LAR362 CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

Prepared by:

AHMAD ZAMIL BIN ZAKARIA

Department of Landscape Architecture Universiti Teknologi MARA Perak

WHAT IS GEOGRAPHY?
"To write about the earth," the subject of geography is much more than describing "foreign" places or memorizing the names of capitals and countries. Its human and physical features - through an understanding of place and location "The bridge between the human and physical sciences" and "the mother of all sciences". Geography looks at the spatial connection between people, places, and the earth.

HOW IS GEOGRAPHY DIFFERENT FROM GEOLOGY?

Geography is commonly divided into human geography and physical geography. Geologists look deeper into the earth than do geographers and study its rocks, the internal processes of the earth (such as plate tectonics and volcanoes), and study periods of earth history many millions and even billions of years ago.

WHAT DOES A GEOGRAPHER DO?

Many geographers working as planners, cartographers (map makers), GIS specialists, analysis, scientists, researchers, and many other positions. Many geographers working as instructors, professors, and researchers at schools, colleges, and universities.

WHY IS GEOGRAPHY IMPORTANT?

Being able to view the world geographically is a fundamental skill for everyone. Understanding the connection between the environment and people, geography ties together diverse sciences as geology, biology, and climatology with economics, history, and politics based on location.

WHO ARE THE "FATHERS" OF GEOGRAPHY?

The Greek scholar Eratosthenes, who measured the circumference of the earth and was the first to use the word "geography," is commonly called the father of geography. Alexander von Humboldt is commonly called the "father of modern geography" and William Morris Davis is commonly called the "father of American geography."

DIVISIONS OF GEOGRAPHY Today, geography is commonly divided into two major branches :1) Cultural geography (also called human geography) 2) Physical geography.

CULTURAL GEOGRAPHY
Is the branch of geography dealing with human culture and its impact on the earth. Cultural geographers study languages, religion, foods, building styles, urban areas, agriculture, transportation systems, politics, economies, population and demographics, and more.

PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY
Is the branch of geography dealing with the natural features of the earth, the home of humans. Physical geography looks at the water, air, animals, and land of the planet earth (i.e. everything that is part of the four spheres - the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere.) Physical geography is closely related to geography's sister science - geology - but physical geography focuses more on the landscapes at the surface of the earth and not what is inside our planet. Other key areas of geography include regional geography (which involves the in-depth study and knowledge of a particular region and its cultural as well as its physical characteristics) and geographic technologies like GIS (geographic information systems) and GPS (global positioning system).

BASIC EARTH FACTS

22 ESSENTIAL FACTS YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE PLANET EARTH:
Human Population of the Earth World Population Growth Countries of the World : : : 6,660,000,000 (6.66 billion) as of April 2008 1.14% - 2006 estimate (this means at the current rate of growth, the earth's population will double in 61.4 years) 195 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km) : 24,859.82 miles (40,008 km)

Earth's Circumference at the Equator :

Earth's Circumference between the North and South Poles Earth's Diameter at the Equator Earth's Diameter at the Poles Average Distance from the Earth to the Sun Average Distance from the Earth to the Moon :

7,926.28 miles (12,756.1 km) : : : 7,899.80 miles (12,713.5 km) 93,020,000miles (149,669,180 km) 238,857 miles (384,403.1 km)

Highest Elevation on Earth - Mt. Everest, Asia

29,035 feet (8850 m)

Tallest Mountain on Earth from Base to Peak - Mauna Kea, Hawaii - 33,480 feet (rising to 13,796 feet above sea level) (10204 m; 4205 m) Point Farthest From the Center of the Earth - The peak of the volcano Chimborazo in Ecuador at 20,561 feet (6267 m) is farthest from the center of the earth due to its location near the equator and the oblateness of the Earth. Lowest Elevation on Land - Dead Sea: 1369 feet below sea level (417.27 m) Deepest Point in the Ocean - Challenger Deep, Mariana Trench, Western Pacific Ocean: 35,840 feet (10924 m) Highest Temperature Recorded - 135.8F Al Aziziyah, Libya, September 13, 1922 (57.7C) Lowest Temperature Recorded Water vs. Land : -128.5F - Vostok, Antarctica, July 21, 1983 (-89.2C) : 70.8% Water, 29.2% Land

Age of the Earth

4.5 to 4.6 billion years

Atmosphere Content - 77% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and traces of argon, carbon dioxide and water Rotation on Axis - 23 hours and 56 minutes and 04.09053 seconds. But, it takes an additional four minutes for the earth to revolve to the same position as the day before relative to the sun (i.e. 24 hours). Revolution around Sun : 365.2425 days

Chemical Composition of the Earth - 34.6% Iron, 29.5% Oxygen, 15.2% Silicon, 12.7% Magnesium, 2.4% Nickel, 1.9% Sulphur, and 0.05% Titanium

FIELDS OF HUMAN GEOGRAPHY

CULTURE:
1. 2.

Culture was synonym for civilization. A cultured person was someone who had achieved finery in their habits and tastes, such as appreciation of the fine arts of opera, theatre and literature. Can be described way of life . A second common definition is where culture is a synonym for ethnicity or the more problematic notion of race. Culture by this definition refers to distinct ethnic groups, categories by language, religion, nation of birth, notions of race or indignity. This definition excludes gender, sexuality, class and other ways of life from analysis.

3. 4.

5.

6.

TIME TO TIME GEOGRAPHY DEFINITION:

1.

"The purpose of geography is to provide a view of the whole' earth by mapping the location of places." - Ptolemy, 150 CE "Synoptic discipline synthesizing findings of other sciences through the concept of Raum (area or space)." - Immanuel Kant, c. 1780 "Synthesizing discipline to connect the general with the special through measurement, mapping, and a regional emphasis." - Alexander von Humboldt, 1845 "Man in society and local variations in environment." - Halford Mackinder, 1887 "How environment apparently controls human behavior." - Ellen Semple, c. 1911 "Study of human ecology; adjustment of man to natural surroundings." - Harland Barrows, 1923. "The science concerned with the formulation of the laws governing the spatial distribution of certain features on the surface of the earth." - Fred Schaefer, 1953

2.

3.

4. 5. 6.

7.

8.

"To provide accurate, orderly, and rational description and interpretation of the variable character of the earth surface." - Richard Hartshorne, 1959 "Geography is both science and art" - H.C. Darby, 1962 "To understand the earth as the world of man" - J.O.M. Broek, 1965 "Geography is fundamentally the regional or chorological science of the surface of the earth." - Robert E. Dickinson, 1969 "Study of variations in phenomena from place to place." - Holt-Jensen, 1980 "...concerned with the locational or spatial variation in both physical and human phenomena at the
earth's surface" - Martin Kenzer, 1989

9. 10. 11.

12. 13.

14. 15.

"Geography is the study of earth as the home of people" -Yi-Fu Tuan, 1991 "Geography is the study of the patterns and processes of human (built) and environmental (natural) landscapes, where landscapes comprise real (objective) and perceived (subjective) space." - Gregg Wassmansdorf, 1995

SPACE:
Human geography focuses on the ways that humans interact with each other and with the environment, illuminating the complex processes and nature of our global society. The main focus of human geography is, of course, the presence and activi-ties of humans. Themes within human geography reflect a number of perspec-tives: culture, population, economic activity, spatial behaviour, political activity, urbanization, perception of place, and the many and varied ways in which humans interact with one another and with their environment.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

1) GEOGRAPHY IN THE ANCIENT WORLD
-

The first person to use the word geography was the Greek Eratosthenes, in the third century B.C. In the one of the first geography books, Eratosthenes described the known areas of the world and divided the earth into five climate regions The culmination of progress in the development of the geographic concepts in the ancient world is represented by the works of Ptolemy. Taking advantage of information collected by Roman merchants and soldiers, Ptolemy wrote an eight-volume Guide to Geography. He also prepared a number of maps, which were not exceeded in quality for more than a thousand years.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

2) GEOGRAPHY IN THE MIDDLE AGES

-

Beginning in the seventh century, Muslim armies controlled much of northern Africa and southern Europe and eventually reached as far east as present-day Indonesia in Southeast Asia.

- Muslim writers such as Edrisi, Ibn-Batuta, and Ibn-Khaldun gathered accurate knowledge about the location of coastlines, rivers, and mountain ranges in the conquered areas.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF GEOGRAPHY

3) THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
-

Enchanted by tales of abundant silks, spices, and precious metals in Asia, European tried to establish trading routes. However, because land routes to Asia were known to be long and arduous and blocked by hostile Muslim armies, Europeans become obsessed with the idea of reaching Asia by sea. The Portuguese were the early leaders in the search for sea routes to Asia, and they explored much of the west coast of Africa during the fifteenth century. Between 1497 and 1499, the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa and become the first European to sail to India.

- The Age of Exploration symbolically ended in 1911, when Roald Amundsen became the first person to stand at the South Pole, two years after Robert Peary had reached the North Pole.

THEMES
GEOGRAPHY THREE BASIC CONCEPTS Location, Maps and Distribution

1 - LOCATION Geographers identify the location of something in four ways;

a) Toponym b) Site c) Situation d) Mathematics

A) Toponym
-

The simplest way to describe a particular location is by referring to its name, because inhabited places on the earth s surface have been named. Geographers call the name given to a portion of the earth s surface the toponym, or nominal location, of place. The toponym of a place may give us a clue about the community s founders, physical setting, social customs, or political changes. Some toponyms derive from features of the physical environment. Trees, valleys, bodies of water, and other natural features appear in the place names of most languages. The community with perhaps the longest name in the world is town in Wales called LLANFAIRPWLLGWYNGYLLGOGERYCHWYRNDROBWLLLLANTYSILIOGOGOGOCH. Someone unfamiliar with foreign languages might have difficulty in identifying the English name for these European countries: Civitas Helvetia (Switzerland), Osterreich (Austria) and Suomi (Finland).

