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f (xj )
=

xj
c1 , . . .,cn
C+4D
(0)
(0)
f (c1 , . . ., xj + , . . ., cn ) f (c1 , . . ., xj , . . ., cn )
.
= lim
0
<

! f xj
(0)
xj . (
! 1
<"
> "
<

(
<

!

( M(

/
5
* S
"

< !

*

R > Rn >

;
> < !

(
"
<

R2 ! ( Rn <
f : R2 R
H

!

!

2f
2f
x2 =
x1
.
C+-D
x1
x2
;

Rn >
n"

<

9

e1 = (1, 0, 0, . . ., 0)
e2 = (0, 1, 0, . . ., 0) e3 = (0, 0, 1, . . ., 0) . . . en = (0, 0, 0, . . ., 1) )

(x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
9 x
!

1 /

9
f (x)
f (x + ei ) f (x)
= lim
0
xi
C+ D
.

<

!

! ( aG

f (x)
f (x + a) f (x)
= lim
0
a
C+D
f a

: 9 $ )
)
.

!"

!

!

3;
', -.

0
! !"
>

f (x) x = (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )

.
>
>
f (x)
f (x) = f (x + x)
<

f (x) = f (x1 + x1 , x2 + x2 , . . ., xn + xn )
f (x1 , x2 + x2 , x3 , . . ., xn ) + f (x1 , x2 + x2 , x3 , . . ., xn )
f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) + f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) + . . .

/

!

f (x1 + x1 , x2 + x2 , . . ., xn + xn ) f (x1 , x2 + x2 , x3 , . . ., xn ) =
f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
x1 + 1
,
=
x1
f (x1 , x2 + x2 , x3 , . . ., xn ) f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) + f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) =
f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
x2 + 2
,
=
x2

<
i (i = 1, 2, . . ., n) - <
xi 0 M
<
x1 , x2 , . . ., xn
x1 , x2 , . . ., xn
x1 +
x2 + . . .
x1
x2
. . .+1 x1 + 2 x2 + . . .
f (x) =
.
<
"

(x)x
+ x

f (x) = f

= x1e1 + x2e2 + . . . = 1e1 + 2e2 + . . .

< x

(x) = f (x) e1 + f (x) e2 + . . . + f (x) en
f
x1
x2
xn
!

C+$D

!"
f x

9

9

!
@
2 B
) !

!

+"
C+D

(x)dx
df (x) = f
C+&D
f : Rn R 9"

+1 ', . Rn 1

df =
n

i (x1 , . . ., xn )dxi
3
C+D
i=1
i : Rn R 0 < df

H /

1 =
f
xi
< C+-D

f

< +"
j
i
=
xj
xi
i = j, i, j = 1, . . ., n
C+6D

B

' H ! C+$D

ei
f
! xi . !
H !

<< a = a1e1 + a2e2 + . . . + anen

(x) .a = f (x) a1 + f (x) a2 + . . . . . . + f (x) an
, C+#D
f
x1
x2
xn
/

a

S!
<

/

C D
ai = cos(i )

(x) .a = f (x) cos(1 )+ f (x) cos(2 )+ . . .+ f (x) cos(n )
.
f
x1
x2
xn
8 +
/
f
!

f (x)
= f (x) .a
.
C+4D
a
J"
< !

"

'
(
! "

/

5

(r, , z)
x = r cos
= f er + 1 f e + f ez
,
C+$-D
y = r sin f
r
r
z
z=z

) (r, , )
x = r sin cos
= f er + 1 f e + 1 f e
y = r sin sin f
r
r
r sin
z = r cos

&

. C+$ D
'

F
! F

'

"

> S

f : V1 V2

V1 V2
9>
/+"
*(&

-
', -.

> <

f (x) = f (x)
C+$D
"

)
: . <
f : Rn R 9
( C
H ( E 9
D >
!>

3

(x) = f (x)
C+$D
x. f
.
* (

/
(

!>
.
5

<

A

! 9 <

> <
/ > >

<

<

C+D

f (t, x) =
f (t, x)
(x)x
+ x

t + f
t
> x(t+t)x(t) < 1

< ! x

(
> ) t

f (t, x)
x
f (t, x)

=
+ f (x)
+ 1 + x
t
t
t
x > t

< t 0

f (t, x)
d x
d f (t, x)
=
+ f (x)
dt
t
dt
!

C+$$D
' f
9 (

t ; >

N
'!

/

<
!

(

H
f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) = f (1 (y1 , y2 , . . ., ym ), . . ., 2 (y1 , y2 , . . ., ym ))
f : Rn R i : Rm R (i = 1, 2, . . ., n)
xi = i (y1 , y2 , . . ., ym ) (i = 1, 2, . . ., n)
!

