fvi‡ZiQvÎ

fvi‡Zi †dWv‡ikb **hv`ecy

QvΆdWv‡ikb hv`ecyii wek¦
wek¦wwe`¨vjq
e`¨vjq AvÂwjK
AvÂwjK KwgwU
KwgwU

industry agriculture labour land landloser capital market

peasant tata salim police service skill production crop sali
cultivate mono car welding landless wage bargadar acre suna
social mile singur hooghly cpm anashan profit incentive award
solatium interest banking hospital automobile wbidc left front
revolution complex lexus reform resource poverty earning
media state village feed study trade inflation gdp enterprise
economy stipulation region construction asia finance sector
dynamic replace active nation advantage forestry account
aquaculture increase newspaper transparent registration
renewal stable developement international textile metro
contract lease project cash factory operation housing school
ancilliary generation choice field kharagpur cement titan
invest power manage committee panchayat province zone
bihar difficult resistance settle legal domestic training machine
catering stipend consent small industry agriculture labour
land landloser capital market peasant tata salim police service
skill production crop sali cultivate mono car welding landless
wage bargadar acre suna social mile singur hooghly wbidc
cpm anashan profit incentive award solatium interest banking
hospital automobile left front revolution complex lexus reform
resource poverty earning media state village feed study
trade inflation gdp enterprise economy stipulation region
construction asia finance sector dynamic replace active nation
advantage forestry account aquaculture increase newspaper
transparent registration renewal stable developement
international textile metro contract lease project cash factory
operation housing school ancilliary generation choice field
kharagpur cement titan invest power manage committee
panchayat province zone bihar difficult resistance settle
legal domestic training machine catering stipend consent
small industry agriculture labour land landloser capital
market peasant tata salim police service skill production crop
sali cultivate mono car welding landless wage bargadar acre
suna social mile singur hooghly cpm anashan profit incentive
award solatium interest banking hospital automobile wbidc
left front revolution complex lexus reform resource poverty
earning media state village feed study trade inflation gdp
enterprise economy stipulation region construction asia
finance sector dynamic replace active nation advantage
forestry account aquaculture increase newspaper transparent

Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

K…wl, wkí ... fwel¨r| wKQy fvebv
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

wZb UvKv
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

Once
thrown into
competition,
landed
property obeys
the laws of
competition,
like every other
commodity
subjected to
competition.
It begins to
fluctuate, to
decrease or to
increase, to fly
from one hand
to another;
and no law
can keep it any
longer in a few
predestined
hands. The
immediate
consequence is
the splitting-
up of the land
amongst many

GB c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK cÖwZeÜKZv‡K AwZµg

K‡i hvIqvi jovBUv gvby‡li wPišÍb| cÖ_g
†hw`b gvwU wP‡i dmj dwj‡q‡Q gvbyl, ZLb †_‡K ïi“|
hands, and
in any case
subjection
K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv †_‡K KjKvZv, GLb GK nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| to the power
†MvUv c„w_exB GKUv ÔMÖvgÕ| Avi GB MÖv‡gi gvwU ? fwel¨r ? of industrial
cÖwZw`b `Lj K‡i wb‡”Q AvR‡Ki mg‡qi wek¦ cyuwRev‡`i capitals.
wbqš¿K, weivU me K‡c©v‡ikb| †MvUv wek¦gq K…wli Drcv`b,
wecYb‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Q Giv| c„w_ex Ry‡o hZ Lv`¨km¨ Karl Marx
Avg`vwb-ißvwb nq, Zvi 85% wbqš¿Y K‡i 6wU e„nr Economic and
K‡c©v‡ikb| Philosophical
Manuscript, 1844
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

Cargill (USA), Continental (USA), Mitsui / Cook

(Japan), Louis Dreyfus (France); Andre / Garnae
(Switzerland), Burnge and Born (Brazil).

we‡k¦i Lv‡`¨i fvÊvi G‡`i nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq| Av‡iv †ekx

gybvdvi Rb¨ eo K‡c©v‡ikb¸‡jv cÖwZ eQi Lv`¨km¨ Drcbœ
nq Ggb Rwg‡K iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Q A_©Kix dmj (Cash
Crop) Pv‡li Rwg‡Z| Lv`¨k‡m¨i evRvi, `vg wbqwš¿Z G‡`i
ØvivB| Cargill Ges Continental BwZg‡a¨B NuvwU †M‡o‡Q
Avgv‡`i †`‡kI| GeQi GK wekvj cwigvb Mg wK‡b‡Q Giv
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki wewfbœ ivR¨ †_‡K| Avi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
K…wl gš¿‡Ki wbw®ŒqZvi d‡j Pvi `kK ci fviZel©‡K
Mg Avg`vwb Ki‡Z n‡”Q we‡`k †_‡K| c„w_exi Zz‡jvi
evRv‡ii 85-90% wbqwš¿Z nq 15wU eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvbx
Øviv| ïay gvÎ Drcvw`Z K…wlc‡Y¨i evRviB bq, exR, mvi,
KxUbvk‡Ki evRviI G‡`i ØvivB wbqwš¿Z| †MvUv c„w_exi
ex‡Ri evRv‡ii A‡a©K `Lj K‡i Av‡Q 24wU †Kv¤úvbx| hvi
g‡a¨ Monsanto I Cargill Ab¨Zg| Monsanto-i ˆZix
Kiv Ô†R‡bwUKvwj BwÄwbqvW©Õ Bt Cotton-Gi exR e¨envi
K‡i me©¯^všÍ n‡”Qb Avgv‡`i †`‡ki K…lKiv| me †_‡K
mv¤cÖwZK D`vniY gnviv‡óªi we`‡f©, nvRvi-nvRvi K…l‡Ki
AvZ¥nZ¨v| WTO-i Pzw³i (Trade Related Intellectual
Property Right) wfwˇZ Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`kR K…wl
Drcv`‡bi cÖwµqvI †K‡o wb‡”Q e„nr cyuwR| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
†U·v‡mi Rice Tec bvgK †Kv¤úvwb wb‡q‡Q evmgwZ Pv‡ji
†c‡U›U| fviZ I cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖvq 2,50,000 K…l‡Ki Rxeb
mgwc©Z nj GB eûRvwZ‡Ki Kv‡Q|

ïaygvÎ K…wlcY¨ ev K…wl Drcv`‡Ki Rb¨ e¨eüZ mvgMÖxB

bq, †MvUv c„w_exi f~m¤úwËi `Lj wb‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK cuywR|
weMZ `k‡Ki †kl †_‡K eZ©gvb mgq ch©šÍ cÖwZeQi M‡o
25 j¶ GKi Rwg †QvU Rwgi gvwj‡Ki nvZ †_‡K e„nr
cyuwRcwZ‡`i nv‡Z P‡j †M‡Q| 80-i `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡K
90-Gi `k‡Ki gvSvgvwS ch©šÍ ïaygvÎ hydro-electric