B)Site
-

Which are its physical characteristics include climate, water sources, topography, soil, and vegetation. The combination of physical characteristics gives each location a unique character. Historically, site factors have been important in the selection of a location for a settlement, although, depending on cultural values, people disagreed on the attributes of a good site. Some preferred a hilltop site because it could easily be defended from attack.

- Other people located settlements near easy river crossing points to facilitate communications with people living in other places.

C) Situation
-

The situation of a place is an important way to indicate location for two reasons. First, situation helps people to identify the location of an unfamiliar place. We give directions to people who are lost by referring to the situation of a place. We identify important buildings, streets, and other landmarks to direct people to the desired location. Second, situation helps us to understand the importance of a particular location. Many locations are important because they are accessible to other places.

- For example, because of its situation, Singapore has become a center for the trading and distribution of goods for much of Southeast Asia. Singapore is located at the Straits of Melaka, which is the major passageway for ships travelling between the China seas and Indian Ocean.

D)Mathematical location
-

The universally accepted numbering system consists of two series of imaginary lines more precisely, arcs drawn on the globe. These arcs are known as meridians and parallels. A meridian is an arc drawn on the earth s surface between the North and South Poles. Every meridian has the same length and the same beginning and end points. We identify the location of each meridian on the earth s surface according to a numbering system known as longitude. One meridian has been designated arbitrarily as 0 degrees (0) longitude. It passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, and is also called the prime meridian.

- The second set of imaginary arcs drawn on the earth s surface is parallels. Parallels are circles drawn around the globe parallel to the equator at right angles to the meridians. The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels is called latitude.

2 - MAPS
-

Once the location of a place has been determined, geographers create maps to display information about the location. A map is two-dimensional, or flat, representation of the earth s surface or a portion of it. Map can be visually appealing and intellectually stimulating to both professional geographers and casual users. The science of making maps is called cartography. Scale is the relationship between the length of an object on map and the length of the same feature on the earth s surface. The level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map depends on its scale. Cartographers usually present scale in one of three ways: a fraction (or ratio), a written statement, or a graphic scale. A scale of 1:24,000 means that one inch or one cm on the map represents 24,000 inches or 24,000 cm on the ground. The unit of distance could also be expressed in feet, mm, or some other measure of distance, but the units of measure on each side of the ratio must always be the same.

3-

DISTRIBUTION

The arrangement of a phenomenon across the earth s surface is known as the spatial distribution. Spatial distribution has three important properties: density, concentration, and pattern. Density is frequency of occurrence of something within a given unit of area. Concentration is not the same as density. One study area with relatively high density could have a dispersed population, while another study area with the same density could have a clustered population.

- The third property of distribution is the pattern, which is the geometric arrangement of the objects.

CULTURAL ECOLOGY APPROACH

The study of the relationship between the physical environment and human actions is called cultural ecology. the cultural ecology approach to geographic explanation is that human activities and the physical environment are associated with each other. the cultural ecology approach as the man-land perspective generally known as Possibilism.

ENGINEERED LANDSCAPES: PEOPLE-NATURE RELATIONSHIP

Possibilism

The physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment. However, people can adjust to the capacity of the physical environment by adopting new technology, consuming different foods, migrating to new locations, and other actions.

The cultural ecology approach recognizes that understanding the distribution of human activities across the earth s surface requires. climate, vegetation, soil and geomorphology.

1)

Climate

A B C

Climate is a long-term average weather condition at particular location. Human beings traditionally have limited tolerance of extreme temperature and precipitation levels and avoid living in places that are too hot, too cold, too wet, or too dry. However, modern technology enables people to survive in a wider variety of climates. The modified Koppen system divides the world into five main climate regions: Tropical Climates D Snow Climates Dry Climates E Ice Climates Warm Temperate Climates

2)

Vegetation The characteristics of the climate influence a region s vegetation and soil; vegetation and soil, in turn, influence the types of agriculture that people practice in a particular region. The earth s land vegetation includes four major life forms of plants, called biomes. The four main biomes are forest, savannah, grassland, and desert. A- Forest biome CGrassland biome B- Savannah biome DDesert biome

3) Soil The material formed on the earth s surface between the air and the rocks is soil. Two basic problems contribute to the destruction of soil; erosion and depletion. a) First, soil can wash away in the rain or blow away in the wind. b) Second problem is depletion (penipisan) of nutrients.

4) Geomorphology Geomorphology is the study of the earth s landforms. Geomorphology helps to explain human actions. People tend to prefer living on relatively flat land, which generally is better suited for agriculture. High concentrations of people and activities in hilly areas in other words, land with high relief and steeps slopes may require extensive human efforts to modify the landscape.

To understanding why people and activities are arranged in a regular pattern across the earth s surface. Groups of people alter the landscape in particular ways at difference times in different places. A distinctive cultural landscape results from three types of differences: 1) Differences among groups of people. 2)Differences in the time period when people undertake activities. 3) Differences among areas of the earth s surface.

A group of people transforms the landscape in a distinctive way primarily because of its culture. To get a manageable grasp on the concept of culture we can examine more closely the three elements that constitute Webster s definition: 1) customary beliefs, 2) social forms, and 3) material traits.

1)

Customary beliefs
Much of cultural landscape results from a people s

distinctive beliefs. The cultural landscape is our unwitting biographer, because it reflects in a tangible; visible from our tastes, values, aspirations, and fears.

DIFFERENCES AMONG GROUPS OF PEOPLE

2) Social forms Groups of people create specific organizations and institutions to transform the landscape in accordance with their cultural preferences. People live and work together and remember the same past by sharing a common language. English speakers try to find a Chinese name that is similar in sound but also carries an attractive meaning. Executives of Coca-Cola, for example, have selected ideograms that sound like Ke Kou Ke Luo. These ideograms represent a successful translation, because they carry the following meaning: Good for the mouth and a reason to celebrate .

3) Material traits

A third important element of culture is the production of a society s material expressions. The cultural landscape approach assesses the technical potential of human communities for using and modifying their landscape. The capability of a society to meet its material needs influences meanings attached to the landscape. A farmer who possesses a tractor regards a hilly piece of land differently than does a farmer with the hoe.

Examines different impacts of culture on the landscape at different impacts of culture on the landscape at different times. Geographers try to discover four kinds of facts about the evolution of a landscape over time: 1) The origin in time and place of given cultural features. 2)The routes, times and manner of their diffusion to other places. 3) The process of acceptance of new ideas by a cultural group. 4)The impact of imposing new cultural values on existing landscapes.

The landscape varies across the earth s surface in part because people with different cultural characteristics

live in different areas.

The third type of cultural landscape study divides the earth s surface into areas that have distinctive cultural characteristics. An area distinguished by one or more unique characteristics is known as a region.

ECONOMIC
HOW DO WE MEASURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? Measure the level of economic development partly through a number of economic indicators, but social and demographic characteristics also contribute. People in a relatively developed country are generally wealthier than in a developing country, because they are more productive. Consumers use part of the wealth generated by economic activities in relatively developed countries to buy goods and services.

HOW DO WE MEASURE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT? (Cont....)

We can identify 3 types of characteristics that distinguish a country s level of development:

1) 2) 3)

economic, social, and demographic.

These measures include:

1) average income, 2) structure of the economy, 3) worker productivity, 4) access to raw materials, and 5) availability of consumer goods.

PER CAPITA INCOME

The average individual earns a much higher income in a relatively developed country than in a developing one. The gross national product (GNP) is the value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period, normally one year. Several oil-rich states bordering the Persian Gulf have the world s highest per capita GNP s although the levels very considerably from year to another depending on the price of petroleum.

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
1)

We can classify jobs into 3 categories: Primary sector

Jobs are concerned with the direct extraction of materials from the earth s surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by:
I. II. III.

mining, fishing, and forestry.

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
2)

Secondary sector

Includes manufacturers that : - process, transform, and assemble raw materials into useful products. Other secondary sector industries: - take manufactured goods and fabricate them into finished consumer goods.

ECONOMIC STRUCTURE
3)

Tertiary sector

Involves the provision of goods and services to people in exchange for payment. Examples include:
I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

offices, shop, physicians, attorneys, entertainment facilities, and universities.

PRODUCTIVITY
Workers in relatively developed countries are more productive than in developing countries. Productivity is the value of a particular product compare to amount of labour needed to make it. Workers in relatively developed countries produce more with less effort because they have access to more machines, tools, and equipment to perform much of the work. The larger per capita GNP in relatively developed countries in turn makes workers more productive and generates more wealth.

RAW MATERIALS
Economic development requires access to raw materials, which can be fashioned into useful products and provide energy to operate the factories. Developing countries that possess energy resources, especially petroleum, have been able charge higher prices and use the additional revenues to finance economic development. A country with abundant raw material has a good chance of achieving greater development.

CONSUMER GOODS
Part of the wealth generated in relatively developed countries goes to purchasing goods and services in addition to the minimal human needs of food, clothing, and shelter. The quantity and type of goods and service purchased in a society is a good measure of the level of economic development. Among the thousands of products consumer buy, three are particularly good indicators of a society s economic development: motor vehicles, telephones, and televisions. In many developing countries, the haves may concentrate in urban areas, while the have-nots live in the countryside.

FOLK CULTURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RURAL LANDSCAPE - A classification system of eleven characteristics has been developed for reading a rural landscape and for understanding the natural and cultural forces that have shaped it. - The first four characteristics are processes that have been instrumental in shaping the land, such as the response of farmers to fertile soils. - The remaining seven are physical components that are physical components that are evident on the land, such as barns or orchards.

