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Introduction
One of the most basic human needs is safety. “All human being needs to be and
feel safe, both physically and psychologically.” Most of us protect ourselves within the
reasonable manner (Arthur Amor Pimpas, 1998). A disease is any deviation from or
interruption of the normal structure or function of any body part, organ, or system that is
manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs and whose etiology, pathology,
According to Kozier (2004), once an individual is sick and experiences the signs
and symptoms of a disease, he will then adopt the second stage of illness which is the
assumption of the sick role wherein he excuses himself from normal duties and role
expectations. If this happens, one won’t be able to learn and perform clinical duties,
environment, on the human body and within the human body.” Others, called pathogens,
have the ability to cause diseases. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause diseases,
especially living microorganisms such as a bacterium, virus, or fungus. When the body is
unable to defend itself against these pathogens, they will multiply within the body which
would cause infection and would lead to the formation or start of a disease process.
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People who have acquired a disease, especially a life-threatening disease, are
rushed to the hospital for treatment. “They seek help from professional health care
workers (HCWs) to alleviate the pain, signs, and symptoms, and eventually the disease
itself. Health care workers are those clinical and other staff, including those in primary
care, who have regular, clinical contact with patients. This includes staff such as doctors,
These health care workers are the front liners in giving medical treatment and
care to the patients (A person under health care. The person may be waiting for this
care, may be receiving it, or may have already received it). Because of this, “the health
of the HCWs is compromised or at risk all the time for a vast array of infections that
cause substantial illness and occasional deaths.” Despite this, few studies have
(Sepkowitz,1996).
“More than 10 years have elapsed since the last major consideration of
occupationally acquired infections in health care workers. Since then, much has
changed—new infections have been identified, diagnostic tests for previously recognized
outbreak investigations has increasingly become routine, and outpatient and home care
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“Health workers are exposed to blood and other body fluids in the course of their
work. Consequently, they are at risk of infection with blood-borne viruses including
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV). The risk
of infection for health workers depends on the prevalence of disease in the patient
population and the nature and frequency of exposures. Occupational exposure to blood
can result from percutaneous injury (needlestick or other sharps injury), mucocutaneous
injury (splash of blood or other body fluids into the eyes, nose or mouth) or blood contact
with non-intact skin. The most common form of occupational exposure to blood and the
most likely to result in infection, is needle-stick injury. The most common causes of
needlestick injury are two-handed recapping and the unsafe collection and disposal of
sharps waste. Health workers in areas such as operating, delivery and emergency
rooms and laboratories have an enhanced risk of exposure. Cleaners, waste collectors
and others whose duties involve handling blood-contaminated items are also at risk.
HBV, 0.9 million to HCV and 170 000 to HIV. These injuries may result in 15 000 HCV,
70 000 HBV and 500 HIV infections. More than 90% of these infections occur in
effective infection control committee with support from the health setting management
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Safety in the delivery of care in the nursing profession is a growing concern
among health care workers especially staff nurses not only in the country but globally.
Across the US, it was identified by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
that nursing personnel have the highest percentage of job-related health risk rates of any
occupation (Foley M., 2004). “Nurses give the majority of direct care to patients. Nursing
accounts for about 80% of the direct care, that patient receives and this often involves
personal and intimate care activities where health care-associated diseases are
potentially available outcomes (Jocel A. Frias, 2007).” “HCWs especially nursing staff
have a longer exposure to their clients compared to other members of the health care
team. Because of this, they are susceptible to harbor different microorganisms that are
“Based on the prospective reports, the rate of injuries to staff nurses was 0.8 per
nurse – year. Factors associated with increased injuries included recapping needles and
temporary work assignments. (Klocinski, USA). In the Philippine settings, the incidence
primary health issue for hospital HCWS in relation to the outbreak of highly and deadly
disease such as HIV/AIDS, Hepa, SARS, Meninggo, Flu and PTB (Pulmonary
the promotion of health, prevention of illness, carry out the therapeutic programs of the
patients, give health guidance to patients in the hospital, in the home, and in the
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Majority of Our Lady of Fatima University (OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY)
Lagro Branch affiliations are public hospitals. One does not need to be a keen observer
in assessing the conditions of these hospitals. Most of the time, wards are too crowded
with patients. “Equipments and facilities are inadequate of the patient’s needs. Even the
hospital personnel, nurses, and doctors are not sufficient in number to meet every
The aim of this research is to identify the most common diseases that Our Lady
of Fatima University nursing students acquired and the preventive strategies they used
during their internship or duty. Through this study, we are able to cite the most common
diseases acquired by the Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing Students and the
effective preventive strategies that can help other HCWs, especially Our Lady of Fatima
University Nursing Students who are doing hospital duties, from acquiring diseases.