2
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

project-Gi euva ˆZix Ki‡Z wM‡q RwgPz¨Z n‡q‡Qb 40

j¶ gvbyl| huv‡`i 80%B †Kvb ¶wZc~iY ev cybe©vm‡bi gyL
†`‡Lbwb| D`vi A_©bxwZi 15 eQi †cwi‡q Avgv‡`i †`‡ki
Lwb, b`x, ebm¤ú`, K…wlRwg meB `Lj K‡i wb‡”Q e„nr
cyuwR| SvoL‡Û b`x weµx n‡”Q VvÊv cvbxq ˆZixi †Kv¤úvwbi
Kv‡Q| gy¤^vB msjMœ ivBMo †Rjvi wmKwi‡Z wijv‡qÝ †h Rwg
wb‡”Q (35,000 GKi) Zvi ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e w`‡”Q Rwgi
evRvi g~‡j¨i Qq fv‡Mi GK fvM| †mLvbKvi ÔGKwfiv
Rwgb euvPvI Av‡›`vj‡biÕ †bZv weµg evM‡f ej‡Qb †h
Zuviv 13Uv euva, cy‡b G·‡cÖmI‡q I †c‡Uªvj cvBcjvB‡bi
Rb¨ BwZg‡a¨B cÖPzi Rwg w`‡q‡Qb, Avi KZ ? Avi
gnviv‡óªi miKvi? bxie `k©K| K…lK‡`i †V‡j w`‡q‡Qb
wijv‡qÝ bvgK e„nr cÖwZôv‡bi gy‡L| SvR‡ii K…lKiv PvB‡Q
SEZ (Special Economic Zone)-Gi Rb¨ Zuv‡`i Rwg
weµx K‡i w`‡Z| KviY Zv‡`i Avw_©K-mvgvwRK wbicËvi
wel‡q, K…wl wecYb †_‡K ïi“ K‡i Lv`¨ km¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡kœ
miKvi GZUvB D`vmxb †h Zuviv Avi RwgB ivL‡Z PvB‡Qb
bv K…wli Rb¨| 2000 mv‡j †K›`ªxq gš¿x gy‡ivmwj gvivb
SEZ msµvšÍ †h AvB‡bi cÖ¯Íve iPbv K‡ib (UPA-I cÖv_
wgKfv‡e †mB AvBbB ˆZix K‡iwQj) Zvi `y‡Uv ¸i“Z¡c~Y©
w`K D‡j¬­L Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ_gZ, Zv‡Z ejv nq †h SEZ-
Gi Rb¨ Rwg wPwýZ n‡q †M‡j, Zvici ivR¨ miKv‡ii Avi
†Kvb f~wgKv _vK‡e bv| A_©vr Rwgi ¶wZc~iY, cybe©vmb
†_‡K ïi“ K‡i meB †K›`ªxq gš¿‡Ki Kzw¶MZ n‡e| wØZxqZ,
SEZ-i †¶‡Î iv‡R¨i ˆZix Kiv †Kvb AvBbB (cÖavbZ kÖg
AvBb) cÖ‡hvR¨ bq| e„nr cyuwRi ¯^v‡_© hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v‡K Le©
K‡i, kÖwg‡Ki MYZvwš¿K AwaKvi †K‡o wb‡q ˆZix nw”Qj
Special Economic Zone msµvšÍ AvBb| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
cwiPvjbvq Ñ e„nr cyuwRi gybvdvi Rb¨|

†MvUv c„w_exi cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, gvbe m¤ú‡`i gvwjK n‡e e„nr

cyuwRcwZiv| GB D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB cÖPvwiZ n‡qwQj
Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation-Gi ZË¡,
ejv n‡qwQj G Qvov Avi †Kvb weKí †bB c„w_exi mvg‡b|

3
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

†mvwf‡qZ ivwkqvi fvOb I c~e© BD‡iv‡ci mgvRZ‡š¿i

wech©‡qi NUbv GB ZË¡‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z mnvqK wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| AvR †mvwf‡q‡Zi bv _vKvi 15 eQi †cwi‡q wek¦
ivRbxwZi fvimvg¨ GLbI mvgªvR¨ev‡`i w`‡KB Szu‡K Av‡Q|
†mvwf‡qZ ivwkqvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z, AvaywbK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi
weKv‡ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖhyw³i †ekxifvMUvB AvšÍR©vwZK
cyuwRi Kzw¶MZ _vKvq mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡ZI we‡`kx
cyuwR‡K †W‡K Avb‡Z n‡”Q| mvgwiK kw³i w`K †_‡KI
mvgªvR¨ev` eû¸Y kw³kvjx nIqvq Drcv`‡bi AMÖMwZi
¯^v‡_© mgvRZvwš¿K †`k¸‡jv‡K ev‡R‡Ui GKUv eo Ask e¨q
Ki‡Z nq mvgwiK I cÖwZi¶v Lv‡Z| †MvUv jvwZb Av‡gwiKv
Ry‡o weMZ K‡qK eQ‡i mvgªvR¨ev` we‡ivwaZvi nvZ a‡iB
ˆZix n‡q‡Q AmsL¨ evgcš’x miKvi| wKš‘ GUv fy‡j †M‡j
Pj‡e bv †h Giv †ekxifvMB Ôms¯‹vicš’xÕ| †f‡bRy‡qjvi
D‡Mv mv‡fR †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb †h ÔmgvRZš¿Õ-B Zuvi j¶¨|
f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii Kg©m~Px wb‡q‡Qb| †MvUv †f‡bRy‡qjv Ry‡o †h
AmsL¨ Rwg `Lj K‡i †i‡LwQj we‡k¦i wewfbœ eûRvwZK
ms¯’v, Zuv‡`i Dchy³ `vg w`‡q wK‡b wb‡”Qb †mB Rwg| Rwg
ev‡Rqvß Ki‡Qb bv †Kb ? mvgªvR¨ev‡`i mv‡_ mg‡SvZv
Ki‡Qb? nu¨v, Ki‡Z n‡”Q| AvšÍR©vwZK I wb‡Ri †`‡ki
ivR‰bwZK fvimv‡g¨i K_v gv_vq †i‡LB| Avi Zvi mv‡_
mv‡_ e„nr cyuwRi mv‡_ `iKlvKwli (Bargain) gva¨‡g
h_vm¤¢e †Póv Ki‡Qb RbM‡Yi c‡¶i GKUv A_©bxwZ‡K
cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z| GUv wbðq †KDB A¯^xKvi Ki‡eb
bv †h wec¬ex Av‡›`vj‡b `iKlvKwl (Bargain) GKUv
HwZnvwmKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z cš’v|

1991 mvj †_‡K fviZe‡l©i A_©bxwZ‡KI Ly‡j †`Iqv

n‡q‡Q mvgªvR¨ev`x jy‡Vi Kv‡Q| K…wl, wkí, ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v
mg¯Í †¶Î‡KB| K…wl †¶‡Î fZz©wK n«vm †c‡q‡Q| WTO
wb‡`©wkZ c‡_B MÖvgxY †¶‡Î e¨v¼¸‡jvi FY `vb K‡g‡Q|
AmsL¨ K…wlc‡Y¨i evRvi we‡`kx cyuwRi Kv‡Q Ly‡j †`Iqvq
K…lKiv evRv‡i `vg cv‡”Qb bv| 1990 mv‡j MÖvgxY e¨v¼
wQj 58.2%, 2000 mv‡j Zv K‡g `uvovq 48.9%| AmsL¨