PROCESSES

Land Uses and Activities

- Land uses are the major human forces that shape and organize rural communities. - Human activities, such as farming, mining, ranching, recreation, social events, commerce, or industry, have left an imprint on the landscape. - Topographic variations, availability of transportation, the abundance or scarcity of natural resources (especially water), cultural traditions, and economic factors influenced the ways people use the land.

Patterns of Spatial Organization

- The Organization Of Land On A Large Scale Depends On The Relationship Among Major Physical Components, Predominant Landforms, And Natural Features. - Politics, Economics, And Technology, As Well As The Natural Environment, Have Influenced The Organization Of Communities By Determining Settlement Patterns, Proximity To Markets, And The Availability Of Transportation. - Large-scale Patterns Characterizing The Settlement And Early History Of A Rural Area May Remain Constant, While Individual Features, Such As Buildings, And Vegetation, Change Over Time.

Response to Natural Environment

- Major natural features, such as mountains, prairies, rivers, lakes, forest, and grasslands, influenced both the location and organization of rural communities. - Climate, similarly, influenced the sitting of buildings, construction materials, and the location of clusters of buildings and structures. - Mineral or soil deposits, likewise, determined the suitability of a region for particular activities. Available materials, such as stone or wood, commonly influenced the construction of houses, barns, fences, bridges, roads, and community buildings.

Cultural Traditions
- Religious beliefs, social customs, ethnic identity, and trades and skills may be evident today in both physical features and uses of the land. - Cultural traditions determined the structure of communities by influencing the diversity of buildings, location of roads and village centers, and ways the land was worked. - Traditional building forms, methods of construction, stylistic finishes, and functional solutions evolved in the work of local artisans.

COMPONENTS
Circulation Networks
- Circulation networks are systems for transporting people, goods, and raw materials from one point to another. - They range in scale from livestock trails and footpaths, to roads, canals, major highways, and even airstrips. - Some, such as farm or lumbering roads, internally served a rural community, while others, such as railroads and waterways, connected it to the surrounding region.

Boundary Demarcations (Batasan)

- Boundary demarcations delineate areas of ownership and land use, such as an entire farmstead or open range. - They also separate smaller areas having special functions, such as fenced field or enclosed corral. - Fences, walls, trees lines, hedge rows, drainage or irrigation ditches, roadways, creeks, and rivers commonly marked historic boundaries.

Vegetation Related to Land Use

- Vegetation includes not only crops, trees, or shrubs planted for agricultural and ornamental purposes, but also trees that have grow up incidentally along fences lines, beside roads, or in abandoned fields. - Vegetation may include indigenous (native), naturalized, and introduced species. - It grows and changes with time, whether or not people care for it.

Buildings, Structures, and Objects

- Their function, materials, date, condition, construction methods, and location reflect the historic activities, customs, tastes, and skills of the people who built and used them. - Buildings designed to shelter human activity, include residences, schools, outbuildings, barns, stores, community halls, and train depots. - Structures designed for functions other than shelter, include dams, canals, systems of fencing, and systems of irrigation, tunnels, mining shafts, grain ships, and highways. - Objects relatively able constructions, include markers and monuments, small boats, machinery, and equipment.

Cluster
- Groupings of buildings, fences, and other features, as seen in a farmstead, ranch, or mining complex, result from function, social tradition, climate, or other influences, cultural or natural. - The arrangement of clusters may reveal information about historical and continuing activities, as well as the impact of varying technologies and the preferences of particular generations. - The repetition is similar clusters throughout a landscape may indicate organization, and land use.

Archaeological Sites
- The sites of prehistoric or historic activities or occupation may be marked by foundations, ruins, changes in vegetation, and surface remains. - They may provide valuable information about the ways the land has been used, patterns of social history, or the methods and extent of activities such as shipping, milling, lumbering, or quarrying. - The ruins of mills, charcoal kilns, canals, outbuildings, piers, quarries, and mines commonly indicate previous uses of the land.

Small-scale elements
- Small-scale elements, such as a foot bridge or road sign, add to the historic setting of a rural landscape. - Small-scale elements also include minor remnants, including canal stones, road traces, mill stones, individual fruit trees, abandoned machinery, or fence posts. - That mark the location of historic activities, but lack significance or integrity as archaeological sites.

AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE FOR RURAL LANDSCAPE

The following areas of significant commonly apply to rural landscape:1) Agriculture 2) Architecture 3) Archaeology 4) Community Planning and Development 5) Conservation 6) Engineering 7) Exploration / Settlement 8) Industry 9) Landscape Architecture 10)Science

The Factors Transformation of the Rural Area:

1. Increases percentage of labour in modern economic sector 2. Demography characteristics 3. Increases of basic facilities 4. Increases properties, savings, and power to buy things 5. Increases educational activities 6. Increases easy accessibility 7. Increases utilities and social service

The Factors Influencing the Blooming Of Rural Area to Become a Town :

1. Potential of existing natural resources 2. Development of modern economics 3. Location and strategic sites 4. Natural elements attraction 5. Government policy 6. Population

AGRICULTURE SOCIETY
- How farmers deal with the physical environment varies according to customary beliefs, preferences, technological capabilities, and a number of cultural factors. - Farmers in a society posse s specific knowledge about environmental conditions and particular technological capabilities for modifying the landscape. Farmers undertake the most profitable type of agriculture, although economic calculations can be altered by government programs, which subsidize the production of some products and discourage others.

ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE
- Agriculture involves the deliberate effort to modify a portion of the earth s surface by cultivating crops and rearing livestock for sustenance or for economic gain. - Agriculture thus originated when humans domesticated plants and animals for their use. - The cultivation of plants may have originated by accident. - In the process of gathering wild vegetation, members of the group may have accidentally cut plants or dropped berries.

ORIGIN OF AGRICULTURE (cont..)

- These hunters would have been surprised to see that, after a period of time, damaged or destroyed food sources produced new plants. - The earliest form of plant cultivation, according to the prominent cultural geographer Carl Sauer, consisted of vegeculture. - Sauer defined vegeculture as reproduction of plants by direct cloning, such as cutting stems and dividing roots.

LOCATION OF FIRST AGRICULTURE

- Vegeculture probably originated in Southeast Asia, according to Sauer. - The diversity of climate and topography in the region probably encourage the growth of a wide variety of plants suitable for dividing and transplanting. - Also, because the people in the region obtained food primarily by fishing, rather than by hunting and gathering, they may have been more attention to growing plants.

LOCATION OF FIRST AGRICULTURE (cont..)

- Early hearths of vegeculture may have also emerged independently in West Africa and North-Western South Africa. - Vegeculture may have been based on the oil-palm tree and yam in West Africa and manioc, sweet potato, and arrowroot in South America. - Vegeculture diffused from the Southeast Asian hearth north and east to China and Japan and west through India to Southwest Asia, Tropical Africa, and the Mediterranean lands. - The practices spread from north-western South America to Central America and eastern portions of South America.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

Several important characteristics distinguish commercial agricultural from subsistence agriculture, which predominates in the developing countries. The characteristics are: 1) Small percentage of farmers 2) Heavy use of machinery 3) Large farm size 4) Output sold to processors 5) Integration with other business

1) Small percentage of farmers

- The first distinctive characteristics of commercial agriculture are the small percentage of farmers in the labour force. - The small percentage of farmers can produce enough food not only for themselves and the rest of the country but also a surplus to help people elsewhere in the world. - Both push and pull migration factors have been responsible. - People have moved away from farms because they were no longer needed and, at the same time, have been lured to higher-paying jobs in urban areas.

2)Heavy use of machinery

- Commercial agriculture is characterized by a high degree of reliance on technological and scientific improvements. - A small number of farmers are able to feed a large number of people in relatively developed societies because commercial farmers rely on machinery rather than people or animals to supply power. - Traditionally, the farmer or a local craftsman made the equipment from wood, but beginning in the late eighteenth century, factories produced farm machinery.

3) Large farm size

- The third distinctive characteristic of commercial agriculture is the relatively large size of the average farm, especially in the United States and Canada. - The average farm in the U.S. Midwest is approximately 100 hectares (250 acres). - As a result of the large size and the high level of mechanization, commercial agriculture is an expensive business. - Farmers must spend hundreds of thousands of dollar to buy or rent land and machinery before beginning operations.

4)Output sold to processors

- Commercial farmers grow crops and raise animal primarily for sale off the farm rather than for their own consumption. - Agricultural products are sold to food processing companies rather than directly to consumers. - Large processors typically sign contracts with commercial farmers to buy their output.

5)

Integration with other business

- The system of commercial farming in the United States and other relatively developed countries has been called agribusiness, because the family farm is not an isolated activity but is integrated into a large food production industry. - Some farmers engaged in other activities related to agribusiness. - These activities include processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and retailing food. - Agribusiness encompasses such diverse enterprises as tractor manufacturers, fertilizer producers, and seed distributions, as well as restaurants, fast-food franchises, and home delivered pizzas.

