Li noi au.

------ o0oo0o ----Ky thuat ien t a va ang bung no mot cach manh me, xam nhap vao moi lnh vc cua cuoc song con ngi. Chung ta co the bat gap khap moi ni cac thiet b ien t, t cac thiet b dan dung phuc vu cho sinh hoat ti cac thiet b cong nghiep hien ai phuc vu cho san xuat. Tat ca chung eu ang phuc vu ac lc cho cuoc song cua con ngi. ac biet, ke t khi ky thuat so ra i a m ra cho mot cuoc cach mang mi cho nghanh ien t. Cac thiet b a tr nen nho gon, nhieu tnh nang linh hoat hn , tieu thu cong suat t hn va o tin cay cao hn. S bung no cua nghanh cong nghiep vi ien t, che tao cac IC, cac bo vi x ly, vi ieu khien a thay the phan ln cac chc nang trong mach ien. Tuy nhien, du ky thuat so a phat trien manh me va ong vai tro rat quan trong trong viec gia cong tn hieu nhng chung cung khong the thay the hoan toan mach tng t c. Thc te co nhieu thuat toan khong the thc hien c bang cac mach so khi o th mach tng t lai kinh te hn nhieu, v du nh : khuech ai tn hieu nho, oi tan, chuyen oi tng t <> so, Xu hng phat trien cua mach analog la nang cao o tch hp cua mach c ac trng bi mat o linh kien. Khi o tch hp tang th co the che tao c cac he thong co chc nang ngay cang hoan hao hn tren 1 chp, oi vi cac mach to hp tng t va xu hng la giam so lng chung loai nhng tang kha nang s dung cua tng chung loai, tien en giam nho kch thc ben trong cua mach va tang tnh pho bien cua mach trong ng dung. La nhng sinh vien chuyen nghanh ien t vien thong, vi ban chat la thiet ke cac mach ien t chung em rat thu v vi o an thiet ke analog ADC quet 2 lan (Dual slope ADC). Vi kha nang kien thc co han cung nh nhung han che ve mat ky thuat o an chac chan se con nhieu thieu sot, rat mong c s gop y cua thay va

cac ban e e tai c hoan thien hn. Chung em xin chan thanh cam n thay HoVan Phi Khoa Ky Thuat & Cong Nghe, Trng ai Hoc Quy Nhn a giup chung em hoan thanh o an nay.

Tom tat yeu cau cua o an:

Yeu cau tnh toan thiet ke mach ADC quet 2 lan vi cac thong so cu the sau: a) Dai ien ap vao 0V en 200mV va 0V en 2V b) Hien th theo ma BCD 3 digit c) Tn hieu vao lay t cam bien LM355, s dung IC e o nhiet o ch th so d) Cac so lieu lien quan t chon

PHAN I: GII THIEU VE ADC VA CAC PHNG PHAP BIEN OI TNG T - SO

I) Tong quan ve bien oi tng t - so.
1) Cac khai niem c ban. Tn hieu tng t la tn hieu c xac nh trong khoang thi gian lien tuc va trong o bien o co the co khoang gia tr lien tuc . Lng t hoa : Mo ta qua trnh bieu dien bang tap hu han cac tr so phan biet. Bien lng t hoa la bien ch co the co nhng tr so phan biet. Tn hieu ri rac la tn hieu c bieu dien bi ham cua bien ri rac.(v du ri rac theo thi gian). Neu da vao bien o chung ta co the phan loai tn hieu ri rac lam hai loai : o Tn hieu lay mau o Tn hieu so Tn hieu lay mau la tn hieu ri rac co bien o khong c lng t hoa. Tn hieu so la tn hieu c ri rac hoa ca ve bien so va bien o 2) Bien oi tng t so (ADC Analog digital converter). a) nh ngha. La bo phan khong the thieu trong qua trnh gia cong so tn hieu. Cac tham so trong the gii thc chang han nh nhiet o, ap suat, o am, trc tien phai c bien oi sang mot ai lng ien nh bo cam bien, roi sau o mach tng t ieu hoa tn hieu trc khi a vao tn hieu ADC , ADC co nhiem vu chuyen oi cac tn hieu tng t nay sang tn hieu so ma may tnh co the x ly c. b) Noi dung ADC. Gom 3 bc c ban