4
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

†QvU KviLvbv eÜ n‡q‡Q| msKzwPZ n‡q‡Q MYeÈb e¨e¯’v

(Public Distribution System)| BALCO-i gZ jvfRbK
ms¯’vi †kqvi Zz‡j †`Iqv n‡q‡Q †emiKvix nv‡Z| 90-
Gi `k‡Ki ïi“ †_‡K GB `k‡Ki cÖ_gva© ch©¨šÍ †eKvix
5.2% †_‡K †e‡o n‡q‡Q 9%| Avi GB Ae¯’vq `uvwo‡q
fviZe‡l©i MYAv‡›`vj‡bi, evgcš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi †PnvivUv
wK? fviZe‡l©i evgcš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi weKvk †h Amg †mB
wel‡q wbðq Kv‡iv †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| fviZe‡l©i †gvU
kÖwg‡Ki 10%-GiI Kg †UªW BDwbq‡bi mv‡_ hy³| Avi
Gi g‡a¨ GKUv eo Ask GLbI `w¶Ycš’x †UªW BDwbqb
Av‡›`vjb K‡ib| GB Ae¯’vq, mvgªvR¨ev‡`i wei“‡×
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Av‡›`vj‡bi A½ wn‡m‡eB mvgªvR¨ev`x cyuwRi
mv‡_ `iKlvKwlI (Bargain) evgcš’x Av‡›`vj‡bi Aek¨
KiYxq KZ©e¨| AmsL¨ †UªW BDwbqb, K…lK msMVb,
MYmsMVb Zv‡`i cÖwZw`bKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q GB
KvR Ki‡Qb| GgbwK msm‡` evgcš’x mvsm`ivI GB
cÖwµqvi Askx`vi| SEZ-Gi AvBb msµvšÍ †h `y‡Uv welq
Avgiv Av‡M D‡j¬­L K‡iwQ, evgcš’x mvsm`‡`i `vex‡ZB †mB
`y‡Uv e³e¨ cwiewZ©Z nq| eZ©gvb AvB‡b SEZ ˆZix Kiv
wel‡q †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K ivR¨ miKvi‡K Consult K‡iB
G‡Mv‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, iv‡R¨i wewfbœ AvBb (kÖg AvBbmn)
cÖ‡qvM Kivi AwaKvi _vK‡e| SEZ-i KvVv‡gv wb‡qI we‡iva
i‡q‡Q| †K›`ªxq miKvi ej‡Qb SEZ-Gi 25%-G n‡e wkí
Avi evKxUv gvwj‡Ki h‡_”Q e¨env‡ii Rb¨ †Q‡o †`Iqv
n‡e| Avi evgcš’xiv ej‡Qb 50%-G n‡e wkí 25%-G
wk‡íi mnvqK cwiKvVv‡gv Avi evKx 25% gvwj‡Ki B”Qv
Abyhvqx e¨eüZ n‡e|

we‡`kx cyuwRi AbycÖ‡e‡ki †¶‡Î wZbwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© kZ©

evgcš’xiv Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb (Aeva jyɇb cÖe„Ë AvšÍR©vwZK
cyuwRi Ici GB kZ© Pvcv‡bvUvB Bargaining)| cÖ_gZ,
we‡`kx wewb‡qvM‡K n‡Z n‡e Drcv`bgyLx| GB kZvãxi
ïi“‡Z †MvUv c„w_exgq Ny‡i †eov‡bv cyuwRi g‡a¨ 400
wUªwjqb Wjvi n‡”Q Finance Capital| A_©vr GB cyuwR †Kvb

5
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

Drcv`‡b e¨eüZ nq bv| Avi Drcv`bgyLx AvšÍR©vwZK

cyuwRi cwigvY gvÎ 7 wUªwjqb Wjvi| AvšÍR©vwZK cyuwR Avm‡j
Drcv`‡bi †_‡KI †kqvi µq-weµq, Bbmy¨‡iÝ, e¨vw¼s-i
†¶‡Î wewb‡qv‡M †ekx g‡bv‡hvMx| Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB GB
cyuwR Kg©ms¯’vb-Gi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| AvR‡Ki mg‡q
`uvwo‡q wek¦vqb‡K ejv n‡”Q GB wek¦vqb Avm‡j ÔKg©Pz¨wZÕ-
i wek¦vqb| mg¯Í Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k, hviv wek¦vq‡bi c‡_
nuvU‡Q, cÖej †eKvi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb| ZvB, evgcš’x‡`i
e³e¨, we‡`kx cyuwR‡K Aek¨B Kg©ms¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges,
†h cyuwR Avm‡e, Zv Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Drcv`bkxjZv‡K e„w×
Ki‡e I DbœZ cÖhyw³i Avg`vwb NUv‡e|

wek¦ cyuwRev` hLb wdbvÝ gyLx (Drcv`bgyLx bq), hLb

wek¦vqb †MvUv c„w_exgq evwo‡q Zzj‡Q †eKvix, hLb c„w_exi
mg¯Í cÖhyw³ Kzw¶MZ Ki‡Q mvgªvR¨ev`x kw³, †mB mg‡q
`uvwo‡q GB wZb‡U `vexB kÖwgK-K…lK, mvaviY gvby‡li
c‡¶i| wek¦vwqZ cyuwR‡K GB `vex gvbv‡Z Pj‡Q mg¯Í
evgcš’x kw³i A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK `y‡Uv †¶‡Îi msMÖvg|
wewfbœ A½iv‡R¨ _vKv evgcš’x miKvi¸‡jvI GB msMÖv‡gi
evB‡i bq| evgd«›U miKvi¸‡jv GB wZbwU k‡Z©i mv‡c‡¶B
cyuwR wewb‡qv‡Mi iv¯Ív wbav©wiZ Ki‡Q| RbM‡Yi c‡¶B|

6
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

The
indispensable
condition for
a tolerable
situation of
the worker is,
therefore, the
fastest possible
growth of
productive
capital.

cwðge½ `xN©w`b Lv‡`¨ NvUwZ _vKv

iv‡R¨i g‡a¨ wQj| †mLvb
†_‡K AvR Pvj Drcv`‡b GB ivR¨ DØ„Ë| kvK-mwâ, dj I
grm¨ Pv‡l fviZe‡l©i g‡a¨ cÖ_g| GB cwieZ©‡bi †cQ‡b
Av‡Q f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii Kg©m~Pxi ev¯Íevqb I K…wl †¶‡Î mnvqZv
I cÂv‡q‡Zi gva¨‡g ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY| 1977 mv‡j
evgd«›U miKvi cÖwZwôZ nIqvi ci 13.7 j¶ GKi Rwg
AwaM„nxZ nq| Zvi g‡a¨ 10.4 j¶ GKi Rwg K…lK‡`i
g‡a¨ weZiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| 25 j¶ f~wgnxb I cÖvwšÍK Pvlxi Karl Marx
cwievi GB Rwgi gvwjKvbv †c‡q‡Qb| 4.25 j¶ cvÆv Wage Labour
and Capital
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

wewj Kiv n‡q‡Q †hŠ_ ev ïaygvÎ gwnjv‡`i bv‡g| Ges 15

j¶ eM©v`v‡ii bvg bw_fy³ n‡q‡Q| Zvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Q
¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY, cÂv‡q‡Zi gva¨‡g| Rwgi gvwjKvbvi
GB cwieZ©‡bi d‡j †e‡o‡Q Drcv`b| dmj djv‡Z Drmvn
†c‡q‡Q K…lK| †e‡o‡Q Avq| Ges cwðgevsjvi MÖv‡g cÖvq
18 nvRvi †KvwU UvKvi GK weivU evRvi ˆZix n‡q‡Q| weMZ
15 eQi a‡i †K‡›`ªi miKvi¸wj D`vi A_©bxwZi c_ a‡i
nuvU‡Q| GB Avw_©K ms¯‹v‡ii Pv‡ci g‡a¨B GZ`~i GwM‡q‡Q
GB ivR¨| 1974 mv‡j MÖv‡gi `vwi`¨ªmxgvi bx‡P _vKv
†jv‡Ki msL¨v wQj 63.2%| 1997 mv‡j hv K‡g `uvovq
26.3%-G|

bqv D`vi A_©bxwZi †`o `kK †cwi‡q AvR cwðgevsjvi

MÖvgxY A_©bxwZi mvg‡b bZzb P¨v‡jÄ G‡m‡Q| MÖvgxY
RbmsL¨v evo‡Q, wKš‘ Rwg †Zv evo‡Q bv| cÖvq 73 j¶ Pv‡li
mv‡_ hy³ gvbyl Av‡Qb, huviv †LZgRyi| Avi G‡`i g‡a¨
weZiY Kivi Rb¨ Rwgi cwigvbI †ekx †bB| 80-i `k‡K
Kg©w`em I †LZgRy‡ii gRyix e„w× †c‡jI 90-i `kK †_‡K
w¯’Zve¯’v ˆZix n‡q‡Q| Õ99-2001 Gi g‡a¨ 12.3% gvbyl
K…wl KvR †Q‡o AK…wl Kv‡Ri mv‡_ hy³ n‡q‡Qb| GgbwK
†LZgRy‡ii GKUv eo AskB eQ‡i 180 w`b KvR cvb bv|
Pv‡li LiP w`b w`b e„w× cvIqvq, I evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvwMZv
µgvMZ e„w× cvIqvq cÖvwšÍK I gvSvwi K…l‡Ki Avq Kg‡Z
eva¨| D`vixKi‡bi bxwZi d‡jB e¨vw¼s e¨e¯’v `ye©j n‡”Q
MÖv‡g; mg¯Í e¨v¼B GLb knigyLx| K…wl, KzUxi wkí I ¶z`ª
wk‡í FY †`Iqvi cÖKíI cÖwZw`b Kg‡Q|

