03 Subnetting

Nera Networks AS
Subnetting
2006-01-05
T-Manual xx, slide 1.1
Subnetting and Creating

Custom Subnet Masks
Nera Networks AS
Introduction: Why Custom Subnet Masks?

What are Subnet IDs?
Step 1 Design the Physical Network
Step 2 Choose a Custom Subnet Mask
Step 3 Determining the Subnet IDs
Step 4 Determining the Host IDs
Why Custom Subnet Masks?
Nera Networks AS
Default Subnet Masks

Class A (1 Network 16.7M Hosts)
Class B (1 Network 65K Hosts)
Class C (1 Network 254 Hosts)
Addressing an IP Network
Assigned an IP Network Address
152.77.0.0
(IP Address)
255.255.0.0 (Subnet Mask)
All Devices/Hosts on the Same Physical
Segment Must have the Same Network ID
One Network ID Supports Only
One Physical Segment!
Custom Subnet Masks Create Subnets!
Nera Networks AS
Example: Network Address: 152.77.0.0

A Single Physical Segment with 65K Host IDs?
NO -- Many Physical Segments! (Routers)
To Correctly Address Multiple Physical

Segments We Must Divide the Single Network
ID into Sub-networks or Subnets
Subnets are Created with Custom Subnet Masks
What are Subnets?
Nera Networks AS
A Subnet is a portion or subdivision of the IP Addresses
that are associated with an assigned Network ID.

The Range of IP Addresses included in a subnet is
determined by the Subnet Mask.
Subnets must be meticulously numbered for network
communication to be successful.
Subnetting: The Connection Between

Hardware and Software
Nera Networks AS
Hardware Layout Physical Segments

Defined by Routers
Software (IP) Addressing Subnets

A Subnet is a portion or subdivision of the
IP Addresses that are associated with an
assigned Network ID.
All Hosts (Devices) on the same Physical

Segment have IP Addresses in the same
Subnet (range of IP Addresses)!
Why Subnet?
Nera Networks AS
Why Create Physical Segments?

Hardware Specifications
Standards
Vendor
Network Performance
Geographic
Different Topologies
Routers!
Subnet IDs
Nera Networks AS
Portions of the Assigned Network ID are Defined by Subnet IDs

152.77.0.0
(Network IP Address)
255.255.0.0
(Default Subnet Mask)
Network . Network . Host . Host (Default SNM)

Network . Network . SN-ID . Host (Custom SNM)
All Device/Hosts Share the Assigned Network ID (All Physical Segments)
Each Physical Segment of the Network has a Unique Subnet-ID and the
Subnet ID is Common to All Hosts on a Physical Segment
Each Host on the Network has a Host ID Unique to its Subnet ID
Custom Subnetting: The Steps
Nera Networks AS
1. Design (Assess) the Physical Network
2.
Determine the Number of Physical Segments

Determine the Maximum Number of Hosts per
Physical Segment
Choose a (Custom) Subnet Mask that creates

the number of:
Subnet-IDs >= Physical Segments
Host-IDs/Subnet-ID >= Hosts/Physical Segment
3.
Determine and Number Subnet IDs (SN ID)
4. Determine and Number Host IDs
An Example Problem in Subnetting
Nera Networks AS
5 Physical Segments
With 5000 Hosts Each
ISP
Router
Problem:
Create an IP Addressing Plan for a Company that:
Has 5 Physical segments that each have a
maximum of 5000 host on each segment
And is assigned the Public Network Address
152.77.0.0
10
Step 1. Design the Physical Network
Nera Networks AS
Design Issues
Network Traffic
Geographic Locations
Hardware and Software Limitations
Mixing Topologies
Mostly Hardware Issues, Few Software or Addressing
Limitations
Outside the scope of this course
Assess the Network

Determine the Number of Physical Segments
Determine the Maximum Number of Hosts per Physical
Segment
IP Addressing Starts After the Network is Designed
11
Step 2. Determining the Proper SNM
Nera Networks AS
Network
Address
Default SNM
D-SNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1000 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network .SNID Host . Host
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000
128
2-2=0
32768-2=32766
Problem: Physical Network 5 Physical Segments and 5000 Host/PS

Choose a Subnet Mask that creates the number of: SN-IDs >= Physical
Segments and Hosts/SN-ID >= Hosts/Physical Segment
12
Determining the Proper SNM:

