Antony Kishore.M & Ajithkumar.V B.E., IInd Year, Department Of Civil Engineering, Paavai Engineering College, Namakkal-637018, TN.

E-Mail: ajithak92@gmail.com

RECENT TRENDS IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

CONTENTS
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1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION CONCRETE PREPARATION OF CONCRETE RECENT TRENDS IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 6

6. TECHNIQUES 6.1. 6.2. 6.3. 6.4. 6.5. 6.6. RECYCLED CONCRETE FIRE TECHNOLOGY AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE DECORATIVE CONCRETE GRAFITO DCOR LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE HEAT RESISTANT REFRACTORY CONCRETE

7. EQUIPMENTS 7.1. 7.2. 7.3. 7.4. 7.5. 7.6. 7.7. BOOM PUMP (CONCRETE PUMP) TRILAR PUMPS CONVEYOR BELTS LASER SCREEDS REDI-MIX TRUCKS CONCRETE SAWS CRANES

7 7 8 9 10 11 11 12 13 13

8. CONCLUSION 9. REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT In olden days, It was hard to make concrete structure due to hand mixing and labour requirements. From the beginning when the concrete invented by British engineer John Smeaton in 17th century, the technology in concrete is improved day to day. The recent techniques such as Recycled concrete, Fire technology, Autoclaved aerated concrete, Grafito dcor, Light weight concrete, Heat resisting refractory concrete and latest equipments such as Boom Pump, Trilar Pumps, Conveyor Belts, Laser Screeds, Redi-Mix Trucks, Concrete Saws, Cranes are used for construction of concrete structures in this days. The improved concrete technology techniques and equipments are explained in this Paper. INTRODUCTION Now a days, Constructions field is the improved one. Day to day number of Industries, Colleges, Offices, Houses, Hotels, etc is increasing for man needs. When a structure is to be constructed, it is a important one, Concrete. Presently in Concrete Technology Many of techniques such as fire technology, etc and equipments such as crane, laser screed, etc are used to built a concrete structure. In this paper, the explain the details about Recent Trends In Concrete Technology. Let us see the paper. CONCRETE The word concrete comes from the Latin word "concretus" (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participle of "concrescere", from "con-" (together) and "crescere" (to grow). Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate, water and chemical admixtures. PREPARATION OF CONCRETE Thorough mixing is essential for the production of uniform, high quality concrete. For this reason, equipment and methods should be capable of effectively mixing concrete materials containing the largest specified aggregate to produce uniform mixtures of the lowest slump practical for the work.

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RECENT TRENDS IN CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY There are many Techniques and Equipments have come forward in day to day progress in concrete technology.

TECHNIQUES RECYCLED CONCRETE Recycled Concrete Material (RCM), also known as crushed concrete, is reclaimed PCC pavement material. Primary sources of RCM are demolition of existing concrete pavement, bridge structures, curb and gutter, and from central recyclers, who obtain raw feed from Commercial/private facilities. This material is crushed by mechanical means into manageable fragments and stockpiled. RCM may include small percentages of sub-base soil and related debris. Comprised of highly angular conglomerates of crushed quality aggregate and hardened cement, RCM is rougher and more absorbent than its virgin constituents. Furthermore, differences among concrete mixes and uses result in varying aggregate qualities and sizes The cementitious component has a high amount of alkalinity by nature, and chlorides from deicing salts may be present-a concern in regards to steel reinforcement corrosion. RCM may also contain aggregates susceptible to alkali-silica reactions or D-cracking. FIRE TECHNOLOGY Fire Technology is a peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scientific research dealing with the full range of actual, possible, and potential fire hazards facing humans and the environment. It publishes original contributions, both theoretical and empirical, that contribute to the solution of problems in fire safety and related fields. It is published by Springer in conjunction with the National Fire Protection Association. Topics include material testing, fire modelling, detection and suppression, performancebased building design, building code, emergency evacuation and human behaviour, fire investigation, wildfire and fire risk analysis.

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AUTOCLAVED AERATED CONCRETE Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), also known as autoclaved cellular concrete (ACC) or autoclaved lightweight concrete (ALC). It is a lightweight, precast building material that simultaneously provides structure, insulation, and fire and mold resistance. AAC products include blocks, wall panels, floor and roof panels, and lintels. It has been refined into a highly thermally insulating concrete-based material used for both internal and external construction. Besides ACC's insulating capability, one of its advantages in construction is its quick and easy installation. Even though regular cement mortar can be used, 98% of the buildings erected with AAC materials use thin bed mortar, which comes to deployment in a thickness of inch. This varies according to national building codes and creates solid and compact building members. AAC material can be coated with a stucco compound or plaster against the elements. Siding materials such as brick or vinyl siding can also be used to cover the outside of AAC materials. AAC has been produced for more than 70 years, and it offers considerable advantages over other construction materials, one of the most important being its very low environmental impact.


