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UFES 2011
New Static Solutions in f(T) Theory
M. Hamani Daouda
(a)1
, Manuel E. Rodrigues
(a)2
and M. J. S. Houndjo
(b)3
(a) Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo
Centro de Ciencias Exatas - Departamento de Fsica
Av. Fernando Ferrari s/n - Campus de Goiabeiras
CEP29075-910 - Vit oria/ES, Brazil
(b) Instituto de Fsica, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40210-340, Salvador, BA, Brazil
Abstract
We consider the equations of motion of an anisotropic space-time in f(T) theory, where T is the
torsion. New spherically symmetric solutions are obtained with a constant torsion and when the
radial pressure vanishes identically.
Pacs numbers: 04.50. Kd, 04.70.Bw, 04.20. Jb
1 Introduction
Through a Einsteins proposal for nding a new version to General Relativity (GR) [1], an alternative
gravitation theory, namely Teleparallel gravity has been embraced and abandoned later for many years.
However, with the correction made by Maluf et al [11], the proposal of an analogy between the Teleparallel
Theory and GR is taken up and stated to be developed since 2002. The RG is a theory that describes
the gravitation through the space-time curvature. Since a manifold may possess curvature and torsion,
as Cartan spaces, one can separate all the terms coming from the torsion in the geometrical object as
Riemann tensor, connection, etc... Hence, we mention that the theory that describes the gravitation
as the action of space-time curvature, ie, coming from the Riemann tensor without torsion or without
antisymmetric connection, can be similarly viewed as a theory that possesses only torsion and whose
Riemann tensor without torsion vanishes identically.
With the recent observational data about the evolution and the content of the universe, as the ac-
celerated expansion, the existence of dark energy and dark matter, several new proposals for modifying
1
E-mail address: daoudah8@yahoo.fr
2
E-mail address: esialg@gmail.com
3
E-mail address: sthoundjo@yahoo.fr
1
the GR are being tested. Since the theories of unications in low-energy scales have in their eective
actions terms as R
2
, R

and R

, a candidate of modication of the GR that agrees with

the cosmological and astrophysical observational data is the f(R) modied gravity. The main problem
which appears with the f(R) theory is that the equations of motion are of the order 4, becoming more
dicult to be analysed than the GR. Since the GR has an analogous Teleparallel Theory, it has been
thought to use a theory called f(T), with T being the torsion scalar, which would be the analogous of the
generalization of the GR, namely, the f(R) theory. The f(T) theory is a generalization of the teleparallel
one as we shall see later and also does not possess curvature, nor Riemann tensor coming from the terms
without torsion.
In cosmology, the f(T) theory was used originally as a source driving the ination [2]. Thereafter,
it has been used as an alternative proposal for the acceleration of the universe, without requiring the
introduction of dark energy [17, 3, 5, 7, 8]. In gravitation, the use of f(T) theory started providing
solutions for BTZ black holes [13]. Also, using f(T) it is shown that the rst thermodynamic law for
black hole can be violated due to the lack of local Lorentz invariance [10]. Recently, spherically symmetric
static solutions are searched in some f(T) models of gravity theory with a Maxwell term [20], and the
existence of relativistic stars in f(T) modied gravity is examined, constructing explicitly several classes
of static perfect uid solutions [19].
In this paper, as well as in others methods of simplication of the equations of motion used in GR,
for getting solutions with anisotropic symmetry [4], we propose to analyse the possibilities of obtaining
new solutions in gravitation with f(T) theory.
The paper is organized as follows. In the section 2, we will present a brief revision of the fundamental
concepts of Weitzenbocks geometry, the action of f(T) theory and the equations of motions. In the
section 3, we will x the symmetries of the geometry and present the equations for the density, the radial
and tangential pressures. New solutions of f(T) theory are obtained in the section 4 for the cases in
which the torsion is constant and the radial pressure vanishes. Finally, in the section 5, our conclusion
and perspectives are presented.
2 The basic notions and the eld equations
The Teleparallel Theory appeared to be equivalent to the GR [14, 15, 16], and so, we will introduce
the basic concepts of the f(T) theory. First, to avoid any confusion, let us dene the notation of the Latin
subscript as those related to the tetrad elds, and the Greek one related to the space-time coordinates.
The line element of the manifold is given by
dS
2
= g