SNM = 128 & 192
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
Network
Address
Default SNM
D-SNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1100 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network .SNID Host . Host
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
128
192
2-2=0
4-2=2
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
Physical Network 5 Physical Segments and 5000 Host/PS
13

SNM = 224
Nera Networks AS
Network
Address
Default SNM
DSNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1110 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
Network . Network . SNID Host. Host
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
128
192
224
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
14

SNM = 240
Nera Networks AS
Network
Address
Default SNM
D-SNM (Binary)
11111111.11111111.1111 0000.0000 0000 Custom SNM
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 0000 . 0000 0000
128
192
224
240
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
15

SNM = 248
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1000.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 1000 . 0000 0000
128
192
224
240
248
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
16

SNM = 252
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1100.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 1000 . 0000 0000
1111 1100 . 0000 0000
128
192
224
240
248
252
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
17

SNM = 254
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1110.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 1000 . 0000 0000
1111 1100 . 0000 0000
1111 1110 . 0000 0000
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
18

SNM = 255
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
11111111.11111111.1111 1111.0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
Custom SNM
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1000 0000 . 0000 0000

1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 0000 . 0000 0000
1111 1000 . 0000 0000
1111 1100 . 0000 0000
1111 1110 . 0000 0000
1111 1111 . 0000 0000
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
256-2=254
19
The Correct Custom Subnet Mask
Nera Networks AS
Router
5 Physical Segments
With 5000 Hosts Each
ISP
Problem:
Create an IP Addressing Plan for a Company that:
Has 5 Physical segments that each have a maximum of 5000 hosts

on each segment
And is assigned the Public Network Address 152.77.0.0 with a
default subnet mask of 255.255.0.0
Solution:
Use a custom Subnet Mask of 255.255.224.0 (all devices)

Provides 6 SN-IDs (5 physical segments specified)
Provides 8190 Host IDs per Subnet (5000 Hosts per physical
segments specified)
20
Subnet ID/Host Chart

for Class B Networks
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
152.77.0.0
Default SNM
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000 SNM (Binary)
SNM (Last Two Octets)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs*
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
256-2=254
21

for Class A Networks
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
33.0.0.0
Default SNM
255.0.0.0
11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000 SNM (Binary)
SNM (Last Three Octets)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
SNM
#of SN-IDs*
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
8388608-2=8388606
4194304-2=4194302
2097152-2=2097150
1048576-2=1048574
524288-2=524286
262144-2=262142
131072-2=131070
65536-2=65534
22

for Class C Networks
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
206.123.88.0
Default SNM
255.255.255.0
11111111.11111111.11111111.0000 0000 SNM (Binary)
SNM (Last
Octet)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
SNM
#of SN-IDs*
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
128-2=126 (Invalid*)
64-2=62
32-2=30
16-2=14
8-2=6
4-2=2
2-2=0 (Invalid)
0 (Invalid)
23
Where to Subnet?
Nera Networks AS
Class A
33.0.0.0 (Network Address)
255.0.0.0 (Default SNM)
255.248.0.0
Class B
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0 (Default SNM)
255.255.248.0
Class C
207.176.12.0
255.255.255.0 (Default SNM)
255.255.255.248
24
One Bits in a Subnet Mask
Nera Networks AS
The one bits must be contiguous, left to right in

the SNM, no embedded zeros
11111111.11111111.11110000.0000000 (OK)
11111111.11111111.11001100.00000000
(Wrong)
Subnet Mask are sometimes expressed as a /20
152.77.32.0 / 20
The /20 is the number of one bits in the SNM
20 = 11111111.11111111.11110000.00000000
20= 255.255.240.0
25
Why (Minus 2)?
Nera Networks AS
Number of Hosts
Always (minus 2)
The First Host Address is zeros
The Last Host Address is ones
Number of Subnets
Dont (minus 2) if all hardware and software supports RFC
1812
All Current Stuff Does!
(Invalid*)
Valid if all Hardware and Software is RFC 1812 Compliant
Always the first Subnet ID Zero Subnet
Always the last Subnet ID Where the Subnet ID equals the
Subnet Mask of the Subnetted Octet
26
Step 3. Determining Subnet IDs
Nera Networks AS
To Create ranges of IP Addresses used to number

Hosts so that all hosts on the same Physical
Segment:
Share the same Network ID
Share the same Subnet ID
Have a Host ID unique to its Subnet ID
Each Physical Segment will have a unique Subnet ID