Analog

A D C

Zx

Digital

Hnh 1 : Noi dung bien oi ADC

Bc 1: Ri rac hoa Ux lay mau Ux thi iem Uk = Ux ( KTmau ) (k=1,2,3,) Bc 2: Lam tron cac tr Uk ( lng t hoa ) ( 1 bc lng t ULSB) Vi phng phap nay th sai so la

1 U 2 LSB

Bc 3: Bien oi tr so cua Uk a c lam tron ( ma hoa ) c) Cac tham so c ban cua ADC Dai bien oi cua ien ap tn hieu tng t au vao : La khoang ien ap ma bo chuyen oi AD co the thc hien chuyen oi c. Khoang ien ap o co the lay ttr so t 0 en mot tr so dng hoac am nao o hoac co the la ien ap hai cc tnh. o chnh xac cua bo chuyen oi AD. Tham so au tien ac trng cho o chnh xac cua mot Adc la o phan biet. Ta biet rang tren au ra cua cua ADC la cac gia tr so c sap xep theo quy luat cua mot laoi ma nao o. So cac so hang cua ma so au ra ( so bit trong ma nh phan ) tng ng vi dai

bien oi cua ien ap vaoch biet mc chnh xac cua phep chuyen oi. V du : Mot ADC co so bt au ra N = 6 ( 6 so hang ) co the phan biet c 26 = 64 mc trong dai bien oi ien ap va cua no. o phan biet cua mot ADC c ky hieu la Q va c xac nh theo bieu thc : Q = ULSB =
U AM 2 N 1

Trong o : UAM: la gia tr cc ai cho phep cua ien ap tng t au vao ADC Q = ULSB la mc lng t hoa Trong thc te thng dung so bt N e ac trng cho o chnh xac, luc o phai hieu ngam rang dai bien oi ien ap vao coi nh khong oi. Thong thng th cac ADC co so bt t 3 en 12, co nhng ADC at o chnh xac 14 en 16 bit. Lien quan en o chnh xac cua ADC con co nhng tham so khac c c minh hoa tren hnh 2. ng ac tuyen truyen at ly tng cua ADC la mot ng bac thang eu va co o doc trung bnh bang 1. ng ac tuyen thc co sai so lech khong, ngha la no khong xuat phat tai gia tr tng ng vi
1 LSB. No la hnh 2

thang bac khong eu do anh hng cua sai so khuech ai, cua meo phi tuyen va sai so n ieu.

Hnh 2: ac tuyen truyen at ly tng va thc cua mach chuyen oi tng t so ( ADC )

Trong o sai so khuech ai la sai so gia o doc trung bnh cua ng ac tuyen thc vi o doc trung bnh cua ng ac tuyen ly tng. Sai so phi tuyen c ac trng bi s thay oi o doc ng trung bnh cua ac tuyen thc trong dai bien oi cua ien ap vao. Sai so nay lam cho ng ac tuyen chuyen oi co dang hnh bac thang khong eu. Cuoi cung sai so n ieu thc chat cung do tnh phi tuyen cua ng dac tnh bien oi gay ra, nhng ay la trng hp ac biet lam cho o doc cua ng trung bnh bien thien khong n ieu tham ch co the dan en mat mot vai ma so. Tom lai, ac trng cho tnh chnh xac cua ADC co nhieu tham so: so bit, meo phi tuyen, sai so khuech ai, sai so lech khong va sai so n ieu. Can chu y rang neu ADC lam viec ly tng van ton tai sai so. o la sai so lng t hoa, c xac nh theo bieu thc :
U Q = 1 Q . V vay sai so lng t hoa con c 2

goi la sai so ly tng hoac sai so he thong cua ADC. Sai so thc cua ADC gom sai so ly tng va nhng sai so con lai. Ngi ta quy c tong nhng sai so con lai

khong vt qua sai so ly tng, ssao cho mot ADC c thiet ke vi o chnh xac ( N+1 )bit th at c o chnh xac that la N bit. Toc o chuyen oi : Toc o chuyen oi cho biet so ket qua chuyen oi trong 1 s , c goi la tan so chuyen oi fc. cung co the dung tham so thi gian chuyen oi Tc e ac trng cho toc o chuyen oi. Tc la thi gian can thiet cho mot ket qua chuyen oi. Chu y rang f c T c thng
fc