AACs excellent thermal efficiency makes a major contribution to environmental protection by sharply reducing the need for heating and cooling in buildings. AACs easy workability allows accurate cutting, which minimizes the generation of solid waste during use. Unlike other building materials, AAC can eliminate the need to be used in combination with insulation products, which increase the environmental impact and cost of construction. AACs high resource efficiency gives it low environmental impact in all phases of its life cycle, from processing of raw materials to the disposal of AAC waste. AACs light weight also saves energy in transportation. The fact that AAC is up to five times lighter than concrete leads to significant reductions in CO2 emissions during transportation. In addition, many AAC manufacturers apply the principle of producing as near to their consumer markets as possible to reduce the need for transportation.

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DECORATIVE CONCRETE GRAFITO DCOR Decorative concrete GRAFITO DECOR - universal material for finishing. Finishing materials of GRAFITO system successfully used for exterior decoration, and finishing the interior and do not contain harmful to human health components. With decorative concrete GRAFITO DECOR there are many advantages, it allows to create various structural types of finishing with stone look or a tree hi-tech, but also prevents the formation of cracks, hides imperfections and defects in the walls allows any color solutions. Using polyurethane stamps a series of Grafito design, we can decorate the walls, columns in the texture of metal and metallic inks using a series of graphite design, paint texture obtained under different types of metal. Polyurethane stamps give the necessary texture of the metal for the interior and decorative paint with pearl pigments give the color with an elegant shimmer. It may be painting under gold, silver, red aged copper or any other version of the painting from the gallery of flowers series

LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE The DOE Method, used by First mix does not cover lightweight concrete and needs to be modified so as to be suitable for designing mixes made with lightweight aggregate in the following respects:
 

The concrete strength is reduced by the weakness of the aggregate. It is unreasonable to stipulate that aggregates should be in the saturated, surface-dry condition. Since the densities of the materials may vary widely, it is unreasonable to determine material proportions by weight as in the DOE Method, if in fact it is the volumetric proportions that are significant. The products are lightweight, making them easy to place and secure using less skilled

labour. The bricks can be sawed, drilled and shaped like wood using standard hand tools, regular screws and nails. It is simpler than brick or concrete.

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The features of light weight concrete are,

y Light Weight: Blocks are lightweight having density range from 650 Kg/m3 to 1250

Kg/m3 as compared to 1800 Kg/m3 to 2400 Kg/m3 for conventional brick and concrete respectively.
y Comprehensive Strength : Blocks are available in wide range of density from 650

Kg/m3 to 1250 Kg/m3 of average compressive strength of 2.0 to 7.0 N/mm2.

y Earthquake Resistant : Blocks are lighter than concrete & brick respectively. The

lightness of the material increases resistance against earthquake as well as less chances of loss / damage to human lives.
y Insulation : Blocks provide superior thermal insulation properties compared to that of

conventional brick and concrete. This property of EnviroBUILD reduces the heating and cooling expenses.
y Environment Friendly : Blocks products are manufactured with fly ash 100% recycled

resource.

HEAT RESISTANT REFRACTORY CONCRETE There are two ways, two types of heat resistant concretes that can be prepared. Cheaper and more expensive-stronger and weaker. The first one is a high heat refractory concrete. This type will survive in real high heat and can be used in hot-face. Hot face is a wall facing the main heat from a source. Internal walls, floor and arches made from firebricks inside oven is hot face. Firebricks face the heat, the hot flames from wood fire and the red hot embers. Refractory concrete can be mixed with heat resistant cement, or, can be purchased ready in bags. It is different to fill holes and awkward spaces with castables. Large blocks tend to crack as a result of something called heat differences in material, or temperature differences in material in other words, which is a very powerful natural phenomena. We still have firebricks here for making the dome part properly. Now, the second one heat resistant concrete type. It is a lower grade heat resisting concrete, lower grade in withstanding heat but still it can be applied successfully in many areas
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whose get pretty heated too. For instance layers such as those on the other side of firebricks, on the outside of firebricks, the slab under the heated floor made from fire bricks or cladding around the firebrick dome, chimney parts, etc. Into this concrete type the common Portland cement goes in and of course lime. Both lime and port land are bonding agents and are described more further below. Instead of firebrick grog we can use river sand and river stones. Sand and stones that come from river. If buying it, it's easily recognizable; what comes from river is round and it isn't sharp as opposed to the mostly crushed stuff coming to us from stone quarries, otherwise either of them is a building material.