Credit-deposit ratio

1980 30.7%

1990 56.9%

2000 24.0%

8
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

†Kv-Acv‡iwUf e¨vw¼s-Gi gva¨‡g wKQyUv e¨e¯’v Kiv

†M‡jI, e¨w³MZ F‡Yi cÖeYZv evo‡Q cÖwZw`b| GK`j
MÖvg¨ abx Ask ˆZix n‡”Q, huviv Pov my‡` GB FY w`‡”Q|
†ekx Av‡qi j‡¶¨ A‡b‡KB Lv`¨ km¨ Drcv`‡bi †P‡q
A_©Kix km¨ Drcv`‡b †ekx ¸i“Z¡ w`‡”Qb| cÖwZw`b kn‡ii
cv‡k _vKv Rwg weµx n‡q hv‡”Q kn‡ii m¤cÖmvi‡bi Rb¨|
AmsL¨ Kg©¶g gvbyl KvR cv‡”Qb bv| GB mwܶ‡Y `uvwo‡q
wkí cyuwRi wewb‡qvM Qvov iv‡R¨i A_©bxwZi AMÖMwZ nIqv
m¤¢e bq| ZvB wkívqb| MZ cuvP eQ‡i †h me wkí M‡o
D‡V‡Q Zvi †ekxifvMB ¶z`ª wkí| ivR¨ miKv‡ii †_‡K
eÜ n‡q hvIqv KviLvbv †LvjviI D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡q‡Q|
wKQy private-public partnership-Gi wfwˇZ eÜ KviLvbv
Pvjy Kivi †Póv Pj‡Q| wKQy cÖ‡Póv djcÖm~I n‡q‡Q| GKUv
†`‡ki A_©bxwZ hLb 15 eQi a‡i we-wkívq‡bi bxwZ wb‡q
Pj‡Q, ZLb GKUv A½iv‡R¨ miKv‡ii c‡¶ wkívq‡bi mg¯Í
Avw_©K `vqfvi MÖnY Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB e¨w³MZ cyuwRi
wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ D‡`¨vMx ivR¨ miKvi|

K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZ †_‡K wkívq‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q hvIqvUvB

¯^vfvweK| Zvi KviY n‡”Q, AvaywbKwkí A‡bK DbœZ Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vi cÖwZwbwa| Drcvw`Kv kw³i (AvaywbK hš¿ I `¶
kªwgK Dfq †¶‡ÎB) DbœZZi ch©vq‡K cÖwZôv K‡i AvaywbK
wkí| Avi Drcvw`Kv kw³i weKvkB mgvR‡K GwM‡q wb‡q
hvIqvi PvwjKv kw³| †jwb‡bi fvlvq : “The development
of human society is conditioned by the development
of material forces, the productive forces.” (V.I. Lenin,
Collected Works, Vol. 2, Progress Pusblishers, Moscow,
1963, p. 21)

mgvR weKv‡ki GB wbqg iv‡óªi †kªYxPwiÎ wbi‡c¶| wKDev

ev wf‡qZbv‡gi mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi w`‡K ZvKv‡jI †`Lv
hv‡e K…wl †_‡K wk‡íi w`‡K hvIqvi Rb¨ D‡`¨vMx Zuviv|
wf‡qZbv‡gi miKvi K…wli mv‡_ hy³ gvby‡li msL¨v 50%-
Gi bx‡P bvwg‡q Avbvi Rb¨ wkívq‡bi we‡kl D‡`¨vM

9
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

wb‡q‡Qb| wKDevi 80% gvbylB knievmx| K…wlKv‡Ri mv‡_

hy³ gvby‡li msL¨v Av‡iv Kg‡Q w`b w`b| Avi Avgv‡`i
gZ Avav mvgšÍZvwš¿K-Avav cyuwRev`x iv‡óª GB weKvk †h,
eva¨ n‡jI, cyuwRi nvZ a‡iB m¤¢e Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n _vKvi
K_v bq|

10
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

In
countries like
Russia the
working class
suffers not so
much from
capitalism
as from the
insufficient
development of
capitalism. The
working class
is, therefore,
most certainly
interested in
the broadest,
freest, and
most rapid
development of
capitalism.

wm½y‡i UvUv †gvUi‡mi KviLvbvi †h cÖKí

iƒcvwqZ n‡Z P‡j‡Q Zv‡K wN‡iB
weZ‡K©i m~Pbv| GB KviLvbv QvovI Ab¨vb¨ wKQy RvqMv‡ZI
wk‡íi Rb¨ wKQy cwigvY K…wl Rwg AwaMÖnY Kiv n‡”Q| cÖkœ
D‡V‡Q K…wl Rwg‡Z wkí †Kb n‡e? cÖ_gZ, wkí ¯’vcb †Kv_
vq n‡e Zvi †Kvb c~e©wba©vwiZ, wPišÍb wbqg †bB| wbw`©ó
cwiw¯’wZi IciB GUv wbf©i K‡i| cwðge‡½i K…wlRwgi V I Lenin
AbycvZ A‡bK †ekx| †MvUv †`‡k cwZZ Rwgi cwigvb Two Tactics of
4.5%| Avi cwðge‡½i †¶‡Î cwZZ Rwgi cwigvb 0.5%| Social Democracy
wØZxqZ, †kªYxwef³ mgv‡R weKv‡ki ¯^vfvweK wbq‡gB in the Democratic
Revolution
 Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

wm½y‡i AwaM„nxZ Rwgi Pwi‡Îi †gŠRv wfwËK web¨vm (GKi wn‡m‡e)

†gŠRv c_ / iv¯Ív GKdmjx eûdmjx Ab¨vb¨* †gvU

†eov‡ewo 1.71 292.74 19.37 13.39 327.21
Lv‡mi‡fwo 0.00 161.05 8.13 11.50 180.68
wms‡ni‡fwo 0.00 29.36 2.58 9.53 41.47
ev‡R‡gwjqv 0.02 46.91 0.00 0.84 47.77
†MvcvjbMi 0.00 370.14 6.49 23.35 399.98
†gvU 1.73 900.20 36.57 58.61 997.11
* Lvj, bvjv, wfwË, ev¯‘, k¥kvb, euvk evMvb, euva BZ¨vw` AK…wl Rwg|
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

MÖvg-kn‡ii wefvRb nq, cwiKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡bi †¶‡ÎI GB