THE FACTORS HOW HUMAN GEOGRAPHY INFLUENCING THE AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

1. Economic factors - Important elements demand and offer, marketing, power to customer - Price of agricultural products not stable, lesion to agricultural activities - Demands from factories manufacture sectors (tyre, cooking oil, margarine)

2. Social factors - Labour and basic facilities expertise labour to produce more products - Expert labour importance to manage the modern machinery, pest control, R&D - Problems less expert labour especially in plantation sectors - Agricultural sectors also influencing by telecommunication, port, warehouse

3. Government factors - Government policy and effort to develop the agricultural sectors - Government roles: provide the irrigation systems and clean water to paddy field, give subsidize to farmers, generate FAMA, MARDEC and BERNAS control the price of crops production

4. Technology factors - Research and development - LGM Lembaga Getah Malaysia successful cloned the genetics to produced a quality rubber trees - R&D to guarantee the agriculture sectors develops all the time and competes with other country

THE PHYSICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN ASIA PACIFIC COUNTRIES
1. 2. Climate Temperature elements guaranteed the plants growth Rain too rainy and less rainy (not to good) Sunlight photosynthesis process Irrigation systems To supplies water to agriculture area Pond, damp, moat, river Soil factors not suitable for alluvium soil

3. Suitable earth surface - Not all earth surfaces suitable for agriculture - The earth surface characteristics flatten, sloppy, highland, lowland, fertility

THE IMPORTANT FACTORS OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTORS IN MALAYSIA

1. Food stocks and main food for inhabitant, economic values, national capital, jobs opportunity, development of industry based on agriculture products 2. Increased level of national technology, development of infrastructure, new town development

URBANIZATION
WHAT ACTIVITIES ARE FOUND IN THE CENTRAL CITY? - The center is the best-known and most visually distinctive area of most cities. - It is one of the oldest districts in the city and is often located on or near the original site of the settlement.

THE CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT (CBD)

- Sometimes called the central business district, or CBD is the area of the city where retail and office activities are concentrated. - Similar definition exists to define the center of cities in other countries. - The CBD is relatively small and compact less than 1% of the urban land area but contains a large percentage of the urbanized area s shops, offices, and public institutions. - Retail and office activities are attracted to be CBD because the accessibility. - The center is the easiest part of the city to reach from the rest of the region and is the focal point of the region s transportation network.

1) Importance of the CBD for retailing

- First, a shop may be located in the center if it has a high threshold, that is, a large minimum number of customers needed to support the service. - The second type of shop that tends to be located in the center has a high range, that is, great maximum distance customers are willing to travel to use the service. - A third type of retail activity located in the center serves the large number of people who works in the center and shop during lunch or working hours.

2)Importance of the CBD for offices

- Offices cluster in the CBD because of accessibility. - Despite the diffusion of modern telecommunications, many professionals still exchange information primarily through face-to-face contact with others in the same line work. - A central location is also helpful for offices that employ workers who live in a variety of neighbourhoods.

3) High land cost in the center

- The accessibility of the city s center produces extremely strong competition for the limited sites available. - As a result, the value of land in the center is very high. - Two distinctive characteristics of the central city follow from the very high land costs. - First, the land is used more intensively in the center than elsewhere in the city. - Second, some activities are excluded from the center because of the high cost of space.

4)Intensive land use

- Compared to other parts of the city, the central area makes more extensive use of space below and above ground level. - The typical underground city includes multi-story parking garages, loading docks for deliveries to offices and shops, and water and sewer lines. - Subways run under the streets of large central cities. - Some cities have built extensive systems of pedestrian passage and shops beneath the center.

5) Skyscrapers
- The demand for space in the central city has also made highrise structures economically feasible. - Every city has a unique downtown skyline as a result of the particular arrangement and architectural styles of its high-rise buildings. - Streets become congested because the skyscrapers generate a considerable amount of traffic.

6)European CBDs
- The most prominent structures may be churches and former royal palaces squares, at road junctions, or on hilltops. - Many parks in the center of European cities were first laid out as private gardens for aristocratic families and only later were opened to the public. - European cities have tried to preserve their historic core by limiting the number of cars and high-rise buildings.

7) Land uses excluded from CBDs

- High rents and the shortage of land discourage two principal types of activities from concentrating in the central area: MANUFACTURING and RESIDENTIAL. - People have migrated from central cities for a combination of pull and push factors. - First, people have been lured to suburbs, which offer larger homes with private yards and modern schools. - Second, people have sought to escape from the dirt, crime, congestion, and poverty of the central city.

8)Commuting
- Because few people live in the center, urban areas are characterized by high levels of commuting into the CBD in the morning and out in the evening. - In larger cities, public transportation may carry a substantial number of people during peak travel hours. - Despite the construction of multi-story garages, as much as one-third of the high-priced central land is devoted to streets and parking lots.

THE FACTORS THAT CAUSED THE UNBALANCED DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA 1. Physical factors soil and earth surface 2. Natural resources distribution 3. Colonization impacts 4. Government policy and political 5. Different number of industrial zones 6. Different urbanization factors 7. Population factors 8. Social factors

THE EFFECTS OF THE URBANIZATION PROCESS TOWARDS THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CITY
1. Air pollution, haze - Increases number of vehicles - Industrial zones 2. Urban heat island - A lot of buildings, road, pave area - Less of trees in urban area 3. Flash flood Usually in urban / town area Road, paves area, lack of vegetation River, moat too shallow

THE EFFECTS OF THE URBANIZATION PROCESS TOWARDS THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE CITY (cont...)
4. Acid rain - Rain water quality - Air pollution gases from industrial zones, vehicles, 5. Water pollution - Residue of oil, factory, housing - No water quality 6. Soil erosion - Loose soil, development at hilly area, highland agriculture activities, over population

THE FACTORS THAT CAUSED THE URBANIZATION PROCESS IN URBAN AREA

1. Traffic jam / congested 2. Life quality low healthy 3. Increase squatter and destitute 4. Increase social problems 5. Positive effects infrastructure developments 6. Variety of economic activities

THE DEFINITION OF THE CITY HIERARCHY

1. Classification of the city based on number of population, areas, local authority 2. Megalopolis, Metropolis, City, Town, medium town and small town

RAPID URBAN GROWTH

- Relatively developed countries have been transformed from predominantly rural to predominantly urban societies. - The process of urbanization involves 2 changes in distribution of a country s population: an increase in the number of people living in urban settlements and an increase in the percentage of people living in urban settlements. - The increase in the percentage of urban residents is a function of the society s changing economic structure.

RAPID URBAN GROWTH (cont...)

- A high percentage of urban residents reflect the fact that most of the jobs are in factories offices, and services, rather than on farms. - In relatively developed countries, the majority of people work in factories, offices, and service jobs which are concentrated in urban settlements. - People are migrating from rural to urban areas because of very poor economic conditions in rural settlements rather than realistic prospects for jobs in the cities.

URBAN HEAT ISLAND

- The buildings, concrete, asphalt, and the human and industrial activity of urban areas have caused cities to maintain higher temperatures than their surrounding countryside. - This increased heat is known as an urban heat island. The air in an urban heat island can be as much as 20F (11C) higher than rural areas surrounding the city. - Parks and greenbelts reduce temperatures while the Central Business District (CBD), commercial areas, and even suburban housing tracts are areas of warmer temperatures.

URBAN HEAT ISLAND (cont...)

- Planting trees not only helps to shade cities from incoming solar radiation, they also increase evapotranspiration, which decreases the air temperature. Trees can reduce energy costs by 10-20%. The concrete and asphalt of our cities increases runoff, which decreases the evaporation rate and thus also increases temperature.

Popular culture is constituted by whatever people do in their leisure time. Popular landscape might be conceived as that which belongs to the people and that which is widely favoured and well liked , such as popular music.

INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
The modern concept of industry manufacturing goods in a factory began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century. The process of change, known as industrial revolution, transformed both the way in which goods are produced for a society and the way people obtain food, clothing, and shelter. The industrial revolution has penetrated virtually all economic, social, and political elements of society.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The industrial revolution involved a series of inventions that transformed the way in which goods were manufactured. The industrial revolution resulted in new social, economic, and political inventions, not just industrial ones. The industrial revolution was characterized by the invention of hundreds of mechanical devices, but the one invention most important for the diffusion of industry was the steam engine.

HOW IS INDUSTRY DISTRIBUTED

Industry is not distributed uniformly across the earth s surface. Approximately three-fourths of the world s industrial production is concentrated in four regions:

a) EASTERN NORTH AMERICA, b) NORTHWEST EUROPE, c) THE WEST-SENTRAL SOVIET UNION, and d) JAPAN.

1) North America  Manufacturing in North America is concentrated in the northeast portion of the United States and in south-eastern Canada.  Good transportation systems facilitated the movement of raw materials to the factories and manufactured goods to markets. 2) Europe  The principal industrial region of Europe is situated in the northwest and encompasses a portion of several countries.  These four areas become important for industry because of their proximity both to raw materials, such as coal and iron ore, and to large concentrations of wealthy European consumers.

3) The Soviet Union  The Soviet Union has five major industrial regions, two of which were established in the nineteenth century and three since the 1917 revolution that brought the Communist party to power.  The two prerevolutionary regions the central industrial district and Ukraine are located in the western portion of the country, relatively close to other European states.  The 3 more recently established regions the Volga, the Urals, and Kuznetsk are closer to the center of the country.

4) Japan  Because it lacks many natural resources, the country must import nearly all of its energy and raw materials.  Japan became an industrial power, initially by producing goods that could be sold in large quantity at cut-rate prices to consumers in other countries.  Japanese planners, aware that other countries were building industries based on even lower-cost labour, began to train workers for highly skilled job.  Japan gained a reputation for high-quality electronics, precision instruments, and other products that required well-trained workers.

THE PURPOSES HOW THE INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES DISSEMINATED FROM DEVELOPED AREAS TO RETREATED AREAS
1. Quick-up the economical development at retreated area and to balanced the level of economical development between areas. 2. Generate huge jobs opportunity at retreated area / rural area. 3. Increase population at retreated area or to balance up the population distribution between areas. 4. Quick up social development and basic facilities at retreated areas. 5. Decrease the crowded population and traffic at develop area. 6. Decrease environmental pollution. 7. Decrease a pressure towards compacted soil at urban area.

