Loc Va Bu Cong Suat Phan Khang

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.
vn

0

I HC THI NGUYN
TRNG I HC K THUT CNG NGHIP
----------------------------------------

NGUYN VN SN

NGHIN CU B LC V B CNG SUT PHN
KHNG DNG THIT B IN T CNG SUT

CHUYN NGNH: THIT B, MNG V NH MY IN

LUN VN THC S KHOA HC

NGI HNG DN KHOA HC: PGS.TS BI QUC KHNH

THI NGUYN - 2009

S ha bi Trung tm Hc liu i hc Thi Nguyn http://www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn

1
LI CAM OAN

Ti l Nguyn Vn Sn, hc vin lp Cao hc Thit b mng v Nh my
in, Kha 2007-2009. Sau hai nm hc tp v nghin cu ti Khoa Sau i hc
Trng i hc K thut cng nghip Thi Nguyn, Ti quyt nh la chn v
thc hin ti Nghin cu b lc v b cng sut phn khng dng thit b in
t cng sut.
Ti xin cam oan bn lun vn ny c thc hin bi chnh bn thn mnh
di s hng dn ca PGS.TS. Bi Quc Khnh, cng vi cc ti liu c
trch dn trong phn ti liu tham kho phn cui bn lun vn.

Thi Nguyn, ngy 29 thng 7 nm 2009
Hc vin

Nguyn Vn Sn


2
MC LC
Li cam oan............................................................................................... ..............1
Mc lc...............................................................................................................2
Danh mc cc k hiu, cc ch vit tt...3
Danh mc cc bng...................................................................................................4
Danh mc cc hnh v, th...................................................................................5
Li ni u...............................................................................10
Chng 1. Tng quan v sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng...............12
1.1. t vn .....12
1.2. Tng quan v sng iu ha.............12
1.3. Tng quan v cng sut phn khng..24
1.4. Kt lun..27
Chng 2. Cc b lc sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng.....................28
2.1. Cc b lc sng iu ha...28
2.2. Cc phng php b cng sut phn khng .....40
2.3. Kt lun..47
Chng 3. Thit k b lc tch cc v b cng sut phn khng dng chnh lu
PWM....48
3.1. Khi qut chung v chnh lu PWM...48
3.2. ng dng chnh lu PWM lm b lc tch cc51
3.3. Cu trc mch lc sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng dng chnh
lu PWM......59
3.4. Kt lun.........63
Chng 4.Thit k b lc tch cc v b CSPK cho ti b m nhm 5000A,24V.64
4.1. t vn .......64
4.2. Phn tch nh hng ca ti b m ln li in....66
4.3. Thit k b lc cho ngun b m....77
4.4. Kho st mch lc vi ngun b m...85
4.5. Kt lun chung.....96


3

DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT
AF Active Filter
AFS Active Filter Series
CSI Current Source Inverter
CSPK Cng sut phn khng
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
FACT Flexible AC Transmission
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
PLL Phase Locked Loop
SSSC Static Synchronous Series Controllers
STATCOM Static Synchronous Compensator
SVC Static Var Compensation
TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation
UPQC Unified Power Quality Controller
VSI Voltage Source Inverter


4
DANH MC CC BNG
Bng 1.1
Tiu chun IEEE std 519 v gii hn nhiu in p.
Bng 1.2
Tiu chun IEEE std 519 v gii hn nhiu dng in cho h thng
phn phi chung (t 120V n 69KV).
Bng 1.3 Tiu chun IEC cho thit b c dng u vo mi pha trn 75 A.
Bng 4.1
T l cc thnh phn dng iu ha trong dng in ngun.
Bng 4.2
Bin thin dng in vi cc thnh phn sng iu ha.
Bng 4.3
Gi tr cc thnh phn sng iu ha trong dng in ngun.


5
DANH MC CC HNH V, TH
Hnh 1.1
Dng sng sin v dng sng iu ha.
Hnh 1.2 Phn tch F
n

thnh a
n
v b
n
Hnh1.3 Ph ca sng iu ha

Hnh 1.4 M hnh chnh lu cu mt pha khng iu khin
Hnh 1.5
Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu mt pha khng iu
khin.
Hnh 1.6 Ph dng in chnh lu cu mt pha.
Hnh 1.7 S nguyn l chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin.
Hnh 1.8 M hnh chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin.
Hnh 1.9
Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu
khin.
Hnh 1.10 Ph dng in chnh lu cu ba mt pha khng iu khin.
Hnh 1.11 S nguyn l chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin.
Hnh 1.12 M hnh b chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin
Hnh 1.13 Dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha khi gc iu khin l 3
0
0
Hnh 1.14 Ph dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha vi gc iu khin l 3
0
0
Hnh 1.15 Dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha khi gc iu khin l 9
0
0
Hnh 1.16 Ph dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha vi gc iu khin l 9
0
0
Hnh 2.1 B lc RC
Hnh 2.2 B lc LC
Hnh 2.3
Mch chnh lu 12 xung khng c b lc
Hnh 2.4
Kt qu thu c dng dng v p
Hnh 2.5
Ph ca in p ti B1
Hnh 2.6
B lc th ng
Hnh 2.7
Ph in p ti B1
Hinh 2.8
Cu trc mch lc tch cc VSI
Hnh 2.9
Cu trc mch lc tch cc CSI


6
Hnh 2.10
Cu hnh b lc tch cc song song
Hnh 2.11
S nguyn l b lc tch cc song song AF
Hnh 2.12
Cu hnh b lc tch cc ni tip (AFs)
Hnh 2.13
S nguyn l b lc ni tip
Hnh 2.14
Mch lc tch cc 3 dy
Hnh 2.15
Mch lc tch cc 4 dy c im gia
Hnh 2.16
Mch lc tch cc 4 dy
Hnh 2.17
Thit b lc hn hp
Hnh 2.18
S cu trc UPQC
Hnh 2.19
S cu trc SSSC
Hnh 2.20
S cu trc TCSC
Hnh 2.21
S cu trc SVC
Hnh 2.22
S cu trc Statcom
Hnh 2.23
S nguyn l hot ng ca Stacom
Hnh 2.24
Nguyn l b ca b b tch cc.
Hnh 2.25
Trng thi hp th cng sut ca b b
Hnh 2.26
Trng thi pht cng sut phn khng ca b b
Hnh 3.1
S mch lc chnh lu PWM
Hnh 3.2
S thay th mt pha chnh lu PWM
Hnh 3.3
Gin vect chnh lu PWM
Hnh 3.4
Gin vect chnh lu PWM: a. Khi i
L
trng u
L
.
b. Khi i
L
ngc u
L
.
Hnh 3.5
Cu trc iu khin vng h chnh lu PWM vi chc nng lc
tch cc.
Hnh 3.6
Cu trc iu khin vng kn chnh lu PWM vi chc nng lc
tch cc.
Hnh 3.7
Phng php FFT
Hnh 3.8
Thut ton xc nh dng b trong h dq


7
Hnh 3.9
Thut ton la chn sng iu ha cn b trong h dq
Hnh 3.10
M hnh b lc tch cc theo l thuyt p-q.
Hnh 3.11
Thut ton iu khin da trn l thuyt p-q.
Hnh 3.12
Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM lm b lc tch cc.
Hnh 3.13
S m t phng php iu khin bang-bang
Hnh 3.14
iu khin pht xung cho pha A b lc tch cc
Hnh 3.15 S m t iu khin dng in pha A

Hnh 4.1 S h thng b m.

Hnh 4.2 Gii php lc s dng b b tng

Hnh 4.3 Gii php b st nt ph ti

Hnh 4.4 H thng cp ngun cho b m
Hnh 4.5 M hnh h thng iu khin
Hnh 4.6 Ngun xoay chiu 3 pha

Hnh 4.7 M hnh mch lc ca ti phi tuyn

Hnh 4.8 M hnh b chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin.
Hnh 4.9 M hnh ti b m.
Hnh 4.10 c tnh bin thin ca sc in ng b m

Hnh 4.11 S khu iu khin dng in ti.

Hnh 4.12 Khi tnh ton cng sut

Hnh 4.13 M hnh khu o dng in xoay chiu 3 pha
Hnh 4.14 M hnh khu o in p xoay chiu 3 pha
Hnh 4.15 M hnh khi hin thi tham s

Hnh 4.16 th in p ngun cp cho ti

Hnh 4.17 Dng in pha ngun cp cho ti

Hnh 4.18 Dng in ngun pha A
Hnh 4.19 Phn tch sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A ti E=8 (V)

Hnh 4.20
Phn tch sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A ti
E=16 (V)

Hnh 4.21 Phn tch sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A ti E=22 (V)


8
Hnh 4.22 Thnh phn iu ha bc 5 ca dng in ngun pha A.
Hnh 4.23 Thnh phn iu ha bc 7 ca dng in ngun pha A.

Hnh 4.24 H s cng sut khi cha c mch lc

Hnh 4.25 Dng in v in p ngun pha A

Hnh 4.26 S nguyn l mch lc c s dng b.

Hnh 4.27 M hnh khi tnh ton dng b chun.

Hnh 4.28 Khi chuyn in p trong h abc sang o| .

Hnh 4.29 Khi chuyn dng trong h abc sang o|

Hnh 4.30 Khi tnh ton cng sut p, q

Hnh 4.31 Khi tnh ton cng sut n nh in p trn t.

Hnh 4.32 Khi tnh ton cng sut b cung cp bi mch lc

Hnh 4.33 Khi tnh ton dng b trong h o|

Hnh 4.34 Khi tnh ton dng b trong h abc

Hnh 4.35 Khi pht xung cho b nghch lu

Hnh 4.36
S h thng iu khin b m c b trong trng hp in p
ngun l tng

Hnh 4.37 Ngun l tng cp cho ti
Hnh 4.38 Dng in ngun sau khi mch lc tc ng

Hnh 4.39 Dng in ngun pha A sau khi mch lc tc ng.

Hnh 4.40
Phn tch sng iu ha dng in pha A ti E=8(V) khi mch lc
tc ng

Hnh 4.41
Phn tch sng iu ha dng in pha A ti E=16 (V) khi mch
lc tc ng
Hnh 4.42
Phn tch sng iu ha dng in pha A ti E=22 (V) khi mch
lc tc ng.

Hnh 4.43
Thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5 trc v sau khi mch lc tc
ng.

Hnh 4.44
Thnh phn sng iu ha bc 7 trc v sau khi mch lc tc
ng.

Hnh 4.45
Cng sut ngun trc v sau khi mch lc tc ng
Hnh 4.46 Cng sut mch lc trc v sau khi tc ng.
Hnh 4.47
H s cng sut sau khi mch lc tc ng.


9
Hnh 4.48
Dng in, in p ngun pha A sau khi mch lc tc ng

Hnh 4.49
in p ngun khng cn bng.

Hnh 4.50
Dng in ngun trong trng hp in p ngun khng cn bng

Hnh 4.51
Sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A

Hnh 4.52 Cu trc mch PLL

Hnh 4.53 S h thng iu khin b m c b

Hnh 4.54 Dng in ngun sau khi lc dng PLL trong trng hp in p
ngun khng cn bng.

Hnh 4.55 Sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A


10

LI NI U.
Vi s pht trin khng ngng ca t nc. in nng cung cp cho ph ti
khng ch phi m bo yu cu v s lng m cht lng in nng cng phi
c m bo. Trong iu kin vn hnh, truyn ti in nng, do trn li c nhiu
phn t phi tuyn dn ti lm xut hin cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao. Cc
thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao ny gy ra nhiu tc hi nghim trng nh lm
tng tn hao, lm gim h s cng sut, nh hng ti cc thit b tiu dng in,
lm gim cht lng in nng... Do cc thnh phn dng iu ha bc cao trn
li phi m bo mt s tiu chun gii hn cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao. Hin
nay, nc ta cha c mt tiu chun no i vi thnh phn iu ha bc cao cho
php trn li nhng trn th gii c nhiu tiu chun v sng iu ha bc cao
trn li nh tiu chun IEEE std 519, tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4vic tun theo
cc tiu chun ny l bt buc m bo cht lng in nng.
Gii php hn ch sng iu ha bc cao trn li c nhiu gii php khc
nhau, mt trong s l s dng b lc tch cc. B lc tch cc da trn thit b
in t cng sut v iu khin thc hin nhiu chc nng khc nhau. V vy,
sau 2 nm hc tp v nghin cu ti la chn ti l Nghin cu b lc v b
cng sut phn khng dng thit b in t cng sut.
Ni dung lun vn i vo xy dng cu trc lc v thut iu khin lc
sng iu ha bc cao v nng cao h s cng sut cho ngun b m. thc hin,
ni dung lun vn cn gii quyt cc yu cu sau:
- Nghin cu ti b m, nh gi cc thnh phn dng in bc cao sinh bi b
m ln li.


11
- Nghin cu l thuyt b lc t xy dng cu trc v thut iu khin cho b
lc tch cc.
- nh gi cht lng dng in trn li sau khi s dng b lc. Cht lng
dng sau khi lc phi m bo nm trong tiu chun cho php.
Cc yu cu s c lm r v gii quyt trong lun vn. Cc vn c
trnh by trong bn chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng
Chng 2: Cc b lc sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng
Chng 3: Thit k b lc tch cc v b cng sut phn khng dng chnh
lu PWM.
Chng 4: Thit k b lc tch cc v b cng sut phn khng cho ti b m
nhm 5000A, 24V
Trong qu trnh thc hin lun vn, c s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio
PGS.TS. Bi Quc Khnh cng vi s c gng ca bn thn, nay hon thnh.
Tuy nhin bn bn lun vn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st, tc gi knh mong
nhn c s gp v nhn xt ca cc thy c gio v cc bn c hon thin
hn.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n Trung tm nghin cu & trin khai Cng ngh
cao, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni, Khoa Sau i hc, Trng i hc K thut
cng nghip Thi Nguyn gip ti trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu.
Ti xin by t s bit n chn thnh ca mnh ti thy gio PGS.TS. Bi
Quc Khnh tn tnh hng dn v to iu kin ti hon thnh bn lun vn
ny.


