k' = curlF_k(x,y); top,bot := solve( C, y ); # (c) left,right := -2, 2; q1 := Int( Int( curlF_k(x,y), y=bot..top ), x=left..right ); value( q1 ); Mathematica: (functions and bounds will vary) The ImplicitPlot command will be useful for 41 and 42, but is not needed for 43 and 44. In 44, the equation of the line from (0, 4) to (2, 0) must be determined first. Clear[x, y, f] <<GraphicsÌmplicitPlot` f[x_, y_]:= {2x c y, x b 3y} curve= x2 b 4y2 ==4 ImplicitPlot[curve, {x, c3, 3},{y, c2, 2}, AspectRatio Automatic, AxesLabel {x, y}]; ybounds= Solve[curve, y] {y1, y2}=y/.ybounds; integrand:=D[f[x,y][[2]], x] c D[f[x,y][[1]], y]//Simplify Integrate[integrand, {x, c2, 2}, {y, y1, y2}] N[%] Bounds for y are determined differently in 43 and 44. In 44, note equation of the line from (0, 4) to (2, 0). Clear[x, y, f] f[x_, y_]:= {x Exp[y], 4x2 Log[y]} ybound = 4 c 2x Plot[{0, ybound}, {x, 0,2. 1}, AspectRatio Automatic, AxesLabel {x, y}]; integrand:=D[f[x, y][[2]], x] c D[f[x, y][[1]], y]//Simplify Integrate[integrand, {x, 0, 2}, {y, 0, ybound}] N[%] 16.5 SURFACE AREA AND SURFACE INTEGRALS 1. p k , f 2xi b 2yj c k k f k (2x)# b (2y)# b (c1)# 4x# b 4y# b 1 and k f pk 1; z 2 x# b y# 2; thus S ' ' kf k dA ' ' 4x# b 4y# b 1 dx dy
R
kfpk
R
1 1
2
2. p k , f 2xi b 2yj c k k f k 4x# b 4y# b 1 and k f pk 1; 2 x# b y# 6

R
1
2
" '0 12 a4r# b 1b
$#
d) '0
'
49 6
d)
49 3
S''
kf k kfpk
'0
13 6
d)
13 3
dA ' ' 4x# b 4y# b 1 dx dy ' ' 4r# b 1 r dr d) '0
' ' 4r# cos# ) b 4r# sin# ) b 1 r dr d) '0
'0
4r# b 1 r dr d) ' " a4r# b 1b$# 12 0

2
# !
d)
'
4r# b 1 r dr d)
Section 16.5 Surface Area and Surface Integrals 1019

3. p k , f i b 2j b 2k k f k 3 and k f pk 2; x y# and x 2 c y# intersect at (1 1) and (1 c1)
R R
4. p k , f 2xi c 2k k f k 4x# b 4 2x# b 1 and k f pk 2 S ' '

R
#
''
R
2 x b 1 #
5. p k , f 2xi c 2j c 2k k f k (2x)# b (c2)# b (c2)# 4x# b 8 2x# b 2 and k f pk 2

R R
#
S''
kf k kfpk
dA ' '
2 x b2 #
dx dy '0
'03x x# b 2 dy dx '02 3xx# b 2 dx ax# b 2b$# #

!
66 c 22 6. p k , f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 8 22 and k f pk 2z; x# b y# b z# 2 and z x# b y# x# b y# 1; thus, S ' '
" 2 c ax b y b
# #
7. p k , f ci c k k f k c# b 1 and k f pk 1 S ' '

0
#
8. p k , f 2xi b 2zj k f k (2x)# b (2z)# 2 and k f pk 2z for the upper surface, z 0

R
"#
csinc" xd c"#
1 6
c c 1 6
1 3
9. p i , f i b 2yj b 2zk k f k 1# b (2y)# b (2z)# 1 b 4y# b 4z# and k f pk 1; 1 y# b z# 4

R R
1
S''
1
kf k kfpk
dA ' ' 1 b 4y# b 4z# dy dz '0

1
'12 1 b 4r# cos# ) b 4r# sin# ) r dr d)

1
'0
" '1 1 b 4r# r dr d) '02 12 a1 b 4r# b$# # d) '02

2
"
" 1#
1717 c 55 d)
1 6
1717 c 55
10. p j , f 2xi b j b 2zk k f k 4x# b 4z# b 1 and k f pk 1; y 0 and x# b y b z# 2 x# b z# 2;

R R
0
2x b 2 , on 1 x 2 and k f pk 1 S ' ' x

R
k f k kfpk
dA ' ' a2x b 2xc" b dx dy

R
1 2 1 1 # '0 '1 a2x b 2xc" b dx dy '0 cx# b 2 ln xd " dy '0 (3 b 2 ln 2) dy 3 b 2 ln 2
12. p k , f 3x i b 3y j c 3k k f k 9x b 9y b 9 3x b y b 1 and k f pk 3 S''

R
kf k kfpk
dA ' ' x b y b 1 dx dy '0

R
'01 x b y b 1 dx dy '01 < 2 (x b y b 1)$# " dy 3 !
1 " 2 4 4 4 '0 < 2 (y b 2)$# c 3 (y b 1)$# dy < 15 (y b 2)&# c 15 (y b 1)&# ! 15 <(3)&# c (2)&# c (2)&# b 1 3
# 11. p k , f 2x c 2 i b 15 j c k k f k 2x c 2 b 15 b (c1)# 4x# b 8 b x x
thus, S ' '
kf k kfpk
dA ' ' 4x# b 4z# b 1 dx dz '0
'0
4r# b 1 r dr d) '
13 6
d)
13 3
kf k kfpk
2 #z
" 1 c x
1 1 c x
1 2
S''
dA ' '
2 1 '0 '0
c# b 1 r dr d) '
c b 1 #
d) 1c# b 1
dA ' '
2cr
dy dx 2'
2 ' '
dA 2 '0
r '01 dr d)
kf k kfpk
2 '0 c1 b 2 d) 21 2 c 2
2
dx dy '0
'0x x# b 1 dy dx '0
$# xx# b 1 dx " ax# b 1b 3
dA ' '
R
kf k kfpk
3 #
S''
dA ' '
dx dy '
'y2
3 #
dx dy ' 1 a3 c 3y# b dy 4
1
kf k kfpk " 3
dA
" 3
$ !
(4)$# c
7 3
2 2 #z
dA 2 ' '
R
" z
dA
kf k kfpk
dA ' ' c# b 1 dx dy
R
1 2
'01 2 1 2
dy dx '
1 2
" 1 c x
dx
4 x
# 2x b 2 x
4 15
93 c 82 b 1
13. The bottom face S of the cube is in the xy-plane z 0 g(x y 0) x b y and f(x y z) z 0 p k and f k k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dx dy
#
' ' g d5 ' ' (x b y) dx dy

S R
a a a '0 '0 (x b y) dx dy '0 a#
b ay dy a . Because of symmetry, we also get a$ over the face of the cube
in the xz-plane and a$ over the face of the cube in the yz-plane. Next, on the top of the cube, g(x y z) g(x y a) x b y b a and f(x y z) z a p k and f k k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dx dy
' ' g d5 ' ' (x b y b a) dx dy ' ' (x b y b a) dx dy ' ' (x b y) dx dy b ' ' a dx dy 2a$ . 0 0 0 0 0 0
a a a a a a
Because of symmetry, the integral is also 2a$ over each of the other two faces. Therefore,
' ' (x b y b z) d5 3 aa$ b 2a$ b 9a$ .

cube
14. On the face S in the xz-plane, we have y 0 f(x y z) y 0 and g(x y z) g(x 0 z) z p j and f j k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dx dz
1 2
' ' g d5 ' ' (y b z) d5 ' ' z dx dz ' 2z dz 0 0 0

1
1. On the face in the xy-plane, we have z 0 f(x y z) z 0 and g(x y z) g(x y 0) y p k and f k k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dx dy ' ' g d5 ' ' y d5 '0
S S
1
'02 y dx dy 1.
c
1 1 y
On the triangular face in the plane x 2 we have f(x y z) x 2 and g(x y z) g(2 y z) y b z p i and f i k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dz dy
1 " '0 " a1 c y# b dy 3 . #
' ' g d5 ' ' (y b z) d5 ' ' (y b z) dz dy 0 0

S S
On the triangular face in the yz-plane, we have x 0 f(x y z) x 0 and g(x y z) g(0 y z) y b z p i and f i k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dz dy
c
' ' g d5 ' ' (y b z) d5

S S
'0
'0
1 y
(y b z) dz dy
" 3
Finally, on the sloped face, we have y b z 1 f(x y z) y b z 1 and g(x y z) y b z 1 p k and f j b k k f k 2 and k f pk 1 d5 2 dx dy ' ' g d5 ' ' (y b z) d5
1 2 '0 '0 2 dx dy 22.
S wedge
" 8 Therefore, ' ' g(x y z) d5 1 b 1 b " b 3 b 22 3 b 22 3
15. On the faces in the coordinate planes, g(x y z) 0 the integral over these faces is 0. On the face x a, we have f(x y z) x a and g(x y z) g(a y z) ayz p i and f i k f k 1
S S
# # # # #
and k f pk 1 d5 dy dz
' ' g d5 ' ' ayz d5 ' ' ayz dy dz 0 0

c b c a
ab c 4
On the face y b, we have f(x y z) y b and g(x y z) g(x b z) bxz p j and f j k f k 1

S S
#
and k f pk 1 d5 dx dz
' ' g d5 ' ' bxz d5 ' ' bxz dx dz 0 0

b a
a bc 4
On the face z c, we have f(x y z) z c and g(x y z) g(x y c) cxy p k and f k k f k 1 and k f pk 1 d5 dy dx
' ' g d5 ' ' cxy d5 ' ' cxy dx dy 0 0

S S
a b c 4
. Therefore,
' ' g(x y z) d5

S
abc(ab b ac b bc) 4

16. On the face x a, we have f(x y z) x a and g(x y z) g(a y z) ayz p i and f i k f k 1 of g on all the other faces, all the integrals are 0, and ' ' g(x y z) d5 0.
S S S
17. f(x y z) 2x b 2y b z 2 f 2i b 2j b k and g(x y z) x b y b (2 c 2x c 2y) 2 c x c y p k ,

1 1 3 '0 '0 1 1 (2 c x c y) dy dx 3 '0 <(2 c x)(1 c x) c " (1 c x)# dx 3 '0 3 c 2x b x dx 2 # # #
#
k f k 3 and k f pk 1 d5 3 dy dx; z 0 2x b 2y 2 y 1 c x ' ' g d5 ' ' (2 c x c y) d5

S S
x
18. f(x y z) y# b 4z 16 f 2yj b 4k k f k 4y# b 16 2y# b 4 and p k k f pk 4

S
$ #
19. g(x y z) z, p k g k k gk 1 and k g pk 1 Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' (F k) dA '0

2
20. g(x y z) y, p cj g j k gk 1 and k g pk 1 Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' (F cj) dA

c c
'
0; k g kk 2z d5 23. From Exercise 21, n

R
#
2a 2z
dA Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' 0 d5 0

S
a z
S
xy a
x i b y j b zk a
and d5
dA F n
xy a
z a
z a
Flux ' ' z a dA a z

R
' ' 1 dA
1a 4
Flux ' '

R
(za) a z
dx dy ' ' a dx dy a (Area of R)

# #
R
#
" 4
1a
'0 a# ca# c r# d)
2 a
R
1a #
a cr
#
a z
a a c ax b y b
' ' a a dA ' ' z

1
dA ' '
dA '0
'0 a
a
r dr d)
a z
x a
25. From Exercise 21, n
x i b y j b zk a
and d5
dA F n
y a
z a
a z
zx a
z a
a Flux
24. From Exercise 21, n
x i b y j b zk a
and d5
dA F n
zy a
z x
22. g 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k gk 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2a; n
'0
'0 a# c r# r dr d)
a
1a 6
k g kk 2z d5
2a 2z
dA Flux ' ' za a dA ' ' z dA ' ' a# c ax# b y# b dx dy z

R R
2xi b 2yj b 2zk #x b y b z
x i b y j b zk a
Fn
cxy a
by bz a
az
21. g 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k gk 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2a; n
'
" 4 4
ay b 4b dy
" #
y 3
b 4y
!
" #
64 b 16 3
56 3
'0
3 dy dx 18
2 1
'2
2 dz dx ' 1 2(7 c 2) dx 10(2 b 1) 30

2
2xi b 2yj b 2zk #x b y b z
d5
2 y b 4 4
dx dy ' ' g d5 '
'01 xy# b 4 y# b 4 dx dy ' 44 '01 x ay #b 4b dx dy 4
and k f pk 1 d5 dz dy
' ' g d5 ' ' ayz d5 ' ' ayz dz dy 0. Because of the symmetry b c
b c
x i b y j b zk a
Fn
z a
xy a

26. From Exercise 21, n Flux ' '
R
a z x i b y j b zk a
2xy 3z ' ' 4ycb 1 4y# b 1 dA ' ' (2xy c 3z) dA; z 0 and z 4 c y# y# 4
'0 c32 dx c32

1
28. g(x y z) x# b y# c z 0 g 2xi b 2yj c k k gk 4x# b 4y# b 1 4 ax# b y# b b 1

8y 2 Flux ' ' 8xaxb b y cb 1 4 ax# b y# b b 1 dA ' ' a8x# b 8y# c 2b dA; z 1 and x# b y# z 4 b # #
1
# # # # # #
2xi b 2yj c k 4 ax b y b b 1
# #
Fn
# #
8x b 8y c 2 4 ax b y b b 1
x b y 1 Flux '0
'0 a8r
1
c 2b r dr d) 21
ex i c j e2x b 1
29. g(x y z) y c ex 0 g cex i b j k gk e2x b 1 n k g pk ex d5 ' ' c4 dA '0

R
1
e2x b1 ex
dA Flux ' ' c2e2xc 2y

x
'12 c4 dy dz c4
2 cx ln x c xd e 2(e c e) c 2(0 c 1) 2 " 31. On the face z a: g(x y z) z g k k gk 1; n k F n 2xz 2ax since z a; d5 dx dy Flux ' ' 2ax dx dy '0 '0 2ax dx dy a% .
a a
d5 dx dy Flux ' ' 0 dx dy 0.

R
a a
On the face z 0: g(x y z) z g k k gk 1; n ck F n c2xz 0 since z 0; On the face x a: g(x y z) x g i k gk 1; n i F n 2xy 2ay since x a;
d5 dy dz Flux '0 '0 2ay dy dz a% .
d5 dz dx Flux '0 '0 2az dz dx a% .

a a
On the face x 0: g(x y z) x g i k gk 1; n ci F n c2xy 0 since x 0 Flux 0. On the face y a: g(x y z) y g j k gk 1; n j F n 2yz 2az since y a; On the face y 0: g(x y z) y g j k gk 1; n cj F n c2yz 0 since y 0 Flux 0. Therefore, Total Flux 3a% .
Flux ' ' 2xy 1bx

#
# b
1 b x x
dA '0
'1e 2y dx dz '1e '01 2 ln x dz dx '1e 2 ln x dx
c x i b j
"
ci b x j 1 b x
Fn
2xy 1 b x
; p j k g p k 1 d5
" 30. g(x y z) y c ln x 0 g c " i b j k gk x b 1 x

#
Flux ' ' c2xy c 3 a4 c y bd dA '0

#
Fn
2xy c 3z 4y b 1
#
; p k k g pk 1 d5 4y# b 1 dA Flux
R
' 22 a2xy c 12 b 3y# b dy dx '01 cxy# c 12y b y$ d # dx c#
; p k k g pk 1 d5 4 ax# b y# b b 1 dA
R
e b1
e2x b 1 ex
dA ' '
R
1 b x x
since 1 x e
1 b x x
27. g(x y z) y# b z 4 g 2yj b k k gk 4y# b 1 n
2yj b k 4y b 1
a a c ax b y b
# # #
dx dy ' '
dx dy '0
'0
a a c r
r dr d)
and d5
a z
dA F n
x b y b z
1a #
aa a
xa b
9b
z a
y a
Fn
c2ex c 2ex ex
c2ex c 2y e2x b 1
;pi
dA
dA

32. Across the cap: g(x y z) x# b y# b z# 25 g 2x i b 2yj b 2zk k gk 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 10
x z 5
#
cap
'0 72 d) 1441.
1
2
y z 5
#
Across the bottom: g(x y z) z 3 g k k gk 1 n ck F n c1; p k k g pk 1 d5 dA Fluxbottom ' ' F n d5 ' ' c1 dA c1(Area of the circular region) c161. Therefore,
bottom R
Flux Fluxcap b Fluxbottom 1281 33. f 2x i b 2yj b 2zk k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2a; p k k f pk 2z since z 0 d5 a$ ' ' dA a$ '0
R S
2a 2z
a 2
a a a the centroid is # # # . 6 2z
34. f 2y j b 2zk k f k 4y# b 4z# 4 ay# b z# b 6; p k k f kk 2z since z 0 d5

S
#
35. Because of symmetry, x y 0; M ' ' $ d5 $ ' ' d5 (Area of S)$ 312 $ ; f 2x i b 2yj c 2zk
S S
# # #
k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2x# b y# b z# ; p k k f pk 2z d5

# # # # # # # #
x b y b ax b y b z
dA
2 x b y z
2
dA Mxy $ ' ' z

R
2
2 x b y z
$ ' ' 2 x# b y# dA $ '0 '1 2 r# dr d)

R
1
1412 3
$ z
14
31 2 $
#
36. f(x y z) 4x# b 4y# c z# 0 f 8xi b 8yj c 2zk k f k 64x# b 64y# b 4z# 216x# b 16y# b z# 24z# b z# 25 z since z 0; p k k f pk 2z d5
S R
2
37. (a) Let the diameter lie on the z-axis and let f(x y z) x# b y# b z# a# , z 0 be the upper hemisphere f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2a, a 0; p k k f pk 2z since z 0
S R
#
a cr
#
a$ '0 cr# a# c r# c 2 aa# c r# b 3