THE SIGNIFICANT FACTORS OF THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR IN MALAYSIA AND ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS THE COUNTRY
1. Generate jobs opportunity 2. Generate income to country 3. Increase technologies and expertise 4. Make huge markets 5. Thrive the correlate industry 6. Generate infrastructure development

URBAN LANDSCAPE
URBAN GENERATORS

The principle factors shape the form and substance of towns and cities:
A)Movement Systems B) Natural Features C) Development Process D)Urban Types E) Social and Cultural Meaning

A)

Movement Systems
Movements and urban form: i) Walking / pulling by horse: winding back alleys of medieval towns that are passable by foot or animal creating 3 to 4 storey height medieval lane. ii) Pedestrians, carriages boulevards of Paris creating 7 / 8 storey Parisian apartment. iii) Motorway creating multi-storey American skyscraper.

A) Movement Systems (cont...)

Type of movement system radial (London), concentric (Vienna),

grids (American cities). Movement systems and urban generation encourage new development at the peripheral settlements: edge cities and insertion of new transport system / retrofitting of new transport and movement system lead the generation. Sustainability principle of reducing car use through urban design intervention at all scales of development (Urban Renaissance / New Urbanism).

B)

Natural Features
 Town and cities often formed around natural features ports, river

crossing  Natural features played a part in a city s evolution  Open spaces are vulnerable to development pressures

C)Development Process

Places are form through the development of buildings and other structures influenced by relationships of ownership, control, political and cultural practices. Cities of developing countries the starkest exposition of the relationships between land values, land owner, political control and urban form: the semi-private spaces of building are highly controlled and policed. Urban designer can influence the shape and use, through design controls and guidelines that can regulate and shape development. Economic what is built (purpose), who owns it and who manages it. Development process influences / influences by division of private / public spaces, its management and local and central government intervention.

D)

Urban Types

Building types (modern time) high-rise tower, can accommodate many activities: lookalike (Old days) buildings were closely related to locality, custom and culture. Urban types / Urban Fabric formal properties: street widths, plots widths, building heights, shapes or footprints and degree of repetition of these units Urban Morphology. New Urban types result of technological and social change, evolution, invention, adaptation and combination.

E)Social and Cultural Meaning

Space and building typologies: as physical and functional entities shaped by ritual relationship between numbers of society, imbued with meanings that are emblematic of the region / strata of society. Meaning (the associations) is not always clear and transparent, but may be various, fragmented and contradictory, change over time. Urban designers should aware of the range and depth of the meanings. Design intervention can change perceptions.

2 SET OF URBAN ELEMENT

1) Principle Element significant influence on form, structure and use of the city 2) Detailed configurations not influence the overall pattern / use of the city

1) Principle Element significant influence on form, structure and use of the city
i- Main open spaces ii- The square iii- Main roads and other transport arteries iv- Religious / Community buildings v- Shopping and recreational areas vi- Monuments and landmarks vii- Cultural institutions

2)Detailed configurations not influence the overall pattern / use of the city
i- Broad mass of the city district ii- Building typology and Morphology help to under stand the town in a generic way iii-The nature of the buildings, spaces and streets have a high degree of consistency

IMPACT OF POPULAR CUSTOMS ON THE LANDSCAPE

- The distribution of popular customs across the earth s surface produces a somewhat uniform landscape. - In fact, the promoters of various popular customs want a uniform impact on the landscape to generate higher consumption.

1) Fast-food restaurants Such restaurants are usually organized as franchises and owned by local operators who have contracts to use a national company s methods, symbols, trademarks, and architectural styles. Much of the attraction of fast-food restaurants comes from the convenience of the product and the use of the building as a socializing location for teenagers or families with young children. Fast-food restaurant originally developed to attract people who arrive by car.

2) Global diffusion With more rapid communications and transportation, customs from anyplace on the earth s surface can rapidly diffuse elsewhere. Japanese cars and electronics, for example, have diffused in recent years to the rest of the world, including North America. American-owned companies such as General Motors and Ford now manufacture similar models in North and South America, Europe, and Asia, instead of separately designed models for each continent.

THREAT TO FOLK CUSTOMS

- Many developing countries fear the loss of folk customs for two reasons. - First, the disappearance of folk customs may be symbolic of the loss of traditional values in society. - Second, the diffusion of popular customs from relatively developed countries can lead to dominance of Western perspectives in their countries.

1) Loss of traditional values - One example of the symbolic importance of folk customs is clothing. - In African and Asian countries today, there is a contrast between the clothes of rural farm workers and the clothes of urban business and government leaders. - Leaders of African and Asian countries have travelled to the West and experienced the sense of social status attached to Western clothes, especially men s business suits. - The Western suit has been accepted as the uniform for business executives and bureaucrats around the world.

2) Threat of domination - The threat is posed primarily by the media, especially news-gathering organizations and television. - Many African and Asian government officials criticize the Western concept of freedom of the press. - They argue that the American news organizations reflect American values and do not provide a balanced, accurate view of other countries.

TYPES OF SERVICES SECTOR IN MALAYSIA 1. Tourism sector Highest generate national economy 2. Transportation and communication sector Land transportation, water transportation, air transportation, ICT, internet, intranet information and business occur faster 3. Finance, insurance, estate and business services sector Bank and correlate company Insurance service to protection and recover people from accidents, treatment, educational, nature disaster Consultancy, educational, security, attorney

TYPES OF SERVICES SECTOR IN MALAYSIA (cont..) 4. Electric utilities, water and gas sector Basic utilities use in home, industry, commercial, business 5. Government services State government, federal government, local authority

TOURISM
Definition 1. Tourism is deemed to include any activity concerned with the temporary short term movement of people to destinations outside the places where they normally live and work, and their activities during their stay at these destinations. The activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited.

2.

TOURISM PRODUCTS IN MALAYSIA

1. Eco-tourism - based on natural resources (Taman Negara, Hutan Simpan, Mountain) 2. Agro-tourism based on agriculture resources (orchard, homestay) 3. Health tourism Tourist comes to have treatments (private hospital, traditional) 4. Edu-tourism Encourage people to have course, site visit, and academic trip

TOURISM PRODUCTS IN MALAYSIA (cont...)

5. Cultural and Heritage tourism visit historical places, archaeological site, museum 6. MICE tourism Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition 7. Sport and Recreational tourism based on sport and recreational (F1, Commonwealths Games, SEA Games)

SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

THE DEFINITION A method of analyzing what impact a government action may have on social aspects of the environment.

A tool for impact assessment, including social, economic or environmental. SIA is focused on human environment problems and their resolution. SIA process brings local knowledge to the decision process. SIA provides information to agencies and communities about social and cultural factors that need to be considered; SIA incorporating local knowledge and values into the decision; SIA will help decision-makers to identify the most socially beneficial course of action for local, regional, and national interests.

PEOPLE AS NATIONS MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY

CULTURAL LANDSCAPE

The term cultural landscape embraces a diversity of manifestations of the interactions between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity.

PEOPLE AS NATIONS MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY

Cultures have been meeting and mixing in Malaysia since the very beginning of its history. More than fifteen hundred years ago a Malay kingdom in Bujang Valley welcomed traders from China and India. With the arrival of gold and silks, Buddhism and Hinduism also came to Malaysia. A thousand years later, Arab traders arrived in Malacca and brought with them the principles and practices of Islam. By the time the Portuguese arrived in Malaysia, the empire that they encountered was more cosmopolitan than their own. One example of the complexity with which Malaysia's immigrant populations have contributed to the nation's culture as a whole is the history of Chinese immigrants.

PEOPLE AS NATIONS MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY (cont...)

The first Chinese to settle in the straits, primarily in and around Malacca, gradually adopted elements of Malaysian culture and intermarried with the Malaysian community. Known as babas and nyonyas, they eventually produced a synthetic set of practices, beliefs, and arts, combining Malay and Chinese traditions in such a way as to create a new culture. Muslims have adapted the Chinese custom of giving little red packets of money (ang pau) at festivals to their own needs; the packets given on Muslim holidays are green and have Arab writing on them. You can go from a Malaysian kampung to a rubber plantation worked by Indians to Penang's Chinese kongsi and feel you've traveled through three nations

POPULATION

To study problems such as increasing the food supply, reducing pollution, and encouraging economic growth, geographers must know the size and distribution of a region s population. The scientific study of population characteristics is known as demography. The study of population is critically important because of three facts: More people are alive at this time than at any point in the past. The world s population has been increasing at more rapid rate since the end of World War II than ever before in history. Virtually all of the global population growth in concentrated in the poor, developing countries.

POPULATION DISTRIBUTED

Human beings are not distributed uniformly across the earth s surface. We can understand how population is distributed by using two basic properties of spatial distribution: concentration and density.

1)POPULATION CONCENTRATIONS

We can divide the world into regions occupied by large numbers of people and regions that are sparsely inhabited. The portion of the earth s surface occupied by permanent human settlement is called the acumen. The world s population is clustered in five regions: East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Western Europe, Western Europe, and Eastern North. Most people live near an ocean or river with easy access to an ocean rather than near the interior of major land masses. In fact, approximately two thirds of the world s population lives within 500 km (300 miles), and 80% within 800 km (500 miles), of an ocean.

SPARSE CONCENTRATIONS (jarang)

- Human beings avoid clustering in certain physical environments. - In general, people prefer not to live in regions that are TOO DRY, TOO WET, TOO COLD, OR TOO MOUNTAINS for activities such as agriculture.

2)

DENSITY
Arithmetic density Geographers most frequently use the arithmetic density (or population density), which is the total number of people divided by total land area. Physiological density Physiological density and agricultural density provide insights into the relationship between the size of a population and the availability of resources to support life in a region. Agricultural density Two countries with similar physiological densities may produce significantly different amounts of good because of different economic conditions.