dx

dx

. (1)
2
This line element can be converted to a Minkowskian description by the transformation matrix called
tetrad, as follows
dS
2
= g

dx

dx

=
ij

j
, (2)
dx

= e

i

i
,
i
= e
i

dx

, (3)
where
ij
= diag[1, 1, 1, 1] e e

i
e
i

or e

i
e
j

=
j
i
. The root of the metric determinant is
given by

g = det
_
e
i

= e. For a manifold in which the Riemann tensor part without the torsion
terms is null (contributions of the Levi-Civita connection) and only the non zero torsion terms exist, the
Weitzenbocks connection components are dened as

= e

i

e
i

= e
i

e

i
. (4)
Dening the torsion components and the contorsion as
T

= e

i
_

e
i

e
i

_
, (5)
K

=
1
2
(T

) , (6)
and the tensors components S

as
S

=
1
2
_
K

_
, (7)
one can write the torsion scalar as
T = T

. (8)
Now, similarly to the f(R) theory, one denes the action of f(T) theory being
S[e
i

,
A
] =
_
d
4
x e
_
1
16
f(T) +L
Matter
(
A
)
_
, (9)
where we used the units in which G = c = 1 and the
A
are the matter elds. Considering the action
(9) as a functional of the elds e
i

e
A
, and vanishing the variation of the functional with respect to the
eld e
i

, one obtains the following equation of motion [17]

S

Tf
TT
+
_
e
1
e
i

(ee

i
S

) T

f
T

1
4

f = 4T

, (10)
where T

is the energy momentum tensor. Let us consider that the matter content is an anisotropic
uid, such that the energy-momentum tensor is given by
T

= ( + p
t
) u

p
t

+ (pr p
t
) v

, (11)
where u

is the four-velocity, v

the unit space-like vector in the radial direction, the energy density,
p
r
the pressure in the direction of v

(normal pressure) and p

t
the pressure orthogonal to v

(transversal
3
pressure). Since we are assuming an anisotropic spherically symmetric matter, on has p
r
= p
t
, such that
their equality corresponds to an isotropic uid sphere.
In the next section, we will make some considerations for the manifold symmetries in order to obtain
simplications in the equation of motion and the specic solutions of these symmetries.
3 Specifying the geometry
Assuming that the manifold possesses a stationary and spherical symmetry, the metric can be written
as
dS
2
= e
a(r)
dt
2
e
b(r)
dr
2
r
2
_
d
2
+ sin
2
() d
2
_
. (12)
In order to re-write the line element (12) into the invariant form under the Lorentz transformations as
in (2), we dene the tetrad matrix (3) as
_
e
i

= diag
_
e
a(r)/2
, e
b(r)/2
, r, r sin ()
_
. (13)
Using (13), one can obtain e = det
_
e
i

= e
(a+b)/2
r
2
sin(), and with (4)-(8), we determine the
torsion scalar and its derivatives in terms of r
T(r) =
2e
b
r
_
a

+
1
r
_
, (14)
T

(r) =
2e
b
r
_
a

+
1
r
2
_
T
_
b

+
1
r
_
, (15)
where the prime (

) denote the derivative with respect to the radial coordinate r. One can now re-write
the equations of motion (10) for an anisotropic uid as
4 =
e
b
r
T