12
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V SNG IU HA V B CNG SUT PHN KHNG

1.1. t vn .
Cht lng in nng bao gm tn s, in p. Tn s l thng s mang tnh
h thng hu nh c gi n nh. Mt ch tiu cht lng quan trng ca in p
l thnh phn sng hi. Trc y thnh phn sng hi khng c ch n v yu
cu cht lng in cha cao, mt khc cc thit b gy ra sng hi cn t. Hin nay
cht lng in yu cu cao hn, cc thit b in t cng sut ln s dng nhiu,
dn ti tng t l sng iu ha so vi sng c bn.
Cc thit b s dng in hot ng tt nht nu cht lng in m bo.
Tn s l thng s ca h thng, mi im l nh nhau v c gi n nh. in
p l thng s c tnh cc b, in p b st gim trn ng dy v cc phn t ca
li in dn ti cc ph ti in lm vic khng bnh thng. cc v tr in p
khng m bo yu cu l do thiu cng sut phn khng Q. V vy m bo
in p ti cc im nh trn th phi b cng sut phn khng.
Sng iu ha sinh ra do trn li in tn ti cc phn t phi tuyn, gy ra
cc bt li nh; gy mo tn hiu sin ca li in, lm gim h s cng sut, tng
tn tht, gim tin cy cung cp in, lm gim cht lng in nng.... Nn vic
lc b cc thnh phn sng hi c gii quyt.
Tip theo ta s i tm hiu chung v sng iu ha bc cao v b CSPK.
1.2. Tng quan v sng iu ha.
1.2.1. Gii thiu chung.
Sng iu ha hay sng hi c th coi l tng ca cc dng sng sin m tn
s ca n l bi s nguyn ca tn s c bn.


13

Hnh 1.1. Dng sng sin v dng sng iu ha
ch vn hnh i xng cc sng iu ha bc cao c th chia thnh cc
thnh phn th t thun, nghch, khng:
- Thnh phn th t thun: cc sng iu ha bc 4, 7, 11
- Thnh phn th t nghch: cc sng iu ha bc 2, 5, 8
- Thnh phn th t khng: cc sng iu ha bc 3, 6, 9
Khi vn hnh khng i xng th mi sng iu ha c th bao gm mt
trong ba thnh phn th t ni trn.
Sng iu ha bc cao nh hng trc tip ti cht lng li in v phi
ch khi tng sng iu ha dng in bc cao hn mc cho php. Sng iu
ha dng in bc cao l dng in c tn s bng bi s nguyn ln tn s c bn.
V d dng 150(Hz) trn li 50(Hz) l dng iu ha bc 3, dng 150(Hz) l dng
khng s dng c vi cc thit b trn li. V vy n s chuyn sang dng nhit
nng v gy tn hao.
S dng chui Furier vi chu k T(s), tn s c bn f=1/T(Hz) hay
=2f (rad/s) c th biu din mt sng iu ha vi biu thc sau:
) sin( ) (
1
2
0
n
n
n
a
t n F t f v e e + + =

=
(1-1)
Trong :

0
a
2
: gi tr trung bnh

n
F : bin ca sng iu ha bc n trong chui Fourier
f(t)
Thnh phn c bn
Thnh phn bc 5
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5


14
( )
1 1
Fsin t+ : thnh phn sng c bn
( )
n n
F sin nt+ : thnh phn sng iu ha bc n

n
: gc pha ca sng iu ha bc n
Ta c th vit nh sau:
( )
n n n n n
F sin nt+ =F (sinnt.cos +sin .cosnt)
Quy c nh sau:
n n n
F sin =b
n n n
F cos =a

Im
Re
bn
an
Fn
vn

Hnh 1.2. Phn tch F
n
thnh a
n
v b
n

Khi ta c th vit nh sau:
( )
0
n n
n=1 n=1
a
f t = + a cosnt+ b sinnt
2

(1-2)
Hay c th vit (1-2) di dng sau:
( )
0
n n
n=1
a 2nt 2nt
f t = + a cos +b sin
2 T T
| |
| | | |
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .
(1-3)
V d v ph ca sng iu ha:

Hnh 1.3. Ph ca sng iu ha


15
THD l mt tham s quan trng nh gi sng iu ha v c gi l h s mo
dng (Total Harmonic Distortion).
1
2
2
/ X X THD
n
n
=
=
(1-4)
Trong :
X
1
l bin thnh phn c bn
X
n
l bin thnh phn iu ha bc n
Theo t (1-4) ta c th ng gi mo dng in v in p qua h s
mo dng dng in v h s mo dng in p.
* H s mo dng dng in
1
2
2
I
I
THD
n
n
=
=

Trong :
I
1
l bin thnh phn dng c bn
I
n
l bin thnh phn dng iu ha bc n
* H s mo dng in p
1
2
2
U
U
THD
n
n
=
=

Trong :
U
1
l bin thnh phn in p c bn
U
n
l bin thnh phn p iu ha bc n
1.2.2. Cc ngun to sng iu ha.
Cc ngun sinh sng iu ha c to ra bi tt c cc ti phi tuyn. Di
y l mt s ngun to sng iu ha ph bin trong cng nghip:
1. My in.


16
- My bin p.
Trong vn hnh my bin p nu xut hin hin tng bo ha ca li thp
do qu ti hoc my bin p phi lm vic vi in p cao hn in p nh mc th
c th sinh ra sng iu ha bc cao.
- ng c in.
Tng t my bin p ng c xoay chiu khi hot ng sinh ra sng iu
ha dng in bc cao. Cc sng iu ha bc cao c pht sinh bi my in quay
lin quan ch yu ti cc bin thin ca t tr gy ra bi cc khe h gia roto v
stato. Cc my in ng b c th sn sinh ra sng iu ha bc cao bi v dng t
trng, s bo ha trong cc mch chnh v cc ng d v do cc dy qun dng
gim dao ng t khng i xng.
2. Thit b in t cng sut.
Bn thn cc b bin i in t cng sut (chnh lu, nghch lu, iu p
xoay chiu) u c cu thnh t cc thit b bn dn nh diode, thyristor,
MOSFET, IGBT, GTO l nhng phn t phi tuyn l ngun gc gy sng iu
ha bc cao.
Ty thuc vo cu trc ca cc b bin i m sng iu ha sinh ra khc
nhau. Cc mch chnh lu trong bin tn thng l chnh lu cu ba pha c u im
l n gin, r, chc chn nhng thnh phn u vo cha nhiu sng iu ha. Do
gim bt sng iu ha c th dng hai mch chnh lu cu ba pha ghp lai
vi nhau to thnh chnh lu 12 xung hoc ghp 4 b chnh lu cu ba pha vo to
thnh b chnh lu 24 xung s cho ra dng in trn hn, gim c cc thnh phn
iu ha. T c th thy l khi mun gim sng iu ha dng in ta c th tng
s van trong mch chnh lu ln
tuy nhin khi gy ra mt s bt li nh cng knh, nng, tn tht in p ln v
sinh ra sng iu ha dng in bc cao khi ti khng i xng hoc in p khng
i xng.
Ta xt dng sng iu ha gy ra bi mt s b bin i cng sut:


17
- Xt chnh lu cu mt pha khng diu khin c m hnh:

Hnh 1.4. M hnh chnh lu cu mt pha khng iu khin
Dng in trn ng dy cp ngun cho b chnh lu:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Time (s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

Hnh 1.5. Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu mt pha khng iu khin
Dng ph dng in:

Hnh 1.6. Ph dng in chnh lu cu mt pha
- Xt chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin:
S b chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin:


18
D
1
D
3
D
5
D
2
D
6
D
4
Load
Ia

Hnh 1.7. S nguyn l chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin
M hnh b chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin:

Hnh 1.8. M hnh chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin.
Dng sng dng in trn pha A ca ngun cp cho chnh lu:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time (s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

Hnh 1.9. Dng in li gy bi b chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin
Dng ph dng in:


19

Hnh 1.10. Ph dng in chnh lu cu ba pha khng iu khin
Ta thy dng in u vo b chnh lu cu ba pha c mo rt ln
THD=28,52 %. Cc thnh phn sng iu ha ny l do tnh phi tuyn ca b chnh
lu cu gy ra. Trong cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5, 7, 11 l ch yu.
- Xt trng hp b chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin
S nguyn l ca chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin:

T
1
T
3
T
5
T
2
T
6
T
4
Load
Ia

Hnh 1.11. S nguyn l chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin
M hnh b chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin:


20

Hnh 1.12. M hnh b chnh lu cu ba pha c iu khin
Trong trng hp gc iu khin l 30
0
ta c dng in trn pha A:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-100
-50
0
50
100
Time (s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

Hnh 1.13. Dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha khi gc iu khin l 30
0

Hnh 1.14. Ph dng in chnh lu cu ba pha vi gc iu khin 30
0

Trong trng hp gc iu khin l 90
0
th dng in trn pha A l:


21
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-40
-20
0
20
40
Time (s)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

Hnh 1.15. Dng in b chnh lu cu ba pha khi gc iu khin l 90
0

Hnh 1.16. Ph dng in chnh lu cu ba pha vi gc iu khin 90
0

T phn tch trn vi chnh lu cu ba pha ta thy khi thay i gc iu
khin th mo dng in cng tng ln rt ln. THD=149,44% trong trng hp
gc iu khin l 90
0
so vi khi gc iu khin 30
0
c THD=33,26% v chnh lu
khng iu khin l THD=28,52%.
Nh vy khi cng tng gc iu khin th cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc
cao sinh ra cng ln lm mo dng in cng tng.
3. Cc n hunh quang.
Ngy nay cc n hunh quang c s dng rng ri do c u im l tit
kim c chi ph. Thc t th loi n ny khng hn g v hiu qu to nh sng
vi n dy t, im ni tri hn ca n l sng c duy tr trong thi gian di,
tui th ln hn. Tuy nhin sng iu ha bc cao sinh ra bi n hunh quang cng
rt ln.
4. Cc thit b h quang.
Cc thit b thng gp trong h thng in l cc l h quang cng nghip,
cc my hnTheo thng k th in p l h quang cho thy sng iu ha bc


22
cao u ra bin thin rt ln v d nh sng iu ha bc 5 l 8% khi bt u nng
chy, 6% cui gian on nng chy v 2% ca giai on c bn trong sut thi
gian tinh luyn.
1.2.3. nh hng ca sng iu ha bc cao.
S tn ti sng iu ha bc cao gy nh hng ti tt c cc thit b v
ng dy truyn ti in. Chng gy ra qu p, mo in p li lm gim cht
lng in nng. Ni chung chng gy ra tng nhit trong cc thit b gim cch
in, lm tng tn hao in nng, lm gim tui th ca thit b, trong nhiu trng
hp thm ch cn gy hng thit b.
nh hng quan trng nht ca sng iu ha bc cao l vic lm tng gi
tr hiu dng cng nh gi tr nh ca dng in v in p. C th thy r qua
cng thc sau:
T
2 2 2 2 2
RMS n 0 1 2
n=0
0
1
U = u(t) dt = U = U +U +U +...
T

T
2 2 2 2 2
RMS n 0 1 2
n=0
0
1
I = i(t) dt = I = I +I +I +...
T

Khi gi tr hiu dng v gi tr bin ca tn hiu dng in hay in p
tng do sng iu ha bc cao s gy ra mt s vn :
Lm tng pht nng ca dy dn in, thit b in.
Gy nh hng n bn cch in ca vt liu, lm gim kh nng mang
ti ca dy dn in.
Vi my in
+ My bin p
Cc sng iu ha bc cao gy ra tn tht ng, tn tht t thng tn v tn
tht st lm tng nhit my bin p do lm tng tn tht in nng.
+ ng c in.
Tn hao trn cun dy v li thp ng c tng, lm mo momen, gim hiu
sut my, gy ting n, cc sng iu ha bc cao cn c th sinh ra momen xon


23
trc ng c hoc gy ra dao ng cng hng c kh lm hng cc b phn c kh
trong ng c.
Gy nh hng n hot ng ca cc thit b bo v ( tc ng sai): cc
sng iu ha bc cao c th lm momen tc ng ca rle bin dng gy ra hin
tng nhy, tc ng ngc, c th lm mo dng in p, dng in dn n thi
im tc ng ca rle sai lch.
Vi cc thit b o: nh hng n sai s ca cc thit b o, lm cho kt qu
o b sai lch.
Vi t in: lm cho t b qu nhit v trong nhiu trng hp c th dn ti
ph hy cht in mi.
Cc sng iu ha bc cao cn lm cc thit b s dng in v n chiu
sng b chp chn.
Gy nh hng ti cc thit b vin thng : cc sng iu ha bc cao c th
gy sng in t lan truyn trong khng gian lm nh hng n thit b thu pht
sng.
Vi nhng tc hi nh vy vic quy nh mt tiu chun thng nht v cc
thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao trn li cn c a ra hn ch nh hng
ca chng ti cc thit b tiu dng in khc v m bo cht lng in nng. Tuy
nhin nc ta hin cha c tiu chun no v vic hn ch thnh phn sng iu
ha bc cao trn li.
Trn th gii a ra mt s tiu chun nh IEEE std 519, IEC 1000-4-3 v
gii hn thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao trn li.
Bng 1.1 Tiu chun IEEE std 519
in p ti im ni chung
(Point Common Couping
PCC)
Nhiu in p tng
loi sng iu ha
(%)=
h
1
U
U

Nhiu in p tng cng
cc loi sng iu ha
THD (%)
69 KV v thp hn 3,0 5,0


24
Trn 69 KV ti 161 KV 1,5 2,5
Trn 161 KV 1,0 1,5
Bng 1.2 Tiu chun IEEE std 519 IEC 1000-3-4 cho thit b trn 75A
dng u vo mi pha.
T s ngn
mch
(SCR=I
SC
/
Iti )

h<11

11<=h<17

17<=h<23

23<=h<35

35<=h

THD
<20 4,0 2,0 1,5 0,6 0,3 5,0
20 ti 50 7,0 3,5 2,5 1,0 0,5 8,0
50 ti 100 10,0 4,5 4,0 1,5 0,7 12,0
100 ti
1000
12,0 5,5 5,0 2,0 1,0 15,0
Trn 1000 15,0 7,0 6,0 2,5 1,4 20,0
* Hi bc chn c gii hn ti 25% ca gii hn bc l trn
* h : bc ca sng iu ha
Bng 1.3 IEC 1000-3-4
Bc sng
iu ha (n)
Dng iu ho c th
chp nhn c
n
1
I
I

(%)
Bc sng iu
ha (n)
Dng iu ho c th
chp nhn c
n
1
I
I

(%)
3 19 19 1,1
5 9,5 21 <=0,6
7 6,5 23 0,9
9 3,8 25 0,8
11 3,1 27 <=0,6
13 2,0 29 0,7


25
15 0,7 31 0,7

1.3. Tng quan v cng sut phn khng.
1.3.1. Gii thiu chung.
nh gi vn s dng in c hp l v tit kim hay khng ngi ta
nh gi thng qua h s cng sut PF (Power Factor). Nng cao h s cng sut l
mt trong nhng bin php quan trng tit kim in nng.
Biu thc tnh ton h s cng sut:

P
PF=
S

Phn ln cc thit b dng in u tiu th cng sut tc dng (CSTD) P v
cng sut phn khng (CSPK) Q.
Cng sut tc dng P l cng sut c bin thnh c nng hoc nhit nng
trong cc my dng in (cng sut hu cng).
Cng sut phn khng Q khng sinh cng (cng sut v cng) nhng bt
buc phi c th mt s thit b mi hot ng c, chng hn n l cng sut t
ha li thp my bin p, ng c
Do trong vn hnh ngi ta mong mun s dng CSPK ca li in cng
t cng tt min sao thit b vn hot ng bnh thng.
Mt vn khc l trong qu trnh truyn ti in nng t ni sn xut in
(cc nh my thy in, nhit in) th c tn hao trn ng dy truyn ti lm
in p ti cc im cch xa ngun b suy gim do m bo cho in p khng
b suy gim ln th cn b CSPK.
CSPK cung cp cho ti tiu th khng nht thit phi ly t ngun v vy
trnh truyn ti mt lng CSPK ln ngi ta t gn cc ti tiu th cc thit b
sinh CSPK cung cp trc tip cho ti, vic thc hin nh vy gi l b CSPK.
1.3.2. Mt s bin php nng cao h s cng sut.


