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UNIT = 1 INTRODUCTION
The Microcontroller based put coin and draw power is latest technology for distibution of electric power for paying guest house, lodges and trains. It can be effectively used to operate to the equipments. Built on the lines of payphones, here is an automatic coin collection devise for pay loads like lamps and air-conditioners to be used on a private electrical line. This type of systems are not available in the market, Their ICS may not be easily available. Moreover, for simply functions. The system makes use of a sensor for detecting the coin and a microcontroller that counts the coins and shows the count on a 7-segment display; when you close the load switch provided in the circuit, the energise to connect the load and the coin count on display starts decrementing. When the count decrements to zero, the relay de-energise to disconnect the load.
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RESISTORS: R1 = 220 R2= 33 K R3 = 220K R4, R7, R9 ,R25 = 330 R5,R8 = 1K R6=10K R10-R16=270 R17-R24=4.7K VR1=2.2MG preset CAPACITORS: C1,C7 = 10 F, 16 V electrolytic C2,C3 = 0.01F ceramic disk C4=100 F, 16 V electrolytic C5,C6=33pF ceramic disk C8=1000 F,35V electrolytic C9,C10=0.1 F ceramic disk
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DIODE: D1-D5=1N4007rectifierdiode
IC: IC1 = NE556dual timer IC2=AT89C2051microcontroller IC3=CD5411 7-segment decoder/driver IC4= 7805 5V regulator IC5= 7806 6V regulator
TRANSFORMER: X1=9V,500mA
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SOFTWARE
The source program is written in Assembly language and assembled using Metalinks ASM51 assembler , which is freely available on the Internet for download. The source program has been well commented for easy understanding. It works as per the flow-chart shown in Fig. First , the program initializes the microcontrollers registers, then it checks whether memory register is zero. If register r3 is zero, it goes for coin-detection. Else, it proceeds to count update and display. Coin-counter register r3 is incremented by five after insertion of one coin. When the load switch is closed, port pin P3.1 goes low. Port pin P1.1 goes high to energise relay RL1. Port pin P3.2 goes low five times then display count number decrements by one.
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MICROCONTROLLER BASED PUT COIN AND DRAW POWER $mod51 ; p3.0 ; p3.1 ; p3.2 ; p3.7 ; p1.0 ; p1.1 indicator ; p1.4 to p1.7 ; r0,r1 ; r2 ; r3 approx) ;(r4 ; r5 development ;r6 ; r7
coin detect pulse power on switch monostable pulse(time duration)sensed via transistor coin sensed LED monostable triggering signal relay on or POWER BEING CONSUMED LED input to CD 4511(6.1,2,7) to display on 7seg for delay count for 7 seg display count of 5 monostable pulses(ASSUME Rs 1/1 MIN flag ON already triggered flag timer already triggered) not used,for further count upto 5 count for 7seg display left justified org 000h sjmp start org 040h -INITIALISATION STARTmov r3,#000h ;count is 0 mov r4 , #000h;flag reset movr5 ,#000h;mono on flag reset mov r2,#000h;coin count 0 mov r6,#oo5h;counter set to 5 mov r7,#oooh; setb p3.0; no coin detected setbp3.2; mono output detected set high clr p3.7; coin detected LED off clr p1.1 ;relay de-energised
start: ;
Setb p1.0
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;monostable not triggered clr p1.4 clr p1.5 ; 7 seg display 0 clr p1.6 clr p1.7 ;- INITIALISATION OVERacall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay tst count:mov a,r3 cjne a,#oooh, tstpwrsw clrp1.1 ;if r3=0 de-energise relay coindet: jnb p3.0, updtr3 ;coin sensed mov r4,#000h ;flag rest ;-PUTTING COUNT ON 7 SEG STARTmov a,r2 ;no of coins detected rl a rl a rl a ;no of coins count in MS of r2 rl a mov b,a ;copy in b
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mov a,p1 an1 a,#oofh ;extract LS portin keep intact orl a,b ;count ored in a Movp1, a ;-PUTTING COUNT ON 7 SEG OVERsjmp tst count updt r3: mova,r3 add a,#005h clr c mov r3,a ;added in r3 mov a,r2; count no of coins in r2 inc a clr c cjne a,#10,max mov a, #9 max:mov r2,a acall coin ; EVERY TIME COIN SENSED sjmp tstcount tstpwrsw: jnb p3.1 ,swpwron clr p1.1 sjmp coindet swpw ron : setb p1.1 ; relay on jnb p3.2,coindet ; is delay running ? if yes go and sense coin dec r3 dec r6 ; reduce count from 5 set in r6 mov a,r6 cjne a,#000h, bypss r2 dec r2 ;1 subtracted from r2 for every 5 in r3
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mov a,r2 jz min rl a rl a rl a rl a clr c mov b,a mov a,b1 an1 a,#00fh orl a,b mov p1,a mov r6 , #005h; initial count of 5 in r6 bypssr2: acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay trigr: clrp1.0 acall delay ; mono triggered setbp1.0 ajmp tstcount min: mov p1,#01h ajmp tstcount ;-ROUTINESdelay: mov r0,#0c8h loop2:mov r1,#ofah loop1:nop