f
TT

_
T
2
+
1
2r
2
+
e
b
2r
(a

+ b

)
_
f
T
+
f
4
, (16)
4p
r
=
_
T
2
+
1
2r
2
_
f
T

f
4
(17)
4p
t
=
e
b
2
_
a

2
+
1
r
_
T

f
TT
+
T
4
f
T

e
b
2
_
a

2
+
_
a

4
+
1
2r
_
(a

)
_
f
T

f
4
, (18)
where p
r
e p
t
are the radial and tangential pressures respectively. In the next section, we will determine
new solutions for the f(T) theory making some consideration about the matter components (r), p
r
(r)
and p
t
(r).
4 Obtaining new solutions
Several works have been done in cosmology, modeling and solving some problems, using the f(T)
theory as basis. Actually, in local and astrophysical phenomena, their is still slowly moving to obtain
4
new solutions. Recently, Deliduman and Yapiskan [18] shown that it could not exist relativistic stars,
such as that of neutrons and others, in f(T) theory, except in the linear trivial case, the usual Teleparallel
Theory. However, Boehmer et al [19] showed that for cases where T = 0 and T

= 0, there exists solutions

of relativistic stars. In the same way, we would like to show some classes of spherically symmetric static
solutions of the theory coming from f(T).
1. Let us start with the simple case, in which the torsion is constant T = T
0
. In this case, considering
a

(r) =
1
r
2
, (19)
which generalizes the case of Boehmer et al [19] for
a

(r) =
1
r
+ c
0
, (20)
leading to
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, (21)
where c
0
is a real integration constant. From (21) and (14), one obtains
e
b(r)
=
_
2c
0
T
0
_
1
r
. (22)
It is important to note that from the equation (14) we can distinguish two interesting situations
about T
0
. Hence, c
0
> 0 implies that T
0
< 0, while c
0
< 0 leads to T
0
> 0. So, e
b
is always positive
in (22).
The line element is given by
dS
2
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
dt
2

_
2c
0
T
0
_
dr
2
r
r
2
d
2
. (23)
Here, the condition r
0
> 0 determines the signature of the metric as diag(+ ). The energy
density, the radial and tangential pressures can be obtained from the expressions (16)-(18) as
(r) =
1
8
_
T
0
2
+
T
0
c
0
r
+
1
r
2
_
f
T
(T
0
) +
1
16
f(T
0
) , (24)
p
r
(r) =
1
8
_
T
0
+
1
r
2
_
f
T
(T
0
)
1
16
f(T
0
) , (25)
p
t
(r) =
1
16
_
T
0
+
T
0
2c
0
r
+
c
0
T
0
2
r
_
f
T
(T
0
)
1
16
f(T
0
) . (26)
For the others solutions, we do not explicit the energy density and pressure expressions, since they
can always be obtained in the same way as in this case by the equations (24)-(26). It is easy to
observe through (24)-(26) that (r), p
r
(r) and p
t
(r) diverge as r goes to zero, which means that
there is a singularity at the origin.
5
Choosing the condition
a

(r) = b

(r) , (27)
from (14), we get the dierential equation
_
e
b
_

+
_
1
r
_
_
e
b
_
+
T
0
2
r = 0 , (28)
whose the solution is
e
b(r)
=
6r
6c
0
T
0
r
3
, e
a(r)
= e
b(r)+c1
. (29)
This is similar to Schwarzschild-(anti)de Sitters solution when we x c
0
= 2M e T
0
= 2.
Wang [20] obtained similar solution, in which the unique dierence is the xation of the function
f(T) = T = 2.
2. The second case we present here is that for which the radial pressure (17) is taken to be identically
null. This has been done originally in GR by Florides [21] and used later by Boehmer et al [12]. In
this case the equation (17) reads
f(T) = 2f
T
(T)
_
T +
1
r
2
_
. (30)
Assuming that the function f(T) is given by
f(T) = a
0
+ a
1
T + a
n
T
n
, (31)
where n is a real number. Substituting (31) into (30), we obtain
T
n
+
_
2n
(2n 1)r
2
_
T
n1
+
_
a
1
a
n
(2n 1)
_
T +
_
2a
1
a
0
r
2
a
n
(2n 1)r
2
_
= 0 . (32)
We distinguish the following interesting sub-cases:
(a) If a
n
= 0, the linear case of f(T), using (31), the solution of (30) reads
T(r) =
a
0
r
2
2a
1
a
1
r
2
. (33)
Through (19) and (14), we get
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, e
b(r)
=
2c
0
a
1
r
2a
1
a
0
r
2
. (34)
(b) Considering now the condition (27), we obtain from (14),
T(r) =
2e
b
r
_
1
r
b

