Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
?-'0a:DFb+ ?J"ce@G!$d N"#%#P0&(!$'*&;)+@7-J,.1%KQ!0/(#R-'2'$13/(41S,5/(4 !$/(%?UTW'768VX4 9/Y #%.!2(&:=/;#-<>#R='H?-!2(4&(?-@ADZ4
=%(!$4&;BC=%4[?E-1SDF/(4>4>&;41G:/('H4\16]4.--1^I:6+'H4?J!2P7?J--11KQK
/;DFL4G/;M_`ON
fhj$g7k i llHin m oqpsr nRt m r nutwvyx m r nRt r_t
'2& i
l im o j0k z x f p{r nut}| r nut~vy rj t
l2n i g i m
Energy
V(x)
E position
Classically Classically
allowed forbidden
region region
Turning
a
O1
/(.I F&;4>\K2-'221 CG"7I7W*7RR
z x f psr nut}| j0k vh i r nRt^ r t
:
= H
K 2
K \
4 O
/ X
;
/ %
0
! E
/ Z
D
4 >
< $
!
1 F
D ;
& L
;
/ w
4 ;
/
F
4 g K2i 414>&!$?+('2?-=+/(-'21IBC'2& r nRt -1/(4ZBC'H?J?-'0DFJ1%K
BC'2&;, m
m r nut~v r nutO *¡-¢2£-¤¥ rC¦ t
4>1
l m v § lH o©¨ r nut lHª ¡J¢H£J¤\¥ r¬ t
l2n lHn lHn~«
_
l i m v § l i oM¨ lS l2ª o©¨ r nut l i ª ¡-¢2£-¤¥
lHn i Hl n i lHn l2n lHn i «
H
l H
l ª
o § lHn ©o ¨ r nut lHn « ¨ l2n \¡-¢H£J¤\¥ 2
l ª
v l lHi n oM¨ j lHlH n lHlHªn o©¨ r nut llHni ª f r nutF® lHlHªnw¯ i° ¡-¢H£J¤\¥ r± t
b7=%:/(J/(=/(-1K./(%4"!$R'0i P24&(4\:=?J/F%!2<²{J1S/('/;4.i _`³a:bc´+DZ49K24/
l lHi n oM¨ j lSl2 n lHlHªn oM¨ r nRt llHni ª f r nutF® lHlHªnZ¯ i o i r nRtO r nRt ° ¡-¢2£-¤¥ v rUµ t
T 42T-´ i ¶· i
¸ ·¹ l l2lHi n lHf ª r nRtF® lHlHlªnZ¯ ª i o i r nRtO r nRtwvº &(4\!$?u/;4>&;, r» t
j lHni lHn o r nRt lHni vº J,.!2K2-1%!$&;@.#%!$&(/
¼ V½4/\Y e<'21¾: 6+4>&/;49-,5!2K2-1%!$i &;@5/(4&(,À¿%&;:/d
r nRt l2l n ® l2l2ªnZ¯ v f j lHlH n lHlHªn rÁ t
T 42T-´
l l2ª
lHn lH® ª l2nw¯ v f j lSl2 n r _ Ht
lHn r nRt