1
2
$# a
d) a$ '0
2 3
a$ d)
41 3
a% $ the moment of inertia is
a z
d5
dA Iz ' ' $ ax# b y# b a d5 a$ ' ' z
x by a c ax b y b
1c
Iz ' ' ax# b y# b $ d5 $ 5 ' ' ax# b y# b dx dy $ 5 '
$ 2 ' ' ax# b y# b dA $ 2 '0
'12 r$ dr d) 151#2 $
Iz Rz M
10 #
'02 cos
r$ dr d)
dA a$ '0
ax y zb 0 0 14 . Next, Iz ' ' ax# b y# b $ d5 ' ' ax# b y# b 9
Myz ' ' x d5 '
'3 3 0
3x 9 c y
dx dy
27 #
1. Therefore, x
27 1 91
3 #
, y 0, and z
dA
2 3
$9
2 x b y z
' 33 '03 z 3 dx dy 54; Mxz ' ' y d5 ' 33 '03 y 3 dx dy ' 33 '03 z z
3 z
dA; M ' ' 1 d5
' 3 '0
3
3 z
dx dy
' 3 '0
3
3 9 c y
dx dy 91; Mxy ' ' z d5

S
3y 9 c y
'0
r dr d)
$1a 4
Mxy M
$1a 4
$ dA; M ' ' $ d5 8 (surface area of sphere) a z

1
$1a #
a ; Mxy ' ' z$ d5 $ ' ' z z dA
2 $1a
a #
. Because of symmetry, x y
dx dy 0;
54 91
2 x b y b z #z
14 9
$ dA
351$ #
'0a r
Fluxcap ' ' F n d5 ' ' x5z b

#
z b 5 5 dA ' ' ax# b y# b 1b dx dy '0 z
g kg k
x i b y j b zk 5
Fn
y z 5
z b 5 ; p k k g pk 2z since z 0 d5
2 4
10 2z
dA
'0 ar# b 1b r dr d)
dA
dA
6 1
dA
2 5 z 2z
dA 5 dA
r dr d)
81 3
a% $ for

the whole sphere (b) IL Ic.m. b mh# , where m is the mass of the body and h is the distance between the parallel lines; now, 1 Ic.m. 83 a% $ (from part a) and m ' ' $ d5 $ ' ' a dA a$ ' ' " dy dx z #
#
IL 38. (a) Let z z

h a h a
81 3
a $ b 41a# $ a#
" a cr %
#
201 3
a% $
x# b y# be the cone from z 0 to z h, h 0. Because of symmetry, x 0 and y 0;

4y h a
%
S R
#
R
#
S
# #
21ahh b a 3
Mxy M
2h 3
the centroid is 0 0 2h 3
3
(b) The base is a circle of radius a and center at (0 0 h) (0 0 h) is the centroid of the base and the mass is M ' ' d5 1a# . In Pappus' formula, let c" 2h k , c# hk , m" 1ah# b a# , and m# 1a#
S
1 a h b a b 1 a
# # # #
a (c) If the hemisphere is sitting so its base is in the plane z h, then its centroid is 0 0 h b # and its mass is 21a# . In Pappus' formula, let c" 2h k , c# h b a k , m" 1ah# b a# , and m# 21a# 3
# # #
9a% h# ah# b a# b h% b a# h# c 9a% 0 h#
39. fx (x y) 2x, fy (x y) 2y fx# b fy# b 1 4x# b 4y# b 1 Area ' ' 4x# b 4y# b 1 dx dy
R
1
2
40. fy (y z) c2y, fz (y z) c2z fy# b fz# b 1 4y# b 4z# b 1 Area ' ' 4y# b 4z# b 1 dy dz
2 1 '0 '0 4r# b 1 r dr d) 1 55 c 1 6
Area
' ' 2 dx dy 2(Area between the ellipse and the circle) 2(61 c 1) 512
Rxy
41. fx (x y)
'0
'0
4r# b 1 r dr d)
1 6
1313 c 1
x x b y
, fy (x y)
y x b y
# # fx b fy b 1 x
x by
y x by
2hh b a b 6ah b 3a 3 h b a b 2a
h 2hh# b a# b 6ah b 3a# 3hh# b a# b 6ah 3a# hh# b a#

37 c " a
:! !
; . Thus, for the centroid to be in the plane of the bases we must have z h
1ah b a 2h k b 21a h b a k 3 1 a h b a b 21 a
# # #
k the centroid is
(the positive root) h
b 1 2
h b a b a ;
1ah b a 2h k b 1a hk 3
# # #
2hh b a b 3ah 3 h b a b a
h k the centroid is :! ! 2h
b a b 3ah
dA
Mxy ' ' z d5 ' ' z
h b a a
h b a a
' ' h x# b y# dx dy a
h b a a
dA; M ' ' d5 ' '
h b a a
dA
h b a a
a1a# b 1ah# b a# ;
h h b a a
'02 '0a r# dr d)
2z# h
ba a
2z h# b a# since z 0; p k k f pk 2z d5 a
2z h b a a 2z
# #
# #
# #
% %
% #
k f k 4xa h b
% % #
b 4z# 2 h ax# b y# b b a
h a
ax# b y# b 2 h ax# b y# b h b 1 a a dA
h a
2xh a
x# b y# f(x y z)
ax# b y# b c z# 0 f
a$ '0
'0
r dr d) a$ '0 ca# c r# d) a$ '0 a d) 21a# $ and h a

2 a 2
a c ax b y b
# # #
ib
2yh a
j c 2zk
237 c 2 #
Section 16.6 Parameterized Surfaces 1025

# # 42. Over Rxy : z 2 c 2 x c 2y fx (x y) c 2 , fy (x y) c2 fx b fy b 1 4 b 4 b 1 3 3 9 7 3
Area
''
Rxy
7 3
dA
7 3
(Area of the shadow triangle in the xy-plane) 7 3 3 #
7 #
.
" 4
# # Over Rxz : y 1 c 1 x c " z fx (x z) c 1 , fz (x z) c " fx b fz b 1 1 b # # 3 3 9
b1
7 6
Area
''
Rxz
7 6
dA
7 6
(Area of the shadow triangle in the xz-plane) 7 (3) 6
7 #
.
9 4
# # Over Ryz : x 3 c 3y c 3 z fy (y z) c3, fz (y z) c 3 fy b fz b 1 9 b # #
b1
7 #
Area ' '

Ryz
7 2
dA
7 2
(Area of the shadow triangle in the yz-plane) 7 (1) 2
7 #
43. y
Area '0
2 3
# # z$# fx (x z) 0, fz (x z) z"# fx b fz b 1 z b 1 ; y
4
'0 z b 1 dx dz '0 z b 1 dz 2 55 c 1 3
1 4
16 3
16 3
2 3
z$# z 4
# # 44. y 4 c z fx (x z) 0, fz (x z) c1 fx b fz b 1 2 Area
2 '0 a4 c z# b dz
2
Rxz
162 3
16.6 PARAMETRIZED SURFACES 1. In cylindrical coordinates, let x r cos ), y r sin ), z x# b y# r# . Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b r# k , 0 r 2, 0 ) 21. 2. In cylindrical coordinates, let x r cos ), y r sin ), z 9 c x# c y# 9 c r# . Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b a9 c r# b k ; z 0 9 c r# 0 r# 9 c3 r 3, 0 ) 21. But c3 r 0 gives the same points as 0 r 3, so let 0 r 3.
# #
3. In cylindrical coordinates, let x r cos ), y r sin ), z r r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b # k . For 0 z 3, 0 0)
1 #
x b y # r #
r #
. Then
3 0 r 6; to get only the first octant, let
4. In cylindrical coordinates, let x r cos ), y r sin ), z 2x# b y# z 2r. Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 2rk . For 2 z 4, 2 2r 4 1 r 2, and let 0 ) 21. 5. In cylindrical coordinates, let x r cos ), y r sin ) since x# b y# r2 z# 9 c ax# b y# b 9 c r# z 9 c r# , z 0. Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 9 c r# k . Let 0 ) 21. For the domain of r: z x# b y# and x# b y# b z# 9 x# b y# b x# b y# 9 2 ax# b y# b 9 2r# 9 r
3 2 #
0r
3 2
6. In cylindrical coordinates, r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 4 c r# k (see Exercise 5 above with x# b y# b z# 4, instead of x# b y# b z# 9). For the first octant, let 0 ) 1 . For the domain of r: z x# b y# and # x# b y# b z# 4 x# b y# b x# b y# 4 2 ax# b y# b 4 2r# 4 r 2. Thus, let 2 r 2 (to get the portion of the sphere between the cone and the xy-plane).
#
' ' 2 dA ' ' 0 0

2
2 dx dz

7. In spherical coordinates, x 3 sin 9 cos ), y 3 sin 9 sin ), 3 x# b y# b z# 3# 3 3 3 z 3 cos 9 for the sphere; z cos 9 c " 9 #
1 3 21 3 3 # 3 # 3 #
3 cos 9 cos 9
" #
1 3
;zc
3 cos 9
. Then r(9 )) 3 sin 9 cos ) i b 3 sin 9 sin ) j b 3 cos 9 k ,
21 3
and 0 ) 21.
8. In spherical coordinates, x 3 sin 9 cos ), y 3 sin 9 sin ), 3 x# b y# b z# 3# 8 3 8 22 x 22 sin 9 cos ), y 22 sin 9 sin ), and z 22 cos 9. Thus let r(9 )) 22 sin 9 cos ) i b 22 sin 9 sin ) j b 22 cos 9 k ; z c2 c2 22 cos 9
" cos 9 c 2 9 31 4
; z 22 22 22 cos 9 cos 9 1 9 0. Thus 0 9
31 4
and
0 ) 21 . 9. Since z 4 c y# , we can let r be a function of x and y r(x y) xi b yj b a4 c y# b k . Then z 0 0 4 c y# y 2. Thus, let c2 y 2 and 0 x 2. 10. Since y x# , we can let r be a function of x and z r(x z) xi b x# j b zk . Then y 2 x# 2 x 2. Thus, let c2 x 2 and 0 z 3. 11. When x 0, let y# b z# 9 be the circular section in the yz-plane. Use polar coordinates in the yz-plane y 3 cos ) and z 3 sin ). Thus let x u and ) v r(u,v) ui b (3 cos v)j b (3 sin v)k where 0 u 3, and 0 v 21. 12. When y 0, let x# b z# 4 be the circular section in the xz-plane. Use polar coordinates in the xz-plane x 2 cos ) and z 2 sin ). Thus let y u and ) v r(u,v) (2 cos v)i b uj b (3 sin v)k where c2 u 2, and 0 v 1 (since we want the portion above the xy-plane). 13. (a) x b y b z 1 z 1 c x c y. In cylindrical coordinates, let x r cos ) and y r sin ) z 1 c r cos ) c r sin ) r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b (1 c r cos ) c r sin ))k , 0 ) 21 and 0 r 3. (b) In a fashion similar to cylindrical coordinates, but working in the yz-plane instead of the xy-plane, let y u cos v, z u sin v where u y# b z# and v is the angle formed by (x y z), (x 0 0), and (x y 0) with (x 0 0) as vertex. Since x b y b z 1 x 1 c y c z x 1 c u cos v c u sin v, then r is a function of u and v r(u v) (1 c u cos v c u sin v)i b (u cos v)j b (u sin v)k , 0 u 3 and 0 v 21. 14. (a) In a fashion similar to cylindrical coordinates, but working in the xz-plane instead of the xy-plane, let x u cos v, z u sin v where u x# b z# and v is the angle formed by (x y z), (y 0 0), and (x y 0) with vertex (y 0 0). Since x c y b 2z 2 y x b 2z c 2, then r(u v) (u cos v)i b (u cos v b 2u sin v c 2)j b (u sin v)k , 0 u 3 and 0 v 21. (b) In a fashion similar to cylindrical coordinates, but working in the yz-plane instead of the xy-plane, let y u cos v, z u sin v where u y# b z# and v is the angle formed by (x y z), (x 0 0), and (x y 0) with vertex (x 0 0). Since x c y b 2z 2 x y c 2z b 2, then r(u v) (u cos v c 2u sin v b 2)i b (u cos v)j b (u sin v)k , 0 u 2 and 0 v 21. 15. Let x w cos v and z w sin v. Then (x c 2)# b z# 4 x# c 4x b z# 0 w# cos# v c 4w cos v b w# sin# v 0 w# c 4w cos v 0 w 0 or w c 4 cos v 0 w 0 or w 4 cos v. Now w 0 x 0 and y 0, which is a line not a cylinder. Therefore, let w 4 cos v x (4 cos v)(cos v) 4 cos# v and z 4 cos v sin v. Finally, let y u. Then r(u v) a4 cos# vb i b uj b (4 cos v sin v)k , c 1 v 1 and 0 u 3. # #

16. Let y w cos v and z w sin v. Then y# b (z c 5)# 25 y# b z# c 10z 0 w# cos# v b w# sin# v c 10w sin v 0 w# c 10w sin v 0 w(w c 10 sin v) 0 w 0 or w 10 sin v. Now w 0 y 0 and z 0, which is a line not a cylinder. Therefore, let w 10 sin v y 10 sin v cos v and z 10 sin# v. Finally, let x u. Then r(u v) ui b (10 sin v cos v)j b a10 sin# vb k , 0 u 10 and 0 v 1. 17. Let x r cos ) and y r sin ). Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 2 c r#sin ) k , 0 r 1 and 0 ) 21 rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j c sin ) k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j c r cos ) k # # i j k sin ) c sin ) rr r) cos ) # cr sin ) r cos ) c r cos ) #
1 1 1
#
18. Let x r cos ) and y r sin ) z cx cr cos ), 0 r 2 and 0 ) 21. Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j c (r cos ))k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j c (cos ))k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j b (r sin ))k i j k sin ) c cos ) rr r) cos ) cr sin ) r cos ) r sin ) ar sin# ) b r cos# )b i b (r sin ) cos ) c r sin ) cos ))j b ar cos# ) b r sin# )b k ri b rk
!
1
#
19. Let x r cos ) and y r sin ) z 2x# b y# 2r, 1 r 3 and 0 ) 21. Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 2rk rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b 2k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j i j k sin ) 2 (c2r cos ))i c (2r sin ))j b ar cos# ) b r sin# )b k rr r) cos ) cr sin ) r cos ) 0 (c2r cos ))i c (2r sin ))j b rk krr r) k 4r# cos# ) b 4r# sin# ) b r# 5r# r5
"
1
#
r 20. Let x r cos ) and y r sin ) z 3 , 3 r 4 and 0 ) 21. Then 3 r " r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 3 k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b 3 k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j i j k " # # " " rr r) cos ) sin ) 3 c 3 r cos ) i c 3 r sin ) j b ar cos ) b r sin )b k cr sin ) r cos ) 0 " " " c " r cos ) i c 3 r sin ) j b rk krr r) k 9 r# cos# ) b 9 r# sin# ) b r# 10r 3 9
1
# # #
21. Let x r cos ) and y r sin ) r# x# b y# 1, 1 z 4 and 0 ) 21. Then r(z )) (cos ))i b (sin ))j b zk rz k and r) (c sin ))i b (cos ))j j k i r) rz c sin ) cos ) 0 (cos ))i b (sin )) j kr) rz k cos# ) b sin# ) 1 0 1 0
A '0
'34 r10 dr d) '02 r 10 % d) '02 3 6

$
A '0
'13 r5 dr d) '02 r 5 $ d) '02 45 d) 815 2

x b y
710 6
d)
7110 3
krr r) k r# b r# r2 A '0
'02 r2 dr d) '02 r 2 # d) '02 22 d) 412 2
krr r) k r4 b r#
#
5 r #
A '0
'01
cr sin#) cos ) b
(sin ))(r cos )) i #
b r sin #
r cos ) # j
b ar cos# ) b r sin# )b k dr d) '0