The Range of IP Addresses is determined by the
Subnet Mask
Must be meticulously number for successful network
communication to be successful
27
Determining Subnet IDs: An Example
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
152.77.0.0
Custom SNM
255.255.224.0
11111111.11111111.1110 0000.0000 0000
SNM (Last 2 Octets)
SNM
#of SN-IDs
#of Hosts Per SN-ID
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
224
8-2=6
8192-2=8190
28
Determining Subnet IDs SNM = 224

152.77.0.0
255.255.224.0
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
Custom SNM
1110 0000 . 0000 0000 (Subnet Mask)

SNID/Host ID (Last 2 Octets-Binary)
Subnet ID
(Decimal Conversion)
0000 0000 . 0000 0000

0010 0000 . 0000 0000
0100 0000 . 0000 0000
0110 0000 . 0000 0000
1000 0000 . 0000 0000
1010 0000 . 0000 0000
1100 0000 . 0000 0000
1110 0000 . 0000 0000
152.77.0.0
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
152.77.192.0
152.77.224.0
(Invalid*)
(1st SN ID)
(2nd SN ID)
(3rd SN ID)
(4th SN ID)
(5th SN ID)
(6th SN ID)
(Invalid*)
29
How to Determine Subnet

IDs for Any Subnet
152.77.0.0
255.255.224.0
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
Custom SNM
1110 0000 . 0000 0000 (Subnet Mask)

Subnet ID
0010 0000 . 0000 0000

0100 0000 . 0000 0000
0110 0000 . 0000 0000
1000 0000 . 0000 0000
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0 etc.
The first valid Subnet-ID is equal the decimal conversion value of
the farthest right one bit in the subnet mask.

Each next Subnet-ID starts at a multiple of the value of the first
Subnet-ID
30
Determining Subnet IDs SNM = 240

152.77.0.0
255.255.240.0
Nera Networks AS
Network Address
Custom SNM
1111 0000 . 0000 0000 (Subnet Mask)

Subnet ID
0001 0000 . 0000 0000

0010 0000 . 0000 0000
0011 0000 . 0000 0000
0100 0000 . 0000 0000
152.77.16.0
152.77.32.0
152.77.48.0
152.77.64.0 etc.
The first valid Subnet-ID is equal the decimal conversion value of
the farthest right one bit in the subnet mask.

Each next Subnet-ID starts at a multiple of the value of the first
Subnet-ID
31
Subnet ID Numbering Chart
Nera Networks AS
SNM (Last Two Octets)

SNID/Host ID
SNM
1st Subnet ID
Increment of Each
Successive Subnet
ID
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
32
Subnet IDs: Examples
IP Address/SNM
Nera Networks AS
Subnet IDs
152.77.0.0
255.255.248.0
152.77.8.0
152.77.16.0
152.77.24.0 etc.
152.77.0.0
255.255.255.0
152.77.1.0
152.77.2.0
152.77.3.0 etc.
33.0.0.0
255.240.0.0
33.16.0.0
33.32.0.0
33.48.0.0 etc.
33
Specifying Subnet IDs

Router
Nera Networks AS
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
ISP
Subnet IDs (255.255.224.0 SNM)
Create ranges of IP Addresses used to number Hosts

The Zero Subnet 152.77.0.0 not used unless all hosts and
devices are RFC 1812 compliant

Five of six possible subnets IDs used (152.77.192.0 unused)
The Last Subnet 152.77.0.0 not used unless all hosts and
devices are RFC 1812 compliant. The last subnet ID always
equals the Subnet Mask
34
Subnet ID/Host Chart for

Class B Networks
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.0.0
11111111.11111111.0000 0000.0000 0000
SNM (Last Two
Octets)
1000 0000
1100 0000
1110 0000
1111 0000
1111 1000
1111 1100
1111 1110
1111 1111
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
0000 0000
Network Address
Default SNM
SNM (Binary)
SN
M
#of SN#of Hosts Per SN- 1st