This study is significant not only to Our Lady of Fatima University nursing
students, but to other nursing and medical students as well, who will undergo clinical
duties as they go on with their studies as this study attempts to increase their level of
awareness and education about the diseases they may acquire during their internship. It
is also significant to hospital management, doctors, nurses and other medical health
workers, especially those in government hospitals, because they are more at risk of
acquiring life-threatening disease most present in depressed areas. The result of this
study may provide some insights of the realities on the prevalence of health care-
associated diseases so that effective, positive actions may be done to address the
problem.
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Identification and Prevention of the
Most Common Diseases acquired by
Selected Nursing Students of Our Lady
of Fatima University
during their Hospital Duties
Preventive Strategies
taken by the Selected Strategies used by the
Nursing Students of Selected Nursing
Our Lady of Fatima Students of Our Lady
University from of Fatima University to
acquiring the most avoid nosocomial
common diseases infection
Figure 1.
Conceptual Framework
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INPUT
PROCESS
OUTPUT
Figure 2.
Research Paradigm
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Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to identify the most common diseases acquired by the selected
Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital duties and the
preventive strategies.
1. What are the most common diseases acquired by the selected Nursing Students
2. What are the three most effective preventive strategies done by the selected
strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing
students?
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Hypotheses
Null Hypotheses
by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University nursing students.
preventive strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima
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CHAPTER II
This chapter presents the research design, population and locale of the study,
data gathering tools and procedures and the statistical treatment of data used.
Research Design
This study aimed to identify the most common diseases acquired by the selected
nursing students of Our Lady of Fatima University during their hospital duties and the
The researchers made use of the descriptive research design which main
through the use of measurement or quantification of events or variables under the study.
currently enrolled in Our Lady of Fatima University, Quezon City and were already
exposed to hospital duties, regardless of the frequency of exposure and year level of the
respondents.
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The locale of the study was at the Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing
Buildings, specifically the San Rafael Building (former New Regalado Building) and the
The researchers used questionnaire as the main tool for obtaining the data from
For part 1, Respondents Profile included the name and gender of the
respondents.
For Part 2, Common Diseases Acquired. Different kinds of illness and diseases
were presented for the respondents to put a check mark on using a multiple response
type questions.
And lastly, for Part 3, Preventive Strategies Used. Upon this part of the
questionnaire was the rating scale type of close ended questions (Kotler and Armstrong,
2001), which was the basis for the rating of the effectiveness of the prevention used.