2
r #
j b rk
2
5 r #
5 r 4
d) '0 d)
" !
15 #
r10 3

1 1
A '0
'14 1 dr d) '02 3 d) 61
22. Let x u cos v and z u sin v u# x# b z# 10, c1 y 1, 0 v 21. Then r(y v) (u cos v)i b yj b (u sin v)k 10 cos v i b yj b 10 sin v k i rv c10 sin v i b 10 cos v k and ry j rv ry c10 sin v 0 '0 210 dv 4110
1
2
j 0 1
k 10 cos v 0
1
23. z 2 c x# c y# and z x# b y# z 2 c z# z# b z c 2 0 z c2 or z 1. Since z x# b y# 0, we get z 1 where the cone intersects the paraboloid. When x 0 and y 0, z 2 the vertex of the paraboloid is (0 0 2). Therefore, z ranges from 1 to 2 on the cap" r ranges from 1 (when x# b y# 1) to 0 (when x 0 and y 0 at the vertex). Let x r cos ), y r sin ), and z 2 c r# . Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b a2 c r# b k , 0 r 1, 0 ) 21 rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j c 2rk and i j k sin ) c2r r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j rr r) cos ) 0 cr sin ) r cos ) a2r# cos )b i b a2r# sin )b j b rk krr r) k 4r% cos# ) b 4r% sin# ) b r# r4r# b 1
!
1 1 1
A '0
" '01 r4r# b 1 dr d) '02 12 a4r# b 1b$# " d) '02
5 c " 1#
24. Let x r cos ), y r sin ) and z x# b y# r# . Then r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b r# k , 1 r 2, 0 ) 21 rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b 2rk and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j i j k sin ) 2r ac2r# cos )b i c a2r# sin )b j b rk krr r) k rr r) cos ) cr sin ) r cos ) 0 '
1 1
4r% cos# ) b 4r% sin# ) b r# r4r# b 1 A '0

c 17 17 # 5 5 1 0
1
2
" '12 r4r# b 1 dr d) '02 12 a4r# b 1b$# # d) "
d)
1 6
1717 c 55
25. Let x 3 sin 9 cos ), y 3 sin 9 sin ), and z 3 cos 9 3 x# b y# b z# 2 on the sphere. Next, x# b y# b z# 2 and z x# b y# z# b z# 2 z# 1 z 1 since z 0 9 1 . For the lower 4 portion of the sphere cut by the cone, we get 9 1. Then r(9 )) 2 sin 9 cos ) i b 2 sin 9 sin ) j b 2 cos 9 k ,
1 4
9 1 , 0 ) 21
r9 2 cos 9 cos ) i b 2 cos 9 sin ) j c 2 sin 9 k and r) c2 sin 9 sin ) i b 2 sin 9 cos ) j i j k r9 r) 2 cos 9 cos ) 2 cos 9 sin ) c2 sin 9 c2 sin 9 sin ) 2 sin 9 cos ) 0 # # a2 sin 9 cos )b i b a2 sin 9 sin )b j b (2 sin 9 cos 9)k kr9 r) k 4 sin% 9 cos# ) b 4 sin% 9 sin# ) b 4 sin# 9 cos# 9 4 sin# 9 2 ksin 9k 2 sin 9
4
26. Let x 3 sin 9 cos ), y 3 sin 9 sin ), and z 3 cos 9 3 x# b y# b z# 2 on the sphere. Next, z c1 c1 2 cos 9 cos 9 c " 9 #
21 3
A '0
'
2 sin 9 d9 d) '0 2 b 2 d) 4 b 22 1
2
; z 3 3 2 cos 9 cos 9
c10 cos v i c 10 sin v k krv ry k 10 A '0
' 11 10 du dv '02 10u "
c"
dv
d)
1 6
55 c 1
3 #
1 6
. Then

r(9 )) (2 sin 9 cos ))i b (2 sin 9 sin ))j b (2 cos 9)k ,
1 6
21 3 ,
0 ) 21
r9 (2 cos 9 cos ))i b (2 cos 9 sin ))j c (2 sin 9)k and r) (c2 sin 9 sin ))i b (2 sin 9 cos )) j i j k r9 r) 2 cos 9 cos ) 2 cos 9 sin ) c2 sin 9 0 c2 sin 9 sin ) 2 sin 9 cos ) a4 sin# 9 cos )b i b a4 sin# 9 sin )b j b (4 sin 9 cos 9)k kr9 r) k 16 sin% 9 cos# ) b 16 sin% 9 sin# ) b 16 sin# 9 cos# 9 16 sin# 9 4 ksin 9k 4 sin 9
1
1 1
i 27. Let the parametrization be r(x z) xi b x# j b zk rx i b 2xj and rz k rx rz 1 0 2xi b j krx rz k 4x# b 1 '0
3 3 2 3
" 1#
1717 c 1 dz
29. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (sin 9 cos ))i b (sin 9 sin ))j b (cos 9)k (spherical coordinates with 3 1 on the sphere), 0 9 1, 0 ) 21 r9 (cos 9 cos ))i b (cos 9 sin ))j c (sin 9)k and i j k r) (c sin 9 sin ))i b (sin 9 cos ))j r9 r) cos 9 cos ) cos 9 sin ) c sin 9 0 c sin 9 sin ) sin 9 cos ) asin# 9 cos )b i b asin# 9 sin )b j b (sin 9 cos 9)k kr9 r) k sin% 9 cos# ) b sin% 9 sin# ) b sin# 9 cos# 9
S
1 1
sin 9; x sin 9 cos ) G(x y z) cos# ) sin# 9 ' ' G(x y z) d5 '0 acos# )b a1 c cos# 9b (sin 9) d9 d); c u
"
30. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (a sin 9 cos ))i b (a sin 9 sin ))j b (a cos 9)k (spherical coordinates with 3 a, a 0, on the sphere), 0 9 1 (since z 0), 0 ) 21 # r9 (a cos 9 cos ))i b (a cos 9 sin ))j c (a sin 9)k and i r) (ca sin 9 sin ))i b (a sin 9 cos ))j r9 r) a cos 9 cos ) ca sin 9 sin ) j a cos 9 sin ) a sin 9 cos ) k ca sin 9 0
aa# sin# 9 cos )b i b aa# sin# 9 sin )b j b (a# sin 9 cos 9)k kr9 r) k a% sin% 9 cos# ) b a% sin% 9 sin# ) b a% sin# 9 cos# 9 a# sin 9; z a cos 9 G(x y z) a# cos# 9
S
0 0
d)
4 3
' ' G(x y z) d5 ' '

2
'02 acos# )b u3
1
c"
) '02 cos# ) d) 4 < 2 b sin42) #1 431 3 !
aa# cos# 9b aa# sin 9b d9 d)
'0
'0
u cos 9 du c sin 9 d9
' ' G(x y z) d5 ' ' 4 c y# 2 dy dx 24 4cy 1 2

4 2
'0 acos# ) sin# 9b (sin 9) d9 d)
'02 '1 1 acos# )b au# c 1b du d)
2 3
1a%
28. Let the parametrization be r(x y) xi b yj b 4 c y# k , c2 y 2 rx i and ry j c i j k 1 0 y 0 rx ry y j b k krx ry k 4 c y b 1 42 y c 0 1 c y 4 c y 4 c y

# # # # #
A '0
' 2 6 3 4 sin 9 d9 d) '02 2 b 23 d) 4 b 43 1
j 2x 0
k 0 "
# !
" ' ' G(x y z) d5 ' ' x4x# b 1 dx dz ' 12 a4x# b 1b$# dz 0 0 0
1717 c " 4
y 4 c y

31. Let the parametrization be r(x y) xi b yj b (4 c x c y)k rx i c k and ry j c k i j k 1 1 rx ry 1 0 c1 i b j b k krx ry k 3 ' ' F(x y z) d5 '0 '0 (4 c x c y) 3 dy dx S 0 1 c"
!
# #
'0 3 4y c xy c
1
y 2
7 7 dx '0 3 # c x dx 3 2 x c "
1
x #
33
!
"
32. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk , 0 r 1 (since 0 z 1) and 0 ) 21 i j k sin ) " rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j rr r) cos ) cr sin ) r cos ) 0 (cr cos ))i c (r sin ))j b rk krr r) k (cr cos ))# b (cr sin ))# b r# r2; z r and x r cos ) F(x y z) r c r cos )
21 2 3
' ' F(x y z) d5 ' ' (r c r cos )) r2 dr d) 2 ' ' (1 c cos )) r# dr d) 0 0 0 0

S
1 1
2 1 2 1
33. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b a1 c r# b k , 0 r 1 (since 0 z 1) and 0 ) 21 i j k sin ) c2r rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j c 2rk and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j rr r) cos ) 0 cr sin ) r cos ) a2r# cos )b i b a2r# sin )b j b rk krr r) k a2r# cos )b# b a2r# sin )b b r# r1 b 4r# ; z 1 c r# and x r cos ) H(x y z) ar# cos# )b 1 b 4r#
1 1
' ' H(x y z) d5

S
1
2
'0
'0
ar cos )b 1 b
4r# r1
4r#
dr d) '0
'01 r$ a1 b 4r# b cos# ) dr d) 111 12
34. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (2 sin 9 cos ))i b (2 sin 9 sin ))j b (2 cos 9)k (spherical coordinates with 3 2 on the sphere), 0 9 1 ; x# b y# b z# 4 and z x# b y# z# b z# 4 z# 2 z 2 (since
4
, 0 ) 21; r9 (2 cos 9 cos ))i b (2 cos 9 sin ))j c (2 sin 9)k i j k and r) (c2 sin 9 sin ))i b (2 sin 9 cos ))j r9 r) 2 cos 9 cos ) 2 cos 9 sin ) c2 sin 9 0 c2 sin 9 sin ) 2 sin 9 cos ) a4 sin# 9 cos )b i b a4 sin# 9 sin )b j b (4 sin 9 cos 9)k kr9 r) k 16 sin% 9 cos# ) b 16 sin% 9 sin# ) b 16 sin# 9 cos# 9 4 sin 9; y 2 sin 9 sin ) and z 2 cos 9 H(x y z) 4 cos 9 sin 9 sin )
1
2 '0 '0 4
z 0) 2 cos 9 2 cos 9
2 #
1 4
' ' H(x y z) d5 ' ' (4 cos 9 sin 9 sin ))(4 sin 9) d9 d) 0 0
S
1
16 sin 9 cos 9 sin ) d9 d) 0
35. Let the parametrization be r(x y) xi b yj b a4 c y# b k , 0 x 1, c2 y 2; z 0 0 4 c y# k i j 0 2yj b k F n d5 y 2; rx i and ry j c 2yk rx ry 1 0 0 1 c2y F

r x r y kr x r y k
krx ry k dy dx (2xy c 3z) dy dx c2xy c 3a4 c y# bd dy dx ' ' F n d5

S
1 2 1 1 # '0 ' 2 a2xy b 3y# c 12b dy dx '0 cxy# b y$ c 12yd c# dx '0 c32 dx c32

36. Let the parametrization be r(x y) xi b x# j b zk , c1 x 1, 0 z 2 rx i b 2xj and rz k i j k rx rz 1 2x 0 2xi c j F n d5 F krx rz k krx rz k dz dx cx# dz dx r x r z 0 0 1
S
37. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (a sin 9 cos ))i b (a sin 9 sin ))j b (a cos 9)k (spherical coordinates with 3 a, a 0, on the sphere), 0 9 1 (for the first octant) 0 ) 1 (for the first octant) # # r9 (a cos 9 cos ))i b (a cos 9 sin ))j c (a sin 9)k and r) (ca sin 9 sin ))i b (a sin 9 cos ))j i j k r9 r) a cos 9 cos ) a cos 9 sin ) ca sin 9 0 ca sin 9 sin ) a sin 9 cos ) a$ cos# 9 sin 9 d) d9 since F zk (a cos 9)k
1 1
38. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (a sin 9 cos ))i b (a sin 9 sin ))j b (a cos 9)k (spherical coordinates with 3 a, a 0, on the sphere), 0 9 1, 0 ) 21 r9 (a cos 9 cos ))i b (a cos 9 sin ))j c (a sin 9)k and r) (ca sin 9 sin ))i b (a sin 9 cos ))j i j k r9 r) a cos 9 cos ) a cos 9 sin ) ca sin 9 0 ca sin 9 sin ) a sin 9 cos ) aa sin 9 cos 9 b a sin 9 sin ) b a sin 9 cos 9b d) d9 a sin 9 d) d9 since F xi b yj b zk
S
1 1
2
(a sin 9 cos ))i b (a sin 9 sin ))j b (a cos 9)k ' ' F n d5 '0
'0
a$ sin 9 d9 d) 41a$
39. Let the parametrization be r(x y) xi b yj b (2a c x c y)k , 0 x a, 0 y a rx i c k and ry j c k i j k r r rx ry 1 0 c1 i b j b k F n d5 F krx ryk krx ry k dy dx x y 0 1 c1 [2xy b 2y(2a c x c y) b 2x(2a c x c y)] dy dx since F 2xyi b 2yzj b 2xzk 2xyi b 2y(2a c x c y)j b 2x(2a c x c y)k
' ' F n d5
S
a a a a '0 '0 [2xy b 2y(2a c x c y) b 2x(2a c x c y)] dy dx '0 '0 a4ay c 2y# b 4ax c 2x# c 2xyb dy dx a 3 '0 4 a$ b 3a# x c 2ax# dx 4 b # c 2 a% 13a 3 3 3 6
%
40. Let the parametrization be r() z) (cos ))i b (sin ))j b zk , 0 z a, 0 ) 21 (where r x# b y# 1 on j k i the cylinder) r) (c sin ))i b (cos ))j and rz k r) rz c sin ) cos ) 0 (cos ))i b (sin ))j 0 1 0
' ' F n d5 ' ' 1 dz d) 21a 0 0

S
1
2 a
F n d5 F
r r z kr r z k
kr) rz k dz d) acos# ) b sin# )b dz d) dz d), since F (cos ))i b (sin ))j b zk
) )
9 9
aa# sin# 9 cos )b i b aa# sin# 9 sin )b j b aa# sin 9 cos 9b k F n d5 F
r r kr r k
kr9 r) k d) d9
' ' F n d5 '
'0
a$ cos# 9 sin 9 d9 d)
) )
9 9
aa# sin# 9 cos )b i b aa# sin# 9 sin )b j b aa# sin 9 cos 9b k F n d5 F
' ' F n d5 ' ' cx# dz dx c 4 3 1 0

1 2
r r kr r k
kr9 r) k d) d9
1a 6

41. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk , 0 r 1 (since 0 z 1) and 0 ) 21 i j k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j r) rr cr sin ) r cos ) 0 sin ) 1 cos )
1 1
F ar# sin ) cos )b i c rk ' ' F n d5 '0

" ) #1 <c 12 cos$ ) b 3 !
'01 ar$ sin ) cos# ) b r# b dr d) '02 " sin ) cos# ) b " d) 4 3
21 3
42. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b 2rk , 0 r 1 (since 0 z 2) and 0 ) 21 i j k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b 2k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j r) rr cr sin ) r cos ) 0 sin ) 2 cos ) a2r sin ) cos ) b 4r cos ) sin ) b rb d) dr since
S
$ # $
) )
(2r cos ))i b (2r sin ))j c rk F n d5 F
43. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk , 1 r 2 (since 1 z 2) and 0 ) 21 i j k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j r) rr cr sin ) r cos ) 0 sin ) 1 cos )
1
acr# c r$ b d) dr since F (cr cos ))i c (r sin ))j b r# k ' ' F n d5 '0
S
44. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b r# k , 0 r 1 (since 0 z 1) and 0 ) 21 i j k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b 2rk and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j r) rr cr sin ) r cos ) 0 sin ) 2r cos )
1
a8r$ c 2rb d) dr since F (4r cos ))i b (4r sin ))j b 2k ' ' F n d5 '0
S
45. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (a sin 9 cos ))i b (a sin 9 sin ))j b (a cos 9)k , 0 9
r9 (a cos 9 cos ))i b (a cos 9 sin ))j c (a sin 9)k and r) (ca sin 9 sin ))i b (a sin 9 cos ))j i j k r9 r) a cos 9 cos ) a cos 9 sin ) ca sin 9 0 ca sin 9 sin ) a sin 9 cos ) aa# sin# 9 cos )b i b aa# sin# 9 sin )b j b aa# sin 9 cos 9b k kr9 r) k a% sin% 9 cos# ) b a% sin% 9 sin# ) b a% sin# 9 cos# 9 a% sin# 9 a# sin 9. The mass is
S
2
#
symmetry
1#
(a sin 9 cos )) aa# sin 9b d9 d)
a 1 4
1$
'0
'0
M ' ' d5 '0
'0
aa# sin 9b d9 d)
a 1 #
; the first moment is Myz ' ' x d5

S
a4
a2r# cos )b i b a2r# sin )b j c rk F n d5 F
(r cos ))i b (r sin ))j c rk F n d5 F
'0
" 2
sin ) cos ) b cos ) sin ) b
" 2
" d) < 6 sin$ ) b
r r r kr r r k
kr) rr k d) dr acr# cos# ) c r# sin# ) c r$ b d) dr

2
r r r kr r r k
F ar# sin# )b i b a2r# cos )b j c k ' ' F n d5 '0
) )
(r cos ))i b (r sin ))j c rk F n d5 F
r r r kr r r k
kr) rr k d) dr ar$ sin ) cos# ) b r# b d) dr since
r r r kr r r k
kr) rr k d) dr
2
'01 a2r$ sin# ) cos ) b 4r$ cos ) sin ) b rb dr d)

1 2 " sin# ) b # ) ! 1 #1
'12 acr# c r$ b dr d) c 731 6
kr) rr k d) dr a8r$ cos# ) b 8r$ sin# ) c 2rb d) dr

2
'01 a8r$ c 2rb dr d) 21

1 #
,0)
1 #
a #
a the centroid is located at # ,
a #
a , # by

46. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk , 1 r 2 (since 1 z 2) and 0 ) 21 i j k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j r) rr cr sin ) r cos ) 0 sin ) 1 cos ) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j c rk kr) rr k r# cos# ) b r# sin# ) b r# r2. The mass is
S S
1 1
M ' ' $ d5 '0

1421$ 3
'12 $ r2 dr d) 32 1$ ; the first moment is Mxy ' '

:
3
$ z d5 '0
'12 $ rr2 dr d)
32 1$
Iz 5 Rz M #
47. Let the parametrization be r(9 )) (a sin 9 cos ))i b (a sin 9 sin ))j b (a cos 9)k , 0 9 1, 0 ) 21 r9 (a cos 9 cos ))i b (a cos 9 sin ))j c (a sin 9)k and r) (ca sin 9 sin ))i b (a sin 9 cos ))j i j k r9 r) a cos 9 cos ) a cos 9 sin ) ca sin 9 0 ca sin 9 sin ) a sin 9 cos ) aa# sin# 9 cos )b i b aa# sin# 9 sin )b j b aa# sin 9 cos 9b k kr9 r) k a% sin% 9 cos# ) b a% sin% 9 sin# ) b a% sin# 9 cos# 9 a% sin# 9 a# sin 9. The moment of
S
1 1
2
inertia is Iz ' ' $ ax# b y# b d5 '0

1
2 '0 '0
'0
$ c(a sin 9 cos ))# b (a sin 9 sin ))# d aa# sin 9b d9 d)