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nop nop djnz r1,loop1 ;loop1 approx 5 X 200=1msec djnz r0,loop2 ;loop2 250 X1msec=250msec ret coin : setb p3.7 acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay clr p3.7 acall delay acall delay acall delay acall delay ret end
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START
INITIALISE REGISTERS
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RESISTORS:
SYMBOL OF RESISTOR: A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that opposes an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in accordance with Ohm's law: The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor while the temperature remains the same. Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits
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1st Color band Black 0 Brown 1 Red 2 Orange 3 Yellow 4 Green 5 Blue 6 Violet 7 Gray 8 White 9 Gold Silver None
2nd band 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
3rd band (multiplier) 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10-1 10-2
0.5% (D) 0.25% (C) 0.1% (B) 0.05% (A) 5% (J) 10% (K) 20% (M)
5-band identification is used for higher precision (lower tolerance) resistors (1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, 0.1%), to notate the extra digit. The first three bands represent the significant digits, the fourth is the multiplier, and the fifth is the tolerance. 5-band standard tolerance resistors are sometimes encountered, generally on older or specialized resistors. They can be
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Power dissipation:
The power dissipated by a resistor is the voltage across the resistor multiplied by the current through the resistor:
TYPES OF RESISTOR:
All three equations are equivalent. The first is derived from Joule's law, and other two are derived from that by Ohm's Law. 1.Fixed Resistor: 2.Variable Resistor:
APPLICATIONS:
y To establish a proper value of voltage drops. y To limit the current. y To provide proper load.
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CAPACITORS:
A part from resistor and inductors, a capacitor is the other basic component used in electronics circuit. It is a device which, (1) has the ability to store change which neither a resistor nor an inductor can do. (2) oppose any charge of voltage in the circuit in which is connected. (3) block the passage of direct current through it. Capacitor are manufactured in various size, shapes type and are used for hundred of purpose.
TYPES OF CAPACITORS:
These can be group in two classes as detailed bellow.
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DIODE:
A diode is a semiconductor diode which allows current to flow through it in only one direction. Although a transistor is also a semiconductor device, It does not operate the way a diode does. A diode is specifically made to allow current to flow through it in only one direction.
DIODE CHARACTERISTIC:
Figure shows combined forward bias and reverse bias V-I characteristics of Ge and Si diodes. From figure-1 we can easily see that leakage current of Ge diode junction is much more than Si diode junction.
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FEATURES:
Glass sealed envelope. (GSD) High speed. High reliability.
TRANSFORMER:
Different voltages are used for the transmission and distribution of electrical power. For example, the electrical power is done at l l Kv or 440V. Sometimes low voltage is required for specification application say electric are welding requires 30 to 50 volts. Hence necessary to transform the power from on voltage to anther voltage. Transformer does this at high efficiency. In the chapter; we shall study some basic aspects of single phase transformer.
PRINCIPLE:
Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction. In figure coils A and B are placer near to each other flux produced by coil A due to current flow links with coil B. If the current through the coil changes, the flux changes, so emf is induced in coil B. This inducer emf.
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ADVANTAGES:
I. II. III. Simple transformer without the centre tapping in secondary is needed. Peak inverse voltage across the diode is half than that in the full wave rectifier using two diodes. For the same secondary voltage. The output d.c.voltage is twice than that inn the full wave rectifier with two diodes.
DISADVANTAGES:
I. Four diodes are required.
II. Two diodes conduct in series so the voltage drop in the diode is twice. This becomes important when the output voltage is low.
