STAAR CHEMISTRY REFERENCE MATERIALS

OTHER FORMULAS Density =

mass volume

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D =

m V

Percent error = Percent yield

( =(

accepted value experimental value accepted value actual yield theoretical yield

(100)

(100)

CONSTANTS AND CONVERSIONS

Avogadros number = 6.02 10
23

particles per mole

34

h = Plancks constant = 6.63 10

J s

c = speed of light = 3.00 10 K

m s
14

= ionization constant of water = 1.00 10

4 He 2

( )
mol L

alpha particle () =

beta particle () =

0 e 1

neutron =

1 n 0

standard temperature and pressure (STP) = 0C and 1 atm 0C = 273 K volume of ideal gas at STP = 22.4 1 cm = 1 mL = 1 cc 1 atm = 760 mm Hg = 101.3 kPa R = ideal gas constant = 0.0821 L atm mol K = 8.31 L kPa mol K = 62.4 L mm Hg mol K
3

L mol

1 calorie (cal) = 4.18 joules (J) 1000 calories (cal) = 1 Calorie (Cal) = 1 kilocalorie (kcal)

RULES FOR SIGNIFICANT FIGURES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Non-zero digits and zeros between non-zero digits are always significant. Leading zeros are not significant. Zeros to the right of all non-zero digits are only significant if a decimal point is shown. For values written in scientific notation, the digits in the coefficient are significant. In a common logarithm, there are as many digits after the decimal point as there are significant figures in the original number.

STAAR CHEMISTRY REFERENCE MATERIALS

ATOMIC STRUCTURE Speed of light = (frequency)(wavelength) Energy = (Plancks constant)(frequency) Energy =
(Plancks constant)(speed of light) (wavelength)

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c = f E photon = hf E photon = hc

BEHAVIOR OF GASES Total pressure of a gas =

sum of the partial pressures of the component gases

PT = P1 + P2 + P3 + . . . PV = nRT PV1 PV 1 = 2 2 n1T1 n2T2 PV1 = P2V2 1 V V 1 = 2 T1 T2 V V 1 = 2 n1 n2

mol L

(Pressure)(volume) = (moles)(ideal gas constant)(temperature)

(Initial pressure)(initial volume) s (Initial moles )(initial temperature)

(final pressure)(final volume) (final moles)(final temperature)

(Initial pressure)(initial volume) = (final pressure)(final volume)

(Initial volume) (Initial temperature) (Initial volume) (Initial moles)

(final volume) (final temperature)

(final volume) (final moles)

SOLUTIONS Molarity =
moles of solute liter of solution

M =

hydrogen ion Ionization constant of water = concentration

Volume of solution 1

)(

molarity of solution 1

)=(

volume of solution 2

)(

molarity of solution 2

)( )

hydroxide ion concentration

K w = [H+][OH] V1M1 = V2M2 pH = log[H+]

pH = -logarithm (hydrogen ion concentration) THERMOCHEMISTRY Heat gained or lost = (mass) Enthalpy of enthalpy = of products reaction

( )-(

specific heat

)(

change in temperature

enthalpy of reactants

Q = mcpT H = H o(products) H o(reactants) f f

STAAR CHEMISTRY REFERENCE MATERIALS

POLYATOMIC IONS
Acetate Ammonium Carbonate Chlorate Chlorite Chromate Cyanide Dichromate Hydrogen carbonate Hydroxide Hypochlorite Nitrate Nitrite Perchlorate Permanganate Phosphate Sulfate Sulfite
C2H3O2 , CH3COO + NH4

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SOLUBILITY OF COMMON IONIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER

Soluble compounds contain
+ NH4 C2H3O2 , CH COO 3

ACTIVITY SERIES
Metal Lithium Potassium Barium Calcium Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Manganese Zinc Chromium Iron Cobalt Nickel Tin Lead (Hydrogen) Copper Mercury Silver Platinum Gold

Common exceptions None None None None None None None None Compounds of Ag+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+ 2 Compounds of Ag+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+ 2 Compounds of Ag+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+ 2 Compounds of Sr 2+ , Ba2+ , Pb2+ , and Hg2+ 2 Common exceptions Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations 4 Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations 4 Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations 4 Compounds of NH+ and the alkali metal cations 4
+ Compounds of NH4 , the alkali metal cations, 2+ Ca2+, Sr , and Ba2+

CO2 3
ClO3 ClO2

NO3

CN ClO
ClO2 ClO3 ClO4

CrO2 4 CN Cr2O2 7
HCO3

Cl I SO2 4

OH ClO
NO3 NO2 ClO4

Insoluble compounds contain

CO2 3 PO3 4 CrO2 4 Cr2O2 7 OH S2

MnO 4 PO3 4 SO2 4 SO2 3

+ Compounds of NH4 , the alkali metal cations, 2+ Ca2+, Sr , and Ba2+

Increasing Activity

Br