<T

1
c

v gia cac la chuyen oi can co mot

khoang thi gian can thiet e cho ADC hoi phuc lai trang thai ban au. Can lu y rang, mot so ADC co toc o chuyen oi cao, tat nhien phai tra c tra gia bang o chnh xac giam hoac ngc lai, ngha la yeu cau ve o chnh xac va toc o chuyen oi mau thuan vi nhau. Tuy yeu cau s dung, phai tm cach dung hoa cac yeu cau o mot cach thch hp nhat d) Nguyen tac lam viec cua ADC Nguyen tac lam viec cua ADC c minh hoa nh hnh 3

Hnh 3: S o khoi mo ta nguyen tac lam viec cua ADC

au tien tn hieu tng t c x ly bi mot bo loc thong thap, chc nang cua no la e han che dai tan cua tn hieu , loai bo cac thanh phan tan so cao khong can thiet - Lay mau tn hieu tng t tai nhng thi iem khac nhau va cach eu nhau ( ngha la ri rac hoa tn hieu ve thi gian ) - Gi cho bien o ien ap tai cac thi iem lay maukhong oi trong qua trnh chuyen oi tiep theo(ngha la trong qua trnh lng t hoa ma hoa)

Hnh 4: o th thi gian cua ien ap vao va ien ap ra cua mach lay mau

Tn hieu ra mach lay mau c a en mach lng t hoa e thc hien lam tron vi o chnh xac : nhiem vu ri rac hoa tn hieu tng t ve mat bien o. Nh vay:
Z Di = int X Ai X X Ai = Ai Q Q Q

Q 2

( mc lng t ). Mach lng t hoa lam

(1)

Trong o : XAi : Tn hieu tng t thi iem i; ZDi : Tn hieu so thi iem i ; Q : Mc lng t ; XAi : So d trong phep lng t hoa ; Int : (interger) Phan nguyen Trong phan nguyen cua bieu thc (1) ch lay phan nguyen cua ket qua chia c, phan d con lai chnh la sai so lng t hoa. Vay thc chat cua qua trnh lng t hoa la qua trnh lam tron so.

Sau mach lng t hoa la mach ma hoa. Trong mach ma hoa, ket qua lng t hoa c sap xep lai theo mot quy luat nhat nh phu thuoc vao yeu cau tren au ra bo chuyen oi. Trong bien oi ADC th qua trnh lng t hoa va ma hoa xay ra ong thi, nen khong the tach ri hai qua trnh o c. Nh vay phep lng t hoa va phep ma hoa c goi chung la phep bien oi ADC.

II) . Cac phng phap bien oi tng t - so.

Chung ta se khao sat mot so phng phap bien oi pho bien hien nay, tat nhien trong tam van la thiet ke ADC quet 2 lan. ay ch mang tnh chat gii thieu nham muc ch co c s e so sanh vi phng phap chnh ma ta xet. Nh vay cac phng phap chuyen oi ADC c mo hnh hoa theo s o nh sau tren hnh 5

Hnh 5 : Cac phng phap bien oi tng t - so 1) Flash ADC ( hay ADC kieu 1 nhp song song).

Trong phng phap bien oi song song, tn hieu tng t UA c a en cac bo so sanh qua thang ien tr R . Do o ien ap chuan Uref at vao bo so sanh motlng khong oi. Cac au ra c noi vi

bo giai ma u tien e cho ra tn hieu so tng ng. Xem hnh 6.

