Power System Optimization

D.P.Kothari and J.S. Dhillon

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Introduction 1.1 A Perspective 1.2 The Components of a Power System 1.3 Power Systems and Computers 1.4 Planning and Operation Problems 1.4.1 Resource and Equipment Planning 1.4.2 Operation Planning 1.4.3 Real-Time Operation 1.5 Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks 1.6 Fuzzy Theory in Power Systems References Load Flow Studies 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Network Model Formulation 2.3 YBUS Formulation 2.3.1 No Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines 2.3.2 Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines 2.4 Node Elimination in ZBUS 2.5 ZBUS Formulation 2.5.1 No Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines 2.5.2 Mutual Coupling Between Transmission Lines 2.6 Load Flow Problem 2.6.1 Slack Bus/ Swing Bus/ Reference Bus 2.6.2 PQ Bus/ Load Bus 2.6.3 PV Bus / Generator Bus 2.6.4 Voltage-Controlled Buses 2.6.5 Limits 2.7 Computation of Line Flows 2.8 Modelling of Regulating Transformers 2.9 Gauss-Seidel Method 2.10 Newton-Raphson Method 2.11 Decoupled Newton Method 2.12 Fast Decoupled Load Flow (FDLF) 2.13 Initial Guess for Load Flow 2.14 DC system Model 2.15 AC-DC Load Flow 2.16 Conclusion References Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Generating Units 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Generator Operating Cost 3.3 Economic Dispatch Problem on a Bus Bar 3.3.1 Limit Constraint Fixing 3.4 Optimal Generation Scheduling 3.5 Economic Dispatch Using Newton-Raphson Method 3.6 Economic Dispatch Using the Approximate Newton-Raphson Method 3.7 Economic Dispatch using Efficient Method 3.8 Classical Method to Calculate Loss Coefficient 3.9 Loss Coefficients Calculation Using YBUS 3.10 Loss Coefficients Using Sensitivity Factors i

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3.10.1 DC Load Flow 3.10.2 Power Loss in a Line 3.10.3 Generation Shift Distribution (GSD) Factors 3.10.4 Generalized Generation Shift Distribution (GGSD) Factors 3.10.5 Derivation of GGDF 3.10.6 Evaluation of B-Coefficients 3.11 Transmission Loss Coefficients 3.12 Transmission Loss Formula: Functions of Generation and Loads 3.13 Economic Dispatch Using Exact Loss Formula 3.14 Economic Dispatch Using Loss Formula which is a function of Real and Reactive Power 3.15 Economic Dispatch for Active and Reactive Power Balance 3.16 Evaluation of Incremental Transmission Loss 3.16.1 Alternative Method to Evaluate Incremental Loss 3.17 Economic Dispatch Based on Penalty Factors 3.18 Optimal Power Flow Based on Newton Method 3.18.1 Limits on Variables 3.18.2 Decoupled Method for Optimal Power Flow 3.19 Optimal Power Flow Based on Gradient Method 3.19.1 Inequality Constraints on Control Variables 3.19.2 Inequality Constraints on Dependant Variables References Optimal Hydrothermal Scheduling 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Classification of Hydro Plants 4.1.2 Long-Range Problem 4.1.3 Short-Range Problem 4.2 Hydro Plant Performance Models 4.2.1 Glimn-Kirchmayer Model 4.2.2 Hildebrands Model 4.2.3 Hamilton-Lamonts Model 4.2.4 Arvantidis-Rosing Model 4.3 Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling 4.3.1 Thermal Model 4.3.2 Hydro Model 4.3.3 Equality and Inequality Constraints 4.3.4 Transmission Losses 4.3.5 Discrete Form of Short-Range Fixed Head Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem 4.3.6 Initial Guess 4.3.7 Alternative Method for Initial Guess 4.4 Newton-Raphson Method for Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling 4.5 Approximate Newton-Raphson Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem 4.6 Short-Range Variable-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling ProblemClassical Method 4.6.1 Thermal Model 4.6.2 Hydro Model 4.6.3 Reservoir Dynamics 4.6.4 Equality and Inequality Constraints 4.6.5 Transmission Losses ii