The concept of density helps geographers measure the relationship between population and available resources.
a)

b)

c)

POPULATION INCREASE
- We can estimate that for most of human history the size of the population was virtually unchanged, at perhaps one-half million. - The species multiplied in some regions and declined in others, while remaining sparse throughout the world. - During the period people lived as nomadic hunters and gatherers. - The global rate of population growth sharply increased during three periods around 8000 B.C., A.D. 1750, and A.D. 1950. - Each population spurt was accompanied by technological advances that gave people greater control over their physical and social environments. - In turn, these technological improvements increased the capacity of the earth to support human population.

1) First period of population increase

For several hundred thousand years prior to approximately 8000 B.C., global population had increased very modestly, at an average of only a couple of dozen people per year. Then, around the year 8000 B.C., the annual growth rate surged to 50 times higher than in the past, and world population grew by several thousand per year. Between 8000 B.C. and A.D. 1750, global population increased from approximately 5 million to 800 million. By growing plants and raising animals, human beings created larger and more predictable sources of food, and more people could survive.

b) Second period of population increase

For nearly 10,000 years after the agricultural revolution, the world population grew at a fairly steady pace. After around 1750, the world s population suddenly began to grow ten times faster than in the past. Global population rose from approximately 800 million in 1750 to 2.5 billion in 1950, an average annual increase of 0.6% per year. The industrial revolution involved a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.

c) Third period of population increase

The third dramatic increase in global population began in the late 1940s after World War II. The average annual population increase jumped from approximately one-half of 1% early in the twentieth century to nearly 2% by the middle of the twentieth century. Instead of adding a few million people per year since the late 1940s. By the end of the twentieth century, world population will be increasing by more than 100 million people per year. The recent era of population growth has been caused by the medical revolution.

THE CONCEPT OF QUANTITY INHABITANT AND QUALITY INHABITANT AS HUMAN RESOURCES

QUANTITY CONCEPT

can be measured by: 1) 2) 3) 4) Number of inhabitant / total of inhabitant Sizes of inhabitant Inhabitant distribution Ages / sex structures

THE CONCEPT OF QUANTITY INHABITANT AND QUALITY INHABITANT AS HUMAN RESOURCES QUALITY CONCEPT can be measured by:

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7)

Physical character Healthy character Education and expertise Open minded Mobility Attitude Productive

EARLY HISTORY OF SETTLEMENT AND THE BLOOMING OF HUMAN CIVILIZATION 1. New settlement, war, colonize, political stabilization influence the blooming of economic 2. Old settlement and civilization people live in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Rome, India and China. 3. Some of them still exist India and China PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF WORLD POPULATION Elements of physical environmental are: 1. Climate 2. Earth surface configuration 3. Soils 4. Irrigations

CLIMATE
1. Distribution of population distribution of races, distribution of economy activities 2. Climate can be main hindrance too hot (no water, no agricultural activities), too cold (not all people and plant can survive, less of activities) 3. Suitable climate wet and hot (tropical climate)

EARTH SURFACE CONFIGURATION

1. Variety of earth surface different of population distribution 2. Hilly area and mountain not popular for development costly, high risk, difficulty of telecommunication and transportation, 3. Flat area and fertile more people live (working, agriculture activities, settlement, factory)

SOILS
1. Types and quality if soil is very important economic activities, distribution of population 2. Volcano s mountain / good soil loess soil, chernozzem soil 3. podzol soil, seirozem soil and hardpan not suitable for agriculture

IRRIGATIONS
1. Surface irrigation and river systems soil influenced the irrigation 2. Fertile soil need good irrigation 3. Irrigation for agriculture, settlement and economic

MALAY WORLD

The concept of the Malay World is based on the idea of a Malay race, and refers to a cultural and linguistic sphere of influence, covering the archipelago of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the southernmost part of Thailand, the Philippines, Brunei, East Timor and occasionally New Guinea, with an outlier of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. The equivalent term in Malay is Alam Melayu and in Indonesian, Nusantara although the term Nusantara is now widely used in Malaysia as well. In the Philippines, the term Dunia Melayu Nusantara is used, but is often shortened to Nusantara just like in Malaysia and Indonesia.

DEFINITION OF MALAY
Malays (Malay: Melayu) are an ethnic group of Austronesian peoples predominantly inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and parts of Sumatra and Borneo. The Malay ethnic group is distinct from the concept of a Malay race, which encompasses a wider group of people, including most of Indonesia and the Philippines. The Malay language is a member of the Austronesia family of languages.

HISTORY OF MALAY PEOPLE

The Malay people are believed to have originated in Borneo and then expanded outwards into Sumatra and later into the Malay Peninsula. These people were descendants of Austronesian-speakers who migrated from the Philippines and originally from Taiwan. The main foundation of this school of thought lies in the fact that the oldest Malay settlements have been discovered in Sumatra and not in the Malay Peninsula. This suggests an upward - south to north migratory route. Malay culture reached its golden age during Srivijayan times. Malays practiced Buddhism, Hinduism, and their native Animism before converting to Islam in the 15th century.

MALAY WORD ETYMOLOGY

According to the History of Jambi, the word Melayu originated from a river with name Melayu near to Batang Hari River of today's Muara Jambi, Jambi province of Sumatra, Indonesia. The founder of Malacca, Parameswara was a prince of Palembang which was once owned by a nation called "Malayu" back in the seventh century. Yi Jing (635-713) clearly recorded in his journal book a nation of name 'Ma-La-Yu' existed. According to archaeological research of Jambi, large numbers of ancient artifacts and ancient architectures of Melayu have been found with photo evidence.

MALAY WORD ETYMOLOGY

The word "Malay" was adopted into English via the Dutch word "Malayo", itself from Portuguese "Malaio", which originates from the Malay word "Melayu". According to one popular theory, the word Melayu means "migrating" or "fleeing", which might refer to the high mobility of these people across the region (cf. Javanese verb 'mlayu' means "to run", cognate with Malay verb 'melaju', means "to accelerate") or perhaps the original meaning is "distant, far away" (cf. Tagalog 'malayo') Another theory holds that the name refers to the Tamil word Malai Yur which means "Land of Mountains" (malai means mountain and yur means land), a reference to the hilly nature of the Malay Archipelago.

CHINESE MALAYSIAN

A Malaysian Chinese is an overseas Chinese who is a citizen or long-term resident of Malaysia. Most are descendants of Chinese who arrived between the fifteenth and the mid-twentieth centuries. Within Malaysia, they are usually simply referred to as "Chinese" in all languages. The term Chinese Malaysian is also sometimes used to refer to this community. Early Chinese settlers (from the fifteenth century in Malacca; eighteenth century in Penang) form to a sub-group called Peranakan or Straits Chinese, who adopted many Malay customs and to varying extents (limited in Penang, almost complete in Malacca) the Malay language, but retained Chinese religious practices. In contrast, the newer arrivals (nineteenth century and later) who retained Chinese customs were known as sinkheh (literally "new guests").

CHINESE MALAYSIAN

The Chinese in Malaysia maintain a distinct communal identity and rarely intermarry with native Muslim Malays for religious and cultural reasons. Most Malaysian Chinese consider their being "Chinese" at once an ethnic, cultural and political identity. The Malaysian Chinese have traditionally dominated the Malaysian economy, but with the advent of affirmative action policies by the Malaysian government to protect the interests of ethnic Malays, their share has eroded somewhat. On most counts, however, they still make up the majority of the middle and upper income classes. As 2004, they became the richest ethnic in Malaysia with owned 40.9 percent of Malaysia's total equity. As of 2007, they constitute about a quarter of the Malaysian population.

DISTRIBUTION OF ETHNIC CHINESE POPULATION IN MALAYSIA

Most Chinese immigrants of Malaya came from southern China, mostly from the province of Fujian and Guangdong. In the nineteenth century, many came as indentured labourers, known as coolies. Others came freely to work, and were supported by Clan Associations. By 1911, the Chinese population in Malaya had reached 269,854, and around a million circa 1949. Today the majority of Chinese people are found in cities; even forming the majority group in cities such as Georgetown, Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Petaling Jaya and Klang.

INDIAN MALAYSIAN

Malaysian Indians are a group of Malaysians largely descended from those who migrated from southern India during the British colonization of Malaya. Prior to British colonization, Tamils had been conspicuous in the archipelago much earlier, especially since the period of the powerful South India kingdom of the Cholas in the 11th century. By that time, Tamils were among the most important trading peoples of maritime Asia.

INDIAN MALAYSIAN

There is evidence of the existence of Indianized kingdoms such as Gangga Negara, Old Kedah, Srivijaya since approximately 1500 years ago. Early contact between the kingdoms of Tamilakkam and the Malay peninsula had been very close during the regimes of the Pallava Kings (from the 4th to the 9th Century C.E.) and Chola kings (from the 9th to the 13th Century C.E.). The trade relations the Tamil merchants had with the ports of Malaya led to the emergence of Indianized kingdoms like Kadaram (Old Kedah) and Langkasugam. Furthermore, Chola king Rajendra Chola I sent an expedition to Kadaram (Sri Vijaya) during the 11th century conquering that country on behalf of one of its rulers who sought his protection and to have established him on the throne.

INDIAN MALAYSIAN

Some malays call Indians "keling' which is malayanised name for Kalingaancient andra kingdom. In Sejarah Melayu, annals of malay history, India is called "benua keling". It is said that, a malay warrior, Hang Tuah, visited india, presumably Kingdom of Vijayanagar,a Telugu kingdom which was ruling entire south india in 15th century. Sejarah Melayu also traces the ancestry of their sultans to "BENUA KELING". The word "Keling" is highly pejorative and extremely offensive to Indians, but this is because of status of Indians in Malaysia today, being a poorer community (compared to malays and Chinese) with high crime rate.