26
- Bin php nng cao h s cng sut t nhin:
+ Hp l ha qu trnh sn xut gim tiu hao nng lng
+ i vi cc ng c gim CSPK
+ Gim thi gian chy khng ti ca cc ng c bi ng c l thit b tiu
th nhiu CSPK hn na CSPK lc chy khng ti tng i ln:
Q
0
= (60 70 %)Q
dd

Trong :
Q
0
: CSPK lc chy khng ti
Q
d
: CSPK ca ng c lc chy ch nh mc
+Thay th cc ng c lm vic non ti bng cc ng c c cng sut hp l
hn, gim in p u cc ng c thng xuyn lm vic non ti.
+ Vi my bin p th gim CSPK c th thc hin theo hai cch

. Thay th my bin p thng lm vic non ti bng my bin p c
cng sut hp l hn.
. Vn hnh kinh t my bin p: C th lp hai my vn hnh song
song, khi non ti th ch chy mt my.
Tt c cc bin php trn u khng yu cu cao v vn u t v hiu qu
mang li ln do cn c xem xt trc tin nng cao h s cng sut tip sau
mi xt n phng php b CSPK.
- Bin php nng cao h s cng sut nhn to:
+ S dng my b ng b, thc cht l ng c in ng b lm vic ch
qu kch thch. Bin php ny c th iu chnh trn cng sut b v cng sut
b c th iu chnh dng hoc m. Nhc im c bn l tht b cng knh, n,
chi ph bo dng, sa cha ln
+ S dng t in trong trng hp thiu cng sut phn khng th ng
thm t in, c u im l gn nh, khng gy n Nhc im l ch b theo
tng nc t, ch dng v pha ch vn hnh cc i, mt khc khi lng sng iu
ha bc cao tn ti nhiu trong li th lc ng t vo c th gy n t.


27
+ Xu hng hin nay ngi ta s dng b lc tch cc kt hp vi b cng
sut phn khng s dng thit b in t cng sut tch hp trn cng mt thit b,
tr nn rt gn nh, khc phc c cc nhc im ca cc phng php b khc,
ph hp vi cc tin b ca k thut.
1.3.3. Hiu qu ca vic b cng sut phn khng.
Gim c tn tht cng sut trn mng in do gim c CSPK truyn ti
trn ng dy.
Gim c tn hao in p trong mng in do gim c thnh phn A U
do CSPK gy ra.
Tng kh nng truyn ti ca ng dy v my bin p. Kh nng truyn ti
ca ng dy v my bin p ph thuc vo iu kin pht nng tc ph thuc vo
dng in cho php ca chng.
Dng in chy trn dy dn v my bin p c tnh theo cng thc:
I=
U 3
2
Q
2
P +

Biu thc ny chng t rng vi cng mt tnh trng pht nng nht nh ca
ng dy v my bin p (I=const) ta c th tng kh nng truyn ti cng sut tc
dng P bng cch gim cng sut phn khng Q m chng phi ti i. V th khi gi
nguyn ng dy v my bin p nu h s cng sut c nng cao tc l gim
c lng CSPK phi truyn ti thng qua b CSPK th kh nng ti ca chng
c nng cao.
1.4. Kt lun.
Ta thy sng iu ha bc cao v thiu cng sut phn khng c nhng tc
hi ln cho h thng in, lm gim cht lng in, gy ra cc tn thtNh vy
ci thin cht lng in nng th cn phi lc cc thnh phn dng iu ha bc
cao v b CSPK. C nhiu thit b khc nhau c th thc hin lc dng iu ha bc
cao v b CSPK. Ty thuc vo yu cu kinh t k thut m la chn thit b v
phng php ph hp. Trong cc phn tip theo ta i tm hiu v cc thit b lc
sng iu ha v b CSPK dng thit b in t cng sut.


28

Chng 2
CC B LC SNG IU HA
V B CNG SUT PHN KHNG
2.1. Cc b lc sng iu ha.
Sng iu ha bc cao c lc bng cch s dng cc b lc. B lc l thit
b to ra c tuyn tn s nh trc m chc nng ca n l cho mt s tn s i
qua ng thi loi b nhng tn s khc.
B lc sng iu ha c th l:
B lc ch ng (ative filters)
B lc th ng (passive filters)
B lc hn hp
2.1.1. B lc th ng.
Bao gm cc phn t R, L, C c ghp ni vi nhau v c la chn cho
mt tn s lc xc nh. Nguyn l lm vic ca b lc loi ny l to ra mt ng
dn c tng tr xp x bng khng i vi sng iu ha cn lc sng iu ha
chy ra khi h thng.
Trong s lc ba pha c hai loi b lc l b lc RC v b lc LC. Trong c
hai loi b lc ny u c t in, t in c th mc hnh tam gic hoc hnh sao.
- Khi mc t in tam gic th tit kim dung lng t xong khng loi tr
c ht sng iu ha in p dy.
- B t u hnh sao c dung lng t tng ln 3 ln nhng loi c sng
iu ha c in p dy v in p pha v c bit khi t u sao c trung tnh th c
th loi lun in p th t khng sinh ra khi chuyn mch van bn dn.
Di y ta xt mt s loi b lc:
+ B lc RC.
Kt cu ca b lc RC nh hnh v:


29

R
C
Input Output

Hnh 2.1. B lc RC
u im: B lc RC l loi b lc n gin nht, gi thnh r, vn hnh n
nh
Nhc im: C s pht nhit in tr gy tn hao, tn hao ny cng ln khi
cng sut ln. Kh nng chn lc tn s km
+ B lc LC.
Cu to c bn ca b lc LC nh hnh v:

L
C
Input Output

Hnh 2.2. B lc LC
u im: Mch lc LC c kh nng lc tt nht, n lc c nhiu tn s
theo mun.
Nhc im: Gi thnh t v s vn hnh ca mch km tin cy hn mch
lc RC do trong mch c cun cm. Gy nhiu cho cc thit b thng tin do
c s pht sinh sng in t t cun cm. C th xut hin hin tng cng
hng lm tng dng v p dn n hng thit b.
- V d: M phng b lc th ng cho ti phi tuyn.
+ Khi khng c b lc:
Vo
Ra
Vo
Ra


30

Kt qu phn tch Fourier in p v dng trn B1v dng trn B2:

Hnh 2.3. Mch chnh lu 12 xung khng c b lc
Hnh 2.4. Kt qu m phng thu c dng dng v p


31

+ Khi c b lc th ng:

Hnh 2.5. Ph ca in p ti B1
Hnh 2.6. B lc th ng


32
Kt qu phn tch Fourier in p trn B1:

2.1.2. B lc tch cc.
Da trn nn tng l cc b bin i in t cng sut ln do b lc ch
ng c nguyn l lm vic khc b lc th ng cng nh c nhiu u im v tnh
nng hn.
1. Tc dng ca mch lc ch ng.
a. B cng sut
Thm c chc nng b cng sut ng thi kt hp vi chc nng lc th vic
iu khin mch s rt phc tp, b hn ch v cng sut. Do thng kt hp
chc nng b CSPK v lc sng iu ha di cng sut nh, di cng sut ln
th c th b bng SVC - ng ngt bng thyristor do tuy n p ng chm nhng
gi thnh r hn.
b. B sng iu ha.
- B sng iu ha in p:
Thng khng c ch nhiu trong h thng in v in p tiu th ti
im u dy chung thng duy tr trong phm vi gii hn c bn i vi cc s c
tng hoc gim p. Vn b in p ch c xem xt n khi ti nhy vi s xut
hin sng iu ha in p bc cao trong li ngun nh cc thit b bo v h
thng in.
- B sng iu ha dng in:
C ngha quan trng i vi cc ti c cng sut va v nh. Vic gim thnh
phn sng iu ha dng in trong li cn c tc dng gim mo dng in p
ti im u dy chung.

Hnh 2.7. Ph in p ti B1


33
2. Cc phm vi cng sut ca lc tch cc.
a. Phm vi cng sut thp:
Cc ng dng c cng sut nh hn 100kVA, ch yu phc v cc khu dn
c, cc ta nh kinh doanh, bnh vin, cc h truyn ng cng sut nh v va.
Tnh cht ca
cc h thng ti ny i hi h thng mch lc tch cc tng i phc tp c p
ng ng hc cao, thi gian p ng nhanh hn nhiu mch lc tch cc dy cng
sut cao hn thay i trong khong chc s n vi ms.
b. Phm vi cng sut trung bnh:
Phm vi cng sut hot ng ca cc thit b nm trong khong t 100kVA
n 10MVA. V d cc mng cung cp in trung v cao p v cc h thng truyn
ng in cng sut ln mc vo ngun p ln. Mc ch chnh ca cc mch lc
tch cc l kh b hoc hn ch cc sng iu ha bc cao dng in. Tc p
ng b lc trong h thng khong hng chc ms.
c. Phm vi cng sut rt ln:
Dy cng sut rt ln thng gp trong h thng truyn ti hoc truyn ng
ng c DC cng sut rt ln hoc h thng truyn ti in. Mch b lc tch cc
cho phm vi cng sut rt ln rt tn km v i hi phi s dng cc linh kin cng
sut c kh nng ng ngt dng in cng sut rt ln.
2. Phn loi mch lc tch cc.
C nhiu cch phn loi da theo cc tiu ch khc nhau chng hn nh da
vo b bin i cng sut c s dng, da theo s kt ni mch lc, da theo
ngun cp
a. Phn loi theo b bin i cng sut
Cn c vo b bin i cng sut trong mch lc ta c hai loi mch lc tch
cc: cu trc VSI (b bin i ngun p) v CSI (b bin i ngun dng).
- Cu trc mch lc tch cc VSI: c im ca cu trc VSI l c th m
rng ra cu trc a bc


34
S
1
S
2
S
4
S
3
S
5
S
6
C
L

Hnh 2.8. Cu trc mch lc tch cc VSI
- Cu trc mch lc tch cc CSI: c im cu trc mch lc CSI l c tn
s ng ct hn ch, tn hao ng ct ln, khng th m rng ra cu trc a bc.
T1 T3 T5
T2 T6 T4 C
L

Hnh 2.9. Cu trc mch lc tch cc CSI
b. Phn loi theo s :
- Mch lc tch cc song song (AF)
Non-
Linear
Load
AF
Source
iF

Hnh 2.10. Cu hnh b lc tch cc song song (AF)
Cc phn t trn s : Ti phi tuyn c th l cu chnh lu it hoc
thyristor. Dng u vo ti phi tuyn I
LN
bao gm nhiu thnh phn bc cao. Nu
dng u vo I
F
ca b AF cng sinh ra cc bc cao nh vy nhng ngc pha th
Ti
phi
tuyn
Ngun
in
I
L
I
LN


35
dng pha li I
L
s ch cn cha thnh phn song sin bc nht. Nh vy c im
ca mch lc tch cc song song: b sng iu ha dng in, b CSPK, b thnh
phn dng in khng cn bng.
Di y l s nguyn l b lc song song AF:

Chc nng ca AF l trit tiu cc sng iu ha dng in bc cao sinh bi
ti phi tuyn nh hng ln ng dy, tr li cho dng in trn ng dy hnh
sin chun. Ngoi ra AF cn c th b CSPK ti im kt ni gia AF v li in.
Vic xc nh v tr t b lc cn phi c tnh ton theo mt s nguyn tc nh :
. Gim thiu ti a thi gian truyn, khong cch lan truyn ca sng iu
ha trn ng dy. iu ny c thc hin bng vic t thit b lc gn ngun
sinh sng iu ha.
. t thit b lc gia ngun vi cc thit b nhy cm vi sng iu ha
hn ch nh hng ca sng iu ha ti thit b.
. thc hin chc nng ny b AF hot ng nh mt b ngun ba pha to
ra dng in thch hp bm ln ng dy. Dng ny bao gm hai thnh phn:
* Thnh phn trit tiu cc sng iu ha bc cao sinh bi ti phi tuyn: l
thnh phn ngc pha vi tng sng iu ha dng in bc cao.
* Thnh phn b CSPK
Ta c th phn tch thnh phn dng ti thnh hai thnh phn: thnh phn c
bn i
F
v thnh phn sng iu ha i
h
:
L F h
i =i +i
Dng do AF bm ln ng dy:
i
C
=i
h

Khi dng trn ng dy s l:
Hnh 2.11: S nguyn l b lc song song AF


36
S L h F h h F
i =i -i =i +i -i =i
Nh vy dng trn ng dy ch cha thnh phn c bn, cc thnh phn
iu ha bc cao c b lc loi b. Nu nhn t pha ti, b AF tng
ng vi mt tr khng song song c th thay i vi tr khng bng khng
hoc rt nh so vi cc sng iu ha v bng v cng ln vi thnh phn c
bn
- Mch lc tch cc ni tip (AFs)

Hnh 2.12. Cu hnh b lc tch cc ni tip (AFs)
Cu hnh mch lc tch cc ni tip nh hnh v. Trn mt ng dy ni
gia 2 bus h thng c in p U
L
v U
LN
. Pha bus U
LN
c th c mt hay nhiu
ph ti phi tuyn lm cho U
LN
cha nhiu thnh phn sng bc cao. B lc AF bao
gm mt chnh lu tch cc, cung cp phn mt chiu cho mt b nghch lu, u ra
nghch lu thng qua mt my bin p a ra in p U
F
, mc ni tip gia hai bus
h thng. Do c th hiu chnh gi tr, gc pha cng nh thnh phn song hi ca
in p U
F
sao cho ngc pha vi cc tc ng gy nhiu ca in p U
LN
m cc
song bc cao s khng nh hng c sang bus h thng U
L
.
Di y l s nguyn l b lc ni tip AFS:

U
L

I
L

~
AF
~
AF
Ti
phi
tuyn
I
F

U
F
I
N


37

Ta c th phn tch in p ngun thnh hai thnh phn l: thnh phn c bn
U
F
v thnh phn sng iu ha U
h
:
U
S
=U
h
+U
F

in p dc ng dy do AFs to ra ngc pha vi tng sng iu ha in
p bc cao v trit tiu thnh phn iu ha bc cao ny m bo in p c dng
sin. Nhn t pha ti AFs to ra mt tng tr ng dy. Tng tr ny bng 0 i vi
sng c bn v bng v cng ln vi cc sng iu ha bc cao do gia ngun v
ti c s cch ly sng iu ha.
Mch lc ni tip va trit tiu song hi va c th b st p trn ng dy.
Tuy nhin h thng phc tp, ch ph hp vi cng sut ln v rt ln. V vy sau
y ch cn quan tm n mch lc tch cc song song, ph hp vi tt c cc di
ph ti t nh ti trung bnh (Di cng sut t nh n trung bnh bao gm s lng
ln cc thit b) nn mch lc song song c ngha quan trng i vi cc ng dng
thc t.
c. Phn loai theo ngun cp
Cn c vo ngun cung cp cho ti, ngi ta chia ra:
- Mch lc tch cc hai dy: dng cho ti phi tuyn mt pha.
- Mch lc tch cc ba dy: dng cho ti phi tuyn ba pha khng c trung tnh.
Hnh 2.13. S nguyn l b lc ni tip AFS


38

Hnh 2.14. Mch lc tch cc 3 dy
- Mch lc tch cc bn dy: c th dng cho ti phi tuyn 1 pha cp ngun t
h thng ngun cp bn dy (c thm dy trung tnh) hoc cho ti phi tuyn ba pha.
Trong h ny mch lc s loi b s qu dng dy trung tnh.
Trong mch lc tch cc loi ny c th chia ra mch lc tch cc 4 dy c
im gia v mch lc tch cc 4 dy. Cu trc mch lc tch cc 4 dy c im
gia thng c s dng hn do n yu cu s van bn dn t hn tuy nhin cu
trc iu khin s phc tp hn v yu cu t c dung lng ln v vn cn bng
in p trn t cn phi c quan tm. Trong khi cu trc 4 dy th iu khin
n gin hn, dung lng t yu cu thp hn nhng cn s van chuyn mch ln
hn.
Unbalanced
Load
Ua
Ub
Uc
isa
isb
isc
iLa
iLb
iLc
i
c
a
i
c
b
i
c
c
S1 S3 S5
S4 S6 S2
Cdc
Cdc
N
i
c
n
isn iLn

Hnh 2.15. Mch lc tich cc 4 dy c im gia

Ti phi
tuyn


39
Unbalanced
Load
Ua
Ub
Uc
isa
isb
isc
iLa
iLb
iLc
i
c
a
i
c
b
i
c
c
S1 S3
S2 S4
Cdc
N
i
c
n
isn iLn
S5 S7
S6 S8

Hnh 2.16. Mch lc tch cc 4 dy
2.1.3. B lc hn hp.
Thc cht l s kt hp ca b lc ch ng v b lc th ng. Mc ch l
gim chi ph u t ban u v ci thin hiu qu ca b lc ng. B lc th ng
s lc nhng sng iu ha m b lc ch ng khng lc c hoc lc mt cch
kh khn. Chnh v th thng s ch tiu ca b lc ch ng s khng cn qu cao
qua gim c chi ph.
S nguyn l ca mch lc hn hp nh hnh di:
Non-
Linear
Load
Source
AFs
UF
Passive
filter

Non-
Linear
Load
Source
AF
Passive
filter

Hnh 2.17. Thit b lc hn hp

Ti phi
tuyn


40

Ngoi ra khi kt hp AF v AFs ta c b UPQC (Unified Power Quality
Conditioner) kt hp c c tnh nng ca AF v AFs.

Hnh 2.18. S cu trc UPQC
Trong UPQC, AFs c chc nng cch l sng iu ha gia ti v ngun,
iu chnh in p, gim dao ng, gi in p cn bng. AF c chc nng lc sng
iu ha, trit tiu thnh phn th t m. Tuy nhin gi thnh t v iu khin phc
tp.
2.2. Cc phng php b cng sut phn khng.
2.2.1. Cc thit b b cng sut phn khng.
chng 1 ta ni ti mt s bin php b cng sut phn khng, tng
ng vi cc bin php l c mt s cc thit b b ph bn nh sau:
1. T in tnh.
Khi c in p t vo t c dng in chy qua t, dng ny vt trc
in p mt gc 90
0
do pht ra CSPK. ng ct t in vo ng dy


41
ngi ta s dng cc thyristor. Thng qua vic iu chnh ng ct cc thyristor s
iu chnh c dung lng CSPK cn b.
u im
- vn hnh n gin, khng n
- tn tht cng sut tc dng ri trn t nh, c th t mi cp in p
Nhc im
- ch pht ra CSPK ch khng tiu th CSPK nn khi b tha phi ct t ra.
- khng iu chnh trn c v rt nhy cm vi in p (nu in p t u
cc t vt qu 10% in p danh nh ca t th t s n).
2. My b ng b.
Thc cht l ng c ng b lm vic ch qu kch thch.
u im
- Khng nhng c kh nng pht CSPK m cn c kh nng tiu th CSPK, do
cn bng CSPK rt tt.
- C th iu chnh trn dung lng b bng cch iu chnh dng in kch
t.
- t nhy cm vi in p.
Nhc im
- Qun l vn hnh phc tp, gy n
- Tn tht cng sut tc dng ln (gp 10 ln ca t)
My b ng b thng ch c dng nhng ni yu cu kht khe v ch
b v thng c dng li trung p.
Hin nay nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii s dng h thng truyn ti
in linh hot FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) trong cc thit b b
ca h thng da trn cc linh kin in t cng sut ln nh GTO, IGTO
cung cp nng lng khi cn thit m bo tnh n nh ca h thng in. Tip
theo ta tm hiu mt s thit b b trong h thng truyn ti in linh hot FACTS .
2.2.2. Mt s thit b b trong FACTS.


42
FACTS l tp hp nhiu thit b iu khin truyn ti in nng trn nn tng
cc phn t in t cng sut ln. C th chia cc thit b ny theo cch u ni:
nhm mc ni tip, nhm mc song song.
a. Nhm mc ni tip.
iu khin CSPK chy qua im kt ni thng qua iu khin bin , gc
pha ca in p ngun.
- B b ng b tnh ni tip (SSSC: Static Synchronous Series Controllers)
S cu trc SSSC.
VSC
U
1
U
2
I
U
S
U_
conv
C
line

Hnh 2.19. S cu trc SSSC
Cu trc bao gm b VSC, t in 1 chiu, my bin p kt ni. SSSC ni
ni tip vo h thng in. N dng iu khin dng cng sut v ci thin dao
ng cng sut trn li. B SSSC s bm mt in p U
S
ni tip vi ng dy
truyn ti ti im kt ni:
U
S
=U
1
-U
2
=U
d
+jU
q

V SSSC khng tiu th cng sut tc dng t ngun nn U
S
bm vo cn
phi vung gc vi dng in ng dy. Nh vy bng cch thay i bin in
p U
q
ca in p bm vo ng dy SSSC s pht hay hp thu CSPK. Khi U
q
>0
SSSC pht CSPK, ngc li khi U
q
<0 SSSC tiu th CSPK.
Vic thay i in p ny c thc hin bng b VSC ni bn th cp ca
my bin p. B VSC s dng cc linh kin in t cng sut (GTO, IGBT) to
ra in p t ngun mt chiu.
- B b bng t mc ni tip iu khin bng thyristor (TCSC: Thyristor
Controlled Series Compensation).


43
TCSC l thit b ni tip trong FACTS. TCSC iu khin in khng X ca
ng dy thng qua vic dng thyristor iu khin ng hay ct dy t kt ni vo
ng dy.

Hnh 2.20. S cu trc TCSC
Chc nng ca TSCS:
Gim dao ng in p
Tng kh nng truyn ti ng dy bng cch b CSPK
Tng tnh n nh cho h thng in
Hn ch hin tng cng hng tn s thp trong h thng in.
b. Nhm mc song song.
iu khin dng CSPK trn li thng qua vic iu chnh in p pht ra t
thit b b.
- B b tnh (SVC: Static Var Compensators)
SVC l thit b song song trong FACTS .

Hnh 2.21. S cu trc SVC
SVC iu chnh in p cc ca n bng cch iu khin lng CSPK bm
vo hay ht ra t cng sut h thng. Khi in p h thng thp SVC pht CSPK,
khi in p cao n hp th CSPK. Vic thay i CSPK thc hin bng vic chuyn


44
mch cc t v cun khng ni pha th cp my bin p. Vic ng ct ny c
thc hin bng cc thyristor.
* Cc phn t chnh ca SVC:
+ T ng m bng thyristor (TSC: Thyristor Switched Capacitor)
+ Khng ng m bng thyristor (TSR: Thyristor Switched Reactor)
+ Khng iu chnh bng thyristor (TCR: Thyristor Controller Reactor)
* u im
+ Tng kh nng truyn ti ng dy
+ iu khin in p ti im kt ni
+ iu khin dng cng sut phn khng ti im kt ni
+ Gim dao ng cng sut tc dng khi c s c nh ngn mch, mt ti t
ngt.
* Nhc im.
+ Cng knh
+ Di iu chnh hn ch do s dng dy t in, cm khng.
- B b ng b tnh Statcom.
Statcom l thit b b song song trong FACTS
Q
U
1
U
2
VSC
C

Hnh 2.22. S cu trc Statcom
Statcom iu chnh in p u cc ca n bng cch iu khin lng
CSPK bm vo hay hp th t h thng.
- Khi in p thp Statcom pht CSPK
- Khi in p cao Statcom tiu th CSPK


45
Vic thay i CSPK c thc hin bng b VSC ni bn th cp ca my
bin p. VSC s dng cc linh kin in t cng sut iu ch in p xoay chiu
ba pha t ngun mt chiu. Ngun mt chiu ny c ly t t in.
Nguyn l hot ng ca Statcom th hin nh hnh di:
U1
U2
Power
system
X P, Q

Hnh 2.23. S nguyn l hot ng ca Statcom
CSTD v CSPK trao i gia hai ngun U
1
v U
2
.
Trong :
U
1
l in p h thng cn iu chnh
U
2
l in p pht ra t statcom
Trong ch hot ng n nh in p pht ra bi statcom U
2
l cng pha
vi U
1
ch truyn CSPK. Nu U
2
<U
1
th Q chy t U
1
n U
2
(Statcom hp th
CSPK). Ngc li nu U
1
<U
2
th Q chy t U
2
n U
1
(Statcom pht CSPK).
2.2.3. Nguyn l lm vic ca thit b b tch cc.
Trn hnh v l s nguyn l trao i CSPK v CSTD gia b b v li.

X
L
~
P Q
I
U
i
U
S

U
S
U
i
us u
i
o

Hnh 2.24. Nguyn l b ca b b tch cc
Trong :
U
S
v
S
: in p li v gc lch pha


46
U
i
v
i
: in p pht ra t b b
X
L
: in khng kt ni gia li v b b
: Gc lch pha gia in p li v in p b b
Ta c CSTD v CSPK trao i gia li v b b l:

S i
S
L
U U
P = sin
X

S
S S i
L
U
Q = (U -U cos)
X
(2-1)
Trong ch hot ng ch b CSPK th 0 = do t (3-1) ta c:

P
S
=0
S
S S i
L
U
Q = (U -U )
X
(2-2)
T (2-2) ta thy Q
S
t l vi hai in p (U
S
-U
i
)
Khi U
S
= U
i
th Q
S
= 0 b b khng pht hay thu CSPK
Khi U
S
> U
i
th Q
S
> 0 tn ti thnh phn in p U
Si
tng ng dng cm
khng I
d
chm sau U
S
, U
i
mt gc 90
0
, li s truyn CSPK vo b b.

U
S
U
Si
u
U
i
I

Hnh 2.25. Trng thi hp th cng sut phn khng ca b b
- Khi U
S
<U
i
th Q
S
<0 tn ti thnh phn in p U
Si
tng ng dng in I
c

vt trc U
S
, U
i
mt gc bng 90
0
b b pht CSPK ln li in.

U
S
U
Si
u
U
i

Hnh 2.26. Trng thi pht cng sut phn khng ca b b


47
T phn tch trn ta thy rng khi thay i bin in p u ra ca b b
trong khi gi gc lch =0 ta c th iu khin dng CSPK trao i gia li v b
b.
2.3. Kt lun.
Trong phn trn ta tm hiu chung v cc thit b lc sng iu ha v b
CSPK. Theo th c nhiu phng php lc sng iu ha bc cao v b CSPK
nhng vi s pht trin ca in t cng sut th ngy nay ngi ta ch to c
cc van bn dn chu c dng v p cao do nhng hn ch di cng sut ca
cc b lc v b s dng cc thit b in t cng sut c ci thin ng k v
chng ngy cng c s dng rng ri ci thin cht lng in nng. Trong
chng tip theo ta s tm hiu v nguyn l hot ng v cu trc iu khin ca
b lc v b tch cc da trn cc b bin i bn dn m c th l s dng chnh
lu PWM thc hin chc nng lc sng iu ha bc cao v b CSPK.