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Discrete Form of Short-Range Variable-Head Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem 4.6.7 Approximate Newton-Raphson Method for Thermal Generations 4.6.8 Initial Guess 4.7 Approximate Newton-Raphson Method for Short-Range VariableHead Hydrothermal Scheduling Problem 4.8 Hydro Plant Modelling for Long-Term Operation 4.8.1 Hydro Plants on Different Water Streams 4.8.2 Hydro Plants on the Same Water Stream 4.8.3 Multi-Chain Hydro Plants 4.8.4 Pumped Storage Plants 4.9 Long-Range Generation Scheduling of Hydrothermal Systems 4.9.1 Fuel Cost 4.9.2 Water Storage Equation 4.9.3 Hydro Generation 4.9.4 Power Balance Equation 4.9.5 Optimal Control Strategy 4.9.6 Direct Root Method References Multiobjective Generation Scheduling 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Multiobjective Optimization- State-of-the-Art 5.2.1 Weighting Method 5.2.2 Min-Max Optimum 5.2.3 -Constraint Method 5.2.4 Weighted Min-Max Method 5.2.5 Utility Function Method 5.2.6 Global Criterion Method 5.3 Fuzzy Set Theory in Power Systems 5.3.1 Basics of Fuzzy Set Theory 5.4 The surrogate Worth Trade-off Approach for Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Problem 5.4.1 Multiobjective Problem Formulation 5.4.2 The -Constraint Method 5.4.3 The Surrogate Worth Trade-off (SWT) Function 5.4.4 Utility Function 5.4.5 Test System and Results 5.5 Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Problem- Weighting Method 5.5.1 Decision Making 5.5.2 Sample System Study 5.6 Multiobjective Dispatch for Active and Reactive Power Balance 5.6.1 Sample System Study 5.7 Multiobjective Short-Range Fixed-Head Hydro-thermal SchedulingApproximate Newton-Raphson Method 5.7.1 Sample System References Stochastic Multiobjective Generation Scheduling 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch - Constraint Method 6.2.1 Stochastic Problem Formulation iii

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6.2.2 Algorithm 6.2.3 Application of the Method 6.3 Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch-The Surrogate Worth Trade-off Method 6.3.1 Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation 6.3.2 Solution Procedure 6.3.3 Surrogate Worth Trade-off Algorithm 6.3.4 Sample System Study 6.4 Multiobjective Stochastic Optimal Thermal Power DispatchWeighting Method 6.4.1 Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation 6.4.2 Solution Approach 6.4.3 Decision Making 6.4.4 Results and Discussions 6.5 Stochastic Economic-Emission Load Dispatch 6.5.1 Stochastic Economic-Emission Problem Formulation 6.5.2 Solution Approach 6.5.3 Test System and Results 6.6 Multiobjective Optimal Thermal Power Dispatch Risk/Dispersion Method 6.6.1 Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation 6.6.2 The - -Constraint Method 6.6.3 Parameter Sensitivity 6.6.4 Risk Index Sensitivity Trade-offs 6.6.5 Test Systems and Results 6.7 Stochastic Multiobjective Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling 6.7.1 Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation 6.7.2 Solution Procedure 6.7.3 Decision Making 6.7.4 Sample System Study 6.8 Stochastic Multiobjective Long-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling 6.8.1 Stochastic Multiobjective Optimization Problem Formulation 6.8.2 Optimal Control Strategy 6.8.3 Sample System Study 6.9 Multiobjective Thermal Power Dispatch Using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 6.9.1 Stochastic Economic-Emission Problem Formulation 6.9.2 Membership Functions 6.9.3 Performance Index 6.9.4 Structure of ANN 6.9.5 Back-propagation Algorithm 6.9.6 Sample System Study References Evolutionary Programming for Generation Scheduling 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Coding 7.2 Fitness Function 7.3 Genetic Algorithm Operators 7.3.1 Reproduction iv

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7.3.2 Competition and Selection 7.3.3 Crossover Operator 7.3.4 Mutation 7.4 Random Number Generation 7.5 Economic Dispatch Problem 7.6 Genetic Algorithm Solution Methodology 7.6.1 Encoding and Decoding 7.6.2 Calculation for Generation and Transmission Losses 7.6.3 Fitness Function and Parent Selection 7.7 Genetic Algorithm Solution Based on Real Power Search 7.7.1 Encoding and Decoding 7.72 Fitness Function and Parent Selection References Appendix A Evaluation of Expected Operating Cost, NOX Emission and Power Losses using Taylors series Appendix B Evaluation of a Coefficient of a Generator Output Appendix C Kuhn-Tucker Theorem Appendix D Newton-Raphson Method Appendix E Gauss Elimination Method Appendix F Primal-Dual Interior Point Method Index

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