EQUIPMENTS

BOOM PUMP (CONCRETE PUMP) A concrete pump is a tool used for transferring liquid concrete by pumping. There are two types of concrete pumps. The first type of concrete pump is attached to a truck. It is known as a trailer-mounted boom concrete pump because it uses aremotecontrolled articulating robotic arm (called a boom) to place concrete with pinpoint accuracy. Boom pumps are used on most of the larger construction projects as they are capable of pumping at very high volumes and because of the labour saving nature of the placing boom. They are a revolutionary alternative to truck-mounted concrete pumps. The second main type of concrete pump is either mounted on a truck and known as a truck-mounted concrete pump or placed on a trailer, and it is commonly referred to as a line pump or trailer-mounted concrete pump. This pump requires steel or rubber concrete placing hoses to be manually attached to the outlet of the machine. Those hoses are linked together and lead to wherever the concrete needs to be placed. Line pumps normally pump concrete at lower volumes than boom pumps and are used for smaller volume concrete placing applications such as swimming pools, sidewalks, and single family home concrete slabs and most ground slabs.
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There are also skid mounted and rail mounted concrete pumps, but these are uncommon and only used on specialized jobsites such as mines and tunnels.

TRILAR PUMPS Although often overlooked, this piece of equipment can be critical in getting the job done right. But, not all trailer pumps are created equal. A good place to start in evaluating this tool is a review of its main featuresa hopper, cylinders, and a valve. Beyond these basic features, machines vary based on engine size, outlet and hose diameters, and other ancillary features. Hoppers. The concrete feeds directly out of the ready-mix truck into the hopper. Hoppers may seem standard across a line of trailer pumps. However, they can vary in shape, capacity, and reinforcement to withstand heavy concrete. Examining this versatile machine reveals a simple tool with a wide variety of components to fit any pumping application. From the bottom of the hopper, the concrete is sucked into one of two cylinders located beneath the engine. The concrete is then forced out of the cylinder, by way of a valve, into the hose where it eventually finds its way to the far end for placement into forms, block walls, or slabs. Cylinders. Cylinder diameter, cylinder length, and strokes per minute go into calculating the output of the machine. Cylinder diameter frequently is larger than the outlet and hose diameter, so there is a reduction in the diameter of the slug of concrete going through the pump, which results in increased pressure. And pumps that can overcome greater pressure are able to pump concrete farther. Some manufacturers opt for larger cylinders and shorter stroke lengths, making up for the increased pressure by supplying larger engines.

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CONVEYOR BELTS A conveyor belt consists of two or more pulleys, with a continuous loop of material. One or both of the pulleys are powered, moving the belt and the material on the belt forward. The powered pulley is called the drive pulley while the unpowered pulley is called the idler. The belt consists of one or more layers of material they can be made out of rubber. Many belts in general material handling have two layers. An under layer of material to provide linear strength and shape called a carcass and an over layer called the cover. The carcass is often a cotton or plastic web or mesh. The cover is often various rubber or plastic compounds specified by use of the belt. Covers can be made from more exotic materials for unusual applications such as silicone for heat or gum rubber when traction is essential. There are two main industrial classes of belt conveyors; Those in general material handling such as those moving boxes along inside a factory and bulk material handling such as those used to transport industrial and agricultural materials, such as grain, coal, ores, etc. generally in outdoor locations. Generally companies providing general material handling type belt conveyors do not provide the conveyors for bulk material handling. In addition there are a number of commercial applications of belt conveyors such as those in grocery stores. Material flowing over the belt may be weighed in transit using a belt weigher. Belts with regularly spaced partitions, are used for transporting loose materials up steep inclines. Belt Conveyors are used in self-unloading bulk freighters and in live bottom trucks. Conveyor technology is also used in conveyor transport such as moving sidewalks or escalators, as well as on many manufacturing assembly lines. Stores often have conveyor belts at the check-out counter to move shopping items. Ski areas also use conveyor belts to transport skiers up the hill. A wide variety of related conveying machines are available, different as regards principle of operation, means and direction of conveyance, including screw conveyors, vibrating conveyors, pneumatic conveyors, the moving floor system, which uses reciprocating slats to move cargo, and roller conveyor system, which uses a series of powered rollers to convey boxes or pallets.