Hnh 6: ADC theo phng phap song song

2. ADC kieu xap x tuan t ( ADC nhp ).

Gia s kieu d lieu can chuyen c anh gia bi 8 bit nen ta co dong bit: Zx = Z7Z6 ... Z1Z0 Gom 2 bc : Bc 1: Ch anh gia bit cao nhat ZMSB = Z7 va bang bao nhieu ? sau o so sanh Ux vi UZ7 neu : Z7 = 1 DAC se lap UZ7 va vi sai lay Ux ta c UZ7 . Luc nay co nh a1 Z7 = 0 th khong lay hieu so ma bao lu Ux , xoa b1 Bc 2: anh gia Z6 = 1 hay va tao UZ6 so vi : Hoac Ux UZ7 (a1) Hoac Ux (b1) S o cau truc cua ADC nhp va gian o thi gian c minh hoa nh hnh 7 va hnh 8.

Hnh 7: Mo hnh ADC nhp

Hnh 8: Gian o thi gian ADC nhp 3. ADC quet 1 lan ( ADC theo phng phap em

n gian ).

Cau truc khoi thc hien cua ADC quet 1 lan:

Hnh 9: Cau truc khoi ADC quet 1 lan

Trong o bo tao Uq co the la mach tch phan Gian o thi gian cua ADC quet mot lan:

Hnh 10: Gian o thi gian cua ADC quet 1 lan

Gian o thi gian hnh 10 tn hieu Uq c bieu dien nh sau : Khi t = 0 th Uq(0) = -U0 Khi t < t0 th Uq(t) < 0 luc o S0 =1 Khi t t0 th Uq(t) > 0 luc o S0 =0 Khi t < tx th Uq(t) <Ux luc o Sx =1 Khi t tx th Uq(t) Ux luc o S0 =0 Khoi tao Uq la mot mach tch phan co ien ap tao ra la mot ng tuyen tnh theo bieu thc:
1 x Vr Vr = Vdt = RC (t x t 0 ) RC t0
t

PHAN II: THIET KE ADC QUET 2 LAN

1 ) S o nguyen ly.

Hnh 11: S o khoi ADC quet 2 lan.

2 ) Gian o thi gian.

Hnh 12: Gian o thi gian cua ADC quet 2 lan

3 ) Nguyen ly hoat ong.

Da vao gian o thi gian cua mach ta co the mo ta nguyen ly hoat ong cua mach nh sau Gia s ien ap ra cua bo tch phan luc nay la Vi0(t) luc au bang 0, ngha la Vi0 (0) = 0. Gia s rang trang thai cua bo em luc au bang 0, ien ap tn hieu sau khi qua mach lay mau va gi (se c trnh bay phan sau) c a vao bo tch phan, cac qua trnh tch phan va bo em c khi ong. Viec lay tch phan c thc hien trong khoang thi gian can cho bo em tien qua tat ca cac trang yhai kha d. Goi T1 la khoang thi gian i, ien ap ra cua bo tch phan thi iem t = T1 co the c bieu dien theo bieu thc nh sau:
Vi T 1 1 Vi 0 (T1 ) = Vidt = RC RC 0
T

(1)

Tai thi iem t = T1, tn hieu vao bo lay tch phan b thay oi t mau vao tng t thnah ien ap am co nh -Vref bo em lai bat au t 0 , ien ap vao cua bo tch phan am , ien ap ra dch chuyen ngc ve pha zero. Phng trnh ien ap tronh khoang thi gian o la:
Vi 0 = 1 RC

T1

(V

ref

)dt

Vref Vi Ti VT = (t Ti ) i i RC RC RC

(3)

Viec lay tch phan se c tiep tuc cho ti khi Vi0(t) tr ve zero tai thi iem o trang thai cua bo so sanh se thay oi. Goi T2 la khoang thi gian e bo tr lai zero. Thay t = T1 + T2 vao Vi0(t) vao phng trnh (2) ta co
0= Vref RC T2 Vi Ti RC

V T2 = i T1 Vref

(3)

Y ngha cua ket qua nay c giai thich nh sau: Gia tr so tng ng v mau tng t t le vi thi gian T2. Tuy nhien v