 l lHr lHª½ªÄÃ0Ã$lHl2n nut v f j lH r _2_ t
a1S/(4>KH&;!$/(-1K/(49? !2:/4ÅS=%!$/(-'21K2-P24
?-1 ® l2l2ªnw¯ v ?-1 ® Æ r nRt2¯ r_j t
'2& i
lHª v Æ r_ t
lHn i r nRt
Ç3491%'0Dy=%(4È/(49&;4(=?J/BC'2& lHªÄÃ$l2n -1{/;49&;4!$?u/;4>&;,É4>)7#%&(4\((J'H1s/;'KH4/
l i f r nRt §ÊÆ i o r nRtO r nRt~vy r_¦ t
lHn i i r nRt « i
j
T 42T-´
l i v r nutÌË § Æ i f r nut0Í r_¬ t
l2n i i r nRt « i
Z/F/( F#R'2-1S/Dw4È,.!$²H4Î/;4"!$#%#&('*)+-,.!0/(-'21{/(%!$/
li r_± t
lHn iMÏ
DF <?-4!H6Z/('
§Ð Æ r nRt « i f i r nRt~vy r_µt
i
Â Æ r nut vh r nut r_» t
i
 r nut~v Ò Ñ Æ r nRt r_Á t
Óe(J1%K5/( F&;4(=?L/F-1S/('/(494>)+#&(4\((-'21sBC'H& r lHªÄÃ$l2nut K2-P24\
lHª v Æ r j Ht
lHn Æ Ã$ r nRt
v r nRt rj _ t
 ª r nut~vyÔÉ r nutOlHn r j2j t
¼ 49K2414>&!$?Ä('2?-=+/(-'21'$BÕ/(4._9`³a:bcq ´+/(7=%´'$B/(4ÈBC'H&(,
m r nRt~vy r nutO *¡J¢H£J¤\¥ Ï Ò Ö r nut *¡Ø×EÙ\£-¤¥Ú¤ rj t
DF4>&;4È4 <'H1%-e6+J:/('H-'2,1.49BC'H!2&(&~/;J/(&4e!$P0&;!2@.?J <6+'HJ1%/O@.O/'$!$BÄ1S/(/%T 4!2##&;'*)7-,.!0/;J'H1 l 9Ã$l2n -Z('0DF1
-DF1{/; ¼<4BC<'2!2?-(?J4È'0Ö DFDw-4È1KI%!*DPH!*42@ud da}B p.r nRtwvº /;4>1 i r nut~vº i F:#¾!0/( !$i ?-?-@5NÌ-1%i 6+Ï 4#¾41%6+41H/\´-1
m r nut~Û *¡ Ùؤ rj ¦ t
T 42T-´
ª r nRtwvºÜn rj ¬ t
4>1
l2ª vh rj ± t
2l n
!$1%6
lHª
i Æ r nRt v lHn vº rj µ t
DF <KHJPH4
li v f rj » t
l2n i v i i
rj Á t
Ç34F,.!*@È/;S=¾<'21¾<?-=%6+4Z/(%!$/Ì/(4F<'H1%6+J/(-'21 l "Ã0lHn vº ;!0/( :¿%46I'21?-@"DF41
psr nRt eb+49VÌ#ÝF&;'2Ǻ%!2VSÞßJ?-JN~/O@{àÌe6+4>á1¾ÞÎ:JaO/Oâ@.ãäBC=#¾1%'2</(/(-4>'21S1
/;-!2 ?T i i
¼
å r nutæv ç m r nRt>ç i r Ht
r inut r _ t
I
4 2
! ¾
0
' H
P
4 %
# (
& H
' %
$
!