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LASER SCREEDS The Laser Screed is a self-propelled four wheel drive, four wheel steer unit. Each model has a telescoping boom and interchangeable head. The Screed has an automatic laser control system that ensures an accurate level finish through the use of electro-hydraulic controls. Laser receivers mounted at each end of the screed head receive a signal from a transmitter multiple times per second providing totally automatic control to finished floor level. A single laser transmitter controls up to 1000 ft (or greater depending upon model) enabling the screeds to work to a tolerance of 3mm or better. Concrete is discharged in strips to match the size of the machine approximately 1" higher than final grade. The Laser Screed moves into position and the telescopic boom extended over the discharged concrete. The screeding / compacting head is then lowered to the grade established by the laserlevel transmitter. Retraction of the boom causes the screed head to be drawn across the fresh concrete which is leveled and compacted in a single pass. Once a pass is completed, the machine is repositioned to the right with some overlap on the previously screeded concrete. The operation is repeated, ensuring optimum finished level tolerances are attained across the whole floor area. The screed head itself consists of 3 parts: the plow, the auger, and the vibrator. The plow disperses the concrete evenly, the auger removes the excess material to finished grade, and the vibrator smoothes the surface. In situations where floor design specifies a dryshake applied surface hardener the Laser Screed's method of operation is matched in terms of speed and working method by the Topping Spreader, resulting in automatic concrete screeding and dry-shake application. Providing industry with maximum productivity while maintaining consistent levels of quality.
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REDI-MIX TRUCKS

Special concrete transport trucks are made to transport and mix concrete up to the construction site. They can be charged with dry materials and water, with the mixing occurring during transport. With this process, the material has already been mixing. The concrete mixing transport truck maintains the material's liquid state through agitation, or turning of the drum, until delivery. The interior of the drum on a concrete mixing truck is fitted with a spiral blade. In one rotational direction, the concrete is pushed deeper into the drum. This is the direction the drum is rotated while the concrete is being transported to the building site. This is known as "charging" the mixer. When the drum rotates in the other direction, the Archimedes' screw-type arrangement "discharges", or forces the concrete out of the drum. From there it may go onto chutes to guide the viscous concrete directly to the job site. The drum is traditionally made of steel but on some newer trucks as a weight reduction measure, fiberglass has been used.

CONCRETE SAWS A concrete saw is a power tool used for cutting concrete, masonry, brick, asphalt, tile, and other solid materials. It can be a small hand-held cut-off saw, a big walk-behind saw or other styles, and it may be powered by gasoline, hydraulic or pneumatic pressure, or electric motors. The saw blades used on concrete saws are often diamond saw blades to cut concrete, asphalt, stone, etc. The significant friction generated in cutting hard substances like concrete usually requires the blades to be cooled to prolong their life and reduce dust. Stones, rocks, sands and clays can contain large amounts of crystalline silica and are used to make kerbs, flags, bricks, tiles and concrete. Cutting these materials produces airborne dust containing very fine respirable crystalline silica (RCS) particles. These particles are small and it is not always possible to see the RCS dust in normal lighting. Serious health effects, such as
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lung cancer or silicosis, can result from exposure to RCS. This is because fine RCS particles can penetrate deep into the lungs. These are following ways to reduce or control the dust: 1. Wet cutting with adequate water supply. 2. If possible, use diamond saw blades instead of abrasive wheels to cut. Diamond saw blades normally cut more quickly than abrasive wheels, and need less water. 3. The concrete saw should have a local exhaust ventilation (LEV) system, which can capture the majority of dust emitted during the cutting operation. 4. When operating, the operator should always wear the personal protective equipment. CRANES A crane, can also be known as a bridge crane, overhead crane is a type of machine used for lifting, generally equipped with a hoist (wire rope drum), wire ropes or chain sand sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines like a hoist to create mechanical advantage and thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment. Modern cranes usually use internal combustion engines or electric motors and hydraulic systems to provide a much greater lifting capability than was previously possible, although manual cranes are still utilised where the provision of power would be uneconomic. Cranes exist in an enormous variety of forms each tailored to a specific use. Sometimes Sizes range from the smallest jib cranes, used inside workshops, to the tallest tower cranes, used for constructing high buildings. For a while, mini - cranes are also used for constructing high buildings, in order to facilitate constructions by reaching tight spaces
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CONCLUSION Thus the trends in concrete technology are improved by the above techniques and equipments. Even though few drawbacks are there which can be solved or prevented.

REFERENCES 1. Text book of Concrete Technology by P.D.Kulkarni 2. www.wikipedia.com 3. www.scribd.com 4. The Indian Concrete Journal 5. Text book of Constructions Techniques, Equipments and practices by Dr.P.Purushothama raj

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