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RELAY
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical. The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification. Relays are usuallly SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available. For further information about switch contacts and the terms used to describe them please see the page on switches. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are
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IC
[INTERGRATED CIRCUIT]:
Features Compatible with MCS-51 Products 2K Bytes of Reprogrammable Flash Memory Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles 2.7V to 6V Operating Range Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz Two-level Program Memory Lock 128 x 8-bit Internal RAM 15 Programmable I/O Lines Two 16-bit Timer/Counters Six Interrupt Sources Programmable Serial UART Channel Direct LED Drive Outputs On-chip Analog Comparator Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes Description The AT89C2051 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 2K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C2051 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 15 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation
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Pin Configuration
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CD4511 7-SEGMENT DECODER/DRIVER Figure 1 shows a simplified block of the 74LS48 BCD to 7-Segment Decoder. The 74LS48 contains three main block circuits, a 7segment decoder, a driver and a system of basic memory units. The basic memory unit is often called a latch or a flip-flop. The decoder outputs drive an encoder circuit made up of OR gates that generate the 7-segment code necessary to display the digits 0 through 9 and the letters a through f. The output devices are current driver transistors that supply the proper current to th e segments in the driver.
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Figure 3
Figure 4
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KA78XX/KA78XXA
3-Terminal 1A Positive Voltage Regulator
Features
Output Current up to 1A Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V Thermal Overload Protection Short Circuit Protection Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection Description The KA78XX/KA78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulator are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut down and safe operating area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1A output current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
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FEATURES
Turn-off time less than 2ms (556-1) Maximum operating frequency >500kHz (556-1) Timing from microseconds to hours Replaces two 555 timers Operates in both astable and monostable modes High output current Adjustable duty cycle TTL compatible Temperature stability of 0.005%/C SE556-1 compliant to MIL-STD or JAN
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PHYSICAL FUNCTION:
An LED is a special type of semiconductor diode. Like a normal diode, it consists of a chip of semi conducting material
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LED MATERIALS:
LED development began with infrared and red devices made with gallium arsenide. Advances in materials science have made possible the production of devices with ever shorter wavelengths, producing light in a variety of colors. Conventional LEDs are made from a variety of inorganic minerals, producing the following colors: Aluminum gallium arsenide(AlGaAs ) - red and infrared Gallium aluminum phosphide green Gallium arsenide/phosphide (GaAsp) red orange-red, orange, and yellow Gallium nitride (GaN) green, pure green (or emerald green), and blue Gallium phosphide (GaP) red, yellow and green Zinc selenide (ZnSe) blue Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)-bluish-green and blue Indium gallium aluminum phosphide orange-red, orange, yellow, and green Silicon carbide (Sic)-blue Diamond - ultraviolet Silicon (Si) under development
LED APPLICATIONS:
Here is a list of known applications for LEDs, some of which are further elaborated upon in the following text: In general, commonly used as information indicators in various types of embedded systems (many of which are listed below)
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LDR
Everything has an electrical resistance, some more than others. An LDR will have a resistance that varies according to the amount of visible light that falls on it. A close up of an LDR is shown below:
The light falling on the brown zigzag lines on the sensor, causes the resistance of the device to fall. This is known as a negative coefficient. There are some LDRs that work in the opposite way i.e. their resistance increases with light (called positive co-efficient). I won't go into the physics of how the device changes its resistance, so just take it as read.
Now, in order to use this device in a simple circuit, all we need to do is put a voltage across it and measure the current flowing through it. However, measuring current can be a little tricky. So, we put another resistor in series, and measure the voltage across the LDR. This makes us a potential divider, and the voltage across the LDR is proportional to the current. The diagrams below show the concept.
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TRANSISTOR:
Note: Conventional current flow. We know that the transistor is a "CURRENT" operated device and that a large current (Ic) flows freely through the device between the collector and the emitter terminals. However, this only happens when a small biasing current (Ib) is flowing into the base terminal of the transistor thus allowing the base to act as a sort of current control input. The ratio of these two currents (Ic/Ib) is called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, ( ). Beta has no units as it is a ratio. Also, the current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal, Ic/Ie, is called
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and for a typical low-power signal transistor this value ranges from about 0.950 to 0.999. and Relationships
and
mathematical expressions that gives the relationship between the different currents flowing in the transistor.