Subnet
IDs* (Class ID
ID
A or B)
(Class B Only)
128
192
224
240
248
252
254
255
2-2=0
4-2=2
8-2=6
16-2=14
32-2=30
64-2=62
128-2=126
256-2=254
32768-2=32766
16384-2=16382
8192-2=8190
4096-2=4094
2048-2=2046
1024-2=1022
512-2=510
256-2=254
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
Increment of
Each
Successive
Subnet ID
128
64
32
16
8
4
2
1
35
Step 4. Numbering Host IDs (Binary)
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0 / 255.255.224.0
255.255.1110 0000.0000 0000
152. 77 .0010 0000.0000 0000
152. 77 .0010 0000.0000 0001
152. 77 .0010 0000.0000 0010
....
152. 77 .0011 1111.1111 1110
152. 77 .0100 0000.0000 0000
152. 77 .0100 0000.0000 0001
....
152. 77 .0101 1111.1111 1110
152. 77 .0110 0000.0000 0000
Subnet Mask
1st Subnet ID
1st Host ID
2nd Host ID
....
Last Host ID
2st Subnet ID
1st Host ID
....
Last Host ID
3rd Subnet ID
IP Addresses
152.77.32.0
152.77.32.1
152.77.32.2
....
152.77.63.254
152.77.64.0
152.77.64.1
152.77.95.254
152.77.96.0 etc.
36
Step 4. Numbering Host IDs (Decimal)
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.224.0
Subnet ID
152.77.0.0 (Invalid*)
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
152.77.192.0
152.77.224.0 (Invalid*)
1st Host on
Subnet
152.77.0.1
152.77.32.1
152.77.64.1
152.77.96.1
152.77.128.1
152.77.160.1
152.77.192.1
152.77.224.1
Last Host ID on Subnet

152.77.31.254
152.77.63.254
152.77.95.254
152.77.127.254
152.77.159.254
152.77.191.254
152.77.223.254
152.77.255.254
37
Numbering Host IDs: Another Example
Nera Networks AS
152.77.0.0
255.255.252.0
Subnet ID
152.77.0.0 (Invalid*)
152.77.4.0
152.77.8.0
152.77.12.0
152.77.16.0
152.77.20.0
152.77.24.0 etc.
1st Host on
Subnet
152.77.0.1
152.77.4.1
152.77.8.1
152.77.12.1
152.77.16.1
152.77.20.1
152.77.24.1

152.77.3.254
152.77.7.254
152.77.11.254
152.77.15.254
152.77.19.254
152.77.23.254
152.77.27.254 etc.
38
Numbering Host IDs: Another Example
Nera Networks AS
33.0.0.0
255.248.0.0
Subnet ID
33.0.0.0 (Invalid*)
33.8.0.0
33.16.0.0
33.24.0.0
33.32.0.0
33.40.0.0
33.48.0.0 etc.
1st Host on
Subnet
33.0.0.1
33.8.0.1
33.16.0.1
33.24.0.1
33.32.0.1
33.40.0.1
33.48.0.1.

33.7.255.254
33.15.255.254
33.23.255.254
33.31.255.254
33.39.255.254
33.47.255.254
33.55.255.254
39
Numbering Host IDs
Nera Networks AS
Router
152.77.32.0
152.77.64.0
152.77.96.0
152.77.128.0
152.77.160.0
ISP
Subnet IDs and Host Addresses
152.77.32.0
152.77.32.1 152.77.63.254 (8190 Host IDs)
152.77.64.0
152.77.64.1 152.77.95.254 (8190 Host IDs)
152.77.96.0
152.77.96.1 152.77.127.254 (8190 Host IDs)
152.77.128.0
152.77.128.1 152.77.159.254 (8190 Host IDs)
152.77.160.0
152.77.160.1 152.77.191.254 (8190 Host IDs)
152.77.192.0 (Unused)
Subnet Mask
255.255.224.0
40
Example: 255.255.255.0 mask / 24 Bit
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 255
Number of available ip addresses 254,
from x.x.x.1 to x.x.x.254
255
Nera Networks AS
41
Example: 255.255.255.128 mask / 25 Bit
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Number of available ip addresses
126,
255
Nera Networks AS
from 1 to 126
2
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 128
Number of available ip addresses
126,
from 129 to 254
128
127
42
Example: 255.255.255.192 mask / 26 Bit
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
255
from 1 to 62
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 64
Nera Networks AS
from 65 to 126
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 128
192
63
191
64
3
from 129 to 190
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 192
128
127
from 192 to 254
43
Example: 255.255.255.224 mask / 27 Bit
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
255
from 1 to 30
31
32
223
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 32
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 64
224
from 33 to 62
192
63
191
64
6
from 65 to 94
95
160
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 96
Nera Networks AS
96
159
128 127
from 97 to 126
44
Example: 255.255.255.240 mask / 28 Bit
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
240
239
from 1 to 14
255
Nera Networks AS
15
16
31
224
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 16
from 17 to 30
223
16
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 32
from 33 to 46
191
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 48
63
64
12
176
48
13
175
79
11
80
10
9
160
47
3
14
207
192
15
208
32
95
96
159
144
143
128
127
112
111
from 49 to 62
45
Example: 255.255.255.248 mask / 29 Bit
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 7
239 240
from 1 to 6
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 8
from 9 to 14
231
224
248 255 0
15 16
232
31 32
223
32
39
40
5
28
207
24
31
29
208
23
30
216
215
200
247
Nera Networks AS
47
48
27
55
26
56
199
25
192
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 16
from 17 to 22
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 24
191
63
64
10
71
72
24
184
23
183
176
11
22
12
21
175
88
14
18
17 16
95
15
96
103
159
152
87
13
20
19
168
167
160
79
80
144 143
151
136 135 128 127 120
112
119
111
104
from 25 to 30
46
Example: 255.255.255.252 mask / 30 Bit
Subnet 1;
Subnet address 0
Broadcast address 3
236
232
from 1 to 2
227
223
216
Subnet 2;
Subnet address 4
Broadcast address 7
from 5 to 6
212
208
219
215
Subnet 3;
Subnet address 8
from 9 to 10
from 13 to 14
64
16
15
60
24
23
20
19
3
2
62
12
11
28
27
56
10
52
191
36
35
58
32
31
54
39
40
43
44
47
48
12
51
13
52
55
14
56
15
59
60
16
63
11
67
64
71
68
17
48
188
18
187
184
47
19
46
180
45
44
179
175
164
43
42
24
41
40
159
39
156
155
152
32
35
151
147
143
148
139 135
144
140
136
132
29
31
33
131 127
128
124
123
120
119
115
116
95
111
80
84
88
96
103
107
76
92
99
27
30
34
37
25
28
36
87
91
26
38
83
23
72
79
21
22
163
160
75
20
183
171
168
167
61
63
49
172
Subnet 4;
Subnet address 12
243
251 255
50
195
176
247
51
196 199
192
57
55
211
204 207 53
200 203
239
228
235
231
224
59
220
240
248 252
244
Nera Networks AS
100
104
108
112
47