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0 – 1.5 Highly Ineffective
sampling in determining the respondents involved. The first step done by the researcher
was to select the respondents. The researchers stayed near the vicinity of the Our Lady
of Fatima University school buildings, specifically the San Rafael Building (former New
Regalado Building) and the Fatima Eye Rehab Center, both located at Regalado Avenue
where most nursing students, who experienced hospital duties, gathered up. Each
researcher was assigned to a specific number and gender of respondents. The purpose
of thel study was attached to the questionnaire distributed. Upon making sure that the
respondents understood the purpose of the questionnaires, the researchers made its
The data obtained from the respondents were tabulated systematically in order to
the most common diseases was the percentage formula, as shown below:
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F x 100 where: P = percentage
P=
F = frequency
N N =number of respondents
the most common diseases was the weighted mean formula, as shown below:
between the common diseases acquired by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima
University nursing students and the significant difference between the effectiveness of
the preventive strategies done by the male and female Our Lady of Fatima University
nursing students, using 0.05 as its level of significance, is the chi-squared formula, as
shown below:
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CHAPTER III
This chapter deals with the analysis and interpretation of the data gathered from
the questionnaire. It presents the graphical and textual explanations of data to answer
Duties
40
35.48
35
30.11
30
25
Percentage
20
15
10.75
10
5.38 5.38
5 3.23 2.15 2.15 2.15
1.08 1.08 1.08
0
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Figure 3.
The most common disease acquired by the selected Nursing Students of Our
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females. And third is TB (tuberculosis), which has a frequency of 10 or 10.75%, where
The most effective preventive strategy used by the selected nursing students is
highly effective and 4.52 to females, which is also highly effective. As a whole, it had an
males is 4.52, which is highly effective and 4.44 to females, which is effective. As a
whole, it had an average of 4.48, which is effective. Third is proper disposal of sharps/
used needles. Its effectiveness to males is 4.56, which is highly effective and 4.16 to
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The effectiveness of use of mask to males is 4.36, which is effective and 4.04 to
females, which is effective. As a whole, it had an average of 4.20, which is effective. The
effectiveness of use of gloves to males is 4, which is effective and 4.16 to females, which
of proper disposal of linens to males is 4, which is effective and 4.14 to females, which is
taking vitamins/ supplements to males is 4.2, which is effective and 3.88 to females,
effectiveness of use of gowns to males is 4.12, which is effective and 3.92 to females,
effectiveness of enough rest to males is 3.96, which is effective and 3.64 to females,
effectiveness of regular check-up to males is 3.8, which is effective and 3.68 to females,
effectiveness of exercise to males is 3.96, which is effective and 3.28 to females, which
Students
Since the computed value of X² = 45.93, which is greater than the critical value of
X² = 19.675 at α = 0.05 with the df = 11, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore, there
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4. On Significant difference between the effectiveness of the preventive
strategies done by the male and the effectiveness of the preventive strategies
done by the female Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing Students from
Since the computed value of X² = 1923.15, which is greater than the critical value
of X² = 18.307 at α = 0.05 with the df = 10, the null hypothesis is rejected. Therefore,
done by the male and the effectiveness of the preventive strategies done by the female
Our Lady of Fatima University Nursing Students from acquiring these diseases during
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CHAPTER IV
Conclusions
From the data collected in the questionnaire, the researcher had summed up the
following findings:
1. The most common diseases acquired by the Our Lady of Fatima University
2. The most effective prevention used by the Our Lady of Fatima University nursing
male and the common disease acquired by female Our Lady of Fatima University
Nursing Students.
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4. There was a significant difference between the effectiveness of the preventive
strategies done by the male and the effectiveness of the preventive strategies
done by the female Nursing Students of Our Lady of Fatima University during
Recommendations
Considering the results and conclusions made, the researchers offer the
following recommendations:
1. Those nursing students who are and who will undergo hospital duties or
prevent from acquiring the most common diseases such as coughs, colds, TB
and others. Since the most common disease acquired in the hospital setting is
the nurses must at all times, if possible, keep a 3 feet distance among patients
handwashing has been a highly effective prevention for nursing students based
on our study. It is also the oldest, simplest, and cheapest way to control the
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3. Based on the study, which showed that the female nursing students are more
hospital duties.
4. Since the preventive strategies is highly effective on the male respondents than
of the females, females should look for other ways of prevention and or combine
acquire diseases during their hospital duties and boost their immune system.
They should also see to it that they follow standard precautions and proper ways
of using the preventive measures since it may affect the effectiveness of the
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