48
Chng 3
THIT K B LC TCH CC V B CNG SUT PHN KHNG
DNG CHNH LU PWM
B lc tch cc AF v chnh lu PWM c cu trc phn cng ging ht nhau
gm b nghch lu ngun p v t in do v nguyn l ta c th s dng chnh
lu PWM thc hin chc nng ca mch lc tch cc bng vic s dng thut
ton iu khin thch hp.
Nguyn l chung lc sng iu ha l thit b lc s to ra dng b bng
tng dng sng iu ha bc cao nhng ngc pha theo s trit tiu sng iu
ha bc cao trn dng pha ngun. Cng tng t nh vy, khi kt hp vi chc
nng b cng sut phn khng th qua vic tnh ton cng sut phn khng m ti
tiu th, mch lc s to ra dng b cn thit m bo cung cp cng sut phn
khng m ng l ngun cn cp cho ti.
Nh vy, vn c bn l phi xc nh c dng b c to ra bi b lc
loi b cc sng iu ha bc cao v b cng sut phn khng. Trong thc t c
nhiu phng php xc nh dng b ny. Qua phn tch chng 1, phng n
c chn trong lun vn loi b cc sng iu ha bc cao v b cng sut phn
khng cho li, l xy dng b lc tch cc song song da trn l thuyt p-q.
3.1. Khi qut chung v chnh lu PWM.
3.1.1. S nguyn l mch lc.
S miu t nguyn l lm vic ca chnh lu PWM:
S1
S2 S4
S3 S5
S6
L
Cdc
U
La
U
Lb
U
Lc
R

Hnh 3.1. S mch lc chnh lu PWM


49
S thay th mt pha:
R L
u
L
u
S
i
L
jeLi
L
Ri
L

Hnh 3.2. S thay th mt pha chnh lu PWM
Trong :
L, R l in tr v in cm ng dy
u
L
l in p ngun
u
S
l in p ca b bin i c iu khin t DC-side
Nhn thy rng chnh lu PWM c cu trc phn cng ging nh b nghch
lu ngun p VSC do u
S
ph thuc vo h s iu ch ca VSC v in p trn
t. in cm L ni gia li v chnh lu PWM l mt phn khng th thiu ca
mch chnh lu ng vai tr nh thnh phn tch phn ca h v mt ngun dng
to c tnh nng ca chnh lu PWM. in p ri trn cun cm L l u
1
chnh l
hiu gia in p ngun u
L
v in p ca b bin i u
S
:
u
1
=u
L
-u
S

Vi u
L
khng i do l in p ngun do s iu khin c u
1
thng qua
iu khin u
S
. T vic iu khin c u
1
ta s iu khin c dng in i
L
chy
trn ng dy.
U
L
I
L
U
S
RI
L
jeLI
L
m

Hnh 3.3. Gin vect chnh lu PWM
Khi iu khin i
L
trng u
L
hoc ngc vi u
L
th cosm =1 th hin di th
vecto nh sau:


50
U
L
I
L
U
S
RI
L
jeLI
L
c>0
U
L
I
L
U
S
RI
L
jeLI
L
c<0

a) b)
Hnh 3.4. Gin vect chnh lu PWM a. Khi i
L
trng u
L
b. Khi i
L
ngc vi u
L

Khi i
L
trng vi u
L
th cng sut truyn t li v ti, khi i
L
ngc vi u
L
th
cng sut truyn t ti ra li v nh vy cng sut c th truyn theo hai chiu t
li v ti v t ti v li.
Vi cu trc phn cng ging nh b lc tch cc AF gm b nghch lu
ngun p VSI v t C nn c th s dng chnh lu PWM thc hin chc nng
ca mch lc tch cc vi cng thut ton iu khin nh b lc tch cc.
3.1.2. Cu trc iu khin.
C hai phng php chnh lc sng iu ha bc cao ty thuc vo cch
m dng in c o. Hai cch ny c cu trc iu khin khc nhau do s c
mt s c im khc nhau.
1. Phng php vng h.
Phng php ny da trn vic o thnh phn dng in pha ti t tch ra
thnh phn sng iu ha cha trong dng ti. Cu trc iu khin vng h cho
chinh lu PWM thc hin chc nng mch lc tch cc:
PWM
L
C
i
S
i
C
i
F
B iu
khin
U
S

Hnh 3.5. Cu trc iu khin vng h chnh lu PWM vi chc nng mch lc tch
cc


51
Theo phng php ny th khng c thng tin phn hi v dng in trn
li. Tt c sai lch trong h thng c trong qu trnh o v iu khin s gy ra cc
sng iu ha trn dng in li, cc thnh phn ny l khng xc nh. Cu trc
iu khin ny c u im l n nh nhng yu cu s cm bin o dng nhiu (4
cm bin).
2. Phng php vng kn.
Phung php ny da trn vic o dng in trn li t xc nh c
dng b cn thit.
Theo phng php iu khin vng kn s c thm mt mch vng iu
chnh dng in li bn ngoi mch vng iu chnh dng ti. Phng php ny c
u im l thut ton iu khin n gin hn so vi cu trc vng h v yu cu s
cm bin o dng t hn (2 cm bin).
Cu trc iu khin vng kn cho chnh lu PWM thc hin chc nng mch
lc tch cc:
PWM
L
C
i
S
i
C
i
F
B iu
khin
U
S

Hnh 3.6. Cu trc iu khin vng kn chnh lu PWM vi chc nng mch lc
tch cc
3.2. ng dng chnh lu PWM lm b lc tch cc.
Ta xt mt s phng php trong cc lp phng php trn.
3.2.1. Cc phng php da trn min tn s.
Phng php ny da trn phn tch Furier. Trong lp phng php ny c 3
phng php chnh l phng php DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform), phng


52
php FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), phng php RDFT (Recursive Discrete
Fourier Transform).
- Phng php DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform): l thut ton bin i cho
cc tn hiu ri rc, kt qu ca php phn tch a ra c bin v pha ca thnh
phn sng iu ha mong mun theo cng thc sau:
( )
N-1 N-1
h
n=0 n=0
2..h.n 2..h.n
X = x n .cos -j. x(n).sin
N N
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .

Ta c th vit di dng sau:
h hr hi
X =X +j.X
2 2
h hr hi
X = X +X
hi
h
hr
X
=arctan
X
m
| |
|
\ .

Trong :
N l s mu trong mt chu k tn s c bn
x(n) l tn hiu u vo ( dng hoc p ) thi im n
X
h
l vecto Fourier ca sng iu ha bc h ca tn hiu vo,
h
X l bin
ca vecto X
h
,
h
m l gc pha ca vecto X
h

X
hr
l phn thc ca X
h

X
hi
l phn o ca X
h

Mi thnh phn iu ha c xc nh t tng hp li trong min thi
gian to tn hiu b cho b iu khin.
- Phng php Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)


53

Hnh 3.7. Phng php FFT
Cc bc thc hin phng php FFT:
+ Ly mu dng in ti v tnh ton bin v pha ca tng thnh phn
sng iu ha (ng vi mi tn s khc nhau).
+ S lng mu trong mt chu k cng ln th gi tr f
max
cng ln.
+ Tch thnh phn dng c bn t dng u vo. D dng thc hin vic ny
bng cch thit lp tn s t 0 n 50 Hz sau thc hin FFT
-1
(IFFT) c tn
hiu trong min thi gian bao gm bin v pha ca mi thnh phn sng iu
ha. Vic tnh ton ny thc hin trong mi chu k ca dng chnh m bo rng
FFT tnh ton hon tt trong mt chu k trnh mo do ph tn s.
+ Tng hp dng b t cc thnh phn sng iu ha.
u im ca phng php FFT l c th tc ng ti tng thnh phn sng
iu ha theo mun nhng c khi lng tnh ton rt ln.
3.2.2. Cc phng php da trn min thi gian.


54
Phng php ny c u im hn l khi lng tnh ton t hn so vi
phng php da trn min tn s. Theo lp phng php ny c mt s phng
php nh phng php trn khung ta dq, phng php da trn thuyt p-q
- Phng php xc nh dng b trong h dq: theo phng php ny c th
xc nh ton b dng b hoc c th la chn tng thnh phn sng iu ha cn
b.
+ Phng php xc nh ton b dng b: phng php ny da trn khung
ta dq tch thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao ra khi thnh phn sng c bn.
Thut ton th hin phng php:

Hnh 3.8. Thut ton xc nh dng b trong h dq
Php quay khung ta dq quay vi gc quay ca tn s c bn. Khi
trong khung ta dq thnh phn dng vi tn s c bn coi nh thnh phn dng
mt chiu v thnh phn sng iu ha nh thnh phn dng xoay chiu. Sau s
dng b lc thng cao tch ra thnh phn xoay chiu, thnh phn ny chnh l thnh
phn ca cc sng iu ha bc cao.
Sau khi tnh c dng b cn thit trong h dq ta cn chuyn sang h ta
chun abc. Bin i t dq sang abc nh sau:
a
d
b
q
c
2 2
i cos cos - cos +
i
3 3 2
= i
i
3 2 2
-sin -sin - -sin + i
3 3

| | | |

| |

\ . \ .

| | | |

| |
\ . \ .

(3-1)
+ Phng php xc nh tng thnh phn sng iu ha cn b: phng php
ny da trn c s php quay khung ta . im khc bit so vi phng php trn
l t dng cn tch ra sng iu ha s chuyn sang khung ta dq vi gc quay


55
bng bi s ln ca gc quay thnh phn c bn, khi trong khung ta mi dq
thnh phn mt chiu tng ng vi thnh phn sng iu ha cn tch v bng
cch s dng b lc thng thp ta c th tch ra c thnh phn mt chiu ny. Sau
chuyn sang khung ta abc theo cng thc (3-1) s xc nh c thnh phn
sng iu ha tng ng. Nh vy bng php quay khung ta vi gc quay ng
vi mi thnh phn sng iu ha. u im ca phng php ny l c th tc ng
ti tng thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao mun lc. Hnh di th hin thut ton
ca phng php ny.

Hnh 3.9. Thut ton la chn sng iu ha cn b trong h dq
- Phng php xc nh dng b da trn l thuyt p-q.
Thuyt p-q hay thuyt cng sut tc thi c a ra bi Akagi vo nm
1983 vi mc ch l iu khin mch lc tch cc.
M hnh b lc tch cc theo l thuyt p-q:


56

Hnh 3.10. M hnh b lc tch cc theo l thuyt p-q.
Cc bc xc nh dng b cn thit theo phng php ny c tin
hnh nh sau:
Tnh ton dng in v in p trong h ta 0 t h ta abc.
+ Vi h thng 3 pha c dy trung tnh:
Cng thc quy i in p:
(3-2)
Cng thc quy i dng in:
(3-3)
+ Vi h thng 3 pha khng c dy trung tnh:
Cng thc quy i in p:


57
(3-4)
Cng thc quy i dng in:
(3-5)
Cng sut ti c tnh theo cng thc:
(3-6)
Cng sut p,q c th tch c ra thnh 2 thnh phn:
. Thnh phn mt chiu , tng ng vi thnh phn c bn
ca dng ti.
. Thnh phn iu ha bc cao ,

(3-7)
Khi , tng cng sut tc thi xc nh bi ti:
+ (3-8)
Trong :
P: thnh phn cng sut tc dng ca
Q: thnh phn cng sut phn khng ca
Ngun ch cung cp thnh phn cng sut mt chiu ca ti v cng sut tn
hao ca b nghch lu.
Mch lc tch cc c nhim v cung cp thnh phn cng sut xoay chiu
ca p v cng sut phn khng q.
Khi ta c cng sut cung cp bi mch lc:
(3-9)
v dng cn b:
(3-10)


58
Tuy nhin do in p trn t l khng n nh, do m bo in p trn
t khng i th ngun cn cung cp mt cng sut p
0
duy tr in p trn t
khng i. Bi vy, cng thc tnh dng b cn thit trong h khi kt hp c
chc nng lc sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng:
(3-11)

T cng thc ny, ta tnh c dng b trong h ta abc.
(3-12)
T ta c thut ton iu khin theo thuyt p-q:

ua
ub
uc
ia
ib
ic
Calculation
uo, u|
Calculation
io, i|
Calculation
P
q
Calculation
ico*
ic|*
Calculation
ica*
icb*
icc*
Udc
-
+
Udc
Udc-ref
po
filter
p
q
~
p
PI

Hnh 3.11. Thut ton iu khin da trn thuyt p-q.
Nh vy bng cch s dng thuyt p-q ta xc nh c dng b cn thit
t xy dng cu trc iu khin cho b lc song song.
Theo phng php s dng thuyt p-q tnh ton dng b cn thit cho
chc nng lc sng iu ha bc cao v b CSPK c hn ch l in p trong tnh
ton yu cu phi sin v cn bng. Nu iu ny khng c tha mn th bn thn
thuyt p-q khng cn ng na. Gii php khc phc hin tng in p li
khng sin hoc mt cn bng c hai cch l:


59
* Cch th nht l lc b thnh phn sng iu ha trong in p li trc khi
a vo tnh ton. Gii php ny thng c s dng khi sng iu ha in p c
tn s cao v khi lc thnh phn iu ha khng lm thay i gc pha ca in p.
Hn na gii php ny ch p ng tt khi khng c thnh phn th t nghch. y
l hn ch ca gii php ny.
* Cch th hai ngi ta thng s dng l dng mch PLL (Phase-locked-
loop) xc nh thnh phn c bn ca in p ti im kt ni.
Ngoi ra khi s dng thuyt p-q thc hin thut ton iu khin thit b lc
sng iu ha bc cao v b CSPK cn xut hin thnh phn dng in o. Tt
nhin thnh phn dng o c th b trit tiu nu nh lc vi c tnh ging nhau tc
l thnh phn ny ch xut hin khi trong qu trnh tnh ton dng b chun ta ch b
p hoc q hoc ch b q. Khi tnh ton dng b cho c p v q th s trit tiu c
thnh phn dng o ny.
3.3. Cu trc mch lc sng iu ha v b CSPK dng chnh lu PWM
3.3.1. Nguyn l iu khin.
Trong cu trc ny chnh lu PWM thc hin c chc nng lc sng iu ha
bc cao v b CSPK. S cu trc iu khin nh hnh 3.11
Ngun mt chiu cp cho nghch lu c th cp trc tip t ngun mt chiu hoc
t t in. Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng t in to in p mt chiu
cp cho b nghch lu.
m bo ngun mt chiu cp cho nghch lu c gi tr n nh mt b
iu chnh in p c s dng. in p trn t c o v so snh vi gi tr in
p chun . Sai lch ca hai tn hiu ny c a vo b iu khin, tn hiu ra ca
b iu khin c s dng tnh ton dng b cn thit loi b sng iu ha
bc cao v b CSPK. Dng b ny c coi nh l tn hiu chun v dng in pht
ra bi b nghch lu phi m bo bm theo dng ny. thc hin vic ny c th
c nhiu cch nhng phng php iu khin bang-bang (hysteresis current control)
l phng php iu khin c s dng ph bin bi nhng u im ca n nh
p ng dng in nhanh, chnh xc, n gin v d thc hin.


60

B m
C
Calculation
p, q
abc
o|
iL
iC
abc
o|
~
Calculation
ico*, ic|*
Udc
Udc_ref
+
-
PI
Us
iL
Uo U|
io
i|
+
-
abc
o|
ico*
ic|*
q
p
~
p
p0
ih
ih*
HPF
PWM
Hysteresis
Current
control
L
iS
AT

Hnh 3.12. Cu trc iu khin chnh lu PWM lm b lc tch cc
u vo ca b iu khin ny c ly t sai lch khi so snh dng thc v
dng chun t to ra xung ng ct b nghch lu m bo dng b cp t b
nghch lu bm theo dng b chun c tnh t thuyt p-q tc thi.
Tip theo ta xem xt nguyn l hot ng ca b iu khin bang-bang.
3.3.2. Nguyn l iu khin dng theo phng php bang-bang.