03 Subnetting

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03 Subnetting

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Nera Networks AS

T-Manual xx, slide 1.1

Subnetting and Creating

Introduction: Why Custom Subnet Masks?

T-Manual xx, slide 1.2

Why Custom Subnet Masks?

Default Subnet Masks

T-Manual xx, slide 1.3

Custom Subnet Masks Create Subnets!

Example: Network Address: 152.77.0.0

To Correctly Address Multiple Physical

T-Manual xx, slide 1.4

What are Subnets?

A Subnet is a portion or subdivision of the IP Addresses

that are associated with an assigned Network ID.

T-Manual xx, slide 1.5

Subnetting: The Connection Between

Hardware Layout Physical Segments

Software (IP) Addressing Subnets

All Hosts (Devices) on the same Physical

T-Manual xx, slide 1.6

Why Create Physical Segments?

T-Manual xx, slide 1.7

Portions of the Assigned Network ID are Defined by Subnet IDs

(Default Subnet Mask)

Network . Network . Host . Host (Default SNM)

T-Manual xx, slide 1.8

Custom Subnetting: The Steps

1. Design (Assess) the Physical Network

Determine the Number of Physical Segments

Choose a (Custom) Subnet Mask that creates

Subnet-IDs >= Physical Segments

Host-IDs/Subnet-ID >= Hosts/Physical Segment

Determine and Number Subnet IDs (SN ID)

4. Determine and Number Host IDs

T-Manual xx, slide 1.9

An Example Problem in Subnetting

T-Manual xx, slide 1.10

Step 1. Design the Physical Network

Assess the Network

IP Addressing Starts After the Network is Designed

T-Manual xx, slide 1.11

Step 2. Determining the Proper SNM

SNM (Last 2 Octets)

#of Hosts Per SN-ID

1000 0000 . 0000 0000

Problem: Physical Network 5 Physical Segments and 5000 Host/PS

T-Manual xx, slide 1.12

Determining the Proper SNM:

#of Hosts Per SN-ID

1000 0000 . 0000 0000

Physical Network 5 Physical Segments and 5000 Host/PS

T-Manual xx, slide 1.13

Determining the Proper SNM:

SNM (Last 2 Octets)

#of Hosts Per SN-ID

1000 0000 . 0000 0000

Physical Network 5 Physical Segments and 5000 Host/PS

T-Manual xx, slide 1.14

Determining the Proper SNM:

SNM (Last 2 Octets)

#of Hosts Per SN-ID