-
-
? L
O
/ {
@
6 >
4 %
1 (
L
O
/
@ $
! H
K (
& Ï 44DFiÖJ/(/(4<? !2;: <>!2?Ä&(4\:=?J/;d r nRt F#&;'$N
#R-1
'2&(!/(-&'2!$1%1!2KH?%4 /;'"lHn /(% 4ÎFJPH174>PH?-'74>&<>:L/O4@5?J@.'2#B½&;/('2#R4'2#%&(/(!2-&:'2/;1¾-<>!$?J?R4/(!$'51%J6s/;F/(PH44>?-'7#<>&;'2L/O%@{!2J1[J?-/(J/O@49'2-BÄ1S/(¿%41%&(6+P0!$-1? K5l2n!IT #¾!$&(/( <?-4
Z
ë
Oè.@85(JI,5-?-!2\&I!$2&;K2=%C©,"41Sé}/%´X*JêÌ/IÕ 947!HW:@Q07/('Q¾(¾ '0Dä/(%!$/I-13/;4[<>?-!H(( <>!$?-?-@NBC'2&; 66+41
&;4>K2-'21
rm nRt Ò ì r nRt 2í×Ìî £J¤\¥Ú¤+ï ì r nRtEvñð j$k z psr nut f xÈ| r j t
Z(5/I5/;4{¾#RÕ'2-1S7/;2"òÏ DFR%4>&;óX4 ¾Ö 0x ô3õÕ% nRtvÉ ´:#R4<>-!2?E/(&;4!$/(,5g 4>i 1S/I "&;4ÅS=-&;468¾4\<>!2=%:4
!Gr ?-nuL/(t /(?-4QI(JJ1/[KH,5=? '2!$&;&\4
TA/(4\<4s1D <>!*!2@Q?´Ff '$Bps=¾/{r !$/(1%%6+4A?--1%K!2(/( <%4[-6(4'2!©?-=+/(.-'2/;1©%!01/{4\!$DZ&94A/;%4s!*PH/;4A=&;!M1J1%('2KQ?-=+#R/('2-'2-1H1W//(-'
/(-1H%/;4[4>&;?-#¾4Bö'H/s?-!$!$/(1¾4\6©~R/(4'3/ODZ/(%4>441s&;/(-K2%S4>/,
'2TBa1{/('24/(/;=4&w&(1%DZJ1'2K8&6#R´H'2--1s1H/\/;´~!$4È1¾PS6M <'2-11%J4[/O@.1'$4B½46/;54Î!Q/(=BC'2&;&;1,I-1=K? !#R'2/;-%1S!0// ´
'21%4È!2##&;'*)+J,.!0/;4
Ò j0k z x f psr nut}|2Ã r2 t
g i
?-4!26%7Z@8/('!/(:/(&4È!$BC-'HK2?JS?-'0/"DF?-J-114{K.'0<P2'24>1%&"14!</((-,.'21[!$?-BC?E'2-&;1H,I/;4>=&;? P0!2!$?wd !21%6G:'H?JPH4È/;4{a:b+cß4>)!2<Ø/;?J@HT%-
¦
(1) (2)
x=a
Õ-K2=&;4 j dE÷Ì'2/(4>1S/;-!2?R414>&;K2@.#%&('2¿%?J4È=%(46[/;'564;<&;JR4È/(4"<>'211%4<Ø/;J'H1{BC'H&(,=? !2T
x=b
r _ t ëZ!2&(&;-4>&Z/('/(%49&(-K2S/
j <'S9:Ô]ø r nutOlHn fúù ° û í ì _ í ×7þ ý î £-¤¥Ú¤
r $
¦ t
Ñ ¤ ¦
í ü
_ (J1 :Ô]ø r nutOlHn fúù ° û í ì _ *×7þ ý î £J¤\¥Ú¤ rH¬ t
Ñ ¤ ¦ íü
r j t ëZ!2&(&;-4>&Z/('/(%49?J4>Bö/
j <'S § Ô ¤ r nRt:l2n f ù û í ì _ í × ý î £J¤\¥Ú¤ r2± t
Ñ _ ÿ ¤ ¦ « í\ü
f Ñ :-1 § Ô ÿ r nRt:l2n f ù¦ « ûí\ü í ì _ × ý î £J¤\¥Ú¤ rSµ t
/(-1