61
C s ca phng php iu khin thch nghi hay iu khin bang-bang
(hysteresis current control) l phng php iu khin da trn vic iu khin dng
in thc bm theo dng in chun.

Hnh 3.13. S m t phng php iu khin kiu bang-bang
Theo mt bng sai lch s c thit lp vi vic t sai lch gii hn trn
v sai lch gii hn di v mc ch ca phng php iu khin ny l lm sao
cho dng thc bm theo dng chun v nm trong cng dung sai ny.
rng bng s bng hai ln sai lch, sai lch l hiu gia dng gii hn trn
vi dng chun hoc ca dng chun vi dng gii hn di. S chuyn mch ca
cc van theo nguyn tc ny nh sau:
- Khi sai lch nm trong bng sai lch th s khng c s chuyn mch no.
- Khi dng vt qua gii hn trn th b nghch lu s chuyn mch sao cho
dng gim xung sai lch nm trong vng cho php v ngc li khi dng gim
xung nh hn gii hn di th b nghch lu chuyn mch dng tng ln.
r hn ta phn tch s chuyn mch ca b nghch lu vi dng pha A:


62

Hnh 3.14. iu khin pht xung cho pha A b lc tch cc
Trong :
i
a
l dng thc pha A
*
a
i l dng t pha A
*
a
i A l sai lch gia dng thc v dng t

Hnh 3.15. S m t iu khin dng in pha A
Khi dng thc i
a
tng dn ti dng gii hn trn th v
g1
=1 do T
1
dn
trong khong thi gian t
1
khi dng i
a
tng. thi im T
1
th i
a
tin ti gii hn
trn v
g1
=0, v
g4
=1 do o T
4
dn trong khong thi gian t
2
. Ti thi im t
2
th i
a

tin ti gii hn di v
g1
=0, v
g4
=1 do T
1
dn dng i
a
li tng ln v qu trnh
li lp li nh ban u, T
1
v T
4
lin tc ng ct dng thc i
a
nm trong bng
gii hn trn v di.


63
Theo phng php iu khin ny th:
- iu chnh tn s dng t s iu chnh c tn s dng thc
- Bin ca dng thc c iu chnh thng qua bin ca dng t
- Khi rng ca bng gim th dng c iu chnh s bm theo dng t
mn hn tuy nhin khi th tn s ng ct tng ln.
- Khi dng t l sin th dng thc cng sin nhng xut hin mt s sng hi
bc cao tuy nhin c th d dng loi b bng vic s dng cc b lc LC u ra
b nghch lu.
Phng php ny c u im l n gin, d thc hin, p ng nhanh tuy
nhin bt li ln nht ca phng php ny l tn s chuyn mch ca van bn dn
khng xc nh v thay i theo ti. Ngoi ra do phng php iu khin dng in
ny khng c s phi hp iu khin gia qu trnh iu khin dng gia cc pha.
Do khng c kh nng iu khin vect khng v tn hao do ng ngt ln khi
ch s iu ch thp.

3.4. Kt lun.
Trong phn trn ta tm hiu chung v chnh lu PWM v ng dng lm
mch lc tch cc v b CSPK. a ra cu trc iu khin cho chnh lu PWM s
dng thuyt p-q thc hin chc nng mch lc song song.
Chng tip theo ta s xy dng cu trc mch lc tch cc dng chnh lu
PWM v ng dng vo kho st vi ph ti b m t nh gi cht lng dng
in trc v sau khi s dng b lc v cc i lng quan trng khc.


64
Chng 4
THIT K B LC TCH CC V B CNG SUT PHN KHNG CHO
TI B M NHM 5.000A, 24V
4.1. t vn .
K thut m in c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh
lm trang sc, chng n mn, tng tnh thm m trn cc dng cM in thc
cht l qu trnh kt ta kim loi ln b mt mt lp ph c nhng tnh cht c, l,
hap ng c yu cu k thut ra. c mt lp m t cht lng tt th
ngoi cc yu t nh qu trnh gia cng b mt kim loi trc khi m, dung dch
cht in phn th ngun cp cho b m cng l mt yu t quan trng nng
cao cht lng lp m.
Ngun cp cho b m phi l ngun mt chiu vi yu cu in p nh v
dng in ln. Ngun mt chiu c th l acquy, my pht in mt chiu, b bin
iNgy nay, do s pht trin ca cng nghip bn dn ch to c cc van
bn dn chu c dng v p cao, do ngun mt chiu s dng b bin i ngy
cng c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. B bin i cho qu trnh m c in
p ra thp 6(V), 12(V), 24(V), 36(V)Ty theo yu cu k thut m chn in p
ra ph hp. V d m Niken thng dng in p ra 6(V) hay 12(V), m Crom
thng dng ngun 12(V), nh bng in ha nhm thng dng ngun 12-
24(V).
Trong phn ny ta s kho st i vi h thng b m gi thit gm 5 b vi
yu cu cho mi b m l in p cp cho b m l 24(V), dng m l 5.000(A) v
trong qu trnh m dng in c gi khng i.


65
B m 1 B m 2 B m 5
AT
AT AT AT
TBA

Hnh 4.1. S h thng b m.
thc hin b cho h thng 5 b m c hai gii php c th p dng:
* Gii php th nht l s dng b b tng cho 5 b m (b tp trung).
B m 1 B m 2 B m 5
AT
AT AT AT
TBA
AF1
B o v
iu khin
tng
AF2 AF5
Cp truyn thng

Hnh 4.2. Gii php lc s dng b b tng
Theo phng php ny cc b AF s c ni ti cp truyn thng ti b o
v iu khin trung tm. B ny tnh ton lng b tng t phn phi ti tng b
lc ca b m tng ng ty theo ch hot ng ca b m. Khi mt b m
khng lm vic th b iu khin s ra lnh cho b lc ca b m khng lm vic.
Phng php ny c u im l tit kim chi ph tuy nhin vn iu khin lng
b thch hp ti tng b m rt phc tp.
* Gii php th hai l b st nt ph ti tc l vi mi b m s c mt b lc
tng ng ring r khng lin quan ti b lc ca b m khc (b phn tn).


66
Theo phng n ny th i vi b m s s dng mt mch lc v cc mch
lc ny hot ng ring r m khng lin quan ti nhau. Phng n ny c u im
l c th m rng ra cho nhiu b m, iu khin n gin hn so vi gii php b
tng tuy nhin chi ph s tng.
y ta nghin cu theo gii php b st nt ph ti. Do cc b m l ging
nhau nn theo gii php ny ta ch cn xt i vi mt b m t c th m rng
ra cho cc b m cn li hoc c th thm ng dng khi m rng s b m th khi
ch cn a thm mch lc khc.
B m 1 B m 2 B m 5
AT
AT AT AT
TBA
AF1 AF2 AF5

Hnh 4.3. Gii php b st nt ph ti
4.2. Phn tch nh hng ca ti b m ln li in.
4.2.1. Xy dng m hnh phn tch nh hng ca ph ti b m n li.
Cc thng s ca m hnh :
- in p ngun 380(V), tn s 50(Hz)
- in p mt chiu cp cho b m 24(V), dng in m 5.000(A)
- Thng s b iu chnh dng in: K
p
=0,011, K
i
=110
Cu trc h thng cp ngun cho b m.


67

in p xoay chiu ba pha c ly t li qua my bin p cp cho b
chnh lu thyristo to ngun mt chiu cp cho b m. Vic thay i dng m
c thc hin thng qua b chnh lu cu ba pha thyristo. Bng vic thay i gc
m ca b CL ba pha s thay i c in p ra, t thay i c dng m.
Trong h thng ny dng m c gi n nh 5.000(A) bng b iu chnh dng
in R
I
.
Trong h thng ny bao gm ngun cp, my bin p, b chnh lu cu ba
pha thyristo, b iu chnh n nh dng m.
Trong trng hp ny ta gi s ngun cp cho h thng b m l ngun l
tng (sin v cn bng). Trong phn ny ta s s dng phn mn Matlab/Simulink
nh gi thnh phn dng iu ha bc cao trong dng in ngun gy ra do tnh
phi tuyn ca ph ti b m nhm.
S m hnh ca h thng:

Hnh 4.5. M hnh h thng iu khin.
Hnh 4.4. H thng cp ngun cho b m


68
Cc khu chnh trong h thng iu khin b m bao gm:
1. Ngun.
H thng ngun 3 pha 3 dy cung cp cho ti phi tuyn. Ngun xoay chiu 3
pha c tr hiu dng U=220(V), tn s 50(Hz), gi tr gc pha ca cc pha A, B, C
lch pha nhau 120
0
. M hnh ngun 3 pha:

Hnh 4.6. Ngun xoay chiu 3 pha
2. M hnh ti.
y l i tng ta s kho st t thit k b lc lc thnh phn sng
iu ha gy ra do ti phi tuyn t ci thin c cht lng in nng.
M hnh ti phi tuyn:
- Khi mch lc:
Cu trc h thng khi lp thm mch lc tch cc:

Hnh 4.7. M hnh mch lc ca ti phi tuyn


69
M hnh gm cc khu: iu p xoay chiu 3 pha, my bin p, chnh lu cu
ba pha khng iu khin.
+ My bin p: trong s ny s dng my bin p 3 pha loi /Ydo s
loi b c thnh phn dng iu ha bc 3 do ti phi tuyn gy nn.
+ B chnh lu: s dng chnh lu cu ba pha thyristo. Khu ny chuyn t
ngun xoay chiu thnh ngun mt chiu c iu khin cung cp cho b m.

Hnh 4.8. M hnh b chnh lu cu 3 pha c iu khin.
+ Ti b m: do c tnh b m, trong qu trnh m c sc in ng ngc
tng dn do s tng ln ca cc cation v anion trong dung dch in phn lm tng
sc in ng n mt gi tr khng i cho n khi kt thc qu trnh m. Chnh
s bin thin sc in ng ny gy bin thin cc thnh phn dng iu ha bc
cao.


70
to c tch cho s bin ng ca sc in ng trong qu trnh m ta s
dng mt khi to c tnh theo s bin ng ca sc in ng. M hnh ti c th
biu din nh sau:

Hnh 4.9. M hnh ti b m.

Trong
R= 4.10
-4
( O)
Sc in ng E bin thin theo c tnh sau:
E(V)
t(s)
22
2
0

Hnh 4.10. c tnh bin thin ca sc in ng b m
Trong thc t th qu trnh tng sc in ng E thng ko di khong 5 n
10 pht tuy nhin khi khi lng tnh ton ca my tnh s ln. Do ta ch cn
nh hnh s bin thin sc in ng trn ti nh gi s bin thin ca dng
iu ha bc cao khi sc in ng thay i v gim bt khi lng tnh ton
trong m phng ta gi s qu trnh ny ch ko di trong 2(s) sau sc in ng
n nh.
- Khi iu khin: c nhim v gi dng ti n nh


71

Hnh 4.11. S khu iu khin dng in ti.
Khi ny n nh dng in ti bng cch dng mt b iu chnh. B iu
chnh s dng y l b PI. Tn hiu vo ca khu PI l sai lch ca hai tn hiu:
tn hiu dng t (dng mong mun ti) v tn hiu dng thc o trn ti. cho
tn hiu t dng in khng bin thin t bin u vo dng t ta cho thm mt
khu Ramp dng tng t t.
Tham s ny c ly t thng s thc t ca b iu khin dng in m.
u ra ca b iu chnh dng in l tn hiu c a vo khu pht xung ca b
CL cu ba pha thyristo thay i in p t n nh dng pha ti.
3. Khi tnh ton cng sut.
Khi ny tnh ton cng sut tiu th ca ti v cng sut ngun, nh gi
hiu sut s dng in nng thng qua vic nh gi h s cng sut. Tn hiu t
khi ny c a n khi hin th x l kt qu v nh gi.

Hnh 4.12. Khi tnh ton cng sut
4. Khu o lng.


72
Gm cc khi o dng v p trn ng dy v trn ti. Tn hiu t khi ny
c s dng lm tn hiu cho cc khi iu khin, cho mc ch hin th v x
l d liu.
- Khu o dng:

Hnh 4.13. M hnh khu o dng in xoay chiu 3 pha
- Khu o p:

Hnh 4.14. M hnh khu o in p xoay chiu 3 pha

5. Khi hin th.
hin th thng tin v qu trnh thun tin cho kho st v phn tch.

Hnh 4.15. M hnh khi hin thi tham s


73
4.2.2. Kt qu m phng.
- in p ngun cp cho ph ti b m:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-500
0
500
Time (s)
U
s

(
V
)

Hnh 4.16. th in p ngun cp cho ti
- Dng in trn ng dy cp cho b m: ta kho st dng in trn li
nh gi s bin dng dng trn li do tnh phi tuyn ca ti gy ra.

2 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.1
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
i
S

(
A
)

Hnh 4.17. Dng in pha ngun cp cho ti
Ta nhn thy dng trn li b mo khng cn dng hnh sin na m b
mo dng i so vi dng sin chun do cha nhiu thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao
sinh ra do tnh phi tuyn ca ti.
Tip theo ta phn tch dng trn pha A, t nh gi cc thnh phn sng
iu ha bc cao. Vic phn tch ny s c tin hnh ti mt s thi im khc
nhau theo s bin thin ca sc in ng E. S d ta phn tch ti cc thi im
khc nhau v nh vy s quan st c s bin thin ca cc thnh phn sng iu
ha bc cao do s thay i ca sc in ng E.
- Dng in trn pha A ca ngun cp cho ti b m


74
2 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.1
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
i
S
a

(
A
)

Hnh 4.18. Dng in ngun pha A
Phn tch ph dng in pha A ti cc gi tr khc nhau ca E cho kt qu:

Hnh 4.19. Phn tch sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A ti E=8 (V)



75

Bng 4.1. T l cc thnh phn dng iu ha trong dng in ngun
Bc sng iu
ha
T l cc thnh phn sng iu ha (%)
E=8(V) E=16(V) E=22(V)
DC 0,10 0,06 0,01
Fund 100 100 100
2 0,05 0,15 0,02
3 0,02 0,10 0,01
4 0,17 0,20 0,02
5 47,68 40,43 24,08
6 0,45 0,48 0,03
7 22,70 16,88 14,48
8 0,22 0,12 0,02
9 0,18 0,08 0,01
10 0,25 0,17 0,01
11 17,02 14,42 5,97
12 0,32 0,42 0,02
13 11,80 8,68 7,86
14 0,19 0,13 0,02
15 0,13 0,09 0,01
16 0,18 0,16 0,01
17 9,16 7,98 4,44


76
18 0,33 0,35 0,02
19 7,32 5,24 3,96

Ta thy rng do c s bin thin cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao nn
h s mo dng dng in THD cng thay i. i chiu vi tiu chun IEEE std
519 ta thy h s mo dng dng in THD=30,37% vt xa tr s s quy nh
trong tiu chun l h s THD phi nh hn 5%.
T bng 4.1 trn ta thy cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc chn v bc 3,
9,15 gn nh khng c trong khi cc thnh phn iu ha bc 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19
chim t l kh ln. Cc thnh phn ny gy ra bi b chnh lu cu ba pha. Trong
th thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5 v bc 7 l chim t l ln hn c. Cn c
theo tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4 ta nhn thy cc thnh phn sng iu ha trong dng
in li u vt qu tiu chun cho php c quy nh theo tiu chun. Do
cn c bin php m bo hn ch c cc thnh phn dng iu ha bc cao
trn li. Bin php c s dng l s dng mch lc tch cc.
Quan st s bin thin thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5 v bc 7:
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
h
5

Hnh 4.22. Thnh phn iu ha bc 5 ca dng in ngun pha A.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
100
200
300
Time (s)
h
7

Hnh 4.23. Thnh phn iu ha bc 7 ca dng in ngun pha A.