T1 luon la thi gian can thiet e em tat ca cac trang thai ka d nen nhng s troi thi han dai cua tan so ong ho se anh hng ti T2 va T1 ve c ban theo cung ty le. Bi the ty so T2/T1 phai tng oi khong nhay vi s troi cham cua tan so ong ho, ta cung thay rang trng bieu thc (3) khong co mat cua R,C. Nhng o troi trong cac than phan nay co the anh hng ti T1 va T2 theo cung ty le, do o ty so nay c oc lap vi tr so cac tham so o. Mat khac co the xac nh c so xung a en mach em trong khoang thi gian T1 la: Z1 = T1.fc fc : la tan so cua bo tao nhp, c phat ra bo ieu khien logic.
T1 = Z1 fc

Thay vao (3) ta co:

T2 = Vi Z 1 . Vref f c

So xung em c nh mach em au ra trong khoang thi gian T2 la: Z = T2.fc

Z = Vi .Z 1 Vref

La chon gia tr linh kien: Z1 = 500 Vref = 5 v Z = 100* Vi V du : Vi = 0,31 V Z = 31 V Hien th c 31 V Chon fc = 10 k

 T1 =

e giam van e meo phi tuyen ta phai chn cac linh kien phai thoa man ieu kien sau ay: T1 < RC RC > 50 ms Vay chon C = 20 F
R > 50 ms = 272 k 0,22

500 = 0,05( s ) = 50 ms 10.10 3

Van e phc tap nam khoi ieu khien logic.Khoi nay va lam nhiem vu tao xung va ieu khien nh thi.Hoat ong cua khoi nay nh sau: Khoi nay ieu khien hoat ong cua cac cong tac tng t ( chuyen mach nguon ien ap vao, xa het cho tu ien, ong thi ieu khien ca qua trnh lay mau mot xung tn hieu au vao no cung noi chuyen mach tng t vi mach tch phan. Sau thi gian T1=0,05s no ieu khien chuyen mach noi vi ien ap tham chieu Vref va phat xung ti bo em. en khi au ra bo so sanh =0 th ngng phat xung. Mach tao xung trong thc te rat nhieu va a dang. Ta co the xem xet cac mach tao xung nh: mach tch phan, mach trig smit, IC555, sau ay xin gii thieu loai tieu bieu nhat va thng c s dung la mach tao xung vuong dung IC LM555.
R 1 V C C

7 6 C 2

D T T H R

I S L R C V M

5 Q 5 5

r a

5 C

Hnh 13: mach tao xung 555 ien ap vao khong bien thien hoac bien thien vo cung cham (khi o khong can mach lay mau va gi). Ta cung gii han nguon ien ap au vao 0-5V Z=0500 t=T1+ T2 =500+(0500)=500 1000

Nh vay e ADC hoat ong co chu ky th sau khoang thi gian t=

1000 =0.1(s) ta phai reset lai tc la 10000

thiet lap lai toan bo trang thai hoat ong cua he thong viec nay at c cung nh s nh thi trong khoi ieu khien logic. Ve c ban khoi logic ieu khien co nhieu au vao va nhieu au ra. Cac au vao nhan cac tn hieu ieu khien( V du nh khi Vi0=0).Bo nh thi trong khoi nay a ra cac tn hieu mong muon cac chan dau ra tai cac thi iem.

2.Mach lay mau va gi mau( Sample and Hole).

S o mach nh hnh ve:
R D 1 D 1 S 1 W 2 1 O u t P u t

I n p u t

Hnh 14:Mach lay mau Bo khuech ai tao mau va gi mau c lam t 2 OpAmp, mot tu ie C va mot cong tac tng t toc o cao. Bo khuech ai nay c ket noi gia mot tn hieu au vao tng t va au vao noi vi 1 ADC. Luc bo khuech ai nay nam che o tao mau th cong tac c ong va ien ap cua tu C c nap vi gia trVin tai thi iem m rong cong tac. Bo khuech ai hoat ong e gi Vin (tren C) hang so trong khi ADC thc hien s bien oi

3.Mach hien th cua ien ap au vao.