Amg weKvk ¯úó †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| GB Amg weKv‡ki
fvimv‡g¨i cwieZ©b GKUv `xN©‡gqv`x cÖwµqv| †kªYx
wef³ mgv‡Ri ˆec¬­weK cwieZ©b Qvov Zv m¤¢eI bq| Avi
cwiKvVv‡gv n‡”Q wkí ¯’vc‡bi cÖ_g kZ©| Z…Zxq cÖkœwU n‡”Q
Lv`¨ wbivcËvi| cwðgevsjvq 1991 mvj †_‡K 2001-Gi
g‡a¨ Pvl nq Ggb Rwgi cwigvY K‡g‡Q, A_P K…wl-Drcv`b
†e‡o‡Q| AZGe, K…wli Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ Rwgi m¤úK©Uv GZ
mij bq| wbweo Pvl, DbœZ cÖhyw³, ˆRe mv‡ii e¨envi,
BZ¨vw` wewfbœ cÖwµqvq dmj Drcv`b evov‡bv m¤¢e| Ges
Zvi †PóvI Pj‡Q|

wm½y‡i UvUvi KviLvbvi Rb¨ †h Rwg †bIqv n‡q‡Q Zvi

cwigvY 997.11 GKi| cÖ_‡g cÖ¯ÍvweZ Rwgi cwigvY wQj
1053 GKi| c‡i 175.57 GKi Rwg (`y‡Uv †gŠRvi) ev`
†`Iqv nq| Ges evowZ 119.68 GKi hy³ K‡i Rwgi
cwigvb w¯’i nq|

GB Rwg AwaMÖn‡bi cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ me †_‡K eo cÖkœwU n‡”Q

huv‡`i Rwg †bIqv n‡”Q Zuv‡`i ¶wZc~iY I cybe©vm‡bi cÖkœ|
miKv‡ii c¶ †_‡K †h ¶wZc~iY I cybe©vm‡bi cÖ¯Íve †`Iqv
nq Zv n‡”Q GiKg -

Rwg AwaMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Rwgi gvwjK cv‡eb

GKdmjx Rwgi Rb¨ GKi cÖwZ 8.6 j¶ UvKv (Rwgi

`vg 6.02 j¶, evwKUv †mvjvwmqvg I Bb‡mb&wUf)

eûdmjx Rwgi Rb¨ GKi cÖwZ 12.76 j¶ UvKv (Rwgi

`vg 8.92 j¶, evwKUv †mvjvwmqvg I Bb‡mb&wUf)

eM©v`vi cv‡eb (bw_fy³, 237 Rb, Abw_fy³, 170

Rb) Rwgi †gvU `v‡gi 25%

13
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

GB A_© ïaygvÎ e¨v‡¼ †i‡L w`‡j my` †_‡K †h gvwmK Avq

n‡e Zv eûdmjx Rwg †_‡K nIqv gvwmK Av‡qi †ekx|

GQvovI †h training programme-Gi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv

nj : 2iv wW‡m¤^i ch©šÍ 1815 Rb GB training-Gi Rb¨
WBIDC K¨v‡¤ú bvg wjwL‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡a¨ Rwgi gvwjK
1372, f~wgnxb K…lK 443 nb| †ejyo gV ivgK…ò wkí
gw›`‡i 180 R‡bi e¨vP& K‡i Zv‡`i training-Gi e¨e¯’v Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g e¨v‡Pi training Pj‡Q| training-Gi LiPv
enb Ki‡Q WBIDC| Zvi cvkvcvwk training PjvKvjxb
mg‡q Zuv‡`i †`Iqv n‡e 500 UvKv K‡i ÷vB‡cÛ| Zuviv
Machinist, Welding, Automobile Repairing, House
Wiring & Electrical Gadget Repairing BZ¨vw` KvR
wkL‡Qb| GQvovI, gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ †mjvB, Catering-Gi
cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q| 100 R‡biI †ekx †jv‡Ki
Rb¨ wmwKDwiwU MvW©, BZ¨vw` cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GQvovI IB A‡j 63wU wWc wUD‡e‡ji ms¯‹vi / ¯’vcb,
¯‹z‡ji ms¯‹vi, Lv‡ji ms¯‹vi BwZg‡a¨B cÖvq 7000
Kg©w`e‡mi m„wó n‡q‡Q|

Rwg AwaMÖnY I ¶wZc~iY †`Iqvi wel‡q ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb,

RbcÖwZwbwa, ÔK…wl Rwg euvPvI mwgwZÕ-i †bZ…‡Z¡i mv‡_
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi †PóvI n‡q‡Q|

2006-Gi 27 †g, 17 Ryb, 4 RyjvB Ñ wW.Gg. Awd‡m ci

ci wZbwU me©`jxq wgwUs Kiv nq|

27 AvM÷ Ñ wW.Gg.-Gi evs‡jvq ÔK…wl Rwg euvPvI mwgwZÕ-

i †bZv kªx †ePvivg gvbœvi †bZ…‡Z¡ 6 R‡bi mv‡_ wgwUs nq|

5 †m‡Þ¤^i Ñ wW. Gg.-Gi mv‡_ mswk­ó 3wU MÖvg cÂv‡q‡Zi

mg¯Í m`m¨ I cÖavb‡`i wgwUs nq| (we‡ivax `‡ji †Kvb
m`m¨ Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kbwb)

14
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

13/14 †m‡Þ¤^i Ñ WBIDC-i Gg. wW., wW. Gg.-Gi

Avevi wgwUs nq †ePvivg gvbœvi mv‡_|

21 †m‡Þ¤^i Ñ WBIDC-i Gg. wW., wm½y‡ii weavq‡Ki

(Z…Ygy‡ji) mv‡_ wgwUs K‡ib| Zuv‡K ejv nq †h †mB mg¯Í
RvqMv wPwýZ Ki‡Z †hLv‡b ¶wZcyiY h‡_ó bq e‡j g‡b
n‡”Q| †Kvb m`yËi Av‡mwb|

ZviciI Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cv‡i| weZK© n‡Z cv‡i ¶wZcyiY,

cybe©vmb wel‡q Avi wK wK Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q| GZ eo
GK Kg©Kv‡Êi cÖv_wgK av°v mvgjv‡Z, cÖK‡íi iƒcvq‡b
†hb h‡_ó hZœkxj nq cÖkvmb| gZvgZ AvmyK| KviY GB
weZK© ïaygvÎ GKUv UvUvi KviLvbv ev wm½yi e¬­‡Ki Rwgi
ev K…l‡Ki bq| ïay cwðge‡½i ev fvi‡Zi †¶‡ÎB bq,
c„w_exi me©Î cwiKvVv‡gv, wkí, euva wbg©v‡b Rwgi AwaMÖnY
n‡”Q| mf¨Zvi AMÖMwZi mv‡_ Rwgi PwiÎ I Rbweb¨v‡mi
cwieZ©b n‡eB| GB mZ¨‡K whwb A¯^xKvi Ki‡Qb wZwb
BwZnv‡mi PvKv‡K †cQ‡bi w`‡K †Nviv‡Z PvB‡Qb| Avmj
cÖkœ n‡”Q huviv RwgPz¨Z n‡eb, Zuv‡`i cybe©vmb I ¶wZcyi‡Yi
wbðqZvi cÖkœ| ÔA_©bxwZÕi nvRv‡iv A¼ K‡lI GB cÖ‡kœi
DËi cvIqv hv‡e bv| KviY GB wbðqZv Avm‡j mswk­ó
cÖkvm‡bi ivR‰bwZK `„wóf½x I gvby‡li msMwVZ kw³i
Ici wbf©ikxj|

15
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

DËice©

1. wkívq‡bi Rb¨ eÜ n‡q hvIqv wk‡íi Rwg ev

Abvev`x Rwg bv wb‡q Pv‡li Rwg †Kb ?