The values of Beta vary from about 20 for high current power transistors to well over 1000 for high frequency low power type bipolar transistors. The equation for Beta can also be re-arranged to make Ic as the subject, and with zero base current (Ib = 0) the
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Where: Ib is the base current, Vb is the base bias voltage, Vce is the base-emitter volt drop (0.7v) and Rb is the base input resistor. The Common Emitter Configuration. One other point to remember about NPN Transistors. The collector voltage, (Vc) must be greater than the emitter voltage, (Ve) to allow current to flow through the device between the collector-emitter junction. Also, there is a voltage drop between the base and the emitter terminal of about 0.7v for silicon devices as the input characteristics of an Nas a switch to turn load currents "ON" or "OFF" by controlling the Base signal to the transistor, NPN Transistors can also be used to produce a circuit which will also amplify any small AC signal applied to its Base terminal. If a suitable
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Line" can also be drawn onto the output characteristics curves to show all the possible operating points when different values of base current are applied. It is necessary to set the initial value of Vce correctly to allow the output voltage to vary both up and down when amplifying AC input signals and this is called setting the operating point or Quiescent Point, Q-point for short and this is shown below.
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The most important factor to notice is the effect of Vce upon the collector current Ic when Vce is greater than about 1.0 volts. You can see that Ic is largely unaffected by changes in Vce above this
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Also, a Load Line can be drawn directly onto the graph of curves above from the point of "Saturation" when Vce = 0 to the point of "Cut-off" when Ic = 0 giving us the "Operating" or Q-point of the transistor. These two points are calculated as:
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The PNP Transistor The PNP Transistor is the exact opposite to the NPN Transistor device we looked at in the previous tutorial. Basically, in this type of transistor construction the two diodes are reversed with respect to the NPN type, with the arrow, which also defines the Emitter terminal this time pointing inwards in the transistor symbol. Also, all the polarities are reversed which means that PNP Transistors "sink" current as opposed to the NPN transistor which "sources" current. Then, PNP Transistors use a small output base current and a negative base voltage to control a much larger emitter-collector current. The construction of a PNP transistor consists of two P-type semiconductor materials either side of the N-type material as shown below.
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Note: Conventional current flow. The PNP Transistor has very similar characteristics to their NPN bipolar cousins, except that the polarities (or biasing) of the current and voltage directions are reversed for any one of the possible three configurations looked at in the first tutorial, Common Base, Common Emitter and Common Collector. Generally, PNP Transistors require a negative (-ve) voltage at their Collector terminal with the flow of current through the emitter-collector terminals being Holes as opposed to Electrons for the NPN types. Because the movement of holes across the depletion layer tends to be slower than for electrons, PNP transistors are generally more slower than their equivalent NPN counterparts when operating. To cause the Base current to flow in a PNP transistor the Base needs to be more negative than the Emitter (current must leave the base) by approx 0.7 volts for a silicon device or 0.3 volts for a germanium device with the formulas used to calculate the Base resistor, Base
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Generally, the PNP transistor can replace NPN transistors in electronic circuits, the only difference is the polarities of the voltages, and the directions of the current flow. PNP Transistors can also be used as switching devices and an example of a PNP transistor switch is shown below. A PNP Transistor Circuit
The Output Characteristics Curves for a PNP transistor look very similar to those for an equivalent NPN transistor except that they are rotated by 180o to take account of the reverse polarity voltages and
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7-SEGMENT DISPLAY
The illustration to the right shows the basic layout of the segments in a seven-segment display. The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters "a" through "g," with segment "a" at the top and then counting clockwise. Segment "g" is the center bar. Most seven-segment digits also include a decimal point ("dp"), and some also include an extra triangle to turn the decimal point into a comma. This improves readability of large numbers on a calculator, for example. The decimal point is shown here on the right, but some display units put it on the left, or have a decimal point on each side.
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Seven-segment displays can be packaged in a number of ways. Three typical packages are shown above. On the left we see three small digits in a single 12-pin DIP package. The individual digits are very small, so a clear plastic bubble is molded over each digit to act as a magnifying lens. The sides of the end bubbles are flattened so that additional packages of this type can be placed end-to-end to create a display of as many digits as may be needed. The second package is essentially a 14-pin DIP designed to be installed vertically. Note that for this particular device, the decimal point is on the left. This is not true of all sevensegment displays in this type of package. One limitation of the DIP package is that it cannot support larger digits. To get larger displays for easy reading at a distance, it is necessary to change the package size and shape. The package on the right above is larger than the other two, and thus can display a digit that is significantly larger than will fit on a standard DIP footprint. Even larger displays are also available; some digital clocks sport digits that are two to five inches tall.