PERANAKAN

Peranakan, Baba-Nyonya) and Straits Chinese are terms used for the descendants of the very early Chinese immigrants to the Nusantara region, including both the British Straits Settlements of Malaya and the Dutch-controlled island of Java among other places, who have partially adopted Malay customs in an effort (chronological adaptation) to be assimilated into the local communities. The word Peranakan is also used to describe Chinese Indonesians. In both Malay and Indonesian, 'Peranakan' means 'descendants'. Babas refer to the male descendants and the Nyonyas the female. The word nyonya (also commonly spelled nonya) may originate from the Portuguese word dona, which means 'lady'.

PERANAKAN LANGUAGE

The language of the Peranakans, Baba Malay (Bahasa Melayu Baba) , is a dialect of the Malay language (Bahasa Melayu), which contains many Hokkien words. It is a dying language, and its contemporary use is mainly limited to members of the older generation; this is indicative also of the Peranakan culture at large.

HISTORY OF PERANAKAN

In the 15th century, the city states of the Malay Peninsula often paid tribute to various kingdoms such as the kingdoms of China and Siam. Close relations with China were established in the early 15th century, during the reign of Parameswara, when Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho), a Muslim Chinese, visited Malacca. According to traditional accounts, in 1459 CE, the Emperor of China sent a princess, Hang Li Po, to the Sultan of Malacca as a token of appreciation for his tribute.

HISTORY OF PERANAKAN

The royalty and servants who accompanied the princess initially settled in Bukit Cina and eventually grew into a class of straits-born Chinese known as the Peranakan. The Peranakan retained most of their ethnic and religious origins (ancestor worship), but assimilated the language and culture of the Malays. They developed a unique culture and distinct foods.

KADAZAN-DUSUN

Kadazan-Dusun is the term assigned to the unification of the classification of two indigenous tribes in Sabah, Malaysia the ethnic groups Kadazan and Dusun

HISTORY OF KADAZAN DUSUN

Kadazans and Dusuns share the same language and culture, albeit with differences in dialect. Many consider the major difference between the two ethnic groups to be their traditional geographical influences.

HISTORY OF KADAZAN DUSUN

Kadazans are mainly inhabitants of the flat valley deltas, conducive to paddy field farming, while Dusuns are traditionally inhabitants of the hilly and mountainous regions common to the interior of Sabah. It has been theorized that the name is actually just 'Dusun', not Kadazan Dusun. The word 'Kadazan' came from the word 'Kedai', a word from the Dusun tongue which means 'shop'. The original Dusun people called the Dusuns who live in the cities, where there are lots of shops as Kekedaian or Dusun who live in the city. Conversely, the City Dusun cannot pronounce the letter 'I' properly, they pronounce the 'Kekedaian' as 'Kekedazan'.

CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY IN THE LANDSCAPE

Definition of State or an independent country. An independent State:
1) Has space or territory which has internationally recognized boundaries (boundary disputes are OK). 2) Has people who live there on an ongoing basis. 3) Has economic activity and an organized economy. A country regulates foreign and domestic trade and issues money. 4) Has the power of social engineering, such as education. 5) Has a transportation system for moving goods and people. 6) Has a government which provides public services and police power. 7) Has sovereignty. No other State should have power over the country's territory. 8) Has external recognition. A country has been "voted into the club" by other countries.

CONSTRUCTING IDENTITY IN THE LANDSCAPE

There are currently 195 independent countries or States around the world. Territories of countries or individual parts of a country are not countries in their own right. Examples of entities that are not countries include: Hong Kong, Bermuda, Greenland, Puerto Rico, and most notably the constituent parts of the United Kingdom. (Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and England are not countries.) A "state" (with a lower-case "s") is usually a division of a federal State (such as the states of the United States of America).

NATIONS AND NATION-STATES

Nations are culturally homogeneous groups of people, larger than a single tribe or community, which shares a common language, institutions, religion, and historical experience.

When nations of people have a State or country of their own, it is called a nation-state. Places like France, Egypt, Germany, Japan, and New Zealand are excellent examples of nation-states. There are some States which have two nations, such as Canada and Belgium. Even with its multicultural society, the United States is also referred to as a nationstate because of the shared American "culture." There are nations without States. For example, the Kurds are stateless people.

LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
1. No Adjacent (bordering) Access to the Ocean

Approximately one-fifth of the world's countries is landlocked and has no access to the oceans. There are 43 landlocked countries that do not have direct access to an ocean or ocean-accessible sea (such as the Mediterranean Sea). They have the disadvantageous situation of needing to rely upon neighbouring countries for access to seaports. For example, Ethiopia relies on Eritrea for access to the Red Sea and recent conflicts have made that access difficult. The most recent addition to the list of landlocked countries was Serbia, which formerly had access to the Adriatic Sea but when Montenegro became an independent country in 2006, Serbia lost its ocean access.

LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES
2. Doubly-Landlocked Countries

There are two special landlocked countries that are known as doublylandlocked countries, completely surrounded by other landlocked countries. The two doubly-landlocked countries are Uzbekistan (surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and, Turkmenistan) and Liechtenstein (surrounded by Austria and Switzerland).

POLITICAL BOUNDARIES
NATURE OF POLITICAL BOUNDARIES

International boundaries are invisible, vertical planes that transect the airspace and soil between adjoining states. They mark the limit of territory in which a state can exercise its sovereign authority. Their position is marked on the ground with a variety of tangible objects. - fences, walls, welcome or warning signs The way a border is marked can reveal the relationship between neighbouring countries

POLITICAL BOUNDARIES
NATURE OF POLITICAL BOUNDARIES

Borders often limit contact between people and function as: 1. lines of economic containment 2. military defence 3. filters against negative influences Nevertheless, boundaries may also be viewed as lines of contact. - places where similar or dissimilar cultures and economies converge This situation gives rise to problems of territoriality and contact between them goes unaltered by the presence of a political divide.

MISSING COUNTRIES
Countries That No Longer Exist
Since many countries merge, split, or just decide to change their name, there are many "missing" countries that no longer exist. This list is far from comprehensive, but it's meant to serve as a guide to some of the most well-known missing countries of today.

Abyssinia Bengal Burma

: : :

The name of Ethiopia until the early 20th century. An independent kingdom from 1338-1539, now part of Bangladesh and India. Burma officially changed its name to Myanmar in 1989 but many countries still aren't recognizing the change, such as the United States.

Countries That No Longer Exist

Ceylon Champa

: :

Changed its name to Sri Lanka in 1972. Located in south and central Vietnam from the 7th century through 1832. : Peacefully split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993. : Merged in 1989 to form a unified Germany.

Czechoslovakia

East Germany and West Germany East Pakistan 1947-1971 :

This province of Pakistan from became Bangladesh.

Countries That No Longer Exist

Hawaii:

Though a kingdom for hundreds of years, Hawaii wasn't recognized as an independent country until the 1840s. The country was annexed to the U.S. in 1898. This South American country was part of Colombia (see above) from 1819-1830 and independent from 1830-1858. In 1858, the country became known as the Grenadine Confederation, then the United States of New Granada in 1861, the United States of Colombia in 1863, and finally, the Republic of Colombia in 1886. :

New Granada Gran was

Countries That No Longer Exist

Ottoman Empire

Also known as the Turkish Empire, this empire began around 1300 and expanded to include parts of contemporary Russia, Turkey, Hungary, the Balkans, northern Africa, and the Middle East. The Ottoman Empire ceased to exist in 1923 when Turkey declared independence from what remained of the empire.

Persia:

The Persian Empire extended from the Mediterranean Sea to India. Modern Persia was founded in the sixteenth century and later became known as Iran.

Countries That No Longer Exist

Scotland, Wales, and England: Despite recent advances in autonomy, part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, both Scotland and Wales were independent nations that were merged with England to
form the U.K.

Southwest Africa Taiwan :

Gained independence and became Namibia in 1990.

While Taiwan still exists, it is not always considered an independent country. However, it did represent China in the United Nations until 1971.

KAMPUNG The cultural landscape is a reflection of human adaptation and use of natural resources. It reveals much about our evolving relationship with natural world, and often derives its character from a human response to the natural features and natural system. It is often expressed in the way the land is organized and divided and the ways the pattern of settlement, land use, systems of circulation and the types of structures are built. It includes both natural and cultural resources. Hence, the cultural landscape gives us a sense of place. To understand the concept of the Malay village with its cultural landscape setting, we have to look at it from both its macro environment as well as its micro setting.

KAMPUNG (cont..) The village is viewed as whole in relation to its surrounding natural landscape and the Malay house in relation to its compounds and garden setting. The evolution of the Malay village is the result of the interrelationship between man and his surroundings, man and his inherent cultural attributes and the need to survive. These influences have helped shape the course of actions taken by the Malays in the design and composition of their habitat into a cultural responsive landscape. Open space characteristics of front garden provide plenty of opportunities for children to play and enjoy. Nature that provide excitements. Boundless nature promises tremendous experience in the cultural responsive landscape. Residential areas scattered within organic landscape comprising natural features and agricultural farm. Water bodies become convenience places for the villagers to spend their leisure.

KAMPUNG (cont..) The backyard garden utilized by children to play passive activities. In early days, wakaf is located almost everywhere in the village. They can be seen at certain points around the village e.g. in the paddy fields, at the edge of the rivers and even in the orchard. At the community area in the village, wakaf usually serves as a major gathering place for visitors.