J

!
<
+"
n

f xj
f

yi
j=1
xj yi
(i = 1, 2, . . ., m)
C+$&D
+1 ', . Rn 1
5<

9

f (x1 , x2 ) = 0
< <
xi > !
f J

>

/ <
f (x1 , x2 )
x2
x1
=
f (x1 , x2 )
x1
x2
C+$D
*

R
"

!
"

M
1" f : R2 R2

!
!

%H
f (x1 , x2 ) : R2 R2 <

x1 =
x1 (y1 , y2 ) x2 = x2 (y1 , y2 ) 8
H

xi yi
yi xi 0

(
G
x1 = x1 (y1 , y2 )
x2 = x2 (y1 , y2 )

x1 y1
x1 y2
+
y1 x1
y2 x1
x2 y1
x2 y2
0=
+
y1 x1
y2 x1
1=
7

<
y1 /x1 y2 /x1

x2
y1
y2
=
x1 x2 x2 x1
x1
y1 y2 y1 y2
.
x2
y2
y1
= x x x
1
2
2 x1
x1
y1 y2 y1 y2
)

x2
x1
y1
y2
=
x1 x2 x2 x1
x2
y1 y2 y1 y2
x1
y2
y1
=
x1 x2 x2 x1
x2
y1 y2 y1 y2
8

<
> O

!

+"

9
D

', -.

9

x1
(x1 , x2 ) y1
= x
2

(y1 , y2 )

y1
x1
y2
x2
y2

C+$6D
> ( 9 <
1
(x1 , x2 )
=
(y1 , y2 )
(y1 , y2 )
(x1 , x2 )
C+$#D
) ! *

<

]

>
+"

(x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
(y1 , y2 , . . ., yn ) 1
=
C+$4D
(y1 , y2 , . . ., yn )
(x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
< ] > 9

x1 x1
x1

...
y1
y2
yn
x 2 x
x2

1
2
...

(x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) y
y2
yn
1
=
.

(y1 , y2 , . . ., yn )

xn xn
xn

...
y
y
y
1
C+&-D
8 ]

!

% (z1 , z2 , . . ., zn ) = f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) xi = xi (y1 , y2 , . . ., yn )
(i = 1, 2, . . ., n)
(z1 , z2 , . . ., zn ) (y1 , y2 , . . ., yn )
(z1 , z2 , . . ., zn )
=
(x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
(y1 , y2 , . . ., yn ) (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
C+& D
0 >
] > >

("

<

!

%"

< (x1 , x2 ) : R2 R < xi = i (y1 , y2 ) i = 1, 2 .

(y1 , y2 ) d2
d2

=
C+&D
dx1 dx2 (x1 , x2 ) dy1 dy2
0

< /

!

> *@
"

' ! f : Rn R

/ <

<

>
f (x a) = f (x) +

n
ij
i1 +i2 + . . .+in f

+
(x
a
)
j
j
...
(a)
+
ij !
xi11 xi22 . . .xinn
i1 =1
in =1
j=1
C+&D
+1 ', . Rn 1
9
M
<

"
> ! < <
!

P H

!"

f a
H=
2f
x21
2f
x2 x1

2f
x1 x2
2f
x22

2f
...
...
2f
xn x1
...
xn x2
0 f : R2 R /
"

2f
x1 xn
2f
x2 xn

2f
x2n
C+&$D
(a) +
f (x a) = f (a) + (x a)T f
1
+ (x a)T H (x a) + . . .
2!
C+&&D
< K

a
!

2f
x2
1
H =
2f
x2 x1
2f
x1 x2
2f
x22
C+&D
0 /

> *@ sin(x + y)
(0, 0) >
sin(x + y) = 0 +

x y
1
1
1
x y
+
2
0 0
0 0

x
y

+ ...
)

9 /
> >

y2
y3
+ 1
x+
sin(x + y) = y
6
2

y3
1 y2
y
2
x + +
x3 + . . .
+ +
2 12
6 12
( )%

'

Rn ! "

<

9 ;

f : Rn R !
3

+ (x a)

9

: 9
)
)
(
x a)
)

#
9%
', -.

D !
Pi =
(xi1 , xi2 , . . ., xin )
>

(i+1)
(i+1)
i
Vi = x1
xi1 x2
xi2 . . . x(i+1)
x
n
n
4(

2

Pi C 5 ! CCD *

f (x1 , . . ., xn )dx1 . . .dxn = lim
N

Vi 0
f (Pi )Vi
C+&6D
N i=1
.
!
> ( !
H
>

!
(
"
z = f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) 8 (

!
5
>
/ < 9 ! ! <

3 < <
(

!

0
(
> !

! E

( > > < (
5<
9

"

!
! E

f (x)dV = f (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )dx1 dx2 . . .dxn
.
C+&#D
D
M

! / <

( ! /

0

'

f (x1, x2 ) : R2 R ! ! S

f (x1 , x2 , x3 ) : R3 R
! ! V

'
!
>

("

!