-'21¾!e&;4>-1Q4"KHJ<'H!s'H1[1&;4>!01KH/e4\J<Ø'H(/('21A-,5'2!0149/ÈBC6+:'H'H &(O,,/!$4=1%?-6+!H<>4O//(4>!$'1%1%!2/(<>49?-4949/(?-'[=%4Bö/(/\T/('.4'H&(-+K2/;S!2/J1'$B&;4>/(? %!04"/(-/('2=%1¾&(:1--1#K[¾#¾4>'H/ODwJ1S4/È4>1DFL/(/;4/(:'H'S?J=+:4 N
ÕS
(Õ5ÝÎ3È1%H 4½ '2M B/(2%24S+uò\,5ò R'SMO/.¾-é~,ò #RÕ'2{&(/;H!2¾1SÕ/#7&;2'2ò%R?J4],5é}¾/;0'8ô3DFõÕ%-<È]ò\A/(24%<2'HõÕ114\ò<Ø/(Õ-'2A1]ò BC'2{&;,Iò=õÕ? ½!2
!¿%$#%KH=#¼ &(?J@4 ¾4/(?J¾'0D9!0/w´½'2!2B½1%!96#¾/;41454/;4>&;1!$4/(&(-KH'2@
1.-'2ÈBÄ(!"=%#¾<A'2/(/;4>%1S!0/;-/!2?%/(%4!2&(/;&;=J4&(1%&TÕJ1K#R4e'2¾-1H!$/&;È&(-4>!$&&;4 w!0(/ n8'0DF
v 15- 1.!$/(1¾6 4
n[v T
¬
E
(1) (2)
(3)
±
_ >< 'H § Ô ¤ r nutOlHn fúù oΨ _ :-1 § Ô ¤ r nRt:l2n fhù
Ñ ø ¦« Ñ ø ¦«
r2Á t
_ _ _
j Ñ ì 4>)7#© f Ô ¤ ø ì r nRt:l2n ° f ¨ Ñ ì 4>)7#© Ô ¤ ø ì r nutOlHn °
T 42T-´
rm nRtwv j_ _ ì 2í× ý þ î £J¤\¥Ú¤ f ¨ _ ì *× ý þ î £-¤¥Ú¤ r¦ Ht
â'0Dh=%:-1K i Ñ Ñ
Ôqø ì r nutOlHn v Ô ÿ ì r nRt:l2n o Ôqø ì r nutOlHn
r ¦ _t
¤ ¤ ÿ
v f Ô ¤ ì r nRt:l2n o r¦ j t
ÿ
Dw49<!$1
DF&(J/(4 m r nRt !H
i
rm nRt v j_ _ ì 0×7ý î £J¤¥Ú¤ í f ¨ _ ì í ×7ý î £J¤\¥Ú¤ r¦H t
i _ Ñ _ ì 0×7ý î £J¤¥Ú¤ Ñ f ¨ _ ì í ×7ý î £J¤¥Ú¤
v j Ñ ! 2í Ñ " ! #
r 2
¦ ¦ t
Ñ ¤ Ñ ¤ r ¦S¬ t
_ _ j
v j Hí% (J1 r ªut f ¨ & <'S r ªÄt r ¦H± t
Ñ_ _ ¡J¢ í Ñ¡-¢
v j %í f ¨ j f ¨ j' ¡-¢ o j' í ¡-¢ ° r¦7µ t
Ñ_ _
v § f ¨ ¦ %í )( ¡J¢ f í ¡-¢ * f ¨ )( ¡J¢ o í ¡J¢+* « r¦H» t
Ñ
µ
v f ¨ § ¦_ í% ( *¡-¢ f í ¡J¢ * o ( *¡-¢ o í ¡-¢ * « r¦HÁ t
Ñ
v f ¨ § *¡J¢® o ¦_ í% ¯ o í ¡-¢[® f ¦_ í% ¯ « rU¬ Ht
Ñ , ,
BC'H&(D!$&6s#&;'2#¾!$KH!$/(-1K %!2<²7D!$&6s#&;'2#%!2KH!$/(-1K
D!*P24 D!*P24
41%<4
- ¶·
·¸ ¹ -. 1%< r nRt~v f ¨ ® & o ¦_ 2í ¯ ¡Ø× ý Ù*£J¤¥Ú¤ í ¡/
m &;4B Ñ ¨ ® _ í í ¡ × Ù*£J¤¥Ú¤ í ¡/ rU¬ _ t
m. r u
n w
t v fÑ f ¦ ¯ ý
¼ -e!*P7-1K.'2/;!$-14\6{/;4"4>)7#%&(4\((J'H1BC'2& .J1%< r nRt !$1%6 .&(4>B r nRt ´¾DZ4"!$&;491'0DúJ1A!