77
Lc u do sc in ng E cn nh, dng c iu khin gi 5000(A)
nn vng iu chnh in p nh, c iu chnh in p mt chiu ra sinh ra cc
thnh phn iu ha bc cao ln, bin cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao thay i.
Ta nhn thy trong khong thi gian t 0 n 2(s) cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc
5, bc 7 bin thin do s bin thin ca sc in ng E. Sau thi gian 2(s) khi sc
in ng E n nh th thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5 v 7 khng i.
- nh gi h s cng sut: h s cng sut ngun thp, ch vo khong 0,66
do trong dng in cha nhiu thnh phn dng iu ha bc cao. Thc t ch c
thnh phn dng c bn l to nn cng sut tc dng mch in, cc thnh phn
dng iu ha khc ch to nn ti cho dng in m khng ng gp g vo cng
sut tc dng. Do vi vic hn ch sng iu ha bc cao gp phn ci thin h
s cng sut.
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (s)
P
F

Hnh 4.24. H s cng sut khi cha c mch lc
- T th hnh 4.24 ta nhn thy dng v p trn pha A khng trng nhau.
2.1 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.2
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
U
a

(
V
)
,

i
S
a

(
A
)

Dng in
in p

Hnh 4.25. Dng in v in p ngun pha A
4.3. Thit k b lc cho ngun b m.
T phn tch trn ta thy cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao chim t l
kh ln l nguyn nhn dn n cc hin tng nh n t, chy van bn dn ca cc


78
b bin i. ng thi do s xut hin ca cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao cng
lm mo in p li, gim h s cng sut nhng khng th dng b t tnh c.
Do khc phc hin tng trn th cn phi lm gim hay trit tiu cc thnh
phn xoay chiu bc cao. Vic ny c thc hin bng cc thit b lc sng iu
ha.
Mt khc, do c tnh ca b m c th coi nh gm mt in tr R v mt
sc in ng E. Thi k u qu trnh m c s bin thin E lm cho cc thnh
phn sng iu ha bc cao cng thay i. Do gii php tt nht trong trng
hp ny l s dng mch lc tch cc (Active Filter).

Hnh 4.26. S nguyn l mch lc c s dng b.
Vic chn im ni mch lc st ph ti vi gi thuyt in p ngun cp i
xng ta chn mch lc AF l cu 3 pha i xng. B lc tch cc c iu khin
theo phng php dng in. Tip theo ta xc nh mt s thng s ca b lc.
4.3.1. Xc nh gi tr in p mt chiu cp cho nghch lu.
Gi tr cc tiu ca in p mt chiu:
dcmin d0 fa
U >U =2,45U (4-1)
Thng thng chn in p mt chiu gi tr:
( )
dc d0
U = 1,21,3 U (4-2)
Cu trc h thng khi lp thm mch lc tch cc:

;


79
T (4-1) v (4-2) ta tnh c in p mt chiu cp cho mch nghch lu l
U
dc
=700(V).
4.3.2. Xc nh gi tr t in C.
Gi tr t in C c tnh ton sao cho m bo to c in p cp cho
mch nghch lu l 700(V). Cng thc tnh ton C c a ra theo cng thc sau:
n
dc dc 1
S 1
C= .
U .U 2
(4-3)
Trong :

n
S l cng sut biu kin ca b lc.
U
dc
l gi tr in p mt chiu cp cho mch nghch lu.

dc
U bin thin in p trn t ( ly khong 5% nn
dc
U =35V).
Trc ht ta tnh ton cng sut biu kin ca b lc. Cng sut ca b lc s
bng tng cng sut gy ra do cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao 2, 3, 4 tuy
nhin ch c cc thnh phn bc 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 l chim t l ln do s tnh
ton cng sut b lc da trn cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao ny.
Cng sut b lc:
S
n
= S
5
+ S
7
+ S
11
+ S
13
+ S
17
+ S
19
=3.( U
f
.I
5f
+ U
f
.I
7f
+ U
f
.I
11f
+ U
f
.I
13f
+ U
f
.I
17f
+ U
f
.I
19f
)
=3.(220.117,18 + 220.70,45 + 220.29,08 + 220.38,2 + 220.21,62 +220.19,22)
=195255 (VA)
Thay s vo (4-3) ta c :
C= ) ( 0127 . 0
. 50 . 2 . 2
1
.
35 . 700
195255
F =
t

Chn C= 6000(F)
4.3.3. Xc nh gi tr in cm L.
B lc tch cc c thit k loi b cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao
khi thnh phn c bn ca dng in. B lc tch cc nn tnh ton sao cho lc
c t nht 20 thnh phn iu ha bc cao. Khi lc b cc thnh phn sng iu


80
ha bc cao th khi gi tr tn s cao ca cc sng iu ha s hn ch kch thc
ca cun cm.
Cun cm c tc dng nh mt kho, khi c dng in chy qua n s tch tr
mt nng lng t trng. Khi tr s in cm ln, nng lng t trng ny cng
ln v n s lm cho s thay i dng in chm li v khng bm theo c s
thay i ca dng b chun tn s cao. Ngc li, khi tr s in cm ca cun
dy qu nh s lm cho s thay i ca dng bin thin nhanh, kt qu lm cho tn
s chuyn mch ca b nghch lu tng v gy ra tn tht trong cc van bn dn
tng. Do gi tr in cm ca cun dy cn c chn thch hp sao cho tn s
ng ct ca cc van bn dn khng qu cao gim c tn tht do chuyn mch
gia cc van bn dn ca b nghch lu.
Xt mt thnh phn iu ha c tn s f c dng:
i(t)=A.sin(2f.t+ ) m
Khi bin thin dng in l:
di
max( )=A.2..f
dt
(4-4)
Vi b lc tch cc cn b cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao do xc nh
tr s
di
dt
t (4-4). Ta cn xt vi tng thnh phn sng iu ha t chn c gi
tr ln nht ca
di
dt
.
Bng sau a ra kt qu tnh gi tr
di
dt
ng vi cc thnh phn iu ha xoay
chiu bc cao:
Bng 4.2. Bin thin dng in vi cc thnh phn sng iu ha

Bc sng iu ha

Gi tr (A)
di
dt

2 0,005 3,14
3 0,01 9,43


81
4 0,025 39,27
5 117,18 184058,06
6 0,03 65.05
7 70,45 154916,65
8 0,015 37,7
9 0,005 14,14
10 0,01 31,42
11 29,08 100493,27
12 0,03 59,25
13 38,2 155991,07
14 0,015 65,97
15 0,005 23,56
16 0,01 50,27
17 21,62 115439,39
18 0,02 113,1
19 19,22 114724,68

T bng trn ta c
di
max( )
dt
=184058,06 ng vi thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5.
Cng thc tnh gi tr in cm l:

dc
source
max
U
-U
2
L =
di
max( )
dt
(4-5)
Thay s vo (4-5) ta c:
max
L =
4
10 . 16 , 2
06 , 184058
2 . 220
2
700
(H)
Chn L=0,04(H).


82
4.3.4. Xc nh v la chn thng s van iu khin.
Do van c tn s ng ct cao nn ta chn van loi IGBT. Vic la chn van
l s kt hp ca nhiu yu t nh dng cc i qua van, in p ngc cc i t
ln van, tn s ng ngt, tn tht do ng ngt, iu kin lm mtVic tnh ton
la chn van rt phc tp i hi nhiu yu t. y chn s b van theo dng in
cc i qua van.
Dng in cc i qua van bng tng cc thnh phn sng iu ha. Do ch
c cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5, 7, 11, 17, 19 chim t l ch yu do ta s
tnh dng qua van theo cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao ny:
I
max
=I
5
+I
7
+I
11
+I
13
+I
17
+I
19
=117,18+70,45+29,08+38,2+21,62+19,22
=295,5 (A)
Trong iu kin b qua tn tht v iu kin lm mt l tng ta c th chn
van vi dng qua van l:
I=2I
max
=2.295,5=591 (A)
Nh vy s b ta c th chn van vi dng 800 (A), in p 1600(V).
4.3.5. Khu to xung cho b nghch lu.
1. Khi tnh ton dng b chun.

Hnh 4.27. M hnh khi tnh ton dng b chun.
Cc khu trong khi gm:


83
- Khu chuyn h trc ta abc : chuyn dng v p trong khung ta
abc sang khung ta phc v cho tnh ton CSTD v CSPK theo thuyt
p-q tc thi.

Hnh 4.28. Khi chuyn in p trong h abc sang o| .

Hnh 4.29. Khi chuyn dng trong h abc sang o|
- Khi tnh ton cng sut pq : khi ny cho php ta tnh ton cng sut p, q ca
ti trong h ta .

Hnh 4.30. Khi tnh ton cng sut p, q
Ngoi ra n nh in p trn t ngun cn cung cp mt cng sut p
0

c tnh ton thng qua dng v p trn t theo cng thc sau:
dc
0 dc dc dc dc
du
p =C u =u i
dt


84
Hnh 4.31. Khi tnh ton cng sut n nh in p trn t
- Khi tnh ton cng sut b : t CSTD v CSPK ca ti tnh c trn
kt hp vi yu cu lc sng iu ha v b CSPK mch lc cn cung cp cng sut
b.

Hnh 4.32. Khi tnh ton cng sut b cung cp bi mch lc
Trong khi ny s dng mch lc thng thp. Chc nng ca n l lc b
thnh phn xoay chiu, ch gi li thnh phn mt chiu.
- Khi tnh ton dng t trong h : dng b cn thit to ra t mch lc
c tnh ton theo (3-8).

Hnh 4.33. Khi tnh ton dng b trong h o|
- Khi tnh ton dng t trong h abc: dng yu cu trong h abc c
chuyn t dng t c tnh ton trong h .


85
Hnh 4.34. Khi tnh ton dng b trong h abc
2. Cu trc ca khu pht xung.

Hnh 4.35. Khi pht xung cho b nghch lu
Dng b chun c tnh ton trn c so snh vi tn hiu thc c
o t u ra b lc. Sai lch ca hai tn hiu ny c a vo b iu chnh dng.
Trong s ny s dng b iu chnh theo sai lch dng ngha l khi dng tng
vt qu ngng trn ca b iu chnh th n pht xung ng ct cc van bn dn
dng gim xung v ngc li khi dng gim xung di ngng t th b iu
chnh pht xung tng dng.
4.4. Kho st mch lc vi ngun b m.
Cc thng s m phng:
- Ngun cp 380(V), tn s 50(Hz)
- Thng s b iu chnh dng
K
p
=0,011, K
i
=110
- Cun khng L=0,004(H)
- T in C= 6000( F)
- Thng s b iu chnh in p trn t
K
p
=2,64, K
i
=114,8
- Sai s ca khu iu chnh dng ta t khong 50(A) tng ng vi sai s
khong 10%.
- Qu trnh m phng c thc hin vi ch dng m l 5000 (A).


86
Ta s xem xt trong hai trng hp vi trng hp ngun l tng v trng
hp ngun khng l tng.
4.4.1. Kho st trong trng hp ngun l tng.
Cu trc ca h thng khi lp thm khi lc nh hnh v:

Hnh 4.36. S h thng iu khin b m c b trong trng hp in p ngun
l tng
Trong trng hp ny ta s kho st vi in p ngun l tng (sin v cn bng).
- Ngun l tng cp cho ti b m
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-500
0
500
Time (s)
U
s

(
V
)

Hnh 4.37. Ngun l tng cp cho ti


87
- Quan st dng in ngun pha trc mch lc ta thy dng in c hnh
sin, cc thnh phn dng iu ha bc cao c gim.
2.4 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.5
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
i
S

(
A
)

Hnh 4.38. Dng in ngun sau khi mch lc tc ng
Tuy nhin nh gi c cht lng ca b lc i vi vic trit tiu cc
thnh phn iu ha xoay chiu bc cao ta cn nh gi qua h s bin dng dng
in THD, h s ny phi nm trong tiu chun cho php. Vic ny c thc hin
thng qua phn tch iu ha dng in bc cao. Ta phn tch vi dng pha A.
- Dng in ngun pha A:
2.4 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.5
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
i
S
a

(
A
)

Hnh 4.39. Dng in ngun pha A sau khi mch lc tc ng.
Tip theo ta phn tch ph dng in pha A ti cc thi im khc nhau sau
khi mch lc tc ng qua s thy c tc ng ca mch lc tch cc i vi
s bin thin ca cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao khi sc in ng E thay i
trong qu trnh m.