%
48. Let the parametrization be r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk , 0 r 1 (since 0 z 1) and 0 ) 21 i j k rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j r) rr cr sin ) r cos ) 0 sin ) 1 cos ) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j c rk kr) rr k r# cos# ) b r# sin# ) b r# r2. The moment of inertia is
S
1
Iz ' ' $ ax# b y# b d5 '0
'01 $ r# r2 dr d) 1$# 2
49. The parametrization r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk at P! 2 2 2 ) 1 , r 2,

4
rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j b k
i b #2 j b k and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j c2i b 2j i j k rr r) 2/2 2/2 1 c 2 2 0 c2i c 2j b 2k the tangent plane is 0 c2i c 2j b 2k x c 2 i b y c 2 j b (z c 2)k 2x b 2y c 2z 0, or x b y c 2z 0. The parametrization r(r )) x r cos ), y r sin ) and z r x# b y# r# z# the surface is z x# b y# .
2 #
$ aa sin# 9b aa# sin 9b d9 d) '0
'0
$ a% sin$ 9 d9 d) '0 $ a% <c " cos 9 asin# 9 b 2b ! d) 3

2
moment of inertia is Iz ' ' $ ax# b y# b d5 '0
$1

14 2
14 9
the center of mass is located at 0 0 14 by symmetry. The 9

2
'12 $ r# r2 dr d) 15
2 1$ #
the radius of gyration is
8$1a 3

50. The parametrization r(9 )) (4 sin 9 cos ))i b (4 sin 9 sin ))j b (4 cos 9)k at P! 2 2 23 3 4 and z 23 4 cos 9 9 )
1 4 1 6
; also x 2 and y 2
. Then r9
(4 cos 9 cos ))i b (4 cos 9 sin ))j c (4 sin 9)k 6i b 6j c 2k and r) (c4 sin 9 sin ))i b (4 sin 9 cos ))j i j k 6 6 c2 c2i b 2j at P! r9 r) c 2 2 0 22i b 22j b 43k the tangent plane is 22i b 22j b 43k x c 2 i b y c 2 j b z c 23 k 0 2x b 2y b 23z 16, or x b y b 6z 82. The parametrization x 4 sin 9 cos ), y 4 sin 9 sin ), z 4 cos 9 the surface is x# b y# b z# 16, z 0. 51. The parametrization r() z) (3 sin 2))i b a6 sin# )b j b zk at P! 3 # 3 9 0 ) #
1 3
and z 0. Then
r) (6 cos 2))i b (12 sin ) cos ))j c3i b 33j and rz k at P! i j k r) rz c3 33 0 33i b 3j 0 0 1 the tangent plane is 33i b 3j x c 3 3 i b y c 9 j b (z c 0)k 0
# #
3x b y 9. The parametrization x 3 sin 2) and y 6 sin# ) x# b y# 9 sin# 2) b a6 sin# )b 9 a4 sin# ) cos# )b b 36 sin% ) 6 a6 sin# )b 6y x# b y# c 6y b 9 9 x# b (y c 3)# 9 52. The parametrization r(x y) xi b yj c x# k at P! (1 2 c1) rx i c 2xk i c 2k and ry j at P! i j k rx ry 1 0 c2 2i b k the tangent plane 0 " 0 is (2i b k) [(x c 1)i b (y c 2)j b (z b 1)k] 0 2x b z 1. The parametrization x x, y y and z cx# the surface is z cx#
#
53. (a) An arbitrary point on the circle C is (x z) (R b r cos u, r sin u) (x y z) is on the torus with x (R b r cos u) cos v, y (R b r cos u) sin v, and z r sin u, 0 u 21, 0 v 21
Section 16.7 Stoke's Theorem 1035

(b) ru (cr sin u cos v)i c (r sin u sin v)j b (r cos u)k and rv (c(R b r cos u) sin v)i b ((R b r cos u) cos v)j i j k cr sin u sin v r cos u ru rv cr sin u cos v 0 c(R b r cos u) sin v (R b r cos u) cos v c(R b r cos u)(r cos v cos u)i c (R b r cos u)(r sin v cos u)j b (cr sin u)(R b r cos u)k kru rv k# (R b r cos u)# ar# cos# v cos# u b r# sin# v cos# u b r# sin# ub kru rv k r(R b r cos u)
1 1 1
A '0
'02
arR b r# cos ub du dv '0 21rR dv 41# rR

2
54. (a) The point (x y z) is on the surface for fixed x f(u) when y g(u) sin 1 c v and z g(u) cos 1 c v # # x f(u), y g(u) cos v, and z g(u) sin v r(u v) f(u)i b (g(u) cos v)j b (g(u) sin v)k , 0 v 21, aub (b) Let u y and x u# f(u) u# and g(u) u r(u v) u# i b (u cos v)j b (u sin v)k , 0 v 21, 0 u
# # #
x a cos ) cos 9, y b sin ) cos 9, and z c sin 9 r() 9) (a cos ) cos 9)i b (b sin ) cos 9)j b (c sin 9)k (b) r) (ca sin ) cos 9)i b (b cos ) cos 9)j and r9 (ca cos ) sin 9)i c (b sin ) sin 9)j b (c cos 9)k i j k 0 r) r9 ca sin ) cos 9 b cos ) cos 9 ca cos ) sin 9 cb sin ) sin 9 c cos 9 abc cos ) cos# 9b i b aac sin ) cos# 9b j b (ab sin 9 cos 9)k
1 1 1 1
A '0
kr) r9 k# b# c# cos# ) cos% 9 b a# c# sin# ) cos% 9 b a# b# sin# 9 cos# 9, and the result follows.
2
'0
kr) r9 k d9 d) '0
'0
c a# b# sin# 9 cos# 9 b b# c# cos# ) cos% 9 b a# c# sin# ) cos% 9 d d9 d)

1/2
56. (a) r() u) (cosh u cos ))i b (cosh u sin ))j b (sinh u)k (b) r() u) (a cosh u cos ))i b (b cosh u sin ))j b (c sinh u)k 57. r() u) (5 cosh u cos ))i b (5 cosh u sin ))j b (5 sinh u)k r) (c5 cosh u sin ))i b (5 cosh u cos ))j and ru (5 sinh u cos ))i b (5 sinh u sin ))j b (5 cosh u)k i j k 0 r) ru c5 cosh u sin ) 5 cosh u cos ) 5 sinh u cos ) 5 sinh u sin ) 5 cosh u a25 cosh# u cos )b i b a25 cosh# u sin )b j c (25 cosh u sinh u)k. At the point (x! y! 0), where x# b y# 25 0 0 we have 5 sinh u 0 u 0 and x! 25 cos ), y! 25 sin ) the tangent plane is 5(x! i b y! j) [(x c x! )i b (y c y! )j b zk] 0 x! x c x# b y! y c y# 0 x! x b y! y 25 0 0 58. Let
# #
x a sinh u cos ), y b sinh u sin ), and z c cosh u r() u) (a sinh u cos ))i b (b sinh u sin ))j b (c cosh u)k , 0 ) 21, c_ u _ 16.7 STOKES' THEOREM i 1. curl F F ``x # x
R
j
` `y
)C F dr ' ' 2 dA 2(Area of the ellipse) 41
2x
k ` ` z 0i b 0j b (2 c 0)k 2k and n k curl F n 2 d5 dx dy z#
z c
z c
x a
c w# 1 where
cosh u and w sinh u w#
z c
z c
x a
55. (a) Let w# b
1 where w cos 9 and
sin 9
y b
cos# 9
x a
cos 9 cos ) and
y b
cos 9 sin )
y b
x a
w cos ) and
y b
w sin )

i 2. curl F F ``x 2y j
` `y
)C F dr ' '
R
3x
k ` ` z 0i b 0j b (3 c 2)k k and n k curl F n 1 d5 dx dy cz#
dx dy Area of circle 91 j
` `y
i 3. curl F F ``x y
" 3
1
xz
k ` ` z cxi c 2xj b (z c 1)k and n x#

3 1
ibjbk 3
curl F n
(cx c 2x b z c 1) d5
c
dA )C F dr ' '
R
x
" 3
(c3x b z c 1) 3 dA
1
i ` 4. curl F F ` x # y b z# curl F n
" 3
j x# b z#
` `y
(2y c 2z b 2z c 2x b 2x c 2y) 0 )C F dr ' ' 0 d5 0

S
` (2y c 2z)i b (2z c 2x)j b (2x c 2y)k and n `z x# b y# k
i 5. curl F F ``x # y b z# ' 1 c4y dy 0

1
j x# b y#
` `y
curl F n c x y z; d5
3 4
# #
4 z
dA (Section 16.5, Example 5, with a 4) )C F dr

'
" 4
7. x 3 cos t and y 2 sin t F (2 sin t)i b a9 cos# tb j b a9 cos# t b 16 sin% tb sin e 6 sin t cos t 0 k at the base of the shell; r (3 cos t)i b (2 sin t)j dr (c3 sin t)i b (2 cos t)j F dr c6 sin# t b 18 cos$ t dt
' ' F n d5 ' ac6 sin# t b 18 cos$ tb dt <c3t b 3 sin 2t b 6(sin t) acos# t b 2b #1 c61 2 ! 0
S
1
2
i ` 8. curl F F `x cz b " #bx n

f kf k
j tan
` `y c"
` c2j ; f(x y z) 4x# b y b z# f 8xi b j b 2zk `z " x b 4bz k

kf k kfpk
and p j k f pk 1 d5
S
dA k f k dA; F n
F n d5 c2 dA
' ' F n d5 ' ' c2 dA c2(Area of R) c2(1 1 2) c41, where R

R
" kf k
is the elliptic region in the xz-plane enclosed by 4x# b z# 4.
c32 '0
sin# 2) d) c4 '0 sin# u du c4 < u c 2

4
sin 2u %1 4 !
c81
' ' c 3 x# y# z 4 dA c3 '0 4 z
'02 ar# cos# )b ar# sin# )b r dr d) c3'02 r6 # (cos ) sin ))# d)

!
i 6. curl F F ``x # $ x y
j
` `y
k ` # # ` z 0i b 0j c 3x y k and n z
2xi b 2yj b 2zk 2 x b y b z
x i b y j b zk 4
curl F n 2x c 2y d5 dx dy )C F dr '
c
2yi b (2z c 2x)j b (2x c 2y)k and n k # # x by k

` `z
1 1
'0
'01 x [c3x b (1 c x c y) c 1] dy dx '01 '01 1 c'0 " b 3x c 7 x# dx c 5 # # 6
(c4x c y) dy dx '0 c <4x(1 c x) b " (1 c x)# dx #
ibjbk 3
' 11 (2x c 2y) dx dy ' 11 cx# c 2xyd " dy c"
(c2j f)
c2 kf k
Section 16.7 Stoke's Theorem 1037

9. Flux of F ' ' F n d5 )C F dr, so let C be parametrized by r (a cos t)i b (a sin t)j ,
S
0 t 21
Flux of F )C F dr '0 a# dt 21a# i 10. (yi) ``x y j

` `y
dr dt
(ca sin t)i b (a cos t)j F

1
2
dr dt
ay sin t b ax cos t a# sin# t b a# cos# t a#
(yi) n cz; d5
R R
" z
dA (Section 16.5, Example 5, with a 1) ' ' (yi) n d5

S
' ' (cz) " dA c ' ' dA c1, where R is the disk x# b y# 1 in the xy-plane. z 11. Let S" and S# be oriented surfaces that span C and that induce the same positive direction on C. Then
' ' F n" d5" ) F dr ' ' F n# d5# C

# "
12.
' ' F n d5 ' ' F n d5 b ' ' F n d5, and since S" and S# are joined by the simple
closed curve C, each of the above integrals will be equal to a circulation integral on C. But for one surface the circulation will be counterclockwise, and for the other surface the circulation will be clockwise. Since the integrands are the same, the sum will be 0
# "
' ' F n d5 0.
S
i j k ` 13. F ``x ``y ` z 5i b 2j b 3k ; rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j c 2rk and r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j 2z 3x 5y i j k sin ) c2r a2r# cos )b i b a2r# sin )b j b rk ; n krrr r k and d5 krr r) k dr d) rr r) cos ) r r 0 cr sin ) r cos ) F n d5 ( F) (rr r) ) dr d) a10r# cos ) b 4r# sin ) b 3rb dr d)
2 2 2 # 3 '0 '0 a10r# cos ) b 4r# sin ) b 3rb dr d) '0 < "30 r$ cos ) b 4 r$ sin ) b # r# ! d) 3 2 '0 80 cos ) b 32 sin ) b 6 d) 6(21) 121 3 3
) )
i j k ` ` ` # # 14. F ` x `y ` z i c 2j c 2k ; rr r) a2r cos )b i b a2r sin )b j b rk and y c z z c x x b z F n d5 ( F) (rr r) ) dr d) (see Exercise 13 above)
1 1
2 3 2 $ '0 '0 ac2r# cos ) c 4r# sin ) c 2rb dr d) '0 <c 2 r$ cos ) c 4 r$ sin ) c r# ! d) 3 3 2 '0 ac18 cos ) c 36 sin ) c 9b d) c9(21) c181
i 15. F ``x # x y
j
` `y $
2y z (cr cos ))i c (r sin ))j b rk and F n d5 ( F) (rr r) ) dr d) (see Exercise 13 above)
k i ` $ # ` z c2y i b 0j c x k ; rr r) cos ) cr sin ) 3z

1
2 1
' ' F n d5 ' ' a2ry$ cos ) c rx# b dr d) ' ' a2r% sin3 ) cos ) c r$ cos# )b dr d) 0 0
S R
k ` ` z ck ; n 0
f kf k
2xi b 2yj b 2zk 2 x b y b z
xi b yj b zk
' ' F n d5
S
1 1 1
' ' F n d5
S
j sin ) r cos )
k 1 0

'0 2 sin3 ) cos ) c 5
1 1 1 1
2
" 4
" " ) cos# ) d) < 10 sin4 ) c 4 # b
sin 2) #1 4 !
c1 4
i j k i j k ` ` ` sin ) c1 16. F ` x `y ` z i b j b k ; rr r) cos ) x c y y c z z c x cr sin ) r cos ) 0 (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b rk and F n d5 ( F) (rr r) ) dr d) (see Exercise 13 above)
S
#
' ' F n d5 ' ' (r cos ) b r sin ) b r) dr d) ' (cos ) b sin ) b 1) r# d) 25 (21) 251 # 0 0 0
1 1
2 5 2
& !
i j k ` ` ` 17. F ` x 0i b 0j c 5k ; `y `z 3y 5 c 2x z# c 2 i j k r9 r) 3 cos 9 cos ) 3 cos 9 sin ) c3 sin 9 c3 sin 9 sin ) 3 sin 9 cos ) 0 # # a3 sin 9 cos )b i b a3 sin 9 sin )b j b (3 sin 9 cos 9)k ; F n d5 ( F) (r9 r) ) d9 d) (see Exercise 13 above)
' ' F n d5 ' ' c15 cos 9 sin 9 d9 d) ' < 15 cos# 9 1# d) ' c 15 d) c151 2 # ! 0 0 0 0
S
1 1 1 1
2 /2 2 2
i j k ` ` ` 18. F ` x ` y ` z c2zi c j c 2yk ; # y z# x i j k r9 r) 2 cos 9 cos ) 2 cos 9 sin ) c2 sin 9 0 c2 sin 9 sin ) 2 sin 9 cos ) a4 sin# 9 cos )b i b a4 sin# 9 sin )b j b (4 sin 9 cos 9)k ; F n d5 ( F) (r9 r) ) d9 d) (see Exercise 13 above)
1
' ' F n d5 ' ' ac8z sin# 9 cos ) c 4 sin# 9 sin ) c 8y sin 9 cos )b d9 d)
S R
# 1#
'0
'0 <c "36 sin$ 9 cos ) c 4 9 c #

2 2
'0
/2
ac16 sin 9 cos 9 cos ) c 4 sin# 9 sin ) c 16 sin# 9 sin ) cos )b d9 d)

sin 29 (sin 4
#1 '0 c 16 cos ) c 1 sin ) c 41 sin ) cos ) d) <c "36 sin ) b 1 cos ) c 21 sin# ) ! 0 3
)) c 16 9 c #
sin 29 (sin 4
) cos )) !
d)
19. (a) F 2xi b 2yj b 2zk curl F 0

# # $
)C F dr ' '
S
F n d5 ' ' 0 d 5 0
(b) Let f(x y z) x y z F f 0 curl F 0 ' ' 0 d5 0

S
)C F dr ' '
S
F n d5
(c) F (xi b yj b zk) 0 F 0 )C F dr ' ' F n d5 ' ' 0 d5 0 (d) F f F f 0 20. F f c " ax# b y# b z# b #
# c$# c$#
)C F dr ' '
S
c$#
F n d5 ' ' 0 d5 0
S
c$#
(2x)i c " ax# b y# b z# b #

# c$# dr dt
(2y)j c " ax# b y# b z# b #

# c$#
(2z)k
cx ax# b y# b z b i c y a x# b y# b z b (a) r (a cos t)i b (a sin t)j , 0 t 21 F c

dr dt
$
j c z a x# b y # b z b k (ca sin t)i b (a cos t)j

c$#
cx ax# b y# b z# b
$
c$#
a cos t ( ca a
sin t) c
a sin t (a a
cos t) 0 )C F dr 0
(ca sin t) c y ax# b y# b z# b
(a cos t)
Section 16.8 The Divergence Theorem and a Unified Theory 1039

(b)
)C F dr ' '
S
F n d5 ' ' f n d5 ' ' 0 n d5 ' ' 0 d 5 0

S S S
i 21. Let F 2yi b 3zj c xk F ``x 2y F n c2

S S
j
` `y
)C 2y dx b 3z dy c x dz )C F dr ' '
S
3z
k ` ` z c 3i b j c 2k ; n cx
2i b 2j b k 3
F n d5 ' ' c2 d5
S
c2 ' ' d5, where ' ' d5 is the area of the region enclosed by C on the plane S: 2x b 2y b z 2 i 22. F ``x x j
` `y
k ` `z 0 z
`N `z i
23. Suppose F Mi b Nj b Pk exists such that F ` P c `y

