Você está na página 1de 26

CCNA – Semester3

Module 5
Switches

Objectives

• Four major goals of LAN design


• Steps in systematic LAN design
• Three-layer design model
• List Cisco three-layer switches and their features
LAN Design

LAN Design Goals


• Design goals in most network include:
– Functionality
– Scalability
– Adaptability
– Manageability
LAN Design Goals: Functionality
• The network must work.
• It must allow users to meet their job
requirements.
• The network must provide user-to-user and
user-to-application connectivity with
reasonable speed and reliability.

LAN Design Goals: Scalability


• The network must be able to grow.
• The initial design should grow without any
major changes to the overall design.
LAN Design Goals: Adaptability
• The network must be designed with an eye
toward future technologies.
• It should include no element that would
limit implementation of new technologies
as they become available.

LAN Design Goals: Manageability


• The network should be designed to
facilitate network monitoring and
management to ensure ongoing stability of
operation.
LAN design considerations

• To maximize available LAN bandwidth and


performance, the following LAN design
considerations must be addressed:
– The function and placement of servers
– Collision detection issues
– Segmentation issues
– Broadcast domain issues

The function and placement of servers


• Servers provide network services such as: file sharing,
printing, communication, and application services.
• Each server is dedicated to one function, such as e-
mail or file sharing.
• Servers can be categorized into two distinct classes:
– Enterprise servers
• Supports all the users on the network (such as e-mail or DNS).
• Should be placed in the main distribution facility (MDF).
– Workgroup servers
• Supports a specific set of users.
• Should be placed in the intermediate distribution facility (IDF)
closest to the users accessing them.
Server placement

Bandwidth Domain

• A bandwidth domain is associated with one port on a


bridge or switch.
• In the case of an Ethernet switch, a bandwidth domain
is also known as a collision domain.
Systematic steps

1. Gathering the users' requirements and


expectations
2. Analyzing requirements
3. Designing the Layer 1, 2, and 3 LAN
structure (that is, topology)
4. Documenting the logical and physical
network implementation

Availability requirements
• Availability measures the usefulness of the
network. Factors that may affect availability:
– Throughput
– Response time
– Access to resources
• Every customer may have a distinct
definition of availability.
Analyzing requirements
• The next step in designing a network is to
analyze the requirements of the network
and its users.
• Network user needs constant change, the
necessity to increase network bandwidth
grows too.

Develop LAN topology


• LAN topology design can be broken into
the following three unique categories of
the OSI reference model:
– Network layer
– Data link layer
– Physical layer
LAN topology

Documentation
• The final step in LAN design methodology is to
document the physical and logical topology of the
network.
• Important LAN design documentation includes the
following:
– OSI layer topology map
– LAN logical map
– LAN physical map
– Cut sheets
– VLAN logical map
– Layer 3 logical map
– Addressing maps
Layer1 design goals
• Choose cable type.
• Identify work area and HCC.
• Identify MDF, IDF, HCC, VCC and POP.
• Choose Ethernet or Fast Ethernet.
• Documentation and physical diagrams.

Logical diagram

• The logical diagram is the basic road map of the LAN


including the following elements:
– Specify the locations and identification of the MDF and IDF wiring
closets.
– Document the type and quantity of cabling used to interconnect the
IDFs with the MDF.
– Document how many spare cables are available for increasing the
bandwidth between the wiring closets.
– Provide detailed documentation of all cable runs, the identification
numbers, and the port the run is terminated on at the HCC or VCC.
Typical MDF in star topology

MDF and IDF


HCC and VCC

Example: Wiring closet location


Example: Rack layout & cable run

Rack
32 28

16

UTP UTP

18
UTP

HDSL 68
Backbone and UTP 8 UTP UTP

Server Farm 1

25
2

26
3

27
4

28
5

29
6

30
7

31
8

32
9

33
10

34
11

35
12

36
13

37
14

38
15

39
16

40
17

41
18

42
19

43
20

44
21

45
22

46
23

47
24

48
POWERFAULT DATA ALARM

UTP UTP
PIX Firewall
Class Room 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
UTP UTP
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
UTP