cÖ_gZ, ¸RivU, gnvivóª BZ¨vw` iv‡R¨i gZ cwðge‡½

GKm‡½ GZ cwigvY AK…wlRwg/cwZZ Rwg †bB †hLv‡b GB
KviLvbv ˆZix Kiv †hZ| wØZxqZ, eÜ KviLvbvi Rwg‡Z hw`
fwel¨‡Z Ab¨ KviLvbv †Lvjvi Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv †hZ, Z‡e
Zvi †P‡q fvj wKQy nZ bv, wKš‘ eÜ KviLvbvi Rwg AwaMÖn‡Yi
†¶‡Î cÖPzi cwigvY AvBwb RwUjZv _v‡K, KviY KviLvbv
eÜ n‡q †M‡jI †mB KviLvbv kªwgK‡`i †iwR‡÷ªkb evwZj
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

nq bv, d‡j †mB Rwg AwaMÖnY ïay gvwj‡Ki Dci wbf©i

K‡i bv, AvBwb A‡bK RwUjZv †cwi‡q Z‡eB eÜ KviLvbvi
Rwg AwaMÖnY m¤¢e| †K›`ªxq miKvi K…Z wewfbœ wkí msµvšÍ
AvBb (SICA, TSRSI Ordinance, etc.)-Gi d‡j GKwU
Avav wePvi wefvMxq ms¯’v fviZe‡l© Av‡Q, BIFR| miKvi
†Kvb eÜ KviLvbvi Rwg wb‡Z PvB‡j Av‡M GB BIFR-Gi
Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| BIFR †`‡L H KviLvbvi gvwj‡Ki
KZ UvKv FY I kªwgK‡`i †`q evwK Av‡Q, †m wb‡q †bvwUm
Rvwi Kiv nq Ges GB cÖwµqvq H Rwg bv cvIqv †M‡j
AIFR-Gi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z nq| Zvici wjKz¨B‡Wk‡bi
Rb¨ Zv P‡j hvq D”P Av`vj‡Z| GB cÖwµqv †kl n‡Z n‡Z
8-9 eQi †j‡MB hvq| †hgb National Instruments-Gi
cybi“¾xe‡bi Rb¨ BIFR-Gi Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q
1992 mv‡j, AvRI Zv Kvh©Ki nqwb| Uvqvi K‡c©v‡ik‡bi
Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kiv n‡qwQj 1992 mv‡j, Zv 2000-i †k‡l
Kvh©Ki nj| cwðge‡½ eÜ KviLvbvi Rwgi cwigvY Lye
Kg bq, wKš‘ Zv AwaMÖnY Kivi AvBwb RwUjZv cÖPzi| ZvI
†QvU †QvU wKQy †¶‡Î GB KvR Kiv n‡”Q, †hgb KjKvZvi
b¨vkbvj U¨vbvwii Rwg wK‡b wb‡q GKwU †cvkvK ˆZixi
KviLvbv Pvjy Kiv n‡”Q hv‡Z 1000 cÖZ¨¶ Kg©ms¯’vb nIqvi
K_v| ˆbnvwU‡Z GKwU eÜ n‡q hvIqv KvMR KviLvbvq Rwg
AwaMÖnY †kl n‡q‡Q, BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov cwðge‡½ wkívq‡bi
†¶‡Î eÜ KviLvbvi Rwg‡Z bZzb KviLvbv bv Ly‡j bZzb
KviLvbv bZzb ¯’v‡b †Lvjv Ges eÜ KviLvbv cybi“¾xweZ
KivUvB A‡bK Avkvev`x c`‡¶c| Zvi Rb¨B Wvbjc,
my‡jLv †Lvjv n‡q‡Q, MAMC †Lvjvi †Póv Pj‡Q| Avi Zvi
cvkvcvwk wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Pj‡Q bZzb KviLvbv †Lvjvi KvR|
Z…ZxqZ, cwðge‡½ Pv‡li †¶‡Î K…wlR dm‡ji ˆewPΨKiY
GKwU ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welq, †mLv‡b cÖPwjZ K…wli evB‡iI
AcÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z Z_vKw_Z ÒcwZZÓ Rwg‡ZI Pvl Kiv
n‡”Q, wewfbœ ai‡Yi dmj djv‡bv n‡”Q| d‡j ebR½j ev`
w`‡j cwðgevsjvq e‡ov Abvev`x Rwg cÖvq †bB|

17
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

2. cÖvB‡fU †m±‡i KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q K…l‡Ki wbivcËv K‡g

hv‡e bv ?

Pvlxi Pvl K‡i wbe©vn Kiv Rxeb †h `vi“Y wbivc` wQj

GgbUv g‡b Kivi †Kvb KviY †bB| Pvlxi Avq KLbIB Zvi
Rwg‡Z KZ dmj djj Zvi m‡½ mgvbycvwZK bq| Pvlxi
Avq fxlYfv‡eB wbf©i K‡i _v‡K evRv‡i H dm‡ji Pvwn`vi
Dci| AvR hw` fviZe‡l©i me Pvj we‡`k †_‡K Av‡m Z‡e
G‡`‡ki me avbPvlx cÖPzi djb m‡Ë¡I bv L‡q gviv hv‡e|
ZvB GKRb K…lK h‡_ó wbivcËvi Afv‡ei g‡a¨B Rxeb
hvcb K‡ib| eis GKRb KviLvbvi kªwgK fviZe‡l©i kªg
AvB‡bi AvIZvfy³ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Zvi wbivcËv wKQyUv n‡jI
Av‡Q| m‡½ Av‡Q mviv eQi KvR Kivi my‡hvM| GKRb
K…lK GLv‡b eQ‡i 130 w`‡bi †ekx KvR cvb bv, †mLv‡b
GKRb kªwg‡Ki eQ‡i 365 w`b Kg©ms¯’vb †Zv wbivcËv
e„w×iB wb‡`©kK|

Zvi †_‡K eo K_v AmsL¨ ivóªvqË¡ ms¯’v hv †K›`ªxq bxwZi

d‡j eÜ n‡q †M‡Q Zvi kªwgK-Kg©PvixivI †Zv †f‡ewQ‡jb
†h Zv‡`i RxweKv wbwðZ| kªwg‡Ki fwel¨‡Zi wbðqZv Ab¨
A‡bKwKQyi cvkvcvwk Zuvi ivR‰bwZK-mvsMVwbK kw³i
Ici wbf©i K‡i| †Kvb A_©‰bwZK Pyw³B GB wbðqZv w`‡Z
cv‡i bv|

3. K…wl Rwg wb‡j Lv`¨ msKU n‡e bv †Zv ?

wm½y‡i †h cwigvY K…wlRwg †bIqv n‡q‡Q, Zvi g~j Drcv`b

wQj avb| Ges avb Drcv`‡b ûMjx †Rjvi Mo cwðge‡½i
M‡oi †_‡K †ek wKQyUv Dc‡i| d‡j Lv`¨ msK‡Ui cÖkœ Av‡m
bv| wØZxqZ, cwðge‡½ †gvU Pvl‡hvM¨ Rwgi cwigvY cÖvq 3
†KvwU 30 j¶ GKi| †mLv‡b GB Rwgi gvc 997.11 GKi,
hvi g‡a¨ 91% Rwg GKdmjx| d‡j Lv`¨ msKU †`Lv

18
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

†`Iqvi cÖkœ †bB| Avi Rwg cwigvY I dmj Drcv`‡bi

m¤úK© mij‰iwLK bq| Õ99-Õ01-i g‡a¨ K…wl Rwg K‡g‡Q,
wKš‘ dmj Drcv`b †e‡o‡Q| Avm‡j miKvi Øviv cwiKwíZ
Dbœqb n‡jB Lv‡`¨ †hvMvb wVK †i‡LI wkívqb m¤¢e| Avi
†Lvjv evRv‡ii nv‡Z †Q‡o w`‡j Lv`¨ wbivcËv wewNœZ nIqvi
m¤¢vebv evo‡e|

4. UvUv †gvU‡i skilled labour Qvov †KD PvKwi cv‡e bv,

Z‡e mvaviY Pvlx‡`i wK n‡e ?