# #
b `M c `z
`P `x j ` `y
b `N c `x
`M `y k
xi b yj b zk . Then
# #
` `x
`P c `y
` `z
`N `z
` `x
(x)
` `z
` P ` x` y
#
` N ` x` z
#
1. Likewise,
`M c `z
`P `x
` `y
(y)
` M ` y` z
#
` P ` y` x
#
1 and
`N c `x
#
`M `y
(z)
` M ` z` y
#
` N ` z` x
` M ` z` y
1. Summing the calculated equations
equal). This result is a contradiction, so there is no field F such that curl F xi b yj b zk . 24. Yes: If F 0 , then the circulation of F around the boundary C of any oriented surface S in the domain of
S S
F is zero. The reason is this: By Stokes's theorem, circulation )C F dr ' ' F n d5 ' ' 0 n d5 0.
25. r x# b y# r% ax# b y# b F ar% b 4x ax# b y# b i b 4y ax# b y# b j Mi b Nj
)C
ar% b n ds )C F n ds )C M dy c N dx ' ' ` M b `x

R R
' ' c4 ax# b y# b b 8x# b 4 ax# b y# b b 8y# d dA ' ' 16 ax# b y# b dA 16 ' ' x# dA b 16 ' ' y# dA
R R R
16Iy b 16Ix . 26. ,

# # # # # # # #
However, x# b y# 1 r (cos t)i b (sin t)j F ac sin tb i b acos tb j F not zero.

dr dt
dr dt
(csin t)i b (cos t)j

1#
!
sin# t b cos# t 1 )C F dr ) 1 dt 21 which is
16.8 THE DIVERGENCE THEOREM AND A UNIFIED THEORY 1. F

cy i b x j x b y
#
$ #
c GM
#" #
#$ #
#" #
$ #
#$ #
c GM ax
b y b z b c 3y ax b y b z b ax b y b z b
ax b y b z b c 3z ax b y b z b ax b y b z b
$ #
#$ #
ax b y b z b
# #
#" #
#$ #
3. F c GM(xi b yj b zk) div F cGM ax
#$ #
div F
xy c xy ax b y b
2. F xi b yj div F 1 b 1 2
b y b z b c 3x ax b y b z b ax b y b z b
# #
# #
# #
# #
`P `y
0,
`N `z
0,
`M `z
0,
P ``x` y c
` P ` y` x
` N b ` z` x c
` N ` x` z
` M b ` y` z c
3 or 0 3 (assuming the second mixed partials are
`N `y
dx dy
`P `x
0,
`N `x
y cx ax b y b
`M `y
y cx ax b y b
y cx curl F ax b y b c
y cx ax b y b
k 0.

cGM 3 ax by bz b c3 ax by bz b ax by bz b 0 4. z a# c r# in cylindrical coordinates z a# c ax# b y# b v aa# c x# c y# b k div v 0 5.
` `x
#( #
ax b y b z b
# #
c16 6.
` `x
ax# b 2x,
(a) Flux '0
(c) In cylindrical coordinates, Flux ' ' ' (2x b 2y b 2z) dx dy dz

D
1 1
1 2 2 1 2 # '0 '0 '0 (2r cos ) b 2r sin ) b 2z) r dr d) dz '0 '0 < 2 r$ cos ) b 2 r$ sin ) b zr# ! d) dz 3 3 1 2 1 1 #1 " '0 '0 16 cos ) b 16 sin ) b 4z d) dz '0 < "36 sin ) c 16 cos ) b 4z) ! dz '0 81z dz c41z# d ! 41 3 3 3
7.
` `x
(y) 0,
` `y
(xy) x,
D
` `z
(cz) c1 F x c 1; z x# b y# z r# in cylindrical coordinates

1
#
#1 '0 r5 cos ) c r4 d) '0 32 cos ) c 4 d) < 32 sin ) c 4) ! c81 5 5 ! ` `x
8.
ax# b 2x,
1 1
2 2
` `y
(xz) 0,
` `z
(3z) 3 F 2x b 3 Flux ' ' ' (2x b 3) dV

D
%
321 9.
` `x
ax# b 2x,
1
2 2
` `y
2
(c2xy) c2x,
` `z #
(3xz) 3x Flux ' ' ' 3x dx dy dz

1 1
2
10.
` `x
a6x# b 2xyb 12x b 2y,

D
11.
` `x
(2xz) 2z,
#
4x# c " x% b " a16 c 4x# b 2 3
$# # !
c 40 3
16
4x
2 '0 '0
'0
'0
32 cos ) b
` `y
16 3
sin ) b 4 d) dz '0 32 b 21 b
3
(cxy) cx,
` `z
acz# b c2z F cx Flux ' ' ' cx dV

D
16 4x 2 (xy c 4x) dy dx '0 1 x a16 c 4x# b c 4x16 c 4x# dx 2
'04
2 cx dz dy dx '0 '0
Flux ' ' ' (12x b 2y b 2) dV '0
` `y
a2y b x# zb 2,
3
'0 2 '02 (12r cos ) b 2r sin ) b 2) r dr d) dz

16 3
` `z
a4x# y$ b 0 F 12x b 2y b 2
'0
'0 '0
(33 sin 9 cos )) a3 sin 9b d3 d9 d) '0
'0
D
2
12 sin# 9 cos ) d9 d) '0 31 cos ) d) 31

2
dz 112 b 61
'0
'0
(8 sin 9 cos ) b 8) sin 9 d9 d) '
<8 9 2 0
sin 29 4
'0
'0 '0 (23 sin 9 cos ) b 3) a3# sin 9b d3 d9 d) '0 '0 32

2
&
Flux ' ' ' (x c 1) dz dy dx '0
'02 '0r
(r cos ) c 1) dz r dr d) '0
'02 ar$ cos ) c r# b r dr d)
sin 9 cos ) b 3$ sin 9 d9 d)

! 1
2
cos ) c 8 cos 9 ! d) '0 (41 cos ) b 16) d)
(b)
'01 '01 (2x b 2y b 2z) dx dy dz '01 '01 cx# b 2x(y b z)d " dy dz '01 '01 (1 b 2y b 2z) dy dz ! 1 1 " " '0 cy(1 b 2z) b y# d ! dz '0 (2 b 2z) dz c2z b z# d ! 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 " Flux ' 1 ' 1 ' 1 (2x b 2y b 2z) dx dy dz ' 1 ' 1 cx# b 2x(y b z)d c" dy dz ' 1 ' 1 (4y b 4z) dy dz 1 1 " " ' 1 c2y# b 4yzd c" dz ' 1 8z dz c4z# d c" 0
1
` `y
ay# b 2y,
` `x
az# b 2z F 2x b 2y b 2z
(y c x) c1,
` `y
(z c y) c1,
` `z
(y c x) 0 F c2 Flux '
# #
1 1
' 11 ' 11 c2 dx dy dz c2 a2$ b

12.
` `x
ax$ b 3x# ,
1 1
2
` `y
a
ay$ b 3y# ,
# #
` `z
az$ b 3z# F 3x# b 3y# b 3z# Flux ' ' ' 3 ax# b y# b z# b dV
& & &
a 0 5 `3 `z
2 3
15.
` `x
a5x$ b 12xy# b 15x# b 12y# ,
` `y
ay$ b ey sin zb 3y# b ey sin z,

D
` `z
a5z$ b ey cos zb 15z# c ey sin z

1 1
2
'0 6 2 c 1 cos ) c 3 ln 2 b 22 c 1 d) 21 c 3 ln 2 b 22 c 1 # 17. (a) G Mi b Nj b Pk G curl G ` P c `y div(curl G)

# #
(b) By the Divergence Theorem, the outward flux of G across a closed surface is zero because outward flux of G ' ' ( G) n d5 ' ' ' G dV ' ' ' (0) dV 0
D D S
[Divergence Theorem with F G] [by part (a)]
18. (a) Let F" M" i b N" j b P" k and F# M# i b N# j b P# k aF" b bF# (aM" b bM# )i b (aN" b bN# )j b (aP" b bP# )k (aF" b bF# )
M a `` x b
"
(b) Define F" and F# as in part a (aF" b bF# )

M M a ` P b b ` P c a ``N b b ``N i b <a `` z b b `` z c a ` P b b ` P j `y `y z z `x `x
# " # " # " # "
"
"
`N `y
`P `z
M b b `` x b
`N `y
`P `z
a( F" ) b b( F# )
"
"
"
`M `x
M b b `` x b a
`N `y
b b ``N b a y
` `x
`P c `y c
` P ` x` y
` N ` x` z
` M ` y` z
2r cos ) c r
#
2z r
`N `z
` `y
`M c `z c
` M ` z` y
`P `x
` P ` y` x
` N ` z` x
0 if all first and second partial derivatives are continuous
`P `z
'0
'1 2 ' 21
b r dz r dr d) '0
'1
6 cos ) c
3 r
b 3r# dr d)
`N `z i
b `M c `z
`M `y
`P `x k
` `z
`N c `x
b b ``P z
2x x by
2z x by
b x# b y# Flux ' ' ' x
2x by
2z x by
16.
` `x
cln ax# b y# bd
2x x by
` `y
y c 2z tanc" x c 2z x x
1 b x
y
"
'0
'0 122 c 3 sin 9 d9 d) '02 242 c 6 d) 482 c 12 1

x
cx
2z by
` `z
zx# b y# x# b y#
b x# b y# dz dy dx
b `N c `x
F 15x# b 15y# b 15z# 153# Flux ' ' ' 153# dV '0
'0 '1
a153# b a3# sin 9b d3 d9 d)
`M `y k
Flux ' ' '
dV '0
2 '0 '12 3 a3# sin 9b d3 d9 d) '02 '0 3 sin 9 d9 d) '02
and
z 3
3 3
` `y
y 3
" 3
y 3
` `z
z 3
" 3
x by bz 3
2 3
14. Let 3 x# b y# b z# . Then
`3 `x
x 3
`3 `y
y 3
`3 `z
z 3
` `x
x 3
" 3
x c 3
`3 `x
1 3
x 3
6 d) 121
Flux ' ' ' 43 dV '0
'0 '1
z 3
(43) a3# sin 9b d3 d9 d) '0
y 3
b 3,
` `z
(3z) ` 3 z b 3 `z
b3 F
x by bz 3
b 33 43, since 3 x# b y# b z#
2
'0
3 sin 9 d9 d) '0 6 d) 121

2
13. Let 3 x# b y# b z# . Then
`3 `x
x 3
`3 `y
y 3
z 3
` `x
(3x) ` 3 x b 3 `x
3 '0
'0 '0
3 a3 sin 9b d3 d9 d) 3 '0
'
sin 9 d9 d) 3 '0
D
2a 5
d)
121a 5
x 3
b3,
` `y
(3y) ` 3 y b 3 `y
. Similarly,

" " " " "
M M b a ``N b b ``N c a `` y b b `` y k a ` P c x x `y
" # # # # " # # # # "
`N `z
M i b `` z c
`P `x
j b ``N c x
`M `y
M M b b ` P c ``N i b `` z c ` P j b ``N c `` y k a F" b b F# `y z `x x j k i (c) F" F# M" N" P" (N" P# c P" N# )i c (M" P# c P" M# )j b (M" N# c N" M# )k (F" F# ) M# N# P#
19. (a) div(gF) gF
M ` g b N ` g b P ` g b g ` M b `x `y `z `x (b) (gF) ``y (gP) c

` `z
` ` ` P ` g b g ` P c N ` g c g ` N i b M ` g b g ` M c P ` g c g ` P j b N ` g b g ` N c M ` g c g ` M k `y `y `z `z `z `z x `x x `x y `y `g ` ` P ` g c N ` g i b g ` P c g ` N i b M ` g c P ` x j b g ` M c g ` P j b N ` g c M ` g k `y `z `y `z `z `z `x x y
b g ` N c g ` M k g F b g F `x `y 20. Let F" M" i b N" j b P" k and F# M# i b N# j b P# k . (a) F" F# (N" P# c P" N# )i b (P" M# c M" P# )j b (M" N# c N" M# )k (F" F# ) ``y (M" N# c N" M# ) c b ``x (P" M# c M" P# ) c N#
`M `y ` `z ` (P" M# c M" P# ) i b < ` z (N" P# c P" N# ) c ` `x
and consider the i-component only:

`M `y `M `z
" #
Similar results hold for the j and k components of (F" F# ). In summary, since the corresponding components are equal, we have the result (F " F # ) (F # )F " c (F " )F # b ( F # )F " c ( F " )F # (b) Here again we consider only the i-component of each expression. Thus, the i-comp of (F" F# ) M M ``x (M" M# b N" N# b P" P# ) M" `` x b M# `` x b N" ``N b N# ``N b P" ` P b P# ` P x x `x `x i-comp of (F# )F" M#
`M `x
i-comp of F" ( F# ) N" ``N c x

#
`M `y
M c P" `` z c
"
"
b N#
`M `y
b P#
`M `z
i-comp of (F" )F# M"
`M `x
b N"
`M `y
b P"
`M `z
, ,
`P `x
, and
"
"
"
"
"
"
M i-comp of ( F# )F" `` x b
#
`N `y
`P `z
M M" and i-comp of ( F" )F# `` x b
`N `y
`P `z
M# .
"
"
"
"
M#
`M `x
b N#
`M `y
"
"
M c `` x b
"
`N `y
`P `z
M# . Now, i-comp of (F# )F" M# b P#

`M `z
` `x
b N#
` `y
b P#
` ` z M" `M `y
; likewise, i-comp of (F" )F# M"
`M `x
b N"
"
"
"
M#
`M `x
b N#
`M `y
b P#
`M `z
c M"
`M `x
b N"
`M `y
b P"
`M `z
M b `` x b
`N `y
"
"
"
"
N#
b P#
c N"
`M `y
b P"
`M `z
b ``N b y
`P `z
M" c ``N b y
`P `z
"
"
b M"
M b P" `` y c
#
`N `x
F# F" c F" F#
` `x
(gM) b
` `y
(gN) b
`N `y
` `z
`g `g (gP) g ` M b M ` x b g ` N b N ` y b g ` P b P ` g `x `y `z `z
`P `z
g Fb gF
` `x
` (gN) i b < ` z (gM) c
(gP) j b ``x (gN) c
` `y
(gM) k
(M" N# c N" M# ) j
` `y
(N" P# c P" N# ) k c
` ` ` y (M" N# c N" M# ) c ` z (P" M# c M" P# ) M M M N" `` y c M# ``P c P" `` z b P# `` z b M" ``P z z
`N `y
c M#
`N `y
M# b
`P `z
M"
b P"
"
"
"
"
"
M# ` P c `y
"
`N `z
M b N# `` z c
`P `x
b P# ``N c x
`M `y
b M" ``N c z
`P `y
b N" ` P c `x
"
"
"
"
c M"
`P `y
b P#
`M `y
c P"
`M `y
c M#
`P `y
b M"
`N `z
b N#
`M `z
c N"
`M `z
c M#
`N `z
`M `z
`M `z
"
"
[(N" P# c P" N# )i c (M" P# c P" M# )j b (M" N# c N" M# )k] ` ``x (N" P# c P" N# ) c ``y (M" P# c P" M# ) b ` z (M" N# c N" M# ) P#
`N `x
b N"
`P `x
c N#
`P `x
c P"
`N `x
"

" " "
i-comp of F# ( F" ) N# ``N c x

"
`M `y
M c P# `` z c
`P `x
Since corresponding components are equal, we see that (F" F# ) (F" )F# b (F# )F" b F" ( F# ) b F# ( F" ), as claimed. 21. The integral's value never exceeds the surface area of S. Since kFk 1, we have kF nk kFk knk (1)(1) 1 and
' ' ' F d5 ' ' F n d 5

D S
[Divergence Theorem] [A property of integrals] ckF nk 1d
' ' kF nk d5 ' ' (1) d5

S S
Area of S. 22. Yes, the outward flux through the top is 5. The reason is this: Since F (xi c 2yj b (z b 3)k 1 c 2 b 1 0, the outward flux across the closed cubelike surface is 0 by the Divergence Theorem. The flux across the top is therefore the negative of the flux across the sides and base. Routine calculations show that the sum of these latter fluxes is c5. (The flux across the sides that lie in the xz-plane and the yz-plane are 0, while the flux across the xy-plane is c3.) Therefore the flux across the top is 5. 23. (a)
` `x
(x) 1,
` `y
(y) 1,
` `z
(z) 1 F 3 Flux ' ' ' 3 dV 3 ' ' ' dV

D D
(b) If F is orthogonal to n at every point of S, then F n 0 everywhere Flux ' ' F n d5 0.

S
3(Volume of the solid)
But the flux is 3(Volume of the solid) 0, so F is not orthogonal to n at every point. 24. F c2x c 4y c 6z b 12 Flux '0 '0
a b
'0
'0b (c2x c 4y b 9) dy dx '0a ac2xb c 2b# b 9bb dx ca# b c 2ab# b 9ab ab(ca c 2b b 9) f(a b);
`f `b
'01 (c2x c 4y c 6z b 12) dz dy dx

`f à
a(ca c 4b b 9) 0 b 0 or c2a c 2b b 9 0, and a 0 or ca c 4b b 9 0. Now b 0 or a 0 Flux 0; c2a c 2b b 9 0 and ca c 4b b 9 0 3a c 9 0 a 3 b 3 so that f 3 3 # # maximum flux. 25.
`f à
c2ab c 2b# b 9b and
ca# c 4ab b 9a so that
0 and
`f `b
0 b(c2a c 2b b 9) 0 and
27 #
is the
' ' F n d5 ' ' ' F dV ' ' ' 3 dV

S D D
" 3
' ' F n d5 ' ' ' dV Volume of D

S D
26. F C F 0 Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' ' F dV ' ' ' 0 dV 0
S D D
27. (a) From the Divergence Theorem, ' ' f n d5 ' ' ' f dV ' ' ' # f dV ' ' ' 0 dV 0 (b) From the Divergence Theorem, ' ' f f n d5 ' ' ' f f dV. Now,
S D
` `f ` `f ` `f f f f ` xf b ` x b f ` yf b ` y b f ` zf b ` z
# # # # # #
f f f
`f `x i
b f
`f `y j
b f
`f `z k
f # f b k f k# 0 b k f k# since f is harmonic
' ' f f n d5 ' ' ' k f k# dV, as claimed.

