8

8.1
70 f
.
8.1 F f
,
F(x) = f(x) x.
8.1 F f (
, ), f :
{F+c, c = }.
8.2 f F
f(x),
{ F + c, c = }
f

f ( x)dx .

f ( x)dx = {F + c,

.

c =  } .

f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c.

f ( x)dx = F + c,

, ..

c =  ,

1
dx = log | x | + c R-{0}.
x

1.

x n dx =

2.

x n+1
+ c, n 1, n Z,
n +1

1
dx = log | x | + c, x 0 ,
x

3.

x a dx =

x a+1
+ c, a 1, a R,
a +1

4.

ax
+ c, a > 0,
log a

a x dx =

e dx = e
x

5.

+ c,

cos xdx = sin x + c

6.

sin xdx = cos x + c,

7.

8.

9.

10.

1
dx = x + c,
cos 2 x
1

1 x2

dx = Arc sin x + c,

1 + x dx = x + c.
2

8.2 f , f .
8.1 f g c
,

( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

cf ( x)dx = c f ( x)dx .
A

f ( x) dx + g ( x ) dx =

) (

f ( x )dx +

) (

130

g ( x) dx

= f ( x ) + g ( x ).

 8.2
1.
8.3 f R,
J (J) F f ,

f ( x)dx = f ( (t )) (t )dt = F ( (t )) + c .

1.

cos (5 x) dx .
2

y = 5x, x (k/10), dy = 5dx, (k/10,k/10) kZ :

1

cos (5 x) dx = 5 cos
2

2.

dy =

1
tan(5 x )
tan y + c =
+c .
5
5

dx
3 2x .

y2 = 3-2x (x < 1.5), 2ydy = -2dx,

(-,1.5), :
1
y
dx = 2 dy = ln | y | + c = ln | 3 2 x | + c .
y
3 2x

3.

4 x 2 dx .

x = 2 siny (|x| 2), dx = 2 cosy dy [-2,2]

:

4 x 2 dx = 2 cos 2 ydy = (1 + cos(2 y )) dy = y +

x
sin 2 Arc sin
x
2

= Arc sin +
+ c.
2
2

4.

sin

x cos xdx .

y = sinx, dy = cosx dx, :

131

sin(2 y )
+c
2

sin 2 x cos xdx = y 2 dy =

5.

y3
sin 3 x
+c=
+c .
3
3

ln x
dx .
x

y = lnx (x > 0), dy = (1/x)dx,

(0,+) :

6.

ln x
y2
(ln x) 2
dx = ydy =
+c=
+ c.
2
2
x

2 xe x sin(e x ) dx .

x
x
y = e , dy = 2 xe dx, :

2 xe x sin(e x ) dx = sin( y ) dy = cos(e x ) + c.

:
a 2 x2 ,

x 2 a2 ,

x2 + a2

x = asiny, x = coshy x = atany .

2. O
8.4 f,g
R,

f ( x) g ( x)dx = f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) g ( x)dx
.

1.

ln(1 + x)dx.
x

ln(1 + x)dx = x ln( x + 1) x + 1 dx

= x ln( x + 1) dx

x + 1 dx =x ln( x + 1) ln( x + 1) + c ,
132

 (-1,+).
2.

x e dx = x e
2 x

2 x

x e dx.
2 x

2 xe x dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x + 2 e x dx = x 2 e x 2 xe x + 2e x + c.

x
3. I = e cosxdx .

x
x
x
x
x
x
I = e cosxdx = e cos x + e sinxdx = e cos x + e sin x e cosx + c

= e x (cos x + sin x) I + c I =

e x (cos x + sin x )
+ c.
2

dx
4. I n = (x 2 + a 2 )n , n N .

dx
x
x2
=
+
2n
dx
(x 2 + a 2 )n (x 2 + a 2 )n
(x 2 + a 2 )n+1

x
1
1
+ 2n
dx - 2na 2
dx
2 n
2
2 n
2
(x + a )
(x + a )
(x + a 2 )n+1

x
+ 2nI n - 2na 2 I n+1
2 n
(x + a )

In =

1
x
2na 2
I n+1 .
1 - 2n (x 2 + a 2 )n 1 - 2n

()
,
.
() ,
.
()
, .