Skilled labour gvby‡li †Kvb ÒCk¦icÖ`ËÓ ¶gZv bq,

Unskilled labour-ivB cÖwk¶Y cÖvß n‡q skilled labour-
Gi KvR K‡i| Ges GB K_v gv_vq †i‡LB H GjvKvi
Pvlx‡`i Rb¨ wewea Training Programme Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q,
Zvi g‡a¨ Welding, Machining, Car repairing, Two &
Three Wheeler repairing BZ¨vw` Course i‡q‡Q Ges
GB cÖ‡Z¨KwU †Kvm© hviv Ki‡e, Zv‡`i m¤ú~b© webvcqmvq
†kLv‡bv n‡e, m‡½ gvwmK 500 UvKv fvZv-I †`Iqv n‡”Q|

GQvovI, Tata Motors-Gi KviLvbv ˆZix n‡”Q Gi A_©

GB bq †h H ¯’v‡b ïay Tata Motors-GiB KviLvbv n‡e|
AšÍZc‡¶ 40wU Abymvix wkí H A‡j M‡o DV‡e hv‡Z
Av‡iv bvbv ai‡Yi Kg©ms¯’vb n‡e| ˆZix n‡e nvmcvZvj,
¯‹zj, evRvi, d‡j weKí Kg©ms¯’vb ˆZix n‡e| GQvovI
hviv cÖwk¶Y wb‡q PvKwi cv‡eb bv, Zv‡`i miKvi †_‡K
¯^q¤¢i †Mvôx M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ A_©mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡e| njw`qv
†c‡Uªv‡KwgKvj hLb M‡o I‡V ZLb Zvi Pvi cv‡k 705wUiI
†ekx Abymvix wkí ˆZix n‡qwQj| GB Rwgi 700 GKi Rwg
Tata-i KviLvbv Mo‡Z Kv‡R jvM‡e Avi 300 GKi Rwg
_vK‡e Abymvix wk‡íi Rb¨| Zv‡ZI eû †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb
n‡e|

19
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

5. Ab¨vb¨ iv‡R¨i Zzjbvq GLv‡b TATA-†K GZ †ekx Rwg

†`Iqv n‡”Q †Kb ?

Ab¨vb¨ ivR¨ ej‡Z Avgiv Maruti I Pune-†Z Tata-i

`ywU KviLvbvi K_v fve‡Z cvwi| †mB `ywU RvqMv‡ZB †h
Rwg †bIqv n‡q‡Q Zvi cy‡ivUv Ry‡oB KviLvbv Ges Pune-
†Z mvgvb¨ wKQy Kg©Pvix‡`i nvDwms Av‡Q| wKš‘ GLv‡b hv
ˆZix n‡”Q, Zv nj ÒAutomobile ComplexÓ| A_©vr ïay
Mvwo ˆZix bq, Zvi mg¯Í hš¿vsk I Ab¨vb¨ Abymvix `ªe¨I
GLv‡bB ˆZix n‡e Ges Zvi m‡½ m‡½ evwo, nvmcvZvj,
¯‹zj, evRvi mewKQyB GLv‡b ˆZix n‡e, d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB
†ekx cwigvY Rwg jvM‡e|

6. e„nr wk‡íi cvkvcvwk miKvi †QvU wkí‡KI wK mgvb

¸i“Z¡ w`‡”Q ?

GUv LyeB mwZ¨ K_v †h, e„nr wk‡íi Zzjbvq cÖPzi msL¨K
¶z`ª I gvSvwi wk‡íi Kg©ms¯’vb Kivi ¶gZv A‡bK †ekx|
Ges cwðge½ miKv‡ii `„wó I wkíbxwZi AwfgyLI wQj
†mB w`‡KB| 1991 †_‡K 2005 mv‡ji g‡a¨ miKvi
1218wU ¶z`ª wkí I gvSvwi wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡j‡Q|
hv‡Z LiP n‡q‡Q cÖvq 29,195 †KvwU UvKv| fviZe‡l©i
g‡a¨ cwðge½B GKgvÎ ivR¨ †hLv‡b ¶z`ª wkí I gvSvwi
wkí‡K ISO ¯^xK…wZ cvIqvi me Li‡Pi m‡½ m‡½ Drcv`‡bi
50% LiPI miKvi enb K‡i, hvi DaŸ©mxgv 5 j¶ UvKv|
†hLv‡b ivR¯’vb, ¸RivU, gnvivóª, KY©vUK, AÜ«cÖ‡`k me©ÎB
GB DaŸ©mxgv nj 2 j¶ UvKv| d‡j GB Z_¨ †_‡K GUzKz
cwi®‹vi n‡q hvq †h cwðge½ miKvi e„nr wk‡íi cvkvcvwk
¶z`ª wk‡íi w`‡KI cÖ‡qvRbxq bRi w`‡Z m‡PZb|

20
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

7. †¶ZgRyi hw` cwiPvi‡Ki KvR K‡i Zvn‡j Zvi wK

gh©v`v Kg‡e bv ?

GKRb †¶ZgRyi Lye †ekx n‡j eQ‡i 130 w`b KvR K‡ib|
wbw`©ófv‡e wm½y‡i mswk­ó KviLvbvi Rwg‡Z †¶ZgRyi 1224
Rb (cÖvwšÍK Ask ev` w`‡q) Avi AK…wl gRyi 1034 Rb
(huviv mviv eQi KvR cvb bv)| Lye ¯^vfvweK fv‡eB GKRb
†¶ZgRyi‡KI eQ‡ii Ab¨vb¨ mg‡q AK…wlKv‡Ri mv‡_ hy³
n‡Z nq| wbw`©ó IB cuvP †gŠRvi 221 Rb gwnjv cwiPvwiKvi
KvR K‡ib| KjKvZv kn‡i cÖwZw`b AmsL¨ K…lK cwiev‡ii
cyi“l, gwnjviv Av‡mb bvbv ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z| Zvi g‡a¨
A‡b‡KB cwiPvi‡Ki KvRI K‡ib| Zuv‡`i Kv‡Q RxweKvi
cÖkœwUB cÖavb| Avi `yf©vM¨RbK n‡jI mwZ¨ †h GB mgv‡R
GLbI A_©‰bwZK DbœwZB mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w×i Ab¨Zg kZ©
n‡q Av‡Q|

8. GK mgq evgcš’xiv ej‡Zb ÔjvOj hvi, Rwg ZviÕ,

Avi GLb cyuwRi nv‡Z K…l‡Ki Rwg Zz‡j w`‡”Qb| GUv wK
wØPvwiZv bq ?

f~wgnxb K…l‡Ki g‡a¨ Rwgi weZib gv‡b Zuv‡K Rwgi gvwjK

K‡i †Zvjv| A_©vr f~wg ms¯‹v‡ii Kg©m~PxI Avm‡j cyuwRev`x
ms¯‹vi| Gi g‡a¨ mgvRZvwš¿K Dcv`vb Kviv Lyu‡R cvb,
Avgv‡`i Rvbv †bB| Ges GLb †h wkívq‡bi K_v cwðge‡½
n‡”Q ZvI Pwi‡Îi w`K †_‡K cyuwRev`x ms¯‹viB| Avm‡j
`y‡UvB cyuwRev‡`i weKv‡ki wfbœ `y‡Uv †Pnviv| GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q
evgcš’x miKvi †Kb cyuwRev`x ms¯‹vi Ki‡e| eZ©gvb ey‡R©vqv-
Rwg`vi iv‡óªi DrLvZ nIqvi Av‡M ch©šÍ (Ges A‡bK †¶‡Î
c‡iI) G ms¯‹vi Kg©m~Px wec¬ex Kg©m~PxiB A½| “Before
the victory of the proletariat, reforms are a by-product
of revolutionary class struggle. After the victory(while
still remaining a by-product on an international scale),

21
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

they are, in addition for the country in which victory

has been achieved, a necessary & legitimate breathing
space when, after the utmost exertion of effort, it
becomes obvious that sufficient strength is lacking for
the revolutionary accomplishment of some transition
or another”. (V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, Vol. 33, p.
116)

9. †KD hw` cÖvß A_© A¯^xKvi K‡i, Rwg w`‡Z bv Pvq ?