S
#
D
#
f(x y z) ln x# b y# b z#
" #
ln ax# b y# b z# b
`f `x
x x by bz
`f `y
y x by bz
`f `z
z x by bz
` 28. From the Divergence Theorem, ' ' f n d5 ' ' ' f dV ' ' ' ` xf b
#
` f `y
` f `z
dV. Now,

# # # # # # # # # #
#
cca cos 9d !
29.
' ' f g n d5 ' ' ' f g dV ' ' ' f

D D
# # #
' ' ' f ` xg b `

# # # #
D
`f `g `x `x ` g `y
# #
D
` b f ` yg b ` g `z
# #
`f `g `y `y `g `x
b f ` zg b ` b
`f `g `y `y
`f `g `z `z
' ' ' f ` xg b `
`f b `x
`f `g ` z ` z
30. By Exercise 29, ' ' f g n d5 ' ' ' af # g b f gb dV and by interchanging the roles of f and g,
' ' g f n d5 ' ' ' ag # f b g f b dV. Subtracting the second equation from the first yields: ' ' a f g c g f b n d5 ' ' ' af # g c g # f b dV since f g g f
S D S D
31. (a) The integral ' ' ' p(t x y z) dV represents the mass of the fluid at any time t. The equation says that
D
the instantaneous rate of change of mass is flux of the fluid through the surface S enclosing the region D: the mass decreases if the flux is outward (so the fluid flows out of D), and increases if the flow is inward (interpreting n as the outward pointing unit normal to the surface). (b)
'''
D
`p `t
dV
d dt
' ' ' p dV c ' ' pv n d5 c ' ' ' pv dV

D S
`p `t
Since the law is to hold for all regions D, pv b
32. (a) T points in the direction of maximum change of the temperature, so if the solid is heating up at the point the temperature is greater in a region surrounding the point T points away from the point c T points toward the point c T points in the direction the heat flows. (b) Assuming the Law of Conservation of Mass (Exercise 31) with ck T pv and c3T p, we have
d dt
` ' ' ' c3T dV c ' ' ck T n d5 the continuity equation, (ck T) b ` t (c3T) 0
c3 ` T c (ck T) k # T `t CHAPTER 16 PRACTICE EXERCISES
`T `t
1. Path 1: r ti b tj b tk x t, y t, z t, 0 t 1 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) 3 c 3t# and

dz dt #
1
# # 1 dx b dy b dz dt 3 dt 'C f(x y z) ds '0 3 a3 c 3t# b dt 23 dt dt dt dx dt
Path 2: r" ti b tj , 0 t 1 x t, y t, z 0 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) 2t c 3t# b 3 and

dz dt #
1 C
# # 0 dx b dy b dz dt 2 dt ' f(x y z) ds '0 2 a2t c 3t# b 3b dt 32 ; dt dt dt

"
r# i b j b tk x 1, y 1, z t f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) 2 c 2t and dx b dy b dz dt dt dt dt dt

# "
'C
f(x y z) ds '0 (2 c 2t) dt 1

1
'C f(x y z) ds 'C
f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) 32 b 1
'0
'0
a sin 9 d9 d) '0
S
2
1#
d) '0 a d)
2
1a #
`g `x
i b f ` g j b f ` g k dV `y `z
dV dV ' ' ' af # g b f gb dV

D
`3 `t
0, as claimed
k c3
# T K # T, as claimed
dx dt
0,
dy dt
0,
dV x by bz
#
# #
" x by bz
x by b z ax b y b z b
' ' f n d5 ' ' '
# #
'0
'0 2 '0a 3
# #
` f `x
cx b y b z ax b y b z b
` f `y
x cy bz ax b y b z b
` f `z
x by cz ax b y b z b
` f `x
` f `y
` f `z
sin 9 3
d 3 d9 d )
c pv
dx dt
1,
dy dt
1,
1,
dy dt
1,
dz dt
Chapter 16 Practice Exercises 1045

2. Path 1: r" ti x t, y 0, z 0 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) t# and
# # #
1
"
dx dt
1,
" 3
dy dt
0,
dz dt
dx b dy b dz dt dt 'C f(x y z) ds '0 t# dt dt dt dt r# i b tj x 1, y t, z 0 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) 1 b t and

#
;
dy dt 3 2
dx dt
0,
1, ;
dy dt
dz dt
dx b dy b dz dt dt dt dt dt
#
'C 'C
#
f(x y z) ds '0 (1 b t) dt
1
r$ i b j b tk x 1, y 1, z t f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) 2 c t and

$
dx dt
0,
3 2 10 3
0,
dz dt
"
f(x y z) ds '0 (2 c t) dt
1
$
'Path 1 f(x y z) ds 'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds Path 2: r% ti b tj x t, y t, z 0 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) t# b t and
#
1
%
dx dt
1,
dy dt 5 6
1, 2;
dz dt
# # dx b dy b dz dt 2 dt 'C f(x y z) ds '0 2 at# b tb dt dt dt dt
r$ i b j b tk (see above)
$
Path 3: r& tk x 0, y 0, z t, 0 t 1 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) ct and

&
#
'C 'C 'C

'
r' tj b k x 0, y t, z 1, 0 t 1 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) t c 1 and

'
#
r( ti b j b k x t, y 1, z 1, 0 t 1 f(g(t) h(t) k(t)) t# and

(
&
'Path 3 f(x y z) ds 'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds c " c #

(
3. r (a cos t)j b (a sin t)k x 0, y a cos t, z a sin t fag(t) h(t) k(t)b a# sin# t a ksin tk and
dx dt
0,
dy dt
ca sin t,
dz dt
a cos t dx b dy b dz dt a dt dt dt dt
1 1
4. r (cos t b t sin t)i b (sin t c t cos t)j x cos t b t sin t, y sin t c t cos t, z 0 fag(t) h(t) k(t)b (cos t b t sin t)# b (sin t c t cos t)# 1 b t# and dx c sin t b sin t b t cos t
dt
t cos t,
dy dt
cos t c cos t b t sin t t sin t,
5.
`P `y
c " (x b y b z)c$# #
" x b y b z " x b y b z
`N `z
`M `z `f `x
c " (x b y b z)c$# #
" x b y b z
`P `x
`N `x
c " (x b y b z)c$# #
`f `y `f `z
30
`g `y
f(x y z) 2x b y b z b g(y z)
0 g(y z) h(z) f(x y z) 2x b y b z b h(z)

4
f(4 c3 0) c f(c1 1 1) 21 c 21 0
hw (x) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) 2x b y b z b C '
111
t# cos# t b t# sin# t dt ktk dt t dt since 0 t 3 'C f(x y z) ds '0
'C f(x y z) ds '02
a# ksin tk dt '0 a# sin t dt b '
'Path 2
f(x y z) ds 'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds
'C
f(x y z) ds
3 2 5 6
2 b
3 #
5 2 b 9 6 dx dt
0,
dy dt
0,
dz dt
" f(x y z) ds '0 ct dt c 2 ;

1
dx dt
0,
dy dt
1,
dz dt
f(x y z) ds '0 (t c 1) dt c 1 ; 2
1
dx dt
1,
dy dt
0,
dz dt
f(x y z) ds '0 t# dt
1
1 3 " #
" 3
c2 3
ca# sin t dt 4a#
dz dt
# dx dt
b dy b dz dt dt dt
3
t1 b t# dt
`M `y
7 3
" x b y b z
`g `y
" x b y b z
b hw (z)
dx b dy b dz x b y b z

6.
`P `y " c #yz `N `z
,
`f `y
`M `z
0
`g `y
`P `x
`N `x
`M `y
M dx b N dy b T dz is exact;
`f `x
1 f(x y z)
x b g(y z) 7.
`M `z `f `z
z c y g(y z) c2yz b h(z) f(x y z) x c 2yz b h(z)
c y b hw (z) c y hw (z) 0 h(z) C f(x y z) x c 2yz b C z z

' 110 13 3 1

z dx c y dy c y dz f(10 3 3) c f(1 1 1) (10 c 2 3) c (1 c 2 1) 4 b 1 5 z
cy cos z y cos z
2
4 sina1b'0 asin2 t b cos2 tbdt 81 sina1b 8.

`P `y
dr ac2 sin tbi c a2 cos tbj 'C F dr '0 c cac2 sin tbasinac1bbac2 sin tb b a2 cos tbasinac1bbac2 cos tbd dt
1
2
`P `x
F is not conservative; r a2 cos tbi b a2 sin tbj c k, 0 t 21
`N `z
9. Let M 8x sin y and N c8y cos x

R
1
c1 # b 1 # 0 10. Let M y# and N x#

1
`M `y
2y and
`N `x
1
2x 'C y# dx b x# dy ' ' (2x c 2y) dx dy

R
16 3
'0
'02 (2r cos ) c 2r sin )) r dr d) '02
(cos ) c sin )) d) 0
11. Let z 1 c x c y fx (x y) c1 and fy (x y) c1 fx# b fy# b 1 3 Surface Area ' ' 3 dx dy

R
3(Area of the circular region in the xy-plane) 13 12. f c3i b 2yj b 2zk , p i k f k 9 b 4y# b 4z# and k f pk 3 r dr d)
R
" 3
1
#
13. f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk , p k k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2x# b y# b z# 2 and k f pk k2zk 2z since
R
1
R
" 2
c1 c r#
14. (a) f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk , p k k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 2x# b y# b z# 4 and k f pk 2z since
R R
#
4 2z
2 z
(b) r 2 cos ) dr c2 sin ) d); ds# r# d)# b dr# (Arc length in polar coordinates) ds# (2 cos ))# d)# b dr# 4 cos# ) d)# b 4 sin# ) d)# 4 d)# ds 2 d); the height of the cylinder is z 4 c r# 4 c 4 cos# ) 2 ksin )k 2 sin ) if 0 ) 1
1c
Surface Area
'
/2
/2 h ds 2 '0 (2 sin ))(2 d)) 8 2
z 0 Surface Area ' '
'02
"#
d) '0 1 c
2
d) 21 1 c
" 2
dA ' '
dA 2 '0
/2
'02 cos
2 4 c r
r dr d) 41 c 8
2 2z
" z
" 1 c x c y
z 0 Surface Area ' '
dA ' '
dA ' '
Surface Area ' '
9 b 4y b 4z 3
dy dz '0
'0
9 b 4r 3
'02
dx dy '0
' ' (8y sin x c 8x cos y) dy dx '0
`M `z
`P `x
`N `x
3x#
`M `y
F is conservative 8x cos y and

`N `x
'C F dr 0 'C 8x sin y dx c 8y cos x dy
/2
'0 /2
`M `y
8y sin x
(8y sin x c 8x cos y) dy dx '0 a1# sin x c 8xb dx

/2
7 9 4 21 c 4 d)
1 6
721 c 9
'01
" 1 c r
r dr d)

# # #
15. f(x y z)
x a
y b
z c
" 1 f " i b b j b " k k f k a" b a c

a b c
" b
" c
and p k k f pk
# # #
" c
since the area of the triangular region R is found by computing

" # kv
" #
ab. To check this result, let v ai b ck and w cai b bj; the area can be
w k.
16. (a) f 2yj c k , p k k f k 4y# b 1 and k f pk 1 d5 4y# b 1 dx dy

S R R
S
$
3 y 3
c y
" c"
c4
17. f 2yj b 2zk , p k k f k 4y# b 4z# 2y# b z# 10 and k f pk 2z since z 0 d5 10 dx dy 5 dx dy ' ' g(x y z) d5 ' ' ax% yb ay# b z# b 5 dx dy 2z z z
# #
' ' ax% yb (25) 255c y dx dy '0 '0

4
125y 25 c y
x dx dy '0
%
25y 25 c y
dy 50
18. Define the coordinate system so that the origin is at the center of the earth, the z-axis is the earth's axis (north is the positive z direction), and the xz-plane contains the earth's prime meridian. Let S denote the surface which is Wyoming so then S is part of the surface z aR# c x# c y# b
S Rxy
"#
. Let Rxy be the projection of S onto

# #
`z `z the xy-plane. The surface area of Wyoming is ' ' 1 d5 ' ' 1 b ` x b ` y dA
#
Rxy
Rxy
#)
(where )" and )# are the radian equivalent to 1043w and 1113w , respectively)
R sin 45
()# c )" )R# (cos 45 c cos 49) 97,751 sq. mi.
19. A possible parametrization is r(9 )) (6 sin 9 cos ))i b (6 sin 9 sin ))j b (6 cos 9)k (spherical coordinates); now 3 6 and z c3 c3 6 cos 9 cos 9 c " 9 21 and z 33 33 6 cos 9 cos 9
3 # # 3
1 6
1 6
20. A possible parametrization is r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j c r# k (cylindrical coordinates); now r x# b y# z c r# and c2 z 0 c2 c r# 0 4 r# 0 0 r 2 since r 0; also 0 ) 21
# # #
21. A possible parametrization is r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b (1 b r)k (cylindrical coordinates); now r x# b y# z 1 b r and 1 z 3 1 1 b r 3 0 r 2; also 0 ) 21 22. A possible parametrization is r(x y) xi b yj b 3 c x c y k for 0 x 2 and 0 y 2 #
")
' c R aR # c r # b
#) ")
"# R sin 49
' R aR# c R# sin# 45b

71 180
"#
c R aR# c R# sin# 49b

71 180
R# (cos 45 c cos 49)
21 3 ;
also 0 ) 21
")
#" #
x cx cy
# #
y R cx cy
R aR c x c y b
#)
' ' R
b 1 dA ' '
dA '
sin 49 'RRsin 45 R aR# c r# bc"# r dr d)
(3959)# (cos 45 c cos 49)
(b)
' ' g(x y z) d5 ' '
z 4y b 1
4y# b 1 dx dy '
' 1 3 ay$ c yb dy
1
3 y 4
y #
" c"
0
1 1
'03 ay# c 1b dx dy ' 11 3 ay# c 1b dy
"#
' ' g(x y z) d5 ' ' yz 4y# b 1 dx dy ' ' y ay# c 1b dx dy ' ' ay$ c yb dx dy 4y b 1 1 0
1 3
c
"
# "
# "
# "
since c 0 Surface Area ' '
dA c a" b
" b
" c
" ' ' dA # abc a" b b" b c" ,
d)

23. Let x u cos v and z u sin v, where u x# b z# and v is the angle in the xz-plane with the x-axis r(u v) (u cos v)i b 2u# j b (u sin v)k is a possible parametrization; 0 y 2 2u# 2 u# 1 0 u 1 since u 0; also, for just the upper half of the paraboloid, 0 v 1 24. A possible parametrization is 10 sin 9 cos ) i b 10 sin 9 sin ) j b 10 cos 9) k , 0 9 i 25. ru i b j , rv i c j b k ru rv " " Surface Area ' ' kru rv k du dv '0
Ruv
1 1
1 2
and
0)
1 #
j " c"
1
k 0 i c j c 2k kru rv k 6 " 6 du dv 6
1 1
'01
26.
' ' axy c z# b d5 ' ' c(u b v)(u c v) c v# d 6 du dv 6' ' au# c 2v# b du dv 0 0 0 0
" " " 2 6 '0 u c 2uv# dv 6 '0 3 c 2v# dv 6 < 3 v c 3 v$ ! c 3
$
" !
6 3
2 c3
i j k sin ) 0 27. rr (cos ))i b (sin ))j , r) (cr sin ))i b (r cos ))j b k rr r) cos ) cr sin ) r cos ) " (sin ))i c (cos ))j b rk krr r) k sin# ) b cos# ) b r# 1 b r# Surface Area ' ' krr r) k dr d)
r 2 1 b r# b " # !
1 1 1 1
'0
'0 1 b r# dr d) '0
1
ln r b 1 b r# d) '0 " 2 b #
"
2
" #
ln 1 b 2 d)
1 2 b ln 1 b 2
28.
' ' x# b y# b 1 d5 ' ' r# cos# ) b r# sin# ) b 1 1 b r# dr d) ' ' a1 b r# b dr d) 0 0 0 0

!
1
'0 r b r3 d) '0 29. 30. 31. 32. 33.

`P `y `P `y `P `y `P `y `f `x
`N `z
0 yez
x (x b yz)
`N `z `N `z
Not Conservative
`M `z
2 f(x y z) 2x b g(y z)
f(x y z) 2x b y# b zy b h(z) f(x y z) 2x b y# b zy b z b C 34.