;

!

IS =
f (x1 , x2 )dx1 dx2
,
S
< !
(

x2 =
1 (x1 ) x2 = 2 (x1 ) x1 [a, b] J

b
IS =
a
2 (x1 )
1 (x1 )
f (x1 , x2 )dx2
dx1
' /

! x sin(y x)
! S 9

y = 0 y = x
+1 ', . Rn 1
93
x [0, ] *

x sin(y x)dxdy =
x sin(y x)dy
dx
< (
x sin(y x)dxdy =

x
cos(y x)0
dx
(cos(x) 1) dx =
) 9 <

(

!
E

!

G

! D = ! > I

A D >
" ! D A =
D A
D

f (x)dV = f (x)dV + f (x)dV
D
!

> ! N "

!

G

[f (x) + g(x)] dV = f (x)dV + g(x)dV
.
D
' (

! E >

< !

M

!
!

! ;

!

IS =
f (x1 , x2 )dx1 dx2
S

<
x1 = 1 (y1 , y2 )
x2 = 2 (y1 , y2 )
J

g(y1 , y2 ) = f (1 (y1 , y2 ), 2 (y1 , y2 ))
99
', -.

<

> < 9 !

lim
N

Vi 0
f (x1 , x2 )Vi = lim
N

Vi 0
N i=1
g(y1 , y2 )Vi =
N i=1
8 P` 9
Vi >

( < (
C D 9

x1 x2

P1
P2
P3
P4
:
:
:
:
x1
x1
x1
x1
= 1 (y1 , y2 )
= 1 (y1 + y1 , y2 )
= 1 (y1 + y1 , y2 + y2 )
= 1 (y1 , y2 + y2 )
x2
x2
x2
x2
= 2 (y1 , y2 )
= 2 (y1 + y1 , y2 )
= 2 (y1 + y1 , y2 + y2 )
= 2 (y1 , y2 + y2 )
<
P1 :
P2 :
P3 :
P4 :
x1 = 1 (y1 , y2 )
x2 = 2 (y1 , y2 )
1
2
x1 = 1 (y1 , y2 ) +
y1 x2 = 2 (y1 , y2 ) +
y1
y1
y1
x1 = 1 (y1 , y2 )+
x2 = 2 (y1 , y2 )+
2
2
1
2
y1 +
y2
y1 +
y2
+
+
y1
y2
y1
y2
1
2
x1 = 1 (y1 , y2 ) +
y2 x2 = 2 (y1 , y2 ) +
y2
y2
% x1 x2
9 <
! 9

/ !
H ( >

1 2 1 2

y1 y2
V =
y1 y2
y2 y1

H

(x1 , x2 )
V

V =
(y1 , y2 )
C+&4D
V > P `

y1 y2
)
+
*

@

(x1 , x2 )
dy1 dy2
f (x1 , x2 )dx1 dx2 =
g(y1 , y2 )
. C+-D
(y1 , y2 )

S
) !

f (x1 , . . ., xn )dx1 . . .dxn =
D

=
D

(x1 , x2 , . . ., xn )
dy1 . . .dyn
g(y1 , . . ., yn )
(y1 , y2 . . ., yn )
C+ D
(

! E 0
+1 ', . Rn 1
9

5

!
(r, )

)
(x, y)
x = r cos

=r

,
y = r sin
(r, )

(r, , z)

(x, y, z)

(r, , z) = r

>
(r, , )

(x, y, z)
2

(r, , ) = r sin

C+D
C+D
C+$D
8 !

> <

"

5
;
M2

! <
!
%
<
H3
C Rn F
(F1 , F2 , . . ., Fn ) <
> > ! Rn
( O

< ( ! <

H

8

H >

rini 9 rf in H3
0

m
sj T C
9 <

H ! T ; sj

(j) (j)
(j)

rj = (x1 , x2 , . . ., xn ) rj+1 =
(j)
(j) (j)
(j)
(j)
rj + rj
H rj+1 = (x1 + x1 , x2 + x2(j) , . . ., xn + xn ) A

/ F rini rf in
n

m
m

(j)
W
Fi (rj )x
F (rj )rj =
.
i
j=1
j=1
i=1
?
< m rj , j = 1, . . ., m

/ "

F !
C ! F T *

m

W = F dr = m
.
C+&D
lim
F (rj )rj
T

rj 0 j=1
% H3 T

rj

(
! !

rf in
rini

(
7"
< 3 9
!

!

!

4(

*
9;
', -.

!

! N

!

!

! N

!

"

?