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Schematic Diagram
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SWITCH
Circuit Symbol
Example
(ON)-OFF
Push-to-make = SPST Momentary A push-to-make switch returns to its normally open (off) position when you release the button, this is shown by the brackets around ON. This is the standard doorbell switch.
Push-to-make switch
ON-(OFF)
Push-to-break = SPST Momentary A push-to-break switch returns to its normally closed (on) position when you release the button.
Push-to-break switch
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ON-OFF-ON
SPDT Centre Off A special version of the standard SPDT switch. It has a third switching position in the centre which is off. Momentary (ON)-OFF-(ON) versions are also available where the switch returns to the central off position when released.
Dual ON-OFF
Double Pole, Single Throw = DPST A pair of on-off switches which operate together (shown by the dotted line in the circuit symbol). A DPST switch is often used to switch mains electricity because it can isolate both the live and neutral connections.
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Dual ON-ON
Double Pole, Double Throw = DPDT A pair of on-on switches which operate together (shown by the dotted line in the circuit symbol). A DPDT switch can be wired up as a reversing switch for a motor as shown in the diagram.
ON-OFF-ON
DPDT Centre Off A special version of the standard SPDT switch. It has a third switching position in the centre which is off. This can be very useful for motor control because you have forward, off and reverse positions. Momentary (ON)-OFF-(ON) versions are also available where the switch returns to the central off position when released.
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Type of Switch
Example
Keyswitch
A key operated switch. The example shown is SPST.
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Multi-pole Switch
The picture shows a 6-pole double throw switch, also known as a 6-pole changeover switch. It can be set to have momentary or latching action. Latching action means it behaves as a push-push switch, push once for the first position, push again for the second position etc.
Multi-way Switch
Multi-way switches have 3 or more conducting positions. They may have several poles (contact sets). A popular type has a rotary action and it is available with a range of contact arrangements from 1-pole 12-way to 4-pole 3 way.
Multi-way rotary switch The number of ways (switch positions) may be reduced by adjusting a stop under the fixing nut. For example if you need a 2-pole 5-way switch you can buy the 2-pole 6-way version and adjust the stop. Contrast this multi-way switch (many switch positions) with the multipole switch (many contact sets) described above. 1-pole 4-way switch symbol
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RECTIFICATION:
Rectification is process in which simple harmonic A.C. voltage is converted into a unidirectional voltage (D.C. voltage). It is a circuit, which employs one or more diode to convert A.C. voltage into
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fig The circuit uses two rectifier elements and the transformer with secondary center tapped. The bridge circuit, however eliminate the use to secondary center tap but required four rectifier elements.
FILTERS:
The output of rectifier contains A.C. components of considerable magnitude. The effect of this A.C. components is to vary the output D.C. voltage. The filter system is used to reduce the magnitude of this ripple ( pulsation ) present in the output voltage supplied by the rectifier and provide a regulated and constant voltage. No filters, in practice give any output voltage as ripple free as that of D.C. battery but it approaches it so closely that the power supply performs well.
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REGULATION:
We have discussed about rectifiers and filters. They are capable of supplying D.C. voltage and current but the voltage supplied by the rectifier circuit never remains constant and it shows changes when load is changed or A.C. supply (main input) fluctuates. It also contains A.C. ripples which can not be completely eliminated by filtering. It has been seen that with a capacitor filter voltage regulation is poor (D.C. output voltage changes when the load current is changed). For a choke input filter, output voltage also shows variation for low load currents. An other drawback with this filter circuit is that they can not filter out variation from the D.C. output voltage caused by fluctuations in the A.C. supply. We also know that in almost all circuit applications, it is important to have a constant D.C. supply voltage but output of a filter shows frequent variations in D.C. supply. That caused unsatisfactory operation of equipment. It can also damage it. Due to this reason voltage regulation is required. Voltage regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage when the load is removed. The good regulation means that the output voltage remains constant.
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UNIT = 8 APPLICATIONS
This equipment can be used for. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Paying guest house. Lodges. Trains. Fairs. Hotels.
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TOTAL PRIZE
Rs. 415.00
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UNIT = 10
SUMMARY
After completion of this project we can say that by using PUT COIN AND DRAW POWER we can save electricity.This system has wide range of use at industrial level.
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UNIT = 11 BIBILOGRAPHY BASIC ELECTRONICS - B.L. THERAJA THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER - KENNETH J. AYALA A MONOGRAPH PRINCIPLES - N.C. GOYAL ON ELECTRONICS DESIGN
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