`f `x
`g `f ` y ` y 2y b z `f w ` z y b h (z)
z cos xz f(x y z) sin xz b g(y z)

`f `z
`f `y
f(x y z) sin xz b ey b h(z) f(x y z) sin xz b ey b C
x cos xz b h (z) x cos xz hw (z) 0 h(z) C
cy (x b yz)
`P `x
`N `x
cz (x b yz)
`M `y
Conservative
g(y z) y# b zy b h(z) y b 1 hw (z) 1 h(z) z b C
`g `y w
ey g(y z) ey b h(z)
#&c #
#&c #
#&c #
c3zy ax b y b z b
# #
"
4 3
d)
`N `x
8 3
1
`M `y
`M `z
0
`N `z
`P `x
Conservative
`P `x
`M `z
c3xz ax b y b z b
`N `x
c3xy ax b y b z b
`M `y
Conservative
Rr

35. Over Path 1: r ti b tj b tk , 0 t 1 x t, y t, z t and dr (i b j b k) dt F 2t# i b j b t# k F dr a3t# b 1b dt Work '0 a3t# b 1b dt 2;
1 1
Over Path 2: r" ti b tj , 0 t 1 x t, y t, z 0 and dr" (i b j) dt F" 2t# i b j b t# k dr# k dt F# 2i b j b k F# dr# dt Work# '0 dt 1 Work Work" b Work#
1
F" dr" a2t# b 1b dt Work" '0 a2t# b 1b dt
5 3
; r# i b j b tk , 0 t 1 x 1, y 1, z t and
5 3
b1
8 3
36. Over Path 1: r ti b tj b tk , 0 t 1 x t, y t, z t and dr (i b j b k) dt F 2t# i b t# j b k Over Path 2: Since f is conservative, )C F dr 0 around any simple closed curve C. Thus consider
# "
F dr a3t# b 1b dt Work '0 a3t# b 1b dt 2;

1
from (1 1 1) to (! ! !). Now, from Path 1 above, 'C F dr c2 0 'curve F dr 'C F dr b (c2) 'C F dr 2
" " #
'curve
F dr 'C F dr b 'C F dr , where C" is the path from (0 0 0) to (1 1 0) to (" " ") and C# is the path
37. (a) r aet cos tb i b aet sin tb j x et cos t, y et sin t from (1 0) to ae21 0b 0 t 21 ect
#$ # # #$ # #
dr dt
aet cos t c et sin tb i b aet sin t b et cos tb j and F

# #
xi b yj ax b y b
aet cos tb i b aet sin tb j ae2t cos t b e2t sin tb
cos t i b sin t j F e2t e2t

xi b yj ax b y b
# #
dr dt
cost t c e
sin t cos t et
sin t et
sin t cos t et
Work '0 ect dt 1 c ec21 g(y z) C f(x y z) c ax# b y# b

c"#
#$ # # #$ # # #$ #
(b) F
f ae 0b c f(1 0) 1 c ec21 38. (a) F ax# zey b F is conservative (b)

1
'C F dr ' 1 0 0
j cy
6 7 ` `y
i 39. F ``x # y
Fn
6 7
i 40. F ``x # x b y n
" 2
j xby
` `y
` 8yi ; the circle lies in the plane f(x y z) y b z 0 with unit normal `z 4y# c z k
jb
" 2
k Fn0
)C
F dr ' ' F n d5 ' ' 0 d5 0

R R
dx dt
41. (a) r 2ti b 2tj b a4 c t# b k , 0 t 1 x 2t, y 2t, z 4 c t#

# # #
1
2,
dx b dy b dz dt 4 b 4t# dt M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 3t4 b 4t# dt < " (4 b 4t)$# ! dt dt dt 4

"
42 c 2
)C
F dr ' '
#$ #
y ax b y b 21
102
`f `x
x ax b y b
f(x y z) c ax# b y# b
c"#
b g(y z)
`f `y
y ax b y b
`g `y
is a potential function for F
'C F dr
)C F dr 0 for any closed path C
ax# zey b dr ax# zey bk "!#1 c ax# zey bk "!! 21 c 0 21
k ` ` z c2yk; unit normal to the plane is n 3z# y d5 ' ' 6 y 7 dA ' ' 2y dA '0 7 3
2i b 6j c 3k 4 b 36 b 9
2 7
ib 6 jc 3 k 7 7
k f k kfpk
2
y; p k and f(x y z) 2x b 6y c 3z k f pk 3 d5
2 1
dA
2 3
7 3
dA
'0 2r sin ) r dr d) '0
sin ) d) 0
dy dt
2,
dz dt
c2t

(b) M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 4 b 4t# dt t1 b t# b ln t b 1 b t# 2 b ln 1 b 2
1
" !
42. r ti b 2tj b 2 t$# k , 0 t 2 x t, y 2t, z 3

# # #
2 $# 3 t
dx dt
1,
dy dt
2,
2
dz dt
t"#
dx b dy b dz dt t b 5 dt M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 35 b t t b 5 dt dt dt dt '0 3(t b 5) dt 36; Myz 'C x$ ds '0 3t(t b 5) dt 38; Mxz 'C y$ ds '0 6t(t b 5) dt 76;
2 2 2
Mxy 'C z$ ds '0 2t$# (t b 5) dt

2
144 7
2 x
Myz M
38 36
19 18
,y
Mxz M
76 36
19 9
,z
Mxy M
144 2 7 36
4 7
2
# #
43. r ti b 2 3 2 t$# j b t# k , 0 t 2 x t, y
# # #
22 $# , 3 t
t #
dx dt
1,
dy dt
2 t"# ,
dz dt
dx b dy b dz dt 1 b 2t b t# dt (t b 1)# dt kt b 1k dt (t b 1) dt on the domain given. dt dt dt

" " Then M 'C $ ds '0 t b 1 (t b 1) dt '0 dt 2; Myz 'C x$ ds '0 t t b 1 (t b 1) dt '0 t dt 2;
2 2 2 2
" Mxz 'C y$ ds '0 2 3 2 t$# t b 1 (t b 1) dt '0

2
22 $# 3 t
dt
32 15
; Mxy 'C z$ ds
32 15 #
Iz 'C ay# b x# b $ ds '0 t# b 8 t$ dt 9

2
56 9 ;
Ix Rx M
232 45 #
229 3 5
y ; Ry M
64 15 #
Iz Rz M
56 9 #
2 7 3
44. z 0 because the arch is in the xy-plane, and x 0 because the mass is distributed symmetrically with respect to the y-axis; r(t) (a cos t)i b (a sin t)j , 0 t 1 ds dx b dy b dz dt dt dt dt (ca sin t)# b (a cos t)# dt a dt, since a 0; M 'C $ ds 'C (2a c y) ds '0 (2a c a sin t) a dt
4a c
# #
2a2 1 c 2a# ; Mxz 'C y$ dt 'C y(2a c y) ds '0 (a sin t)(2a c a sin t) dt '0 a2a# sin t c a# sin# tb dt
#
2a 1 c 2a
45. r(t) aet cos tb i b aet sin tb j b et k , 0 t ln 2 x et cos t, y et sin t, z et

dy dt
aet sin t b et cos tb,
dz dt
et dx b dy b dz dt dt dt dt
aet cos t c et sin tb# b aet sin t b et cos tb# b aet b# dt 3e2t dt 3 et dt; M 'C $ ds
3
#
3; Mxy 'C z$ ds '0

ln 2
ln 2
3 et aet b dt '0 3 e2t dt

ln 2
3 3 #
ln 2
Mxy M
Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 ae2t cos# t b e2t sin# tb 3 et dt '0 3 e3t dt 7 3 7 3 3 3
7 3 3
Iz Rz M
46. r(t) (2 sin t)i b (2 cos t)j b 3tk , 0 t 21 x 2 sin t, y 2 cos t, z 3t

dz dt
1
dx dt
2 cos t,
3 dx b dy b dz dt 4 b 9 dt 13 dt; M 'C $ ds '0 $ 13 dt 21$ 13; dt dt dt

# # #
2
t <c2a# cos t c a# 2 c
sin 2t 4
1 4a# c !
a 1 #
8c1 41 c 4
ax y zb 0 481c 14 0 c
dx dt
aet cos t c et sin tb ,
'0ln 2 3 et dt
;
3 #
1#
4 3 #
2 3
; Ix 'C ay# b z# b $ ds '0 8 t$ b t4 dt 9

2
" '0 t# tb1 (t b 1) dt '0

#
t #
dt
4 3
Myz M
2 #
1; y
Mxz M
16 15
;z
2
Mxy M 64 15
232 45
; Iy 'C ax# b z# b $ ds '0 t# b t4 dt

4 2 15
dy dt
c2 sin t,

Mxy 'C z$ ds '0 (3t) $ 13 dt 6$1# 13; Myz 'C x$ ds '0 (2 sin t) $ 13 dt 0;
#
Mxz 'C y$ ds '0 (2 cos t) $ 13 dt 0 x y 0 and z center of mass

1
2
Mxy M
47. Because of symmetry x y 0. Let f(x y z) x# b y# b z# 25 f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 10 and p k k f pk 2z, since z 0 M ' ' $ (x y z) d5 ' ' z 10 dA ' ' 5 dA 5(Area of the circular region) 801; Mxy ' ' z$ d5 ' ' 5z dA #z
R R R R
1 1
' ' 525 c x# c y# dx dy '0

R R
'0 525 c r# r dr d) '0

4
490 3
d)
Iz 1 Rz M 6401 22 80
48. On the face z 1: g(x y z) z 1 and p k g k k gk 1 and k g pk 1 d5 dA k gk 1 k g pk 1 d5 dA I ' ' ax# b y# b dA

R R
) 1
I ' ' ax# b y# b dA 2 '0
/4
'0sec
r$ dr d)
2 3
; On the face z 0: g(x y z) z 0 g k and p k

2 3
; On the face y 0: g(x y z) y 0

1
g j and p j k gk 1 k g pk 1 d5 dA I ' ' ax# b 0b dA '0

R
On the face y 1: g(x y z) y 1 g j and p j k gk 1 k g pk 1 d5 dA I ' ' ax# b 1# b dA '0

R
1
'01 ax# b 1b dx dz 4 ; On the face x 1: 3

R
g(x y z) x 1 g i and p i
1
k gk 1 k g pk 1 d5 dA I ' ' a1# b y# b dA '0 I ' ' a0# b y# b dA '0

R
1
'01 a1 b y# b dy dz 4 ; On the face 3
14 3
x 0: g(x y z) x 0 g i and p i k gk 1 k g pk 1 d5 dA
'01 y# dy dz 1 3
`M `x
1
Iz
`M `y
2 3
2 3
" 3
4 3
4 3
" 3
49. M 2xy b x and N xy c y
2y b 1,
2x,
`N `x
y,
`N `y
x c 1 Flux ' ' ` M b `x

R R
' ' (2y b 1 b x c 1) dy dx '0 ' ' (y c 2x) dy dx '0

R R
1
'01 (2y b x) dy dx 3 ; Circ ' ' #
`N c `x
`M `y
dx dy
'01 (y c 2x) dy dx c " #

`M `x
50. M y c 6x# and N x b y# ' ' (c12x b 2y) dx dy Circ ' ' ` N c `x
R R
`M `y
c12x,
`M `y
1,
`N `x
1,
`N `y
2y Flux ' ' ` M b `x

R
`N `y
'01 'y1 (c12x b 2y) dx dy '01 a4y# b 2y c 6b dy c 11 ; 3

R
`M `y
dx dy ' ' (1 c 1) dx dy 0
`N `x
51. M c cos y and N ln x sin y x ' ' `N c `x

R
`M `y
sin y x
and
sin y x
)C ln x sin y dy c
cos y x
dx
dx dy ' ' sin y c x

R
sin y x
dx dy 0
ax y zb 0 ! 49 ; Iz ' ' ax# b y# b $ d5 ' ' 5 ax# b y# b dx dy '0 12
6$1 13 2$113
31 (! ! 31) is the
980 3
2
1 z
980 1 3 801
49 12
'04 5r$ dr d) '02
320 d) 6401;
'01 x# dx dz " ; 3
`N `y
dx dy
dx dy

52. (a) Let M x and N y
R
`M `x
1,
`M `y
0,
`N `x
0,
`N `y
1 Flux ' ' ` M b `x

R
`N `y
dx dy
' ' (1 b 1) dx dy 2 ' ' dx dy 2(Area of the region)

R
(b) Let C be a closed curve to which Green's Theorem applies and let n be the unit normal vector to C. Let F xi b yj and assume F is orthogonal to n at every point of C. Then the flux density of F at every point of C is 0 since F n 0 at every point of C ` M b ` N 0 at every point of C `x `y Flux ' ' ` M b `x
R
`N `y
dx dy ' ' 0 dx dy 0. But part (a) above states that the flux is
R
2(Area of the region) the area of the region would be 0 contradiction. Therefore, F cannot be orthogonal to n at every point of C. 53.
` `x
(2xy) 2y,
` `y
(2yz) 2z,
` `z
(2xz) 2x F 2y b 2z b 2x Flux ' ' ' (2x b 2y b 2z) dV

D
1 1 1 1 1 1 '0 '0 '0 (2x b 2y b 2z) dx dy dz '0 '0 (1 b 2y b 2z) dy dz '0 (2 b 2z) dz 3
54.
` `x
(xz) z,
1
2
` `y
(yz) z,
#
` `z
(1) 0 F 2z Flux ' ' ' 2z r dr d) dz

D
#
1 1
2
55.
` `x
(c2x) c2,
c4'0 c 56.
` `x
1
2
7 12
b 2 d)
2 3 ` `y
2 3
1 7 c 82
` `z
(6x b y) 6,
D
(cx c z) 0,
(4yz) 4y F 6 b 4y; z x# b y# r
1
/2
/2 '0 (2 b sin )) d) 1 b 1
57. F yi b zj b xk F 0 Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' ' F dV 0

S D
58. F 3xz# i b yj c z$ k F 3z# b 1 c 3z# 1 Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' ' F dV
S
$ #
59. F xy# i b x# yj b yk F y# b x# b 0 Flux ' ' F n d5 ' ' ' F dV

# # # $
1
60. (a) F (3z b 1)k F 3 Flux across the hemisphere ' ' F n d5 ' ' ' F dV ' ' ' 3 dV 3 " 4 1a$ 21a$ 3 #
D S D
(b) f(x y z) x# b y# b z# c a# 0 f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k f k 4x# b 4y# b 4z# 4a# 2a since a 0 n 2xi b 2yaj b 2zk xi b yaj b zk F n (3z b 1) z ; p k f p f k 2z # a
' ' ' ax b y b dV '0
# c
'0
'0
16 x 2
'0
y 2
1 dz dy dx '
c 1616x 0
'0 '
1
Flux ' ' ' (6 b 4y) dV '0

1
'01 '0r (6 b 4r sin )) dz r dr d) '0 /2 '01 a6r# b 4r$ sin )b dr d)
dx x c
% x 48 !
8 3
r dz r dr d) '0
'0 2r
1
dr d) '0
D
" #
d) 1
x# b y# 1 Flux ' ' ' c4 dV c4 '0
'0
'0 '3
25
2z dz r dr d) '0 (c3y) c3,

` `z
'0 ra16 c r b dr d) '0

4
64 d) 1281
` `y
(z) 1 F c4; x# b y# b z# 2 and x# b y# z z 1
'01 'r
2 r
dz r dr d) c4 '0
'01 r2 c r# c r$ dr d)
Chapter 16 Additional and Advanced Exercises 1053

k f pk 2z since z 0 d5
kf k kfpk
2a 2z
dA
a z
dA
1
2 a
' ' F n d5 ' ' (3z b 1) z a dA a z

S Rxy
' ' (3z b 1) dx dy ' ' 3a# c x# c y# b 1 dx dy '0

Rxy
2
Rxy
'0 3a# c r# b 1 r dr d)
'0 a# b a$ d) 1a# b 21a$ , which is the flux across the hemisphere. Across the base we find F [3(0) b 1]k k since z 0 in the xy-plane n ck (outward normal) F n c1 Flux across the base ' ' F n d5 ' ' c1 dx dy c1a# . Therefore, the total flux across the closed surface is
S
# $ # $
#
a1a b 21a b c 1a 21a . CHAPTER 16 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES 1. dx (c2 sin t b 2 sin 2t) dt and dy (2 cos t c 2 cos 2t) dt; Area
" #
1
[6 c (6 cos t cos 2t b 6 sin t sin 2t)] dt
" #
2. dx (c2 sin t c 2 sin 2t) dt and dy (2 cos t c 2 cos 2t) dt; Area
" #
1
[2 c 2(cos t cos 2t c sin t sin 2t)] dt

" #
" #
3. dx cos 2t dt and dy cos t dt; Area

" #
1
x dy c y dx
" #
1
'0
csin t cos# t c (sin t) a2 cos# t c 1bd dt
'0
" #
ac sin t cos# t b sin tb dt

" #
4. dx (c2a sin t c 2a cos 2t) dt and dy (b cos t) dt; Area

" #
1
c2ab c 2ab cos# t sin t b 2ab(sin t) a2 cos# t c 1bd dt
" #
" #
<2abt c 2 ab cos$ t b 2ab cos t #1 21ab 3 !
5. (a) F(x y z) zi b xj b yk is 0 only at the point (0 0 0), and curl F(x y z) i b j b k is never 0 . (b) F(x y z) zi b yk is 0 only on the line x t, y 0, z 0 and curl F(x y z) i b j is never 0 . (c) F(x y z) zi is 0 only when z 0 (the xy-plane) and curl F(x y z) j is never 0 . 6. F yz# i b xz# j b 2xyzk and n
#
cz R
x# b y# b z# R# x# b x# b 2x# R# 4x# R# x R R c # # c R R # #
2R # , 2R # ,
c R c R # # c R R c # #
7. Set up the coordinate system so that (a b c) (0 R 0) $ (x y z) x# b (y c R)# b z# x# b y# b z# c 2Ry b R# 2R# c 2Ry ; let f(x y z) x# b y# b z# c R# and p i f 2xi b 2yj b 2zk k f k 2x# b y# b z# 2R d5
kf k kfik
and 2xyz
yz x
xz y
2xy y# x# y x and z#
R # 2R # , 2R # 2R # ,
c R c R c # #
x i b y j b zk x b y b z
# #
x i b y j b zk R
, so F is parallel to n when yz#

c R
R c R # #
'0 2 " '0 #

2
)C
ca2ab cos# t c ab cos t sin 2tb c ac2ab sin# t c 2ab sin t cos 2tbd dt
)C
'0 2 " '0 #