5

H3

( C / D A
< j 9"

H3
(
S
(j)
H xi = i (tj ) < tj >

<

(j)
xi .

i
(j)
xi
(j+1)
= xi
(j)
xi
= i (tj+1 ) i (tj ) i (tj )tj
tj = tj+1 tj

i
! >

(j)

xi 0
/ < "
!

n tf in

W = F dr =
. C+D
F (1 (t), 2 (t) . . ., n (t)) i (t)dt
T
tini
i=1
9 ( !

1
C
D ! >

T J

"

9
,
W =
C+6D
F dr
.
T
'

!

/

"

/
<

G
,! D R2 ! D '

L 5 , 1 (x1, x2 )
2 (x1, x2 ) + R2 R
D3
1

1
2
(1 dx1 + 2 dx2 ) =
dx1 dx2
x1
x2
D
C+#D
,! 1(x1 , x2 ) 2(x1 , x2 ) + R2 R

D R25
D D '3
!, 1
(1 dx1 + 2 dx2 ) = 0
C+4D

2
1
=
x2
x1
D5
)
" R *
&
3
C+6-D
+1 ', . Rn 1
.
E
<1

C+6-D
/ C+6D < 1 dx1 +
2 dx2
H / J

/
V (x1 , x2 )
<
V
V
1 (x1 , x2 ) =
e 2 (x1 , x2 ) =
,
x1
x2

H

F = V

C+6 D
. 5
V C< > 9
!"
D F "
<
V
0
<
!
Rn
"

!
.

(

3
< 2/
2

>

5

.!

0 9 2/ >

S
S

9 <
<
2/ 0
9"

P S ( n N

<

S 9 n

> ! T
R2 S : T R
(
x1 x2 ' S x1
P 9 ! N

! e1 9
x2 = const
0
S x2 9 ! ! N

! e2 9 x1 = const

8

9 S P <

9 >

S(x1 , x2 )
S(x1 , x2 )
n =
e1
e2
.
x1
x2
0 2/ C D f : R2 R
>
S

! G
"
S m
Si
H

<
m
S=
Si
;
i=1

3 "
(
P Si
! I
>
', -.

3 "

S =
m

f (x1 , x2 ) |n| i
i=1
< i
( Si
4(

+"

$ *"
< m i 0 S J

i dx1 dx2 S
!
T .

! >
f S G

f dS =
f (x1 , x2 ) |n| dx1 dx2
C+6D
S
% !

>
. !
!

H >

: R3 V < V >
C R3 D %
V

(x1 , x2 , x3 ) = 1 (x1 , x2 , x3 )e1 + 2 (x1 , x2 , x3 )e2 + 3 (x1 , x2 , x3 )e3

V
<

i (x1 , x2 , x3 )

x1 x2
x3 0 !

S
S
S m
Si "

n ( Pi Si
;

!

S =
m

(Pi ).n(Pi )i
V
i=1
4(

<
i > ( Si 8
.ndS = lim
V
m
m

(Pi ).n(Pi )i
V
C+6D
i 0 i=1
S J"
9 V
= ndS

"
dS

!

.dS
=
.ndS
V
V
.
S
'

< >

2 J

V
|
2
S |V
' < 2

(Pi ).n(Pi )
n(Pi ) > V
8 ! C+6D
N < 2

S 0

+1 ', . Rn 1

! > >
! M2
) S
V
?
2/ >

9G

.ndS
V
.
=
C+6$D
/B

!(8

.?

(
?3

'

!
/

"

5
<

V

;
9
3
3

V : R R
1 2 3

1 3
3 2
e1 +
e2 +
x2
x3
x3
x1

2 1
+
,
e3
x1
x2

V
=

!

e1
e2
e3

V
=
x
x2 x3
1

1
2
3
)9
>
V

4 .
C+6&D

C+6D
.

V
= 1 + 2 + 3
.
x1
x2
x3
C+66D
*

!

G
'

S S ) M2
)
/B1
,
.dr =
V
S

V
.dS

C+6#D
dr ) S dS )

S 5
4
X V ) M2
) V
)BO&1

V
XdV

V
S

Xd
C+64D

', -.

> <
X
= 0 "
'
X
O
<
H
= V
V > > 0
< X
> <
!1 >

B
"
O

<

<

/
A
=
A

B
C+#-D
5

f >

X
= f

X
J

> (
<

f

f = .
f >
C+#D
f 9
f =
' <
C+# D
2f
2f
2f
+
+
x21
x22
x23
2f
2f
2f
+ 2 + 2 =0
2
x1
x2
x3
C+#D
C+#$D

!"
" #

f

<
!"
+
&'

5 =
1 *
1 #-
6- ,! #

G

G 6-,!
m(SI) = 70 ,!
70
70
m(un) =
=
= 4.1867 1029 M,
27
(SI)
1.673
10
mp
mp
!

%A
G #
l(SI) = 1.8
1.8
1.8
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=
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(SI)
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5.67648 108
5.67648 108
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1
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0

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/ 1"

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