#R'H(L/;J'H1{/;'s<>!$? <=%?-!$/(4/(4È/;&;!21%(, ;:-'21<'74"m 0s<-4>1S/F=%(J1%K m
1 Û 2222 m -1% < r nRr nRt t 2222 i U
r ¬ jt
2 m r nRt 2
2 . 2
»
v 2222 of .. íí 2222 i rU¬$» t
4"(=,É'2BX/(%49&(4
%4</(-'21
!$1%6[/(&!$1¾:,5 ((J'H1[<>'S40s<-4>1S/;
1 o v ( o _ . %í * o (( of .. %í%í ** i rU¬$Á t
i i
v _ o ( i fo i.. o í .7. *6 í i
r± Ht
o . o .7. 6 í
i
v i o i. o . í i r± _ t
v _i i .76
i r± j t
 1 o hv _ r±2 t
9894>/"=%èÈR1õ'0ÕDä;<>:½'21%ò+( ò\6+S4> &/(%4.#&('H?-4>, '2B!#R'$/(41S/( !$?DZ4>?-?J18/(%4.Ç=<9ë³!$##%&('*)+JN
½
V
,.!0/;J'H1½d
V=0 energy
E<0
position
(1) (2) (3)
ÕJKH=&(4 ¦ Ìd ëZ'H=1%6
O/!0/;4#%&('H?J4,
x=a x=b
¤ i
<>'H § Ô r nutOlHn fúù¦ « v <'HA @ f ª fhù¦B r±2» t
ÿ v <'H @ ª o ù¦ f B r±2Á t
v :-1 @ ùj f ª f ù¦ Co B r}µ Ht
v :-D1 @ ù¦ f ª Co B r}µ _ t
v :-D1 @ ù¦ f ª B <'S Er t o <>'HF @ ù¦ f ª B (-1 rG t r}µ j t
v :-1 Gr t <>'H @-ª f ù¦ B f <>'H Gr t :-1 @ ª f ù¦ B r}µ0 t
<4)+'H1#R1'24\1<Ø4/; 1SZ /(/;!$' ?-?J@ ! 4><>)7'21#R1'24\1% <Ø4>/1SZ/( /(!$' ?-?J@ !
6+('24\?-<>=+!*/(@7-'2J1%1 K KH('2&('0?-=+DF/(--1'21K
r !H<><>4>#+/!$?-4 t r 1'$/e!H<><4#+/;!2?-4 t
X'54?J-,5J1%!$/(4È/;49#7@+: <>!2?J?-@s=1%!H6+,5-;(J?-49:'H?J=/(-'21½´+DZ49,I=%:/F%!*P24
v Ô ø r nRtOlHn v r Ij H f _ t ùj r}µ*¦ t
ÿ
v ® H f j_ ¯ ù r}µ$¬ t
'H& H v _9!$1%6 psr nRt~vy BC'2& J>WKn >L ´+Dw49¾!*P24
Ü r f +tæv ® _ f j_ ¯ r}µ0± t
v j_ ù r}µ2µ t
_
f v j ù NM . v j O ù r}µ0» t
f v j ù P r}µ0Á t
i O
¦
v '21?-@{ÅS=%!2&:/;4>&DZ!*PH4> ?-#4>! 1K2/(%Z1446[/('5R4 r» Ht
¿&(4/:K2/;4-'261[-1HJ1%/;:'5/(4\/(!264"<>'$?-BÕ!H%((!$ ?J<>Bö!$N}DZ?-?-@s!*PH!$4>?-?-?J4>'01DZK24/(6 %
BC'2&F-1+¿%1J/(49¾!$&;&(-4>&
_2_