UTP UTP
Class Room 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Router 3662
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
UTP UTP

Class Room 3 UTP UTP


UTP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

C2924XL - Wg1 UTP UTP

UTP UTP UTP


C2924XL - Wg2 Mail Server

UTP

UTP
4

6
UTP UTP
UTP

UTP

Example: Logical Diagram


Example: Cable documentation

Common Layer 2 devices


• Layer 2 devices provide: flow control, error
detection, error correction, and congestion
reduction in the network.
• Layer 2 devices determine the size of the
collision domains and broadcast domains.
• The two most common Layer 2 devices are
bridges and LAN switches.
Layer 2 switch

Using router

• Allows for segmentation of the LAN into


unique physical and logical networks.
• Allow for connectivity to wide-area
networks (WANs), such as the Internet.
• Determines traffic flow between unique
physical network segments based on Layer
3 addressing.
• Stops broadcasts from reaching other LAN
segments.
VLAN and broadcast domains
• By using VLANs, you can:
– limit broadcast traffic to within a VLAN and thus
create smaller broadcast domains.
– provide security by creating the VLAN groups
according to function.

VLAN communication
VLAN implementation

Diagramming a LAN that uses routers


Documentation: Logical network MAP

LAN Switches
LAN design model
• Network designs tend to follow one of two general
strategies: mesh or hierarchical.
• In a mesh structure, the network topology is flat, all
routers perform essentially the same functions.
• In a hierarchical structure the network is organized in
layers, each of which performs one or more specific
functions.

Hierarchical model

• The construction of a LAN that satisfies the


needs of both medium and large-sized
organizations is more likely to be successful if a
hierarchical design model is used.
• The use of a hierarchical design model will
make it easier to make changes to the network
as the organization grows.
Three layer design

• The hierarchical design model includes the


following three layers:
– The access layer provides users in workgroups access to
the network.
– The distribution layer provides policy-based connectivity.
– The core layer provides optimal transport between sites.
The core layer is often referred to as the backbone.

Three layer design


Access Layer Overview

• The access layer is the entry point for user


workstations and servers to the network.
• In a campus LAN the device used at the access
layer can be a switch or a hub.
• Access layer functions also include MAC layer
filtering and microsegmentation, VLAN
membership.

Access Layer
Common access layer switches

• Access layer switches


operate at Layer 2 and
should be low cost and
high port density.
• The following Cisco
switches are commonly
used at the access layer:
– Catalyst 1900 series
– Catalyst 2820 series
– Catalyst 2950 series
– Catalyst 4000 series
– Catalyst 5000 series

Distribution layer overview

• It helps to define and separate the core.


• Policies can be applied and access control lists can
filter packets.
• Isolates network problems to the workgroups in which
they occur.
– Aggregation of the wiring closet connections
– Broadcast/multicast domain definition
– Virtual LAN (VLAN) routing
– Any media transitions that need to occur
– Security
Distribution layer

Distribution layer switches

• The distribution layer


switch must have high
performance.
• Switches in this layer are
referred to as multilayer
switches.
• The following Cisco
switches are suitable for
the distribution layer:
– Catalyst 2926G
– Catalyst 5000 family
– Catalyst 6000 family
Core layer overview

• The core layer is a high-speed switching backbone.


• If they do not have an associated router module, an
external router is used for the Layer 3 function.
• Should not perform any packet manipulation (as ACL).
• Provided with redundant alternate paths gives stability
to the network in the event of a single device failure.
• The core can be designed to use Layer 2 or Layer 3
switching. Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or
Ethernet switches can be used.

Core layer
Core layer switches

• The following Cisco


switches are suitable for
the core layer:
– Catalyst 6500 series
– Catalyst 8500 series
– IGX 8400 series
– Lightstream 1010

Summary

• The four major goals of LAN design The steps in


systematic LAN design
• Design issues associated with Layers 1, 2, 3
• The three-layer design model
• The functions of each layer in the three-layer model
• Cisco access layer switches and their features
• Cisco distribution layer switches and their features
• Cisco core layer switches and their features
CCNA3 – Module5

Você também pode gostar