2
[(2 cos t b cos 2t)(2 cos t c 2 cos 2t) c (2 sin t c sin 2t)(c2 sin t c 2 sin 2t)] dt
'02
(2 c 2 cos 3t) dt
'02 2 " '0 #
[(2 cos t c cos 2t)(2 cos t c 2 cos 2t) c (2 sin t c sin 2t)(c2 sin t b 2 sin 2t)] dt
Rxy
" #
)C x dy c y dx
'02
(6 c 6 cos t) dt 61
" #
)C
x dy c y dx
" #
<2t c
2 3
sin 3t ! 21
#1
'0
" sin 2t cos t c sin t cos 2t dt #

" # " " < 3 cos$ t c cos t 1 c 3 b 1 ! 2 3
x dy c y dx
'02
a2ab b 2ab cos# t sin t c 2ab sin tb dt
cx R
, xz#
cy R
2x# z 2x. Also,

2R # , 2R # ,
. Thus the points are: R R # # R c R c # #
2R # ,
dz dy
2R 2x
dz dy

# # # # #
Mass ' ' $ (x y z) d5 ' ' 2R# c 2Ry R dz dy R ' ' x

S Ryz Ryz
#
#
2R c 2Ry R c y c z
#
dz dy
i j k sin ) 0 8. r(r )) (r cos ))i b (r sin ))j b )k , 0 r 1, 0 ) 21 rr r) cos ) cr sin ) r cos ) " (sin ))i c (cos ))j b rk krr r) k 1 b r# ; $ 2x# b y# 2r# cos# ) b r# sin# ) 2r
S
2 a1 b r # b 3
41 3
2 2 c 1
`M `x
9. M x# b 4xy and N c6y

b
2x b 4y and
'0 aa# b 4ay c 6ab dy a# b b 2ab# c 6ab. We want to minimize f(a b) a# b b 2ab# c 6ab ab(a b 2b c 6). Thus, fa (a b) 2ab b 2b# c 6b 0 and fb (a b) a# b 4ab c 6a 0 b(2a b 2b c 6) 0 b 0 or b ca b 3. Now b 0 a# c 6a 0 a 0 or a 6 (0 0) and (6 0) are critical points. On the other hand, b ca b 3 a# b 4a(ca b 3) c 6a 0 c3a# b 6a 0 a 0 or a 2 (0 3) and (# ") are also critical points. The flux at (0 0) 0, the flux at (6 0) 0, the flux at (0 3) 0 and the flux at (2 1) c4. Therefore, the flux is minimized at (2 1) with value c4. 10. A plane through the origin has equation ax b by b cz 0. Consider first the case when c 0. Assume the plane is given by z ax b by and let f(x y z) x# b y# b z# 4. Let C denote the circle of intersection of the plane with the sphere. By Stokes's Theorem, )C F dr ' ' F n d5 , where n is a unit normal to the plane. Let S i j k r(x y) xi b yj b (ax b by)k be a parametrization of the surface. Then rx ry " 0 a cai c bj b k 0 " b i j k ai b k ` ` # b b# b 1 dx dy. Also, F ` d5 krx ry k dx dy a ` x ` y ` z i b j b k and n abb jbcb 1 z x y ' ' F n d5 ' ' a b b c 1 a# b b# b 1 dx dy ' ' (a b b c 1) dx dy (a b b c 1) ' ' dx dy. Now
S
# # #
`N `x
c6 Flux '0
'0a (2x b 4y c 6) dx dy
Rxy
a b b b 1
# # #
Rxy
#
Rxy
x b y b (ax b by) 4
b a 4 1 x#
b b 4 1 y#
ab xy #
a b1 4
#
1 the region Rxy is the interior of the

ab #
ellipse Ax# b Bxy b Cy# 1 in the xy-plane, where A

(a b b c 1) a bb b1
# # # # #
a b b c 1 0, or a c b# b (b c a) 0 a b b c 1 0, or (a c b)(a b b c 1) 0 a b b c 1 0 or a b. The critical values a b b c 1 0 give a saddle. If a b, then 0 b# b 1 b a c ab a# b 1 b a c a# 0 a c1 b c1. Thus, the point (a b) (c1 c1) gives a local extremum for )C F dr z cx c y x b y b z 0 is the desired plane, if c 0. Note: Since h(c1 c1) is negative, the circulation about n is clockwise, so cn is the correct pointing normal for
`H `b
2(a b b c 1) aa b 1 b b c abb aa b b b 1 b 2 #
0 a b b c 1 0, or b# b 1 b a c ab 0 and a# b 1 b b c ab 0
Thus we optimize H(a b)
`H à
2(a b b c 1) ab b 1 b a c abb aa b b b 1 b 2
0 and
Section 10.3, the area of the ellipse is
21 4AC c B
41 a b b b 1
)C F dr h(a b)
,B
, and C
b b1 4
. By Exercise 47 in .
41(a b b c 1) a b b b 1
Mass ' ' $ (x y z) d5 '0
'01 2r1 b r# dr d) '02
21R' R 2R2 c 2Ry dy 21R c1 a2R2 c 2Ryb 3R

R 3/2
c#
R 4R ' R '0
2R c 2Ry R c y c z
R dz dy 4R ' R 2R2 c 2Ry sinc1 R zc y

2 2
0 R
161R 3
$# "
d) '0
c#
dy
2 3
22 c 1 d)

the counterclockwise circulation. Thus ' ' F (cn) d5 actually gives the maximum circulation.
S
If c 0, one can see that the corresponding problem is equivalent to the calculation above when b 0, which does not lead to a local extreme. 11. (a) Partition the string into small pieces. Let ?i s be the length of the ith piece. Let (xi yi ) be a point in the ith piece. The work done by gravity in moving the ith piece to the x-axis is approximately Wi (gxi yi ?i s)yi where xi yi ?i s is approximately the mass of the ith piece. The total work done by gravity in moving the string to the x-axis is D Wi D gxi yi# ?i s Work 'C gxy# ds
i i
1# !
1 1
/2 /2 Work 'C gxy# ds '0 g(2 cos t) a4 sin# tb4 sin# t b 4 cos# t dt 16g '0 cos t sin# t dt
(b)
16g sin t 3
$
16 3
'C x(xy) ds 'C y(xy) ds (c) x ' and y ' ; the mass of the string is 'C xy ds and the weight of the string is xy ds xy ds C C
g 'C xy ds. Therefore, the work done in moving the point mass at ax yb to the x-axis is W g 'C xy ds y g 'C xy# ds
16 3
g.
12. (a) Partition the sheet into small pieces. Let ?i 5 be the area of the ith piece and select a point (xi yi zi ) in the ith piece. The mass of the ith piece is approximately xi yi ?i 5 . The work done by gravity in moving the ith piece to the xy-plane is approximately (gxi yi ?i 5 )zi gxi yi zi ?i 5 Work ' ' gxyz d5.
c
(b)
' ' gxyz d5 g ' ' xy(1 c x c y)1 b (c1)# b (c1)# dA 3g ' ' 0 0
1
1 x
axy c x# y c xy# b dy dx
Rxy
"cx " " " " " " 3g '0 < " xy# c # x# y# c 3 xy$ ! dx 3g '0 < 6 x c # x# b # x$ c 6 x% dx 2
1 1
" " " 3g < 12 x# c 6 x$ b 6 x% c
" 30
x& ! 3g 1"# c
"
" 30
(c) The center of mass of the sheet is the point ax y zb where z

S
3g 20 Mxy M
with Mxy ' ' xyz d5 and

S
M ' ' xy d5. The work done by gravity in moving the point mass at ax y zb to the xy-plane is gMz gM Mxy gMxy ' ' gxyz d5 M
S
3g 20
13. (a) Partition the sphere x# b y# b (z c 2)# 1 into small pieces. Let ?i 5 be the surface area of the ith piece and let (xi yi zi ) be a point on the ith piece. The force due to pressure on the ith piece is approximately w(4 c zi )?i 5. The total force on S is approximately D w(4 c zi )?i 5. This gives the actual force to be
' ' w(4 c z) d5.

S
(b) The upward buoyant force is a result of the k-component of the force on the ball due to liquid pressure. The force on the ball at (x y z) is w(4 c z)(cn) w(z c 4)n , where n is the outer unit normal at (x y z). Hence the k-component of this force is w(z c 4)n k w(z c 4)k n . The (magnitude of the) buoyant force on the ball is obtained by adding up all these k-components to obtain ' ' w(z c 4)k n d5.
S S D D
(c) The Divergence Theorem says ' ' w(z c 4)k n d5 ' ' ' div(w(z c 4)k) dV ' ' ' w dV, where D is x# b y# b (z c 2)# 1 were to occupy the region D.
' ' w(z c 4)k n d5 w ' ' ' 1 dV 4 1w, the weight of the fluid if it 3
S D

14. The surface S is z x# b y# from z 1 to z 2. Partition S into small pieces and let ?i 5 be the area of the ith piece. Let (xi yi zi ) be a point on the ith piece. Then the magnitude of the force on the ith piece due to liquid pressure is approximately Fi w(2 c zi )?i 5 the total force on S is approximately
i S
1
2
Rxy
1
Rxy
4 21 w 3
15. Assume that S is a surface to which Stokes's Theorem applies. Then )C E dr ' ' ( E) n d5
` ' ' c ` B n d5 c ` t `t
' ' B n d5. Thus the voltage around a loop equals the negative of the rate
S
of change of magnetic flux through the loop. 16. According to Gauss's Law, ' ' F n d5 41GmM for any surface enclosing the origin. But if F H
S
then the integral over such a closed surface would have to be 0 by the Divergence Theorem since div F 0. 17.
)C
f g dr ' ' (f g) n d5
S S S S
(Stokes's Theorem) (Section 16.8, Exercise 19b) (Section 16.7, Equation 8)
' ' (f g b f g) n d5 ' ' [(f)(0) b f g] n d5 ' ' ( f g) n d5
18. F" F# (F# c F" ) 0 F# c F" is conservative F# c F" f; also, F" F# (F# c F" ) 0 # f 0 (so f is harmonic). Finally, on the surface S, f n (F# c F" ) n F# n c F" n 0. Now, (f f) f f b f # f so the Divergence Theorem gives
' ' ' k f k# dV b ' ' ' f # f dV ' ' ' (f f) dV ' ' f f n d5 0, and since # f 0 we have ' ' ' k f k# dV b 0 0 ' ' ' kF# c F" k # dV 0 F# c F" 0 F# F" , as claimed.
D D D D D S
i 19. False; let F yi b xj 0 F ``x (y) b ``y (x) 0 and F ``x x
j
` `y
k ` ` z 0i b 0j b 0k 0 0
20. kru rv k# kru k# krv k# sin# ) kru k# krv k# a1 c cos# )b kru k# krv k# c kru k# krv k# cos# ) kru k# krv k# c (ru rv )# kru rv k# EG c F# d5 kru rv k du dv EG c F# du dv 21. r xi b yj b zk r 1 b 1 b 1 3 ' ' r n d5, by the Divergence Theorem
" 3
' ' ' r dV 3 ' ' ' dV 3V V " ' ' ' r dV 3
D D D
' ' 2 w 2 c x# b y# dA '0
'12 2w(2 c r) r dr d) '02
2w <r# c " r$ # d) ' 3 " 0
22w 3
d)
D Fi D w(2 c zi )?i 5 the actual force is ' ' w(2 c z) d5 ' ' w 2 c x# b y# 1 b
x x by
y x by
dA

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CHAPTER 16 INTEGRATION IN VECTOR FIELDS

7. r at# c 1b j b 2tk y t# c 1 and z 2t y

'C f(x y z) ds '0 f(t 1 c t 0) dr dt '0 (1) 2 dt 2 t 2 dt

10. r(t) ti b (1 c t)j b k , 0 t 1 t c (1 c t) b 1 c 2 2t c 2

'C f(x y z) ds '01 (2t c 2) 2 dt 2 ct# c 2td " c2 !

11. r(t) 2ti b tj b (2 c 2t)k , 0 t 1

(2t)t b t b (2 c 2t) 'C f(x y z) ds '0 a2t# c t b 2b 3 dt 3 < 2 t$ c " t# b 2t ! 3 2 c 3 # 3

(c4 sin t)i b (4 cos t)j b 3k

13. r(t) (i b 2j b 3k) b t(ci c 3j c 2k) (1 c t)i b (2 c 3t)j b (3 c 2t)k , 0 t 1 dr dt

'0 (6 c 6t) 14 dt 614 t c t2 614 " 314 # 14. r(t) ti b tj b tk , 1 t _

_ " 'C f(x y z) ds '1 3t 3 3 dt < c 1 " lim c b b 1 1 t

dr 16 sin# t b 16 cos# t b 9 5; x# b y# 16 cos# t b 16 sin# t 4 dt

'C f(x y z) ds ' 22 (4)(5) dt

Chapter 16 Integration in Vector Fields

15. C" : r(t) ti b t# j , 0 t 1

i b 2tj dr 1 b 4t# ; x b y c z# t b t# c 0 t b ktk 2t dt

$# since t 0 'C f(x y z) ds '0 2t1 b 4t# dt " a" b 4t# b 6

'C f(x y z) ds b 'C f(x y z) ds 16. C" : r(t) tk , 0 t 1

'C f(x y z) ds '0 a2 c t# b (1) dt <2t c " t$ ! 2 c 3

; therefore 'C f(x y z) ds

'C f(x y z) ds '0 act# b (1) dt c t3 c " ; 3 C# : r(t) tj b k, 0 t 1

" 'C f(x y z) ds '0 t c 1 (1) dt < 2 t$# c t ! 3

'C f(x y z) ds '0 (t)(1) dt t2 c" 6

'C f(x y z) ds 'C

'C f(x y z) ds 'ab 1t 3 dt 3 ln ktk b 3 ln b , since 0  a b a

18. r(t) (a cos t) j b (a sin t) k , 0 t 21 cx# b z# c0 b a# sin# t

(ca sin t) j b (a cos t) k dr a# sin# t b a# cos# t kak ; dt

ca# cos td ! c ca# cos td 1 ca# (c1) c a# d c ca# c a# (c1)d c4a#

21. r(t) (2 cos t) i b (2 sin t) j , 0 t

1 b a1 c tb# dt ' a1 c tb b 1 a1 c tb4 dt c " a1 c tb2 c 4 # 0

(c2 sin t) i b (2 cos t) j dr 2; f(x y) f(2 cos t 2 sin t) dt

(2 cos t) i b (c2 sin t) j dr 2; f(x y) f(2 sin t 2 cos t) dt

1 a4 sin# t c 2 cos t b (2) dt c4t c 2 sin 2t c 4 sin td 0 %

20. r(t) a1 c tbi b 1 a1 c tb2 j, 0 t 1 dr 1 b a1 c tb# ; f(x y) f a1 c tb 1 a1 c tb2 # dt #

Section 16.1 Line Integrals

2tj b 2k dr 2t# b 1; M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 $ (t) 2t# b 1 dt dt

3/2 '0 3 t 2t# b 1 dt at# b 1b 2$# c 1 22 c 1 # " !

24. r(t) at# c 1b j b 2tk , c1 t 1 dr 2tj b 2k dt dr 2t# b 1; M ' $ (x y z) ds

' 1 15at# c 1b b 2 2t# b 1 dt

c 48 c 3 ; Myz 'C x$ (x y z) ds 'C 0 $ ds 0 x 0; z 0 by symmetry (since $ is 80 5

independent of z) (x y z) ! c 3 0 5 25. r(t) 2t i b 2t j b a4 c t# b k , 0 t 1

(a) M 'C $ ds '0 (3t) 21 b t# dt 2 a1 b t# b (b)

" 1 M 'C $ ds '0 (1) 21 b t# dt t1 b t# b ln t b 1 b t# 2 b ln 1 b 2 c (0 b ln 1) !

2 b ln 1 b 2 26. r(t) ti b 2tj b 2 t$# k , 0 t 2 3

# M 'C $ ds '0 35 b t 5 b t dt '0 3(5 b t) dt < 3 (5 b t)# ! 2

27. Let x a cos t and y a sin t, 0 t 21. Then

dx b dy b dz dt a dt; Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 aa# sin# t b a# cos# tb a$ dt dt dt dt

28. r(t) tj b (2 c 2t)k , 0 t 1

Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 a0# b t# b $ 5 dt $ 5 t3

4(2)&# b 4 (2)(# 162 b 7

1000 Chapter 16 Integration in Vector Fields

(c sin t)i b (cos t)j b k dr sin# t b cos# t b 1 2; dt

(b) M 'C $ (x y z) ds '0 $ 2 dt 41$ 2 and Iz 'C ax# b y# b $ ds '0 $ 2 dt 41$ 2

30. r(t) (t cos t)i b (t sin t)j b

Mxy 'C z$ ds '0 2 3 2 t$# (t b 1) dt

" dr (t b 1)# t b 1 for 0 t 1; M 'C $ ds '0 (t b 1) dt < " (t b 1)# ! dt 2

(cos t c t sin t)i b (sin t b t cos t)j b 2t k

'0 t&# b t$# dt 22 3

322 105 " 4

< 2 t(# b 2 t&# " 7 5 !

'0 at# cos# t b t# sin# tb (t b 1) dt '0 at$ b t# b dt t4 b t3

Ix also dr 1; Ix 'C ay# b z# b $ ds '0 acos# t b sin# tb (2 c sin t) dt '0 (2 c sin t) dt 21 c 2 Rx M dt

i b 2 t"# j b tk dr 1 b 2t b t# (1 b t)# 1 b t for dt ; Mxy 'C z$ ds '

'C f(x y z) ds 'ab 1t 3 dt 3 ln ktk b 3 ln b , since 0 a b a