88
Hnh 4.40. Phn tch sng iu ha dng in pha A ti E=8(V) khi mch lc tc
ng

Hnh 4.41.Phn tch sng iu ha dng in pha A ti E=16(V) khi mch lc tc
ng

Hnh 4.42.Phn tch sng iu ha dng in pha A ti E=22(V) khi mch lc tc
ng
T phn tch trn ta nhn thy khi sc in ng E n nh, h s mo
dng dng in THD l 4,74%. i chiu vi tiu chun IEEE std 519 ta thy h s
THD tha mn tiu chun (<5%) nh vy trong trng hp ny b lc lm vic p
ng c yu cu. Cht lng dng in trn li c bo m.
Mt tiu chun khc nh gi l tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4 quy nh t l
sng iu ha bc cao c php trong dng in li.
Bng sau a ra t l cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao trong dng in
ngun sau khi mch lc tc ng.
Bng 4.3. Gi tr cc thnh phn sng iu ha trong dng in ngun
Bc sng
iu ha
T l cc thnh phn sng iu ha (%)
E=8(V) E=16(V) E=22(V)


89
DC 0,07 0,15 0,14
Fund 100 100 100
2 0,64 0,78 0,53
3 0,57 0,62 0,28
4 0,61 0,76 0,61
5 13,18 11,44 2,08
6 0,43 0,59 0,34
7 13,17 10,19 1,47
8 0,54 0,85 0,43
9 0,61 0,81 0,22
10 0,51 0,37 0,48
11 14,27 10,36 1,56
12 0,46 0,30 0,36
13 13,31 9,68 1,99
14 0,44 0,77 0,35
15 0,45 0,39 0,33
16 0,55 0,21 0,49
17 11,83 7,86 1,88
18 0,42 0,34 0,28
19 11,04 7,63 2,01

Khi sc in ng E n nh. i chiu vi bng 4.1 ta nhn thy mc d
xut hin thm mt s thnh phn sng iu ha mi nhng t l ca chng rt nh
so vi thnh phn c bn, cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5, 7, 11 gim i r
rt so vi khi cha c mch lc tc ng.
Theo tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4 th cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao
trong dng in li phi nh hn mt gi tr cho php. Cn c vo kt qu phn
tch cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao trong dng in li theo bng 4.3 v i chiu


90
vi tiu chun IEC 1000-3-4 ta thy t l cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao u nm
trong tiu chun. Nh vy b lc p ng c yu cu.
Quan st s bin thin thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5, 7 qua th hnh
4.43, 4.44 ta nhn thy r tc ng ca mch lc i vi s bin thin ca cc thnh
phn sng iu ha bc cao. Trong khong thi gian t 0,6 n 2(s) cc thnh phn
sng iu ha bc cao bin thin do s bin thin ca sc in ng E mch lc vn
tc ng tt, lm gim bt cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao. C th thy r
c s bin thin ca cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc cao trong khong thi gian
t 0,6 n 2(s) sau khi mch lc tc ng nh hnh di.
0 0.6 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
200
400
600
Time (s)
h
5
Tr- c khi tc ng Sau khi tc ng

Hnh 4.43. Thnh phn sng iu ha bc 5 trc v sau khi mch lc tc ng.
0 0.6 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
100
200
300
Time (s)
h
7
Tr- c khi tc ng Sau khi tc ng

Hnh 4.44. Thnh phn sng iu ha bc 7 trc v sau khi mch lc tc ng
- Cng sut ngun v cng sut mch lc: mch lc thc hin chc nng b
CSPK do sau khi mch lc tc ng th lng CSPK m ngun cn cp cho ti
c cp t mch lc do lng CSPK t ngun gim xung. Sau khi mch lc
tc ng ti thi im 0,6(s) CSPK c cp t ngun gim xung, lc ny ngun
ch truyn ti mt lng CSPK rt nh.


91
0 0.6 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
x 10
5
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
,

V
A
R
)

P
Q
Ch- a tc ng
Sau khi tc ng

Hnh 4.45. Cng sut ngun trc v sau khi mch lc tc ng
0 0.6 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
1
2
3
4
5
x 10
5
Time (s)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
,

V
A
R
)

Q
P
Ch- a tc ng
Sau khi tc ng

Hnh 4.46. Cng sut mch lc trc v sau khi tc ng.
- H s cng sut: ta thy khi mch lc tc ng th dng v p pha li
trng pha, h s cosm=1 nhng h s cng sut ca ngun ch xp x 1 do vn cn
tn ti cc thnh phn dng iu ha bc cao.
2.2 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.9
1
1.2
Time (s)
P
F

Hnh 4.47. H s cng sut sau khi mch lc tc ng.


92
2 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.1
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
u
a
(
V
)
,
i
a
(
A
)

Dng in
in p

Hnh 4.48. Dng in, in p ngun pha A sau khi mch lc tc ng
Qua nhng phn tch trn ta thy mch lc lm vic kh tt m bo chc
nng l lc sng iu ha bc cao v b CSPK. Tuy nhin vic phn tch trn mi
ch xt vi iu kin ngun cp l l tng. Tip theo ta s phn tch trong trng
hp in p ngun khng l tng (khng sin hoc khng cn bng).
4.4.2. nh hng ca in p ti im ni gia mch lc v li.
Kho st trong trng hp ngun khng cn bng:
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
-500
0
500
Time (s)
U
s
(
V
)

Hnh 4.49. in p ngun khng cn bng.
Khi ta c kt qu m phng:
- Dng in ngun pha trc mch lc:
2.4 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.5
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
i
S

(
A
)

Hnh 4.50. Dng in ngun trong trng hp in p ngun khng cn bng


93
- Phn tch ph dng in ngun pha A cho ta kt qu:

Hnh 4.51. Sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A
T kt qu trn ta nhn thy dng in pha trc mch lc khng cn c
dng hnh sin na m b mo i, h s mo dng dng in ln vt qu tiu chun
cho php Kt qu ny l do thuyt p-q ch ng trong trng hp in p ngun sin
v cn bng. Trong trng hp ny ta kho st vi in p ngun khng cn bng
do kt qu ra khng cn ng na bi bn thn thuyt p-q m ta s dng trong
thut ton iu khin sai.
khc phc nhc im ny mt mch PLL (phase-locked loop) c s
dng. Mc ch ca vic p dng mch PLL l xc nh thnh phn s bn ca
in p ti im kt ni gia mch lc v li t s c dng tnh ton dng
b cn thit theo thuyt p-q. Cu trc ca mch PLL:

Hnh 4.52. Cu trc mch PLL
S h thng b m khi s dng mch lc trong trng hp c s dng
mch PLL khc phc nhc im ca thuyt p-q:


94

Hnh 4.53. S h thng iu khin b m c b
Kt qu m phng trong trng hp ny nh sau:
- Dng in ngun pha trc mch lc:
2.4 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.5
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
Time (s)
i
S

(
A
)

Hnh 4.54. Dng in ngun sau khi lc dng PLL trong trng hp in p ngun
khng cn bng.
- Phn tch ph dng in ngun pha A c kt qu nh sau:


95

Hnh 4.55. Sng iu ha dng in ngun pha A
C th thy rng cht lng dng in c ci thin ng k trong trng
hp in p ngun khng cn bng, dng khng cn b mo na m c dng hnh
sin, h s mo dng dng in gim so vi trc khi s dng mch PLL. Trc
khi s dng mch PLL th h s mo dng THD=13,95%, sau khi s dng mch
PLL trong trng hp in p ngun khng cn bng th h s THD=6,42%.
Nh vy hn ch ca thuyt p-q c th khc phc bng cch s dng mt
mch PLL. Tuy nhin theo phng php ny ch ly thnh phn in p ngun c
bn tnh ton theo thuyt p-q m b qua cc thnh phn iu ha bc cao ca in
p ngun do cht lng mch lc km hn so vi trng hp in p ngun l
tng.
Vic s dng phng php iu khin bang-bang c u im l d dng thc
hin, p ng qu nhanh tuy nhin c nhc im l sai s trong qu trnh qu
c th t gi tr ln v tn s ng ngt thay i nhiu.
Tn s chuyn mch ph thuc vo gi tr in cm L v rng bng tr do
thay i tn s chuyn mch c th tc ng vo hai thng s ny tuy nhin
khi rng bng tr qu nh dng in sin hn, cc thnh phn sng iu ha bc
cao cn rt nh nhng khi tn s chuyn mch ln.
Gi tr in cm L cng khng c qu ln v khi s lm tng dng peak
cn nu qu nh th cht lng lc s tt hn, lm gim c dng peak nhng khi
lm tng tn s chuyn mch. Do in cm L cn phi c tnh ton m
bo hi ha c hai yu t trn.
Tn s chuyn mch ca cc van bn dn c th tnh ton qua cng thc sau:


96
dc
SW
U
f =
9hL

Vi h l gii hn sai lch
Gi s sai lch l 50(A) th tn s chuyn mch l:
) ( 10
. 5 . 50 . 9
700
10
5
kHz f
SW
= =

Khi sai s khong 5% th tn s ng ct ca cc van l rt ln. Nn dng
rng bng tr vi sai s ca khu iu chnh dng l 810% so vi gi tr dng
chun.
4.5. Kt lun chung.
Cu trc ca lun vn gm 4 chng:
Chng 1: Tng quan v sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng.
Chng 2: Cc b lc sng iu ha v b cng sut phn khng.
Chng 3: Thit k b lc tch cc v b cng sut phn khng dng chnh
lu PWM.
Chng 4: Thit k b lc tch cc v b cng sut phn khng cho ti b m
nhm 5000A, 24V.
4.5.1. nh gi nhim v.
Nhim v chnh ca lun vn l nghin cu b lc v b cng sut phn
khng dng thit b in t cng sut.
Vi nhng kt qu trnh by, c th nh gi mt cch ch quan rng
nhim v lun vn c hon thnh, th hin nhng c im sau :
- xy dng thnh cng b lc tch cc v b cng sut phn khng dng
thit b in t cng sut (s dng chnh lu PWM), v xy dng thnh cng m
hnh m phng ca h thng mch lc trong Matlab/simulink cho ti b m nhm
5000A, 24V.
- Da trn m hnh m phng c thit lp, m phng thnh cng p
ng ca mch lc, c th kho st p ng ca cc i lng quan trng: dng


97
in ngun khi mch lc tc dng; cng sut phn khng Q ca mch lc pht ln
li v cng sut phn khng Q ca ngun di tc ng b cng sut ca mch
lc; h s cng sut ca ngun di tc ng ca mch lc, cc thnh phn sng
bc cao sau khi mch lc tc ng
- khc phc c hin tng dng in ngun c dng khng sin do nh
hng ca in p ti im ni gia mch lc v li trong trng hp in p
ngun khng cn bng. Bng cch s dng mch PLL (Phase Locked Loop).
Tm li, c th thy mch lc lm vic kh tt, cht lng dng in c ci
thin ng k. c bit mch lc tc ng kh tt trong trng hp cc thnh phn
sng iu ha bc cao thay i.
4.5.2. Tnh kh thi ca ti.
- Vi vic xy dng thnh cng m hnh m phng b lc tch cc song song 3
pha trong mi trng Simulink ca Matlab, chng ta thy hon ton c th trin
khai xy dng m hnh trong thc t.
4.5.3. Nhng vn tn ti v hng pht trin .
Do mt s nguyn nhn ch quan v khch quan, y cn mt s tn ti
cn gii quyt nh sau:
- Vi cu trc iu trn iu khin dng in theo kiu bang-bang nn cha
gii quyt c hai vn khi iu khin van bn dn l: cc van phi thc hin
chuyn mch nh th no v trng thi tn ti bao lu?
- Tn hao ca b nghch lu cng cha c xem xt, y l mt tn ti cn
gii quyt nhm nng cao hiu sut cng nh cht lng mch lc.
Cc vn nu trn cn phi c s u t nghin cu mt cch chuyn su
hon thin v trin khai m hnh trong thc t.


98
TI LIU THAM KHO
Ting Vit.
1. Bi Quc Khnh, Phm Quc Hi, Nguyn Th Hin (1996), Truyn ng in,
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni.
2. Bi Quc Khnh, Phm Quc Hi, Nguyn Th Hin (1996), iu chnh t ng
truyn ng in, Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni.
3. Nguyn Don Phc, Phan Xun Minh(2000), H phi tuyn, Nh xut bn Khoa
hc v k thut, H Ni.
4. Bi Quc Khnh, Nguyn Vn Lin (1997), C s Truyn ng in, Nh xut
bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
5. Nguyn Don Phc, Phan Xun Minh, Hn Thnh Trung(2003), L thuyt iu
khin phi tuyn, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.
6. Nguyn Phng Quang(2005), Matlab & Simulink, Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut, H Ni.
7. L Vn Doanh, Nguyn Th Cng, Trn Vn Thnh, in t cng sut, Nh
xut bn Khoa hc v k thut, H Ni.

Ting Anh.
8. Park KI-WON, A Review of ACTIVE POWER FILTERS, R&D Center
POSCON.
9. H. Abaali, M. T. Lamchich, M. Raoufi, Shunt Power Active Filter
Control under Non Ideal Voltages Conditions, International Journal of
Information Technology Volume 2 Number 3
10. Edson H.Watanabe
*
, Maurcio Aredes
*
- Hirofumi Akagi
+
, THE P-Q
THEORY FOR ACTIVE FILTER CONTROL: SOME PROBLEMS AND
SOLUTIONS, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Brasil
*
, Tokyo
Institute of Technology Japan
+
.


99
11. H. AKAGI, Modern active filters and traditional passive filters, Tokyo,
Japan.
12. M.V. Aware, A.G. Kothari and S.S. Bhat, Power factor improvement
using active filter for unbalanced three-phase non-linear loads,
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology India.
13. Mark McGranaghan, ACTIVE FILTER DESIGN AND SPECIFICATION
FOR CONTROL OF HARMONICS IN INDUSTRIAL AND
COMMERCIAL FACILITIES, Electrotek Concepts, Inc. Knoxville TN,
USA.
14. Emlio F. Couto, Jlio S. Martins, Joo L. Afonsosimilation, Results of a
shunt active with control base on p-q theory, University of Minho-
Portugal.
15. David M.E. Ingram and Simon D. Round, A Fully Digital Hysteresis
Current Controller for an Active Power Filter, University of Canterbury -
New Zealand.
16. TAN PERNG CHENG, A SINGLE-PHASE HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER
WITH PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION, UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI- MALAYSIA


100
TM TT LUN VN
T kha:
1. Lc tch cc.
2. PLL.
3. Ti phi tuyn.
4. PWM
5. M nhm
Trong thc t, ti phi tuyn l nhng trng hp in hnh v ph bin.
Chng gy ra cc sng iu ha bc cao lm nh hng khng tt n s hot
ng ca h thng: qu p, tn tht in nng, qu nhit cho cc ph ti, gim
cht lng in nng v gin on cung cp in. V vy yu cu t ra l cn
nghin cu b lc tch cc khc phc nhng hn ch nh trn ng dng
v ph bin trong thc t sn xut.
B lc tch cc c nghin cu p dng cho cc h thng c ti phi
tuyn. Nguyn l ca chng l lc sng iu ha bc cao v b cng sut phn
khng.
Lun vn thc s ny c vit vi mc ch nghin cu v th nghim
trong phng th nghim b lc tch cc song song. B lc tch cc song song c cc
c im k thut sau:
1. m bo cht lng in p pha trc ti phi tuyn c dng hnh sin v
loi b sng iu ha bc cao trn li in.
2. B cng sut phn khng
Kt lun: Trong phm vi n tc gi xy dng c phng php b
cng sut phn khng theo l thuyt pq. Bng kt qu m phng v thc nghim
chng minh c l cc c im k thut trn hon ton t c trong phng th
nghim v ph hp vi l thuyt.

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