MALAY URBAN The Malay have traditionally lived in small settlements know as kampungs. Urbanization developed as a result of the gradual transition of a village to an expanded centre of political power focused on a local sultan and nucleus of trading activities. But apart from a greater concentration of inhabitants, the general appearance of an early Malay town was not very different from a kampung. Most of the structures were built of timber with thatched roofs. The distinguishing features of the town centre were the sultan s timber palace, a mosque and a market. Early Malay towns usually evolved around the sultan s palace and the mosque because these were the two centres of cultural and religious activities. Traditionally, there were no fixed boundaries in a Malay town, although the distance up to which the prayer calls of the town mosque be heard sometimes determined the town s limits.

URBAN From about the 5th century CE, trade with Arabs, Chinese and Indians and with other Southeast Asians played an important role in changing the lifestyle of the early inhabitants of the Malay Peninsula. With exposure to outside influences, the early inhabitant s became receptive to change, and with growth in economic activities, several coastal villages grew into early towns. These new towns were characterized by shop houses along their high streets. By the 19th century some town become the largest town in the Peninsula and was served by a comprehensive infrastructure roads, street lighting, drainage systems, railways, telephones and telegraphs. Clearly aligned streets and, occasionally, town squares, were introduced, and masonry replaced timber in the construction of urban buildings. Civic and government administrative buildings began appear, surrounded by shop houses and fringed by the residential buildings of new settlers and traders.

CHINATOWN Municipal authorities granted legitimacy to the ideas of Chinese and Chinatown by inscribing social definitions of the identity and place in institutional practice and space. These definition were invariably negative and in their social force and material effect , shaped and justified the practices of powerful institutions toward it and toward people of Chinese origin . Attempts to curb landscape changes arising from the entrepreneurial spirit of the Chinese and their improving economic conditions point further to the power of whites to define people and place. In the late 1910s some ambitious Chinese merchants sought to move to the suburbs from their heathen cesspool . Itinerant Chinese peddlers also brought their produce to their clients, thus leaving the contained boundaries of Chinatown and entrepreneurial Chinatown merchants began to open small stores with attached residences in locations more convenient to their clients.

CHINATOWN (cont...) In Malaysia, shop houses again became the common building idiom, especially in the central areas of new town and in housing estates. In the late 1980s and 1990s, the merits of these isolated buildings as urban forms, unsupported by a structured urban framework, began to be questioned. These doubts were paralleled by surge of interest in conservation and the environment. The shop houses were seen by the conservationists as representing the typical Malaysian urban form, one that was particularly well suited to the climatic conditions of the country.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

CONTEMPORARY MALAY GARDENS Malay Garden is comprised of three main components, i.e., front garden, side garden and herbal garden which depicts an air of uniqueness. The front garden welcomes visitors with vibrant and colourful as well as fragrant plants. The side garden is where we can see different fruit trees while the herbal garden is situated at the back or near the kitchen. An arrangement of croton codiaeum (pudding plants) as part of the colourful front garden. A series of croton codiaeum is planted in crafted pots depicting the norm in the traditional Malay house compound. The front garden also displays huge pots with ixora plants. The flowery ixora is one of the traditional plants found within the front garden aside from croton, bougainvillea and the hibiscus. Herbal garden has a display of pandanus (pandan) leaves and lemon grass planted in pots.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

CONTEMPORARY MALAY GARDENS (cont....) The central part is an open grass to accommodate a halaman. The identity of a Malay Garden is enhanced by the presence of many garden accessories. A wooden shelter or wakaf is constructed at the corner of the garden as a place to relax while having tea. A pergola has been designed to create the ambiance of the Malay verandah (serambi) where colorful flowers are hanged. Other garden accessories selected for the Malay garden display includes traditional Malay lamps, pots (guri), batik, and wooden bench.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ISLAMIC GARDENS Artistic creativity was a means of communicating the truths of religion and philosophy, not an end in itself. Works of art aspiring to perfection give pleasure by aiding the contemplation of divine truth. Making a perfect place, or paradise, became the aim of Islamic garden design. Representation of the human form was forbidden as idolatrous, a ban which stimulated invention in other directions: abstract geometry and flowers were used decoratively, and mathematics was used to develop complex patterns. Many Islamic gardens have decayed or vanished: although buildings and planting have deteriorated, in many cases they could be restored and paving and tiles often survive in better condition.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ISLAMIC GARDENS (cont..) In urban open spaces, courts and fountains were used, like paradise gardens, for rest and contemplation. Water, in channels, pools, fountains or cascades was essential component of the paradise garden. Paradise gardens were used for cool relaxation, entertaining friends, sleeping and enjoyment of scents, sounds, fruits, flowers and decorative animals.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

CHINESE GARDENS The Chinese garden concerns the metaphysical science of geomancy or land divination that was applied in choice of site and layout. It shares cosmology with Taoism, stressing kinship (relationship), descent, relation between buildings, and society; without harmony there could not later be peace for those who dwelt in them. The basic elements of new Chinese landscape were that of rock, hill or mountain (the yang, stimulating male force) and still water (the yin, the tranquilizing female force). All perceived forms were thought to be forms of cosmic (space) forces with certain characters combining the yin and yang. Stillness was essential, for the gardens were for meditation, conservation, and poetry reading; all fragrant with trees, flowers and shrubs.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

CHINESE GARDENS (cont...) Ideal Chinese garden according to Ming Scholar and garden designer Inside the gate is a footpath and the footpath must be winding. At the turning of the footpath there is an outdoor screen and the screen must be small. Behind the screen there is a terrace and the terrace must be level. On the banks of the terrace there are flowers and the flowers must be fresh. Beyond the flowers is a wall and the wall must be low. By the side of the wall is a pine tree and the pine tree must be old. At the foot of the pine tree there are rocks and the rocks must be quaint. On the rocks there is a pavilion there are bamboos and near the bamboos there is a house and the house must be secluded.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

JAPANESE GARDENS The garden landscape was a microcism of the natural landscape. House and garden were indivisible. The 3 types of Japanese gardens that evolved through time are:

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

JAPANESE GARDENS (cont...) 1) Paradise style garden - Paradise style garden was influenced by the Pure Land Buddhism which was described in the Indian Text as a magnificent courtyard of sensual pleasures, including pond of purest water, fragrant and bejewelled plant, and rarest birds. - The garden was created surrounding shinden-aristocratis mansion-temples. - The shinden compound was divided into 2 parts, consisting of main buildings in the north and the garden in the south. - The central structure was the shinden, the oblong main hall, flanked by either side by buildings that served as family quarters. - A unique and enduring feature of this style was the water side pavilions connected to the main compound by covered bridges a rich colourful setting, elegant pastimes, and the image of paradise.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

JAPANESE GARDENS (cont...)
2)

Zen stone landscape The gardens are simpler but more expressive in design where trees, bushes and water were totally omitted. There are only stones, sand and moss-a technique called karesansui (dry gardening). It often portrayed actual landscapes, yet abstracts in that they use miniature elements and sand to symbolize water, they demonstrates the Zen preference for finding beauty in the things of this world-not trying to imitate paradise.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

JAPANESE GARDENS (cont...) 3) Retreat / Tea Gardens The gardens were grander in scale and usually in mixture of forms and techniques with little regards for historical or metaphorical integrity. Ornamental sand and clipped hedge compositions karikomi were introduced. The principle features of the gardens the pathway served to recreate the sense of journeying to a hermit or tea house. The garden becomes the setting of the house in giving the overall rustic impression.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ITALIAN GARDENS The design of Italian landscape was versatile due to the combinations of the personality of the owner, the architect, garden designer and site. The Italian gardens demonstrated a greater sense of security and a released love of nature. The gardens were considered made for man and it is to dignify him. The sites of houses were usually on hill sites to get the best views and because of the climate. The gardens were an extension of the house. The descending terraces were carved from the ground harmoniously.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

ITALIAN GARDENS (cont...) The Italian gardens have the following components: 1) Evergreens 2) Stone and water (permanent materials) 3) Box parterres (topiary) 4) Clipped hedges (big topiary hedges, can make archway) 5) Sculpture 6) Stairways 7) Pergolas 8) Arbours 9) Water and fountain

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

FRENCH GARDENS
-

The principles of the composition were as follows:

1) Garden is no more ma mere extension of the house, but is part of the great landscape composition. 2) Solid as opposed to two-dimensional geometry based on axiality, relating to the undulating sites. 3) Shape as though carved out of ordered woodlands and crisply defined by charmilles (clipped hedges). 4) The Baroque quality of unity with sky and surroundings achieved by water reflection and avenues leading indefinitely outwards.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

FRENCH GARDENS (cont...) 5) The scale expanding as it receded from the house. 6) Sculpture and fountains to provide rhythm and punctuate space. 7) The science of optics to direct the eye firmly without power to roam, and illusionist devices to make distance seem nearer or further. 8) The apparent revelation of the whole project in a glance, and the later element of surprise and contrast mainly in intimate woodlands. 9) The disposals of steps and stairways for the dignity and enhancement of the persons in movement.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

BALINESE GARDENS Tropical gardens in Bali are traditionally associated with a sense of fecundity, Javanese-inspired water gardens or junglescapes with mossy walls and hand carved statues and fountains. Today s gardens seem to have taken this style one step further: firstly, they are designed more to complement the architecture that they attached too, and, secondly, there is more order and definition in the planting. Water is a unifying element, both in the form of the pool and various interconnecting pond. There is a water garden section, complete with mossy statues, fountains and folly-like water tower with carved panels.

COMMON LANDSCAPE DESIGN

BALINESE GARDENS (cont...) Stepping stones lead from this to the central pool court which leads on to the terrace and garden area. The local environment of moss-covered walls, old tiles, water plants and vegetation provides a foil for the creative use of steel, reinforced concrete, mirrors and ceramic or vitreous stone. The result is every unusual abstract composition, displaying many different textures, colours and forms.