.

133

 8.3.
8.3 .
f ( x) =

Pm ( x) b0 + b1 x + ... + bm x m
=
Qn ( x ) a0 + a1 x + ... + an x n ,

n,bm 0, m 0, n 1 .
8.4
A
Ax + B
, 2
, k N *,
k
k
(x - a) (x + px + q)

.
8.5 K

( ).

.
:
() (m
> n) Pm(x) Qn(x)
f(x)=

Pm (x)
R (x)
= S(x)+ k , k < n ,
Qn (x)
Qn (x)

S(x) , m-n.
() Qn(x)
( 8.5),
m

Qn ( x ) = ( x a1 ) k1 ...( x ai ) ki ( x 2 + p1 x + q1 ) m1 ... ( x 2 + p j x + q j ) j ,
2
k1 + ...+ ki + 2(m1 + ...m j )= n, p j - 4q j < 0.

Rk ( x )
() Q ( x ) :
n

( x a ) k Qn(x)

134

Ak
A1
A2
,
+
+ ... +
2
( x a) ( x a)
( x a)k

A1 , A2 ,..., Ak

. ,

2
k
( x + px + q ) Qn(x),
:

A x + Bk
A1 x + B1
A x + B2
.
+ 2 2
+ ... + 2 k
2
( x + px + q ) ( x + px + q )
( x + px + q ) k
2

O
:
A1,k1
A1,1
Rk ( x )
+ ... +
+ ...
=
Qn ( x ) ( x a1 )
( x a1 ) k1

A j ,1 x + B j ,1
(x + p j x + q j )
2

+ ... +

A j ,m j x + B j ,m j
( x2 + p j x + q j )

mj

A,
:
A

A
1
+ c, k > 1,
( k 1) ( x a ) k 1

()

( x a)

()

( x a) dx = A ln | x a | +c,

()

(x

dx =

Ax + B
dx, n 1, p 2 -4q < 0.
+ px + q ) n

().
I=

p
x + 2 =
I=

E I n =

(t

(x

Ax + B
Ax + B
dx =
dx.
n
n
2
+ px + q )

p 4q p 2
x + +

2
4

4q p 2
t , :
2

at + b
a
1
dt =
+c+
2
n
2
(t + 1)
2(n 1) (t + 1) n1

b
dt. .
+ 1) n

135

b
dt
(t + 1) n .
2

 (t

n = 1 I1 =

b
dt = b t + c .
+ 1)

1
t2 +1 t2
b
b
I
dt
dt
=
=
n
n1
(t 2 + 1) n
(t 2 + 1) n

=b

1
t2
dt
-b
dt
(t 2 + 1)n-1
(t 2 + 1)n-1

= I n-1 -

b
bt(t + 1)1-n
td(t 2 + 1)1-n = I n-1 2(1 - n)
2(1 - n)

b
1
b
bt(t + 1)1-n
,
dt
=
1+
I

n-1
2(1 - n) (t 2 + 1)1-n
2(1 - n)
2(1 - n)

b
bt(t + 1)1-n
.
I
=
1+
I
n-1
, n
2(1 - n)
2(1 - n)

1.

x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
dx .
x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2

x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1 A B x +
Ex +
x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2 = x + x 2 + ( x 2 + 1) + ( x 2 + 1) 2 .

x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1 = ( A + E ) x 5 + ( B + ) x 4 + (2 A + + E ) x 3 + (2 B + + ) x 2 + Ax + B,

:
= = = = 0, = = 1.

x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
dx =
x 2 ( x 2 + 1) 2

dx +

(x

1
1
1
dx.
dx +
2
2
x
( x + 1) 2
+ 1)

1
1
x2
=

dx
dx
dx
( x 2 + 1) 2
( x 2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1) 2

136

= Arc tan x +

2.

1
1
dx
2
2 ( x + 1)

1
Arc tan x + c.
2

= Arc tan x +

2( x + 1)
2

x
2( x + 1)
2

x
1
x 4 + 3x 2 + 1
1
Arc tan x + c.
dx = + Arc tan x +
2
2
2
2
2( x + 1) 2
x ( x + 1)
x

4 x 2 3x + 5
dx.
x3 3x + 2

, Horner :
x 3 3 x + 2 = ( x 1)( x 2 + x 2) = ( x 1) 2 ( x + 2),

4 x 2 3x + 5
A
B

=
+
+
.
3
2
x 3 x + 2 x 1 ( x 1)
( x + 2)

4 x 2 3x + 5
1
2
3
=
+
+
.
3
2
x 3 x + 2 x 1 ( x 1)
( x + 2)

3.

4 x 2 3x + 5
2
+ c.
dx = ln | x 1| +3ln | x + 2 |
3
x 3x + 2
( x 1) 2

1
dx =
x + 2 x + 10
2

1
dx.
+ 2 x + 10

1
dx
( x + 1) 2 + 9 .

x + 1 = 3y, dx = 3dy, :
1

( x + 1)

+9

dx =

1
3

1
1
x +1
dy = Arc tan
+ c.
3
+1
3

137

8.4. O

.

R( x

r1

, x r2 ,..., x rk )dx

ri R k-. ri = pi/qi pi,qiZ

qi>0
n = ...{q1,q2,...,qk}.
M x = tn

R( x

r1

, x r2 ,..., x rk )dx = R (t nr1 , t nr2 ,..., t nrk ) nt n1dt = R1 (t ) dt ,

R1(t) t.

dx
3

x2 + 2 x

q1 = 2 q2 = 3, ... = 6, x =
t6, dx = 6t5dt, o:

t 5 dt
t 2 dt
=6 4
=6
t + 2t 3
t+2
x2 + 2 x
dx

= 6 (t 2) dt + 24

dt

t + 2 = 3t

12t + 24 ln | t + 2 | + c.

. :

R ( x,

ax + b
) dx
cx + d

R .

ax + b
=t ,
cx + d

t.

138

1 x dx
.
1+ x x

1 x
1 t2
4t
, dx =
,
=t x=
2
1+ x
1+ t
(1 + t 2 ) 2

1 x dx
t2
=4 2
dt.
1+ x x
(t 1)(t 2 + 1)

t2
A
B
Ct + D
: (t 2 1)(t 2 + 1) = t 1 + t + 1 + t 2 + 1 ,

= 1/4, = -1/4, C = 0, D = 1/2

4

t2
1
1
1
dt =
dt
dt + 2 2 dt
2
2
(t 1)(t + 1)
(t 1)
(t + 1)
t +1

t 1
= ln
+ 2 Arc tan t.
t +1

R ( x,

n1

ax + b ,..., k ax + b ) dx

R . E
n = ...{n1,n2,...,nk}.
1 i n mi ni mi = n.
n ax + b = t :
ni

ax + b =

ax + b

mi

= t mi , x =

1 n
n
(t b), dx = t n-1dt,
a
a

.

( x + 2 1) dx
.
x+2

( x + 2) +

139

x + 2 = t x + 2 = t2,

dx = 2tdt ,

( x + 2 1) dx
2t (t 1) dt
(t 1) dt
1
=
=2
= 2 dt 4
dt = 2t 4 ln | t + 1| + c.
2
t +t
t +1
x+2
t +1

( x + 2) +

R ( x,

ax 2 +bx + c ) dx

R t. H

uler:
(a)

a>0

ax 2 +bx + c = t a x.

(b)

c>0

ax 2 +bx + c = tx c .

(c)

b2-4ac>0 x0
ax 2 +bx + c = t ( x x0 )

x = t, dx =
ax 2 +bx + c = t,
t
.

V
I=

p( x)
ax +bx + c
2

dx, J =

(x )

p( x)
k

ax 2 +bx + c

dx ,

p(x) n.
I = ( A0 x n1 + ... + AN 1 ) ax 2 + bx + c

A
ax +bx + c
2

dx.

p( x)
ax +bx + c
2

= (( n 1) A0 x n2 + ... + AN 2 ) ax 2 +bx + c

+ ( A0 x n1 + ... + AN 1 )

2ax + b
ax +bx + c
2

140

A
ax +bx + c
2

 x
,i. To J
1
x = t .

VII

1. R ( x, a 2 x 2 ) dx,

2. R ( x, a 2 + x 2 ) dx 3. R ( x, x 2 a 2 ) dx

1
Euler .
2 1, 2, 3
1. x = asint x = acost.
2 x = a tant x = a sinht.
a
a
3 x = sin t x = cos t x = ac sht. .

VIII.

( a + bx n ) dx, m,n,p Q .

p,

m +1 m +1
,
+p
n
n

.
() p x = tr, r =
.{m,n}.
() (m+1)/n ts = + b xn,
s o p.
() p+(m+1)/n ts = + bx-n,
s o p.

IX.
. :

R(sin x, cos x)dx ,

R sinx cosx.

141

tan xdx = ln | cos x | +c,

cot xdx = ln | sin x | +c,

sin xdx = ln tan 2 + c, cos xdx = ln tan 2 + 4 + c,

sin

xdx =

x 1
sin(2 x ) + c.
2 4

2
x
t = tan , - < x < , x = 2 tan 1 t , dx =
dt.
1+ t2
2
:

sin x =

2 tan( x / 2)
,
1 + tan( x / 2) 2

cos x =

1 tan 2 ( x / 2)
,
1 + tan 2 ( x / 2) 2

2t
1 t2
sin
x
,
cos
x
,
=
=
:
1+ t2
1 + t 2
.

sin x sin xdx, cos x cos xdx, sin x cos xdx.

:
1
(cos(( ) x) cos(( + ) x ))
2
1
cos x cos x = (cos(( + ) x) + cos(( ) x ))
2
sin x sin x =

sin x cos x =

1
(sin(( + ) x) + sin(( + ) x)) .
2

I.

sin

x cos n xdx, m,n Z .

() m+n = . m,n . m = 2k+1

cosx = t, :

142

I m ,n = sin m x cos n xdx = (1 cos 2 x ) k cos n x sin xdx

= (1 cos 2 x) k cos n xd cos x = (1 t 2 ) k t n dt ,

.
() m+n = . m,n . m,n
. m = 2k n = 2l :
k

1 cos(2 x) 1 + cos(2 x)
sin x cos x =

,
2
2

sin

x cos q xdx, 0 p + q

1
(m + n) .
2

x = 2t .
X.

1. R (tan hx )dx,

2. R (sinh x, cos hx )dx,

3. R (sin hx, cosh x, tan hx )dx.

1 tanh(x/2) = t, :
sin hx =

2t
1 t2
2t
2
,
cosh
x
, tanhx =
, dx =
dt
=
2
2
2
1+ t
1+ t
1+ t
1 t2

.
2 ex = t, :
sin hx =

t2 1
t2 +1
t2 1
dt
, coshx =
, tanhx = 2
, dx = .
2t
2t
t +1
t

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159


1.

(Arctanx)1/3
dx,
1+ x2

dx
dx,
+ a2

tanxdx,

dx

sinx ,

x lnxdx,

2x

160

a x2
2

dx

a 2 x 2 dx,

x4
dx,
x4 1

dx

sin x cos x ,

Arcsinxdx,

sin3xdx,

( x + 1)3
dx,
x2 x

dx
,
a2

xArctanxdx,

dx.

xcosxdx,

dx
x2 + a

, a > 0.

3x 2 + 3x + 1
dx.
x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1