Mot yeu cau oi vi o an nay la hien th c dau cua ien ap vao tc la phai co c che thong bao ien ap vao la- hay + .Tat nhien la khi ien ap + chung ta khong can thong bao g ca. Viec hieu ien ap dng luc nay do ngam quyet nh .

Khi ien ap vao la - ta s dung mot LED vach e hien th dau - nay hoac hien th bang LED bnh thng.
+5V

Vin

LM339
+ LE D

Hnh 15: Mach ch th dau

T itl e S iz e A < T itle > D ocum ent N um ber <D oc> T h u r s d a y , J a n u a ry 0 3 , 2 0 0 2 S heet 1

Nguyen ly:
-

D a te :

Khi Vin>0: Vout=0 LED khong sang. - Khi Vin<0: Vout=5 9 LED sang. Nh vay da vao s sang hay khong sang cua LED ma ta biet c dau cua ien ap vao.

4.Chuyen mach tng t.

Chuyen mach tng t c ien t hoa hoan toan di dang IC co kha nang ieu khien bang ien ap mot chieu cho nhieu chac nang, thuan li cho chuyen mach c kh. Chung ta se xem xet chuyen mach TDA 1028 va TDA 1029 c phat trien bi Valvo. TDA 1028 gom co 2 chuyen mach 2 day co the ieu khien oc lap vi hai chuyen mach moi cai( hai chuyen mach 2*2 tiep iem moi cai) con TDA 1029 gom co mot chuyen mach hai day vi 4 chuyen mach moi cai( moi chuyen mach vi 2*4 tiep iem).

Hnh 16: Chuyen mach tng t Cac chuyen mach ien t nay khong ch dung e chuyen cac tn hieu am tan tng t ma con chuyen cac tn hieu ien ap mot chieu tng ng vi o chnh xac cao, v vay chung con phu hp e chuyen mach cac thiet b o. Mo ta mach ien: Cac s o mach ien ly thuyet n gian trong cac hnh trnh bay ro mach TDA 1028 gom co 2 chuyen mach 2 day va TDA 1029 mot chuyen mach tn hieu tng tu 2 day vi 4 chuyen mach ieu chnh. Chuyen mach hai day noi ay la chuyen mach co the chuyen 2 tn hieu oc lap ong thi. Mot tn hieu tng t chuyen i c cung cap mot bo khuech ai ( 4 trong TDA 1028 va 2 trong TDA 1029). Cac bo khuech ai thuat toan dung hoi tiep am toan bo ben trong vi cac tn hieu ben ngoai a vao au vao khong ao. V hoi tiep mach, he so khuech ai ien ap rat nho pham vi ieu che chap nhan c rong( dien ap tin hieu Vin max= 16V vi ien ap cung cap la 20V). Thiet b bao ve e phong ngan mach la mot ien tr(r0= 400 ) c mac ben trong noi tiep vi au ra cua bo khuech ai. Dac biet kenh phat mach c thiet ke bang s o Roman.

5. Mach cung cap nguon va cac van e lien quan en ien ap tham chieu

 Mach nguon cung cap. Muon cho mach hoat ong on nh van e cap nguon la rat quan trong, ac biet oi vi mach tng t. Nguon cung cap cua chung ta la nguon +,- Co the thiet ke mot nguon +,- n gian nh sau:
1 V I L M G N D 7 8 0 5 3 V O + 5 V

4 7 0
C + 1 5 V

u F

C 2

4 7 0

u F

2 D

L M 2 C G N D V I

9 0 V O

5 3 C - 5 V

4 7 0

u F

4 7 0

u F

H17. Mach nguon lng cc.

6) khoi hien th.

Khoi giai ma hien th ngo ra cua bo bien oi ADC nay ta co the dung LED 7 oan e hien th nh bo em 7490 va giai ma cho LED 7 oan. Tuy nhien do khuon kho cua e tai nen khong i sau vao phan nay. .