Rwg w`‡Z bv PvIqvi `yÕ†Uv KviY wePvi Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ,

Rwgi m¤úwËi Ici AwaKv‡ii cÖkœ hvi mv‡_ hy³ Avw_©K
wbivcËvI Avi wØZxqwU n‡”Q Rwg I Zvi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_
hy³ Av‡eM|

mf¨Zvi weKv‡ki mv‡_ m¤úwËMZ m¤ú‡K©i cwieZ©b

NU‡eB, BwZnvm ZvB e‡j| eZ©gvb mg‡q `uvwo‡q †QvU Rwgi
gvwjK I Pvlxiv e„nr Rwgi gvwjK I e„nr cyuwRi (wkí) Øviv
†kvwlZ| Ges evRvi A_©bxwZi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi wbq‡gB †QvU
Rwg eo Rwg‡Z, †QvU wkí eo wk‡íi Kv‡Q ek¨Zv ¯^xKvi
Ki‡Q| Ges mvavibZ Rwgi Ici KZ…©Z¡ Kv‡qg Ki‡Q wkí
cyuwR| GB mg‡q `uvwo‡q hw` miKvi D‡`¨vM †bq e„nr cyuwRi
AvMÖvmb †_‡K K…lK‡K i¶v Kivi Ges wbw`©ó cwiKíbvi
gva¨‡g hw` K…l‡Ki fwel¨r‡K wKQyUv mywbwðZ Kivi D‡`¨vM
†bq Zv‡Z Amywe‡a †Kv_vq ? GB cwiw¯’wZ hw` K…lK‡K
†evSv‡bv hvq Zvn‡j K…l‡Ki Rwg w`‡Z A¯^xKvi Kivi
K_v bq, mvavibZ| Zey we‡ivwaZv _vK‡Z cv‡i| MYZvwš¿K
cÖwµqvi gva¨‡gB Zvi mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e| Ges cwðge‡½i
†¶‡Î †h‡nZz cÂv‡qZ, MÖvgmfv Aewa GB MYZš¿ cÖmvwiZ
ZvB GLv‡b `vwo‡q K…l‡Ki Rwg †`Iqv bv †`Iqvi
cÖkœwU MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqvq mgvav Kiv m¤¢e| Avi gvby‡li
m¤úwËMZ m¤ú‡K©i fwel¨Z mvgvwRK fv‡eB wba©vwiZ nq|

22
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

Rwgi Drcv`bkxjZvq w¯’Zve¯’v †`Lv w`‡j Rwgi gvwjK,

Pvlx Ggwb‡ZB DbœZZi Drcv`‡bi ¯^v‡_© I †ekx Av‡qi
Rb¨ Rwg †e‡P †`‡e|

wØZxq cÖkœwU n‡”Q Rwg I Zvi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ hy³

gvby‡li Av‡eM| mf¨Zvi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ c„w_exi
Rbweb¨vm cv‡ë‡Q| Avgv‡`i iv‡R¨i †¶‡ÎI Zv cv‡ë‡Q
mvsNvwZKfv‡e| MZ K‡qK eQ‡i AmsL¨ †jvK MÖvg †_‡K
knigyLx n‡q‡Qb| Ges bZzb cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ gvwb‡q
†bIqvi ¶gZvI gvby‡li _v‡K| Zey hš¿Yv _vK‡e| cÖwZUv
R‡b¥iB cÖme hš¿Yv _v‡K| Avi R‡b¥i mgq beRvZK I gv,
`yR‡biB mgvb hZœ wb‡Z nq| ...GLb, GUvB KvR|

23
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

References
1.
Big Business, Poor People : The Impact of Transnational
Corporations on the World’s Poor – John Madeley.

2.
‘Rural Resistance’, Cover Story, Frontline, October 20,
2006.
‘Left Impact’, Cover Story, Frontline, October 20, 2006.

3.
‘More Wheat in Private Hands’, by V. Sridhar, Frontline
June 30, 2006.

4.
‘Seeds and Protests’, by Vehkitesh Ramakrishnan,
Frontline, June 30, 2006.

5.
‘Food Security in Cuba’, Analytical Monthly Review,
January, 2004.

6.
Pxb, wf‡qZbvg, wKDev, ivwkqvi K…wlfvebv, m¤úv`bv wbg©j
Kzgvi P›`ª, NBA, Rvbyqvwi, 2004|

7.
Financial Liberalisation and Rural Banking in India,
V.K. Ramchandran, The Marxist, Jan-Mar, 2003.

8.
The Communist Manifesto, K. Marx and F. Engels,
Progress Publishers.

25
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

9.
Continuity and Change in Rural West Bengal, C. K.
Lieten, Sage Publications.

10.
Perilious Passage : Manking and the Global Ascendency
of Capital, Amiya K. Bagchi, Oxford University Press.

11.
Indian Brand Equity Foundation, www.ibef.org

12.
weKí wek¦vqb, RqšÍvbyR e‡›`vcva¨vq, NBA, 2005|

13.
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai wek¦gqZv, mvwgi Avwgb Ñ d«v‡muvqv DZvi,
NBA|

14.
Economic and Philosophical Manuscript, 1844, Karl
Marx, NBA.

15.
Wage Labour And Capital, Karl Marx, Progress
Publishers.

16.
Outline of a Critique of Polictical Economy, Frederick
Engels, NBA.

17.
The German Ideology, K. Marx and F. Engels, Progress
Publishers.

26
 fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU

18.
Principles of Communism, F. Engels, Progress
Publishers.

19.
Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic
Revolution, V.I. Lenin, Progress Publishers.

20.
Interview with Vietnam Minister of Planning and
Investment, www.businessinasia.com.

21.
Agrarian Relation in Cotemporary West Bengal
and Tasks for the Left, S.K. Misra and V. Rawal, The
Marxist, Jul-Dec, 2001.

22.
On Correct Handling of the Contradiction Amongst
People, Mao Ze Dong, Prajasakti Prakashani.

23.
‘WTO’s Emerging Investment Regime : Way Forward
for Doha Ministerial Meeting’. EPW , Aug 18-24,
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‘Challenging neoliberalism’, by Venkitesh
Ramakrishnan, Frontline, June 30, 2006.

25.
http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/12/09/
stories/2005120903350200.htm

27
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

26.
www.tata.com/tata_motors/media/20060519.htm

27.
Panchayati Raj and Poverty Alleviation in West
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Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee,
December, 2005.

28.
Agrarian Reform & Land Markets: A Study of Land
Transactions in Two Villages of West Bengal, 1977-
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Importance of feed resources for livestock production
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30.
Status Report On Singur, Published by WBIDC.

28
fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb *hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwU
Avj †_‡K Av‡jv

fvi‡Zi QvÎ †dWv‡ikb, hv`ecyi wek¦we`¨vjq AvÂwjK KwgwUi c‡¶ Kg. †kªqmx ivq
I Kg. DËxq emy KZ©„K cÖKvwkZ I MYkw³ wcÖ›Uvm© †_‡K gyw`ªZ|