_
, (35)
which, using (33) and (27), leads to
e
b(r)
=
_
1 +
c
0
r
+
_

a
0
6a
1
_
r
2
_
1
, e
a(r)
= e
b(r)+c1
. (36)
6
This is similar to S-(Anti)dS solution when we x c
0
= 2M and
a0
2a1
= . Note that, once
again, Wang [20] found a similar solution in which the dierence is about the xation of the
function f(T) = T = 2, which is not the case here.
(c) Using n = 2 in (32), for (19), we get the solution
T(r) =

_
4a
2
+ a
1
r
2
_
6a
2
r
2

_
(12a
0
a
2
+ a
2
1
) r
4
16a
1
a
2
r
2
+ 16a
2
2
6a
2
r
2
, (37)
which, with (19) and (14) yield
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, e
b(r)
=
2c
0
rT(r)
. (38)
(d) Following the famous model of f(R), also used for the f(T) theory, as a substitute of the dark
energy [17], one can take the function f(T) in the form (31) with n = 1 and we obtains
T
3
+
_
2
r
2

a
0
a
1
_
T
2
3
a
1
a
1
T
2a
1
a
1
r
2
= 0 . (39)
The unique real solution of (39) is very long and it is not necessary to write its explicit
expression, but if we call it T(r), with (19) and (14), we get a solution of the form (38).
We mention that integer values can always be taken for n, as n = 2, ..., 3, 4, ..., for solving the
equation (32) and then we obtain at least one real solution T(r). Hence, from the condition
(19), we obtain the solution for a(r) an from the relation (14) one obtains the function b(r) =

2c0
rT(r)
. We do not present these expressions here due to the fact that they are very long and
the method is very clear. One can also use the condition (27) for obtaining the torsion only
in terms of the function b(r) and its rst derivative, as in (35). Then, using the real solutions
of the equation (32) for a given integer n, one can solve the dierential equation of the rst
order for b(r), obtaining a solution for the spherically symmetric line element.
(e) Another case is when we use a
1
= 0 in (32), which leads to
T
n1
_
T +
2n
(2n 1)r
2
_
=
a
0
(2n 1)a
n
. (40)
Here we have two diret possibilities
i. When a
0
= 0, we get the rst solution (of the order (n1)) of (40), T = 0, which is taken
as a particular case of Boehmer et al [19], with a

= 1/r (c
0
= 0 in (21), see (14)).
When a
0
= 0, one has the solution of (40) being T(r) =
2n
(2n1)r
2
. Taking the condition
(19), the solution becomes
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, e
b(r)
=
c
0
(2n 1)
n
r . (41)
7
Using now the condition (27), the solution reads
e
b(r)
=
(2n 1)r
nr + c
0
(2n 1)
, e
a(r)
= e
b+c1
, (42)
with n a real dierent to 1/2. When n = 1, this solution is similar to the Schwarzschilds
one of the GR, xing c
0
= 2M.
ii. When a
0
= 0, with n = 2, we o get
T(r) =
2a
2
r
2

_
4a
2
2
r
4
+ 3a
0
a
2
3a
2
. (43)
Choosing the condition (19), we obtain the solution
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, e
b(r)
=
2c
0
rT(r)
, (44)
and if we choose the condition (27), one gets a solution that it is not necessary to specify.
By the same reason as above, one can always use the method mentioned previously for
obtaining solutions for any integer value of n. Since the solutions exist but are very long,
we will do not explicit them here, however, we note that there is strong possibility of
obtaining them.
(f) Once again, drawing from the models of the f(R) theory, that have already been studied in
cosmology for the f(T) theory [5], we assume
f(T) = e
g(T)
, (45)
and the equation (30), for null radial pressure, becomes
2Tg

(T) +
2
r
2
g

(T) 1 = 0 . (46)
We will analyse two interesting cases
i. Choosing g(T) = a
1
T, the solution of (46) is given by
T(r) =
_
1
2a
1

1
r
2
_
. (47)
When the condition (19) is taken into account, one obtains the solution
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, e
b(r)
=
4a
1
c
0
r
(r
2
2a
1
)
, (48)
while in the case of the condition (27), the solution reads
e
a(r)
=
1
2
_
1 +
2c
0
r
+
_

1
6a
1
_
r
2
_
, e
b(r)
= e
a(r)+c0
. (49)
This latter has the form of Schwarzschild-(anti)de Sitters (S-(anti)dS) solution when we
x a
1
= 1/2 and c
0
= M. A similar solution has been obtained by Wang [20]
8
in completely dierent f(T) theory. Wang also obtained various classes of spherically
symmetric static solutions, coupling a Maxwell eld. When the Maxwell eld is null and
f(T) = T = 2, it determines a solution of the type S-(anti)dS. In our case here, f(T)
is given by (45), with g(T) = a
1
T, and the torsion is given by (47), ie, depending on the
radial coordinate r.
ii. Choosing g(T) = a
0
+ a
1
T + a
n
T
n
, the equation (46) becomes
T
n
+
1
r
2
T
n1
+
a
1
na
n
T +
1
2na
n
_
2a
1
r
2
1
_
= 0 . (50)
Putting n = 2, as example, one gets the solution (50) as
T(r) =
(2a
2
+ a
1
r
2
)
_
(a
2
1
+ 4a
2
2
)r
4
4a
1
a
2
r
2
+ 4a
2
2
4a
2
r
2
. (51)
Making use of the condition (19), we obtain the solution
e
a(r)
=
_
r
0
r
_
e
c0r
, e
b(r)
=
2c
0
rT(r)
. (52)
In the same way as for the previously equations, the equation (50) can be solved for various
integer values of n. It is very important to note that the solutions are long and then we
need to mention that their are very easy to be found after some elementary algebra.
5 Conclusion
Through the consideration that the torsion of the Weitzenbocks geometry is constant, one can obtain
new spherically symmetric static solutions for the f(T) theory, xing a generalization of the case of
Boehmer et al [19], and a new assumption for which a

(r) = b

(r). The solution which generalizes

the case of Boehmer et al can present a signature such that the coordinates t and r are time-like and
space-like respectively. There is other solution similar to the S-(anti)dSs one, obtained by Wang [20], for
which the unique dierence is xing the function f(T) = T = 2.
Meanwhile, for the case in which the torsion depends on the radial coordinate, xing a null radial
pressure in (17), resulting in (30), we obtained various classes of spherically symmetric static solutions.
Choosing f(T) as a polynomial function (31), we get some classes of solutions, depending on particular
cases with respect to the coecients of the powers of T. The most striking features are that some solutions
are similar with that of Schwarzschild (S) and S-(anti)dS, xing the integration constants. Inspiring
ourself on the models of f(R) theory, as already treated in f(T) theory and in cosmology, we obtained
spherically symmetric static solutions. Despite to some solutions presenting very long expressions for the
torsion T(r), it can be obtained solutions for various values of the power n in (32) and (46), for the both
the conditions used here, (19) e (27).
9
Using the simplication methods for the equations of motion in GR [21, 6, 9], we shown that it is
possible to obtain new spherically symmetric static solutions for f(T) theory. With this, we hope that
others conditions and symmetries reveal new solutions, even analogous to GR, as we see here.
An important point to be observed in this work is that, according to the equation (16), f(T) cannot
be an arbitrary function because conditions are required on this function following the energy conditions
in f(T) gravity. We propose to present this aspect in a future work.
Acknowledgement: M. H. Daouda thanks CNPq/TWAS for nancial support. M. E. Rodrigues
thanks UFES for the hospitality during the development of this work. M. J. S. Houndjo thanks